Professional Documents
Culture Documents
NCERT Class 12 Psychology PDF
NCERT Class 12 Psychology PDF
P P
VARIA
TRIBUTES
VARIATION
PSYC
VAR IATIONSS IN PSY
PSYCHOLOGICAL
H OLOGI CA L AT
ATTR
IBUTES
r r r r
r r r r r r r
r r r
r r r r
r r
r r r r
r r r
CONTENTS
r
Pr rr r r
rr
r r r
Introduction
q r
t
t
ss
P
t t
t
t t
t
t t
t
t t
P
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
q
r sr r rr
P
t t
t
t
t
t t t
t
t
q
s
s
P
q
q
t
r s
Activity
1.1
P
s
t
t
t
ss
t
t
s
s
t
qrq
t t
t
t
t
t
t t t
t t t
t
t
t
t
P
t
t
t
t
t
t t t
t
t
t
t
t t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t tt
t
t t
t
t t
rr r
t t t t
t t t t
t
t sts
Activity
1.2
q P r
qPr
s
t
s
q
r
st
q
r
q
r q
Activity
1.3
ts
s q
s s
s
q s s
P
qsts
q s
ts
s q q q s sqss q s ts
s
s
s
s
s
q
r
s
s s s
s
ss s
s ss sss
ss s
s
s ss
s
s
s
ss
s
ss
ss
s s
s s s
s s
sssss ss ss
ss
ss
s
s
s ss
s s
s
ss
s
P s
s s
P ss s
s
ss s s
s t s
s s s
s s
ssss
s
s s
sss
s
s s s
ss
s
ss s s
ss s
s s
ss s ss s
ss
ss s s
s s
t s
s s
s s s
s s
s s
s
s s ss
ss ss
s s ss
st ss
s s s sss
s sss ss
s ts s
ss s
ts s ss ss
ss s ss
s
qr
s
s ss
s ss
sts sss
ss s
ss s
Box
1.1
t
t
t
s s s s
s
q s
r
s
qr st t qttt
t tt t
t qttt t
t t qttt
t qttt t
q t t
r t
t tt t
qr t t qttt
t tt t
t
tt tt
qttt t
t
t
t t
s
t
t t
t
t
s
t
t
t
s t
t
t
t
t
t
s
t
t
t t s
s
t s
t
t t
r
r
t t
t
t
t
t st
tt
t
t
t
t
t t
t
t t
t
s
s
st
t
t
t
P
P
q
r
t
t
s
r
s
Box
1.2
s s s
s s
s
s s
s
s s
s
s s
s
s
s
s
s s
s
s s
s
ss s
s s
t s
s s s
s ss s
s
s
s
s
s s
s
s
s
s
ss
t s s
s
ss s s
s
ss s
s
s
s
s
s
s
ss s
s
s
s
s
s
s s
s
s
s
t
s s
s
ss ss
t s s
s ss
s
s
ss
s
s
s
r
s
s
r
s
s
s
rs
t t t
t
t
t t
t t
Review Questions
P P PP
P PP P P PPP
P
P PP P P
PP PP
P P P PPP PPP P
s P P
P P PP PP
q r P r
P P P P P PP
P P P P P
P P
q r P P
P
P P P PP
PP
Project
Ideas
SELF AND
N PERSONALITY
PERSONALITY
CONTENTS
P
P
P
Introduction
s
s
s
ss
s s
ss
s s
s s
s s
s s
s s
s
s
s
s
s
s
ts
t t
t
s t
t
t
t
t
t t
t t
Activity
2.1
t
t
t
t t
t
ttt
t
t
t
t
t t
t t
t tt
PP P
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t t
P
t t P
t t
t
t t
t
t
t t t
t t
tt
t
t
t tqt
t t t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
s
t
t
t
t
t
t t
ss
t t t
t t t
t t
t t t
t t t
t
t t t
t
t
tt
t
t
t
t
t
q q r
q
q
t t
t
t
t
t t
s
s
s
s
s
s s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
P
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
ss
P r
s
t
t s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
t t t t t
t t t t
t t
t t tt t t t
t t s t
tt tt
t tt tt t
t t t tt
t tt tt t
t s t t t
t t t
t t s t t t
t t
s t t
t t t t
t t
t t t t t
t t t t t
t t t t t
t t
t t
t t t
t t t
s t
t tt t
t
s t t t t t
t t t tt t
s
t t t
t s t s t t
t t
t t tt
t s t t
t t t t t
t t t
t t t
t t
t t t
t t
t t t
qr t t
t tt t
t tt t
t t t
t st t
tt t t
t t
t
t
t t t
t tt t
t t
t
t t
s t qr
r
P
P
t
qssq
q
q
qq
q
qs
Box
2.1
t
tt
t t
s
r
r
t
t t tt
t
t t
t t t
t
t t
tt
tt
t tt t
t t
t
tt
t tt
t t
t t t tt
t t t
t t t t
t t
tt t t
t t t tt
t t t t
t t t t
tt
t
t
t t
t t t
t t
t
t
t P
t tt t
t t t
t
t t t
t t
t t
t t
t
t t
t t t
t
st t t t
t
t
t t
t
t t
t t t
t tt
t t t
t tt
t
t t
t
t t
t t t
t t t
t t t t t
tt t
r Pr
t t
t t tt
t t t t
t
t
t
ttt t t t t
t t tt
t t
t tt
tt
t t
t tt
t t
tt ttt t t
t t t t
t
tt t q t
t
tt tt t t
t tt
tt t
t t t
