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Energy Slides PDF
Energy Slides PDF
Vable
Energy Methods
Minimum-energy principles are an alternative to statement of equilibrium equations.
Displacements
Ki
ne
ma
tic
External
Forces
and
Moments
dels
Mat
ium
eria
ilibr
l Mo
Equ
ds
etho
M
rgy
Ene
Strains
Internal
Forces
and
Moments
Static Equivalency
Stresses
3
7-1
M. Vable
Strain Energy
The energy stored in a body due to deformation is called the strain
energy.
The strain energy per unit volume is called the strain energy density
and is the area underneath the stress-strain curve up to the point of
deformation.
dUo = d
d
d
Strain Energy:
dUo = d
U =
Uo
dV [
Uo =
7-2
M. Vable
1
E
Uniaxial tension test: U o = d = ( E ) d = --------- = ---
2
2
1
U o = ---
2
Strain energy and strain energy density is a scaler quantity.
1
U o = --- [ xx xx + yy yy + zz zz + xy xy + yz yz + zx zx ]
2
1-D Structural Elements
A
y
x
z
dV=Adx
dx
1 2
= --- E xx dV =
2
V
UA =
xx =
du
( x)
dx
1 du 2
--2- E d x d A dx =
L A
U a dx
L
1 du 2
--E d A dx
2 d x
A
du 2
1
U a = --- EA
2 d x
U a dx
L
1N
U a = --- ------2 EA
7-3
M. Vable
1 2
--2- G x dV =
L A
UT =
1 d 2
2
--G d A d x
2 d x
A
d 2
1
U t = --- GJ
2 d x
U t dx
L
d
( x)
dx
1 d 2
--2- G d x d A dx =
x =
1T
U t = --- ------2 GJ
U t dx
UT =
xx = E xx
UB
1 2
= --- E xx dV =
2
V
xx = y
2
dv
dx
1 d v
--2- E y d x2 d A dx =
L A
2
2
1d v
--- 2
2d x
2
UB =
Ub
dx
Ub
d v
1
= --- E I zz 2
2
d x
Ey
d A dx
UB =
Ub
L
dx
Ub
1Mz
= --- ----------2 E I zz
US =
1
--2- xy xy dV =
As
max max
1 xy
- dV
--2- -----E
Us UB
7-4
M. Vable
Complimentary strain
energy density per unit
length
Axial
1 du 2
U a = --- EA
2 d x
1N
U a = --- ------2 EA
1 d 2
U t = --- GJ
2 d x
1T
U t = --- ------2 GJ
Symmetric
bending of
beams
d v
1
U b = --- E I zz
2
d x2
1 Mz
U b = --- ----------2 E I zz
7-5
M. Vable
Work
If a force moves through a distance, then work has been done by the
force.
dW = Fdu
Work
P
W = Pu L
uL
p(x)
W =
p ( x )u ( x ) dx
0
u(x)
T
W = T L
t (x)
W =
t ( x ) ( x ) dx
0
( x)
W = Pv L
vL
P
=
M
dv
dx
W = M L
L
v(x)
W =
p ( x )v ( x ) dx
0
p(x)
Any variable that can be used for describing deformation is called the
generalized displacement.
Any variable that can be used for describing the cause that produces
deformation is called the generalized force.
7-6
M. Vable
Virtual Work
Virtual work methods are applicable to linear and non-linear systems,
to conservative as well as non-conservative systems.
The principle of virtual work:
The total virtual work done on a body at equilibrium is zero.
W = 0
Symbol will be used to designate a virtual quantity
W ext = W int
Types of boundary conditions
y Displacement and rotation specified
at this end
T
Px
Py
Kinematic variable
(Primary variable)
u
M
or
or
or
dv
dx
or
Py
Statical variable
(Secondary variable)
N
T
Vy
Mz
7-7
M. Vable
B
L
wL2
C
L
Fig. P7.3
7.4
For the beam and loading shown in Fig. P7.3 determine a statically admissible bending moment.
7-8
M. Vable
x
kinematically admissible displacement
v = virtual displacement
Of all the virtual displacements the one that satisfies the virtual work
principle is the actual displacement field.
Virtual Force Method
The virtual force is an infinitesimal imaginary statically admissible
force field imposed on a body.
Of all the virtual force fields the one that satisfies the virtual work
principle is the actual force field.
7-9
M. Vable
7.7
The roller at P shown in Fig. P7.7 slides in the slot due to the
force F = 20kN. Both bars have a cross-sectional area of A = 100 mm2
and a modulus of elasticity E = 200 GPa. Bar AP and BP have lengths of
LAP= 200 mm and LBP= 250 mm respectively. Determine the axial stress
in the member AP by virtual displacement method.
B
110o
Fig. P7.7
7.8
A force F = 20kN is appled to pin shown in Fig. P7.8. Both
bars have a cross-sectional area of A = 100 mm2 and a modulus of elasticity E = 200 GPa. Bar AP and BP have lengths of LAP= 200 mm and
LBP= 250 mm respectively. Using virtual force method determine the
movement of pin in the direction of force F.
B
110o
P
40o
F
Fig. P7.8
7-10