(The Necessity of Intergovernmental Relations in Federal Ethiopia)

(A concept paper for discussion)

2003 .

[Type text]

1.

1.1 (Background)
(..) .471/1998
21(6)

23 . 691/2003
..
..








-
1.2




2.

2.1

IGR Necessity (Ethiopia)

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2.2 ?






o (Disputes over
constitutional jurisdiction)
o (Disputes over revenue-sharing or the issue
of vertical fiscal imbalance)
o

(Disputes over

the exercise of the federal spending power)

o (Disputes arising from horizontal
fiscal imbalance)
(Disputes over regional development policies and the
question of which provinces benefit most from federal spending)

IGR Necessity (Ethiopia)

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o (Disputes over the

control of natural resources)
o
(Disputes arising from cultural, linguistic, religious or identity
differences and the protection of rights)
o (Conflicting
ideologies between political parties)
o Dynamic
(Disputes that may arise from
changing circumstances)
o

(Concurrency)

(Overlap)

(Sharing)

(The lack of
intergovernmental consultation and the resulting unilateral action by either order
of government)
2.3 (Benefits of Intergovernmental Relations)

(Innovation in Diversity)

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2.4 (Aspects of Relations)
(Dimensions) (Vertical)
/ /

(Horizontal)
/
/

/
/
/

(Functional Level)

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2.5 (Determinant Factors of IGR)
( )
-
( )


(Factors)

1) - -


(Federal Supremacy)
(Residual Power)

2) -
(Basis for territorial power)

(Dual or Executive Federalism)
Coming together Holding together

3) - -

4) -

IGR Necessity (Ethiopia)

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5) -

-

(Formal

Intergovernmental Channel)

6) -

7) -

(Competition Over
Federal Subsidy) (Extent of Agreement
or Disagreement Over Grant Formula)

8) (Objective and Legal Asymmetry):-

/
(Objective Asymmetry) -
(Special Status)
(Legal Asymmetry) ::

(Extent of Diversity)

9) -

10) -

( )

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3.

-




-

3.1 -
3.1.1

()

- (Common Identity)


(Common Characteristics)

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--
3.1.2

- 51(2)
51(3)

(Framework Power)

- 52(2/)

(Potential Dispute Area)

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Ronald L. Watts (1999)
The two levels of governments cannot operate in watertight compartments. Overlaps
and interdependencies are unavoidable in all federations [So] managing the
relationship

between

the

orders

of

government

is

an

important

element

of

intergovernmental relations. He adds that there must be formal and informal

consultation, co-operation, coordination and management of conflicts between the two
orders of government for effective functioning of a federal system.




98





3.1.3

-
(Distinctive Identities)
- - 5
8
38 39

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43




-
- Operation

(Common Concern)

3.1.4

(Status)





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(Standard)
Win-Lose Scenario

(Space)


3.2

(Contextual Issues)

.. 2001 . (Preliminary
Assesment)


3.2.1

(
)

IGR Necessity (Ethiopia)

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- 41




(Standard service)
/






(
) ( )










(Labour movement)

IGR Necessity (Ethiopia)

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3.2.2

(Unconditional grant)

/


(Weight)

(Contention)

(Unconditional grant)


4
300,000

IGR Necessity (Ethiopia)

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/

/


(To build friendly relation)

(Cooperation)

(Concern)


3.2.3

15






15 (Resource)
/ /
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(To

restrain

unilateral

action)

(Instrument of conflict resolution)

3.2.4

/
-
/ (Unique features)

( )
(Centripetal
IGR Necessity (Ethiopia)

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Sentiment)






(Centrifugal Sentiment)
Centripetal and Centrifugal Forces
-
Viability

3.2.5

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(For their Partners)















(Transparent
governance)

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- (Covenantal basis)

(loyalty)








- -

(Consultation and Consensus)

(Efficiency

and

Effectiveness)

(Transparency and Accountability) (Governance Quality)

(Mutual Respect)
(Negotiation) (Tolerance and cooperation)
(Partnership) (Common concern)

-


4.

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(Adopted)

(Coalition government)

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(Unitarism)


-



5.
5.1

3.1
o 50/8 -

o 48/1

o 94/2

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o 50/9 - /51

o -

o 88-92
o 52/1 - /

(Unavoidable

Interdependence)
1998 . 471/1998
..

471/1998

(Consultation) (Mutual
Respect) (Cooperation)

(Structure)

(Process)

-


(..)

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5.2

-



-

///
5.3

5.4

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5.1

-
- /

1994 .

( )
- -
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(Issues of
common concern are not dealt on equal footing)::

-

o /

o
o

o

o

o (Significant Impact)

o

o
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o
o

o

/



( )


..

Concern
(Coordination) - -

/
/
..

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/

.. /471 /21 /

:: / /
5.4

/ /

.. 1998 .

/
-

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/ /







/ /

..




Further

/
/

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..





5.5 ?

-

o

o

o
-

o /


o
..

o

In a federation
Constitution allocates powers and responsibilities among levels of government;
Intergovernmental relation gives life to the federal system.

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