tt tt t
tt t
r
rr r r
t t
s t
t
r r r
s
s
s s
s
r r
qr
t
s tt s
tt
t
s
P
Box
2.2
t
s
t
st
s
s
s t
s s
tt
t
Activity
2.2
ts
st s
ts t
s
s
s
t
t
qr
s t
t
t
t
t
r r
t
t
rr
r
t
r r
r
r
r
r
r
r
r r
r
r
r
t
r
r
r
rr r
r r
t
r
t
r
r
r t
r
r
r r
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
P
s
s
s s
s
s
s
s
s
q
qq
s r t
s
s
q
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
rr
qst
t
t
P
P
P P
Activity
2.3
t t t
t t t
tt t
t t t
t t
t t
ttt t t t t
t t t
t t
tt t
t t t
t t t t t t
t t
t t t
t t
t t t
t tt t
t t
t t t
tt t
t t t
t t t
t t
t t t
t t t t
t t
t t
t t
tt t
t t
tt t
t
t
t t
t t t
tt t t
t t t t
t t
t t t
t t t
tt t t
t
t t
tt t
t
t
t t
t t t
t t
tt
t t
t t
t tt t t t
t t t
t t
t tt
tt
tt t t
t t
t
t t t t
t tt tt t t
t tt
t tt t t
t t t t t
t t
t tt
t t
tt t
t t
t
t t
t t tt
t tt tt
t t t
t tt t
t t tt
tt t
t t t
t tt
t
t tt t
t t
t
t t
t t
tt
t t
t t t t
tt t t
rr
r r
P P
P q t
q t q P
q
tP q P q P P
P q t t
q
q
Box
2.3
q
rst
q
t tt t
t t t
t
t t t t
t tt
t t
t t
t t tt tt t
t t
t
r P
tt tt t
t t
t t t
st t t t t t
t tt
t t ttt t t
tt t t ttt
t st t
tt t
tt tt t
tt t
t t t
t t
t tt
t t tt
t t
t t
tt t t
t tt
t t t
t t t
t t t
t
P
t t t t t
t t t t
P
t t t t st
t t tt t
t tt t t t
t t
t t t
t
t t t
t t t t tt
tt t
t t
t t
t t t
t
t t t t
t t t t
tt
t t
tt
tt t t
t tt tt
t t t t
t t t tt
t
t t
t t t t
t t
t t
t t
t
t t
t st t
t t
st t t
t
t t
t tt tt
tt t tt
t t st
t tt
tt st tt
t t st
t t
t t
tt t
t t t t
t t
t t t
t t
t
rr r r
r
r r
r r
r
r r r
rr r
r
r
r
rr
r r r r
rr r rr r
r r r
r
r rr r
r r r r
r
r r
r rr
r rr r
t
r r r
r
r
r
r
r r r
r r
r r
r r rr
r
r r
r r
r r
r
r
r r
r
rr r
rr
r
rr r
r
r q
rr rr
q r sr
r
q r
r
r
rr r rr
r r
r r r
r r r
r r r
r r r
r r r r
r r
r r rr r
r r r
r r r
r
r r
P
P
t
r
t
t
t
t
t
t
s
q
r
P
q
t
q
r s
q
r
rss s
q
q q
q
PP
s srss s
q
rs
Review Questions
Project
Ideas
MEETING
LIFE
CHALLENGES
M EETING LI
FE CHA
LLENG ES
CONTENTS
P
P
PP
Introduction
P P P P
PPP P P
P P P P P P P
P
P P P P P
P P P P P PP P
P PP P P P
P PP P P P tP
P P
P
P P P P
P P PP P P
P P P
P P P P P
P P P P P
P P P P P
P P P P
P P P P
PP P P P
P P P P
P P P P
P q P P
P P P P
PP P P P P P
P P P P PP
P P P r P P
P P P P P
t t t
tt
t t t t
P t t t
t
t t t t
t t
t tt
t t
t tt
t t t t
t tt
t t t t
t t
t tt t t t
t t t t t tt t
t t t
t t
t s
t t
t t t
t t t t tt
t t
t
t t
ttt t t
t t t
t t
t t t
t
t t
t t
t
t
t t ssss
t t t
tt
sss s ss
t t t t t s
t stss s t s
t s st
t t t s ts
s s t s
s t s t s
ss t ss
stss s s
ss ts t t
ss s t
t t ts s
ts s s t t
s t
stss t t t
tss s
s t ts s
t t
ts s s t ss ts
t s s t s t
s t t
ss t s
tst
t s stssts ts
t stss ts
s t
s s
ts s t stss
t ts s
s s
ts s
t s s s t
tss t s
t tt
st s s s
s s t tss
s s t
sts tst
ts t s t
ts t stss
s s s t
ttss t tss
t t tsss
t t ss
t stss t
s st ss t t
t t t
t t t s
t
t s ss
tsss s t
t t ss s
s ss t t s
tsss s s t
t s t t t
s
s t stsss
t s t ts
s s
s stt s
t ss s t
s t stss
s s tt
s t ss
t
s
s s s t s
t t t
stsss t
ss ss s
stt ss
stsss s ts
stss s st
ts s s t
s s
t t
s st
s
s t t s s
t s
t t t
stss t
ts
s t tss s
t ts s
stss t t
ts ts ts s s
s ss s st
ts s ts t
ts stss s
t s stss ts
t ts t
t ts t
s t t stss tss
t
t
t
t
Activity
3.1
q
qr
r
rr
r
r r
r
r
r
r r
r r r
r r
r
s t
tt
t
P
t
s
t
t
t
P
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
tt
t
st
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
ss
Box
3.1
q
r t r
r
r
q
q
s
s
s
s
s
r
s
s t
s
s
Activity
3.2
P
s
s
s
s q
s t
s s
s
s
s
s
s
q
s
Box
3.2
qrs sqss
t
s
s
s
P
P
P
P q
r
t
t
s
s
t
t s
t s
s
t
s
tt
t
t
t
tt
s
t t
s
t
t
t
t
t
t s
t
t
t s
s t t
t
t
t t
tt
t
t
t
t
t
t
s
t
t
P
s
P
s
P P
r t
t
tt t
t
t
t t
t
t
Activity
3.3
r
r
q
s t
s
Activity
3.4
rr
t
t
P P
s
q r
q
t
t
t
t
t
t
P P P
P P
PP
PP
P PP P P
PP
P
P P
qr q P
P P P P
P PP P
P PP
P P P
P P
P P
P
P
P P PP
P
P
P
q P P
P
P PP
P
P
P P P
PPP
PP
P P P
P
P P
P P
P
P
P
P P
P P P
PP P
P PP
P P
P P P
t
t
t
t
s
Box
3.3
t t
tt t t
tt
t
tt t
t
t t t
t t t
t t t t t
t t
t t
t
t t
t tt t t t
t t ttt
t t t
t
t t t
t t t t
t
t
t t t
t t t
t t
t
t
t
t t
t t t t
t t
t
t
t tt t t
tt t
t tt
t tt
tt
t t t
t
tt t t
t t tt
t t
t
t t t
t
tt t t
tt
t
t
t t t
t
s t t t
t t t t
t
tt t t t
t t
t t
t t
tt t t t
t
t
t t tt
t t t
t
t t t
t t
t t
t t
t
t
t
t t
t t
t t t
tt t t
t t
t
t
t t t t
t t tt t
t tt
t t
t t t
t
t t
rr
r r r
r r
r r
r r r
r r r
r r
r
r r
r rr
Activity
3.5
s
P P P P P P P
PP P
qt q t qt ttq q qtt
q qt ttt t t tqt
tqt qt qtt q t qtt tqt
qt qt qt t tt ttq t q tt
t qtt qt t t tq
t qt qt tqt qt qtt
t qtt tqtt tqtt
qtt t qtt q tt qtt
t tq t tqt qtt t qt t t tt
t qt qtt q t t
tqtt t q t t tt
tt t t tt q qt ttt
tqtt t tt q q qt t
qt tq t qt t t tt t
tt
t t tt t q t t ttqt t t
t q tqt tt q tq
q t t t tt qt
q tq q tq
Review Questions
P P
P
P P
P
P P P
P P PPP
P P
P P
P
Project
Ideas
PSYCHOLOGICAL
CH OLOGICA
C L DDISORDERS
IS ORDER S
P
P P P
PP
CONTENTS
P PP
q r
s r r
r
Introduction
r t
q
r
s
t
s
q
s
q
s
s
Activity
4.1
r
q
s
P
s
s
s
s
t
t
s
s
s
ss
t
s
ss
t
s
t t
tt
qr
Activity
4.2
t
t
P
t t t
s
t t
ss
s
t t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
P
r rr r
r
rr
r rr
r r
s
r r
r
r
rr r
r
r
r r rr
r
rr
r rr
r rr r
r
r
r r
r r r
r r rr
r r
rr r r
rr
r
r r
rr
rr r
r r
r r r r
r r
r r r
r rr
rrr
r r rrr
r r
r
rr r r
r r
r r
r r r
r r r r
r r
q r r
r r
r r r
r r r t
r q r r
r r
r rr
r r
r r
rr r r
r
r r
r rr
r r
r
rr
r rr r
r r r
r rr
r rr
r
r
r r
s
s
Activity
4.3
qq r t
q
q
q
q
qq
q q
qq q
q q qq
q q q
q q
qq
qq q
qqq qq q
s
s s
s
s
s
s s
s
s
s
q q
q
q
qqqq q
q qq q
P
s
s
ss
s t
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
Box
4.1
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
ss
qq
qr
qr
rr
r q r
q
r
P
ss s s
s s s s
s s s s
s
s
s s
s s s
s s s
s s
s ss ss s
s ss
s
s s
s s
s s s
s s s
s
s
s s
s
s
ss
s s ss
ss s s s
s
ss s s s
s
Activity
4.4
tq rt q t
q q
t tq
q t
q
q
t qq
qt
q
q
t q
s s
s ss
s s
s s
s sss s
s s ss
s s
s s s
ss s s
s s s s
s
ss s
s
sss
s
sss s ss
s s s s
s
s
s s
s
s
s s s
s
s s
s ss
s
s s
s
s s s
s
s s
s s
s s s s
ss s
ss
s
s
qr qt rq tq
q q
q t r qq
qr qq
q q qt
rq qq
r
q rq q
q q rr q
q r r r qr
q rr r
r q
q r r t q
q
q rr q q r
r t
rq
q rr r rqt
r r t t
q q
q rr q
rq r r
qrr r tr
q qt
rrqr q
P
Activity
4.5
Box
4.2
qrr
q
s
s
t
t
t
st
t
t
t
st
s
t
t
t
s s
s s
t ttt
s s
s s
s
ttt
ts s
t tt
t
tt
s
tt s
s
t s
s
s s
s
s
t
t
t t
t
t t
t
s s
s
t
ts
s s s
t
t t
ts s
t
t
t t tt
t
t
t
t
s t
t s
s
s
t
t
t
tt
t
tt
t
t
t t s
t t t
P
s
s
ss
s
s
s
q r s
q
t t tt t
t t t t
t t t
t tt
t t t t
t
Box
4.3
t t qt qt
t t t q
tqq t t
t
q q qt q q
tqt q
q q qt t q q
t t t t
q qt
q qtq
q t q q
tqqt
q qq q
qt t t q
qt q q t q
t
Box
4.4
q q q
t qt t
t q qt qq qt
q q q q qt
q q q q t q
qtt q t q
tqt tt t q q
t q qt q
qt t q q q
t t q qtt t
q tqt q
qt t t
t t t t
tq qt t t
q q qtq t t
q t q
t q t
tq q tq t
q q tqq qt
t t tq t t t
q t t t
q t
tqt q qt q
q t q q t
q t q q
t q
tq q
rs
q r q ss r ts trsrr trqs t
tqr r qr r r rs ts
r r t s s s qs t s
s rs q s s rsr s rqsq
s t s r ss rr
s sr r t r ss
r r trtr
rrs r trtr r t s t
s rs rrs
s tr qrt s q r s
rt q s qrsrss tsrr
rsrr rrsr t rqsq r
r trtr qt s rs trrs t
r ts t q t rqrsqr trtr
Review Questions
Project
Ideas
s
t
t
THER APEUTIC
A PEUTIC APPROACHES
APPPROACHES
CONTENTS
Introduction
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
st
t
tt t
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P P
P P
qr
s
q
s
q
Activity
5.1
q s
s
P
t
t
t
t
t
t
q
q t
t
t
q
t
t t
q
t
t
P
P
Box
5.1
q rrs q qt qr r qr rq qr qrrq r
rt sr qr qrqrq r q s qr t qtrs
r qrsq s r q rsq qr qs
qr sqrss rt rrrr qr rq
r qrrq
q r rqrs qr r rs q r qtrqqr qr s
rq srrs r q q rqs q q r srs qr
q r qr sqqr q s ssrqrrss ss
rq r qtrq rs r qs rr rqr s q q ssrq rsr
rtqrr rq
r r qrrs qrqrq rrs
qr qrrq ssqr qr qrsq s rr qr rr rr q
qs qr r qrrs qt qr qrrs rrqqs
qr qr qr rr qr q
r q s tt rss qs rr rqs
s stqs r tr qr rss qr s qr sq r q srsss
r rt qr qr q q q s q sr q sqq
sqr qq q
Activity
5.2
q s
rr r r
r tr r
rr
r
r
r r
r r
r rr r
r
r r
r r
r
r r
r rr
r
r
r r
r
r
rr r
r r r
r
r r r
r
r
rr r
r r
r r
r r
r
r r
r r
r
r r
r r
r
r
r r
r
r
r r
r
r r
r r
r rr r
r
r
r
r r r
rr
r
r r
r
r
r r
r r
r r
r r
r r
r r r
r r r
r
r rr
r
r r
r
r
r
r r r
r r r
r rr r
r r
r r
r
s s s
s s
ss
s s
ss s s
ss t s
s s ss s
s s
ss s
s s ss
ss s
s s s
ss s
s ss s
s s s s
s ss s
s
s s s
s
ss s
s ss
ss
s s
s s s
s s s
ss s s
ss
s ss ss
ss s s
sss s sss
s ss
ss ss
ss
ss s
ss
ss ss s
s s
s ss ss
s ss s
s s sss
s s
s sss s
s ssss
s s ss
s s s
s s
ss
s
s s
s
s s
s s s
s
s ss
s s s
s s s s
s
s
s s s
ss s s
sss s ss
ss s
ss
ss
s ss
s s
s
s ss s
s s
s s s
ss s
s s
s
s ss s
s
s
s s s
ss ss
s
ss ssP s ss
s s
s s
s ss s ss
s ss
s
s s s
s s
s s
s s
t
sts
s
s
s
s
s
s
P
s
qr
t
t
Box
5.2
t
t
rr
t
t t
t
t
t
t t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
s
t
r rr
t
t
t
t
t
q
q
q
Activity
5.3
t
P
t
s
s
t
t
s
s
s s s
s
q
s
s
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
P
t
t
t
qrs
P
P
t
qrssqs q
q q
q
q
q q
q
q
q q
q
qq q
q q q
qq q q
q qq q q
q
q
q
q qq
q
rs
t
Review Questions
s t
t
s t
t t t
t
t
s t t
Project
Ideas
t
s t t
t t
t t t t
s tt t
t t t
tt
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t t
t
t
t
TITUDE
ION
ATTI
AT
TU DE AND
AND SOCIAL
SOCIA L COGNITION
CCOGNI
OGNITION
CONTENTS
Introduction
qq q q r
r q q
r r r q
q q
qq q r
q q qq
r r
q r r
q q q q
q q
s
t
P PP t
P
P PP
s
P P
P
PP P
t t t
rt tt r
tr t t
t t t t
t t
rt ttt
r t t t
t r t
t r r
tr t
t t r
t t r
rtt r t t
t t
rt rtt t t r
t t t
ttr t tt tr r r
r t r t tr
tt tr t
r tr rtt t
r r t
t t t t
t rt r
r tr r r r
t r t t t
t t t t
Box
6.1
t r r t t
r
t ttt r tt
ttt tt t t
r tt rr t
t ttt t
t tr t t r
tr t t
t t t t
t rtr t rr t t
ttt t tt t
rrr t t t t
t t t
t t t t t
t r t
t ttr t tr t
r rr t t
t r
t t ttt t tt
ttt r t t r t
t rrt t t r t
rt r rt t
t t t
t r r t
rt ttt tr
t rt t rt
t t tr t
ttt t t r
t tr rt t
q s
s
s
s s
P
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
t
t
tt
t
t
t t t
t
t t
t t
t
t
t
t
tt
t
t
t
t
t t
t t
t t
t
t
t
t t
t
t
t
t
t
t t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t t
t
t t
tt
t t t
t t
tt t tt
t t
t t
t
tt t tt
t
t t t
t t
tt t
t t
t t t
t t
tt t
t
t t
ttt t
t t tt t
t t t
t ttt
t
t t
tt
t t
t t
t
t t t
t
t t t t t t
t t
tt
t t
t t t t
t t t
t t t t t
t t t
t t t t
t t t
t t
t t t t t
t
t t tt
t t
t t t
tt t tt t t
t t t
t tt tt t
t t t tt
t
t t
tt t
tt t t t
t
t t
t
t t
t t t
tts ttt tt
t tt
t tt t tt
t t t
tt t t t
t t tt t
t t
t t
tt ttt
t tt
tt t
tt ttt
t t
t tt
tt t
tt tt t t
t
t tt
t t t t t
t
t t t
t t t t
tt t t
tt t t t
t t
tt
t t t
t
t P
t
t t t
tt t
t t t t ttt
t t
t tt
tt t
t
t t t
t
t t
t t t
t t t
tt t
t t
t t tt t
t t t t
ttt ttt t t t
t t
t t t
t t t t
t t
t tt t t t t
t ttt t tt
t t ttt t
t t t
t t
t
t
t ttt t
t t t t t
t t tt t t t
tt t
ttt t
t t t
t t
tt t tt
t t
t t tt t t
t
qr s qr
Box
6.2
s s
s s
s
s
s
s s
s
s
s s
s
s
s s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s s
s
s
s s
q
q qq
q
q
t
r
Prr
s
t
Pr
s
t
q
q qq
q
q
q q q q
r
r
r
r
r
t
t t
t
t
r
rrs
t
t t t
t
tt
r
rrs
r rr
sP
t
t
t
q q q
q qq q
q q q
q q
q q q
q q
q
q
q
q q q
q
q q q q q
qq
q q
q
q q q
qq q qq qq
q q q
q q
Activity
6.1
t
t
t
t
t
ss
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
P P
q
r
s
t
P
s
s
s s
ss
s
s s
s s
s
s s
s
s
s
s s
s
s
s
s s s
s
s s
s s
s
s s s
s
s s
s s
s s
s s s
s
s s s
s
s s
s
s s s
s s
s s
s s
s s
s s
s s
s s
s
s s
s
s
s
t
s s
s
s s
s
s s
s
s
s s s
s
s
s
t t t t
t
s ss t
stts
st t sts t
stt ts
sts
ss t
ss ss t
ssts t t s
sss
t t t
s ts t t t
tt s
st
t
t s
sstt
s
t t s t
tt s
s t s
ss t t t
tts
s
t s st ts t
ss st t
t st st s
st t t t t
st t t s s t
st sss t
st sss P t
s t ttt
t t t t
t t st t t
t s t t
st s s s
t
t t t tt tt
s s st st
ts st s t
s st ts tt
sst t t st st s s
s t
t tt s s t
t t t tt
ts s st s
q r
q
q
q
q
q
q
Activity
6.2
t ss t
t t ss ss ss t
ss s s s
sstt ss s t t
ss ttt
sts ttt
ss s t ss
ss t
s s st
t t s
st ts t s
s s tt
t s s ss
t tt s
tt t s s t
t s s t
stt s tt
t s st
s
s
s
s s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s s
s
s
s s
s
s
s s
s
s s
s
s s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s s
s
s s
s s
s s
ss s
s s
s s s t
s
P P P P
s
s
s ss s s
ss
s
s s
s s
s s
s
s
ss
s
s
qqr
s
ss
ss
r
s s
s
s
t
s
s
s
ss
t
s
s
s s s
s
s
ss
s s
s
s
s s
s
s
Activity
6.3
s
s
s q rs
Pr r r
t tt tt rt s
s tt rr tr
r r t
t tt r r
r s ss
tt r tr
tr
r
t r
t t
r
tr r tt t r
t r
tt t r r t
r t
t t r
t rt tr
Pr r t t
t rt t r
r t
t t
r t tt t r
t t r
t
Pr r r t
tt t t
t t tr t r
t t
tr r Pr r
r tt tt
r t t tr
tr r
Pr r r
tr
t r r tt
t r t r
r r tt tt
tr ttrt r t
tt t tr r
Pr r
r t r tr
r t r t
t r t t
t t tr r
t r t t
t r t tt t
t r rt t
tt t
t rt
s ss
t tr tr
tr t r r t
t t rt t
t t
t tr rt t
t t ttt
t t r
r t t tr
r t t r
t
q
q
q
q
qq
q q q
q
q
Activity
6.4
rs
t
t
t
Review Questions
Project
Ideas
P
t
t
t
t t
t
t t t
t
t t
t t
t t P
t
t
t
t P
t
q
r
s
t P s
s
SOCIAL
SOCIAL INFLUENCE
INFLUENCE AAND
ND GROUP
GROUP PROCESSES
PROCESSEES
CONTENTS
r
r r r
r rr r r
r r r
P
Introduction
r
q
s
s r
qt
qt
P P
PP P P
P P
P P P P
s
s
s
r
s s ss
s
s ss s s
s
ss s
s
sss s
t t s
s
s t t s t
s s
t
s s s sts
s
t s s s ts s
s s
s t ts s
s s
t
s t
s t
s s
s t
ss t
s
s s
t
P
s
s
s s
ss P P
P P
ss s ss
ss
s s
s s
s
t s
t
ssss t t
s s t s
ss s s s
s s s s
t s
s s s s
s t
s
t s s
ss t s t
s s s s s
s s
s s s
t
s s s t
s t s
s s
s s
s s
s s s
s s
s
s s ts
s
s s s s
t s s
s s
q rq
Activity
7.1
s
s
Box
7.1
s
r
s
q t
t
q
q
t
t
P
PP qP rP
sP P rP
Box
7.2
Activity
7.2
q r s
s
t
t
s
t
s
t
t
t t
t
t
P t
t
t t
t t
t
t
t
q
t
t
t
r
t
t
t t
s
t t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
s
t
t
t
t s
ts
t
t
Activity
7.3
q r
qq
q
q
q
q
q
t t
t
t t
t t
t t
t
t
t
s t
t
P
t t t
t
t t t
t
t t
t
t t t
t
t
t
P t t
t
t
tt
t
t
tt
t
tt
t
t t
t
t
t
t s P
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t t
t
t
t
t t t
t
t
t
t
t
t t
t t
tt
t t
t
t
t t
t
t
t t
t t t t
t t t
t
t tt
t t t
t tt t t t
t t
s t t t
t t
t t t t
t t tt
tt
t t t
t s t t
tt t tt
t t
t t t t
t t
t t
tt t st
t
t
t t tt t
t
t t t t
t t
t t t
Box
7.3
t
t t
t t t
t t tt t
t t t t
t t t t
t
ttt t t t
t t t
t t t
t t t t tt t
t t t
t t
t t t t
t t t
s t
t t
tt t
t tt t t stt
t t tt
t t t t
st tt
t t
s t
s
t t
t t t s t
t tt t
t t
t t
tt
q r
r
r
r
r
r
r rr rr r r
rr
r
r r
r
qrst ts
Box
7.4
t
t
t
t
t t
t
t t
t t
t
t
t
t
t
s
t
t
t
t t
t t
t
t t
t
t
t
t t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t t
t
t
s s s
s s
s s
s
s s s
s
s
s s
s s
s
ts s
t
s
t
s ss
s
s
s
s
s
s s s s
s s s
s s s
s s s
s s
s s
s s s s
s s
s
s s s s
s s s s
s s s
s ss
s
s
s
s s
s
ss
ss s
s
s s
s s
s s
s s s s
s s
s s
s s
s s
s
ss s
s s
s s
s s
s
ss
ss s
s
s s ss
s
s s
s s sss
s s sss
s s
s
s sss
s ss s s
ss
s
ss
s s
s
P sssss ss
ss
ss
P
ss
s ss s
s
s
s s s s
s
s s
ss s
Activity
7.4
q
q
q r
q
q
s
s
s
t
t
Box
7.5
P
P P
P
P P
P
PP P P
PP P P
P P P
P P P
P P P
P P P
P
P P
P P
P P
P P
P P
P P
P
P
P P P
P P
P
qrst qtt
s s s s s
s s s s s
s s
s
s
s ss
s
s
s ss
s
s s s
s
s
ss
s s
s
s
s
s
s
s sss
s s s
s
s
s s
s ss
s s
s s
s s s
s s s
s s s
s s s
s s s s
s s
s
s s
s ss
s ss
s s s
s s
s s ss
s s s
ss s s s
sss s
s s s
s s s
s s
ss s
s
ss s
s s s
s
s s
s
s
s s s
s s s
s s s s
s
s s s s
s s
s s ss s
s s
s s
s s s
s ss s
s s s
s
s s s
s s s s
ss s
s s
s s s
s
t
P
ss s
rs rr s P
PP
P P
P P
P P P
P P P PP
PP P P
P P PP
P P P
P PP P
P P
r r rs P
Pt PP P
P P
P
P
P
P P
s P
P PP P
P PP
P P P P
P P t
P PP PP
P P P
P PP
P P qP P P
P P P P PP
P PP P P PP
P P P
P P P P
P P P
P PP P P P
P PP P P
P P
rr ss P
PP P P
P
P P P
P q P
tP P t P
P P
tP P P
PP
s r r rs rs
P P P
P P P P P P
P
P P PP
P P P
P
PP
rs
Review Questions
Project
Ideas
t t
PSY
SYCHOLOG
CHOLOGYY AND
PPSYCHOLOG
AN D LLIFE
IFE
CONTENTS
P
P
Introduction
s
s
q
t
q
q
r
q
r
P
ss s s
s
s s s
s s
s s s
sss s
s s
ss s
s s
s
s
s
s
s s
s
s sss
s s
s
s s
s ss
s s s s s
s s s
s s
s s
s s
s
s s
s s s
s s s s
s
ss s
s s
ss
s s
s
s
s
s
s s s
s s
s s
s
ss
s s
s
s
t s
s s
s s
s s s
ss s
s t
s
sss
s s
t
s
s s s
s
sss s
ss s s
t s
s
s
s
s
s s
s
s s
s t
s s s
s
s s s
s
s s s
s s s
s s
ss s
s
s
s s s
s
Box
8.1
sq qs qt
t s q qr
rs sts t
qt qt ts
q ssqs qs tq
tss tq q
rsq q qt
ts
qr
st s
tsq sq
s rt ts
q rt qs
q qs rqs s ts
rqt qts q
q rr qr ts sq
q t r s qr
sq rt s rsq
rr t qr
q sq q q
s qq r r t
sqt sq rs ts s
q q r r r q qt
qq s s q
q qr
sq r t t
sq rr qts
qq sq
ts rqs s
t rq ss rqs qs
st qt q sq
qr q q
qs s ts s
t rqq sqt
t q s qs ts
q rr q qq q
t s
sq qssq qr
q qr
qsq qs s t
P
t t
tt t
t t
t
t t tt
t t t
t t tt
t t
t
t t t t
t t t t
t t tt
t t
t
tt t t
t t
t t
t
t tt
t t tt
t tt
t
t t t t
t
t t t t
t
t t tt
t t
t t
tt t
t t
t
t t t
t t t
t t
t t t t
t t
t t
t t
t t
t t tt
t t t t
t
t
t t t
tttt tt
t
t ttt
t t
t t
t t
t t
t t t
t
t t t
t t t
t
t t t
t
t
t t t
t
tt t
t
t t
t
tt t t t
t t t
t
t t
t tt t
t t
t
t
s s
sss s s
sss
s s s s
s s
s
s ssss
s
s
s s
s s s
s s
s s
s s s
s s
s
ss s s
s s
s
s
s
s
s
ss s
s s
s s s s
s s ss
s s
s s s s
s s s
s s
s ss
s s
s s
s s
s s s
s s s s
s s s
s
s s s
s
s s
s s s s
s s
s
s
s s
s
s
s s
s s s
ss
s s s
ss
s s s
s s s
s s s ss s
ss
s
s
s
s ss
sss s s
s
s s
s
s s
s s
s ss
ss s
s ss
s s
s s s
s s ss
s
s s
s s s
s ss
s s
sss
P
t t t
t t
t
tt t t
t t
t t
t t
t t
t t t t
tt tt t
t t
t
t
t
t
t t t
t
tt
t
tt t
t t
t t
tt
t t t
t t
t tt
t
tt t
t t
t
t t t t
t t
t t t t t
t t tt t
t t
t t
t
t t t t
tt t t t
t
t t t t
t tt
t
t t
t tt
t t t
t t tt t
t q t
t
t tt
t t tt
t t
t
t t t
t
t t
t t
t t
t t
t t
t t t
t
t t
t t
t
t t
t t t tt
t t t
t t
t tt tt
tt t
t t
t t
t t
t
t
t
t t tt t
t
t t tt
P
t tt t
t tt
t t t
t t t
t tt
t t
t t
t
t t t
t
t t tt
tt t t
t
t t
tt t
t t
t tt
t
t t
t t t
tt t
t
t t
t t
tt t t
t t
t t tt
t tt
t t
t t t
tt t
t t t
t t
tt t
t t
t
t t tt t t
t
t t t
t tt
t t
t t
t t t
t t tt
t t
t
t t t
t
t t t
t t t
t t
t t
t t
t t
t t
t tt
t
tt t
t t t t
t t
t t t t
t tt
t tt t
t t t
t
tt t t t t t
t t t t t
t t
tt t t t t t
t t t tt
t t t t t
t
t t
t tt t
tt
t
t t t
t t
t t
t t t
t t t
t t t
tt t t
t t
t tt t
t t t t
tt
t tt
P
Activity
8.1
q r s
s s
s
s r s s s
s s s
q
ss
s
t
t
t
t
t
r
t
t
r
t
P
rr
s
Activity
8.2
rsr r
q
t
r
r
r
r s
r
r
r
r
q t
r
P
t t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
s
t
s
t
P
t t t t
t t
tt
t t
tt t
t t
t t t t
t t t
t t t t
t
tt t
t t t
t t
t t
t t t
t t
t t t t t
t t t
t t t t
t t
tt ttt t t
t t
t t
t t
t
t t t t t
t t
t t
t t
t t t t
t t t t
t t t t
t t tt t
t t
t
t t tt t
t t t
t
t t
t t
t t t
t t
t tt t
t t t t
t
t t t t t
t
t t t
ttt t t
t t t t
t t
tt t
tt t t t
t t
t t t t t t
t t
t tt t t
t t
t t
t t
t
t t t
t t t t
t t t t t
t t t t t
t t t
t t
Activity
8.3
t
t t t
t
ttt t t
t t
tt tt
t t t
t t
tt t t t
t t
tt t t t
t t
ss
s
s t
t
t
s
t
t
P
t
t
t
s
s
t
t
s
t
s s
t
s
s s t
s
s t
s
st
s
t
s
t
s t
s
s
s t
s
t
s
s
t
Box
8.2
qrq q r
q q qq q
q q q qq q q
q q q
q q q qqrq
q q q q q qr
q q q
q q q qrq
q q qq q q
q q q q q q q
q q q q q qq q
q q q
q qqrq q q q
q q qq qq q qq
q qq q qqrq qq
q q qqrq q q q q
q q qq
P
s
s s
s
s s
s
s s s s
s
s s
s s
s
t
ss
s s
ss
s ss
ss
s
ss
s s
s
s s
s s
t s
ss s
s
s s
s
ss t
s s
s
s
s
s
s
s s s
s
s s
t s
s s
s
s
ss s
s
s
t s s
s
s
s s
s s s
s s
s
s s
P
t
t
q r
q
s s
s
r
Activity
8.4
q s
s s s
s
s
s
s s
s
s s
s s
s s
s s
s
s s
s s
s
Review Questions
t
t
t
Project
Ideas
t t
t
t t
t
t
t
t
t
DEVELOPING
D EVELOPING PSY
PSYCHOLOGICAL
CH OLOGI CA L SKILLS
SKILLS
CONTENTS
Introduction
r
r
r
s
t t
P
t
t
qr
qr
t
s
s
s
s
s
s
Box
9.1
s
s
s
qr t q t
t t
tq t qr t qr
qr q t t
t r t qr
t q tt
qr t r
rt t t rr
q
qr t t q
q t
qr t t t q
t qr q q
r t
t
t t t t
t
t q t tt t tr t
qr r t qt t
qr t t t q
t
qr tr q t
t t
t t
t
t t
t
t tt t
t
t
t
t
tt
t
t t t
t
t t
tt
t
t t
r
t
t t
P t
tt
t
t t
t
t
t
t
t
t t
t
t
t
t
t t
t
t
t tt
t
t t t
t
t
t t
t
P t
t
t t
t t t
t
t tt
tt t
t t
t tt t tt t
t
t t t
t t
t t
t
s t tt
tt s t
t t
t t
s t s
t
t
t s t t
t t t
t s t
Activity
9.1
q
r
s t t
t s tt
t t t
tt tt
t
t t s t
t t t t
s t
t t
t t tt
t t t t
t t t
t t
t t
t t
t t t t
t t t
tt s t
t
t t t
t
t s t
t t
tt t t
t t
t s t t
t t t
t
t tt
qrtrq qr
Box
9.2
ss s s s
s ss
sss
ss s
ss
ss
ss
s s
s s
s P
s
s s s
s
s
sss s s s
sss s s
s s
s
s
ss ss
s s
s
ss
s ssss
s s
s s ss
s s
sss
s
s s ss
s
s s
s s
s s s
s s s ss
s
ss s s
s s
s ss s
sss s s
s ss s
s s s s
s s ss
ss ss
s s
s
s s s s
ss
r
r
r r r
r
rr
r
r
t
r
r
t
r
r
r
r
r
r
r r
r
r
r
rr
r
r r
r
s s ss s
s s ss s s
s
s s
s s
s s s
s s s ss
s
s
s s
s sss s
s s s
ss
s s s s
sss
s ss
s s s
s ss s
s s s
ss s s
s s
s
s
s
s s
s s
ss ss
s s s
ss s
ss ss
ss ss s
s s ss s
ss ss
ss s
ss s s
s s s
s s
s s ss
s ss sss
s
s
s s
ss
ss s
s s
s ss ss
s s s s
s s
s ss s
s s
s
s
s s s
s s s
s ss
s
s
s
s
ss sss
P
s s
s s s
s s
s s s
s s s s
s
s s ss
s s s
s s s
s s
s
s s s
ss
s s
s
ss s s
s
s s
ss
r r rr
r
r r
r r r r
r
tr t r
rr t r
r r
s rr
r r
r
r rr
r r
r r
rr r r
r r r
r r
r r r
r r
r
t r r
r r
r
r
Box
9.3
r r r r
r r
r t t
r
r r
r r r
t
rr r r r
r
r r r r
r r r
r
r
r r r
r
r
rr r
r r
r r
r r
t
q q q q
q qq
q q q q qq q
q q
q q q q q
q q q
qq q
q q q q
qq
q q
q q q
q
q q q
q q
s s
s s
ss s
s
ss
s
s s
t t
s ss
s s
ss
t ss
st
s
ss s
ss
t
s s
t
s
s
s
s s s s
s
s s s
ss
ss s
Activity
9.2
qr r
r
ss s
ss
P
ss s
s ss
t s
s ss
s
s
s
s ss
s s
s
s s
s
s sss ss
ss
t
s s
s s s
ss s
s s ss
t
t
s s
ss
s s s
s
t
s ss s
s
s
Box
9.4
qr s t s tr
t s s t q
s
s t r
t s s t t s
s q
r s s
r s s ss
s ss s
s s
s sst s t q
r s s
s t s s sr
s r s
s r
s t r
r
s t r s rq
r
r r r r
q s
r r
r q t r
s s s
s s s s
s r r r
t
t t
P
qrs s
Box
9.5
sq s
s
s
sq s
s s
sqqq s
qs qrs s
s s
s
s
s
s
s s
s
s s s
s
s
s s
s s
s s s
s s
s
s s
s s
s
s
s
st
t s
s
s
s s
s
s
s
s
s
s s
s
t
P
t
qr
t
Activity
9.3
s
t
q
r
q
Activity
9.4
P P
P P P
P P
P P
P P P
P
P P P
P P
P
PP P P
P P P
P P
P
P P
PP P
P P
P P
t
P
PPP P
P P
P P
qPr
P P
P r
s
s
t
t
t
Review Questions
Project
Ideas
t t
t t
t
t
t
t t
P
t
t
t
t
t
r rt tr t t r
tr tr tr tr
r tr tr t tr
rt trr
rr tr t
tr r
tr tr t r
tt r tr r
r t r r
tt
r t r
t rt rr
r rt t tt
t r rt r
t t r t t
tr rt
t t r t
tr r
t r r t t
t rt t t
trr t r t
t t t
r t tr t
tr trr
rr r
rt
tt t tt t r ttr tr
rtr rrt
r r tr
t rr r
t tr r rt t
t r rr
r rt tt
rt
trr
r t trr
rr t r
rt tr r
r t t
t t r
tr r t tr
r tt
tt t rr
t t t r
t r
t r
t t r r
rtr
r tr t t
t tt tr t
r r r tr
trt t r
t r t
t tr r tr rtr
t t tr
rr t t t
tr tt
r t
tr t tr tr
tr t t
r r tt
r t trr t
trr t t
r t trr
t
r t tr
r ttr
t r
t r
t
rt
tr rt
t tr
t r
rt tr t t
tr
r t
r t tr r tr
trr t tr
t tt t t
tr rr t
tr t tr r
t r
rt
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
t t t
t t t
t
t t
t t
t
t
t t
t
t
t t
t
tt
t
t
t
t
t
t
s s s
s s s
s ss
s s
s
s
s
s s
s
ss s
s
s s s s
s s
s s
sss s ss
s s
s s
ss
s
s
s s
s
ss ss
ss s s
ss
s
s s
s s
s
ss s
ss s
s
s
s ss
s s ss
s ss
ss s
s
s
s s s
s s
s s
s ss
s
s ssss
s
ss s
s
s
s s
s s ss s
s s s
ss s
ss
ss
s sss s
s
s s
s ss
s
s sss
ss ss
ss
s s
ss
s
s s s ss
s s
s ss s
s
s s
s ss s
s ss s
s s
s s
s ss
s
s
s
s ssss ss
t
P
P
P
t
P
P t
P
t
t
P t
P t t
P tt
P
t
P t
tt t
t
t t
tt
t tt
t t
t t t t
t
tt
tt
t t ttt t
tt
tt
t t s t t
t
t t t
tt
ttt t t
tt t t t
t
t
t t t t
t
tt t
t t t
t t t
t t
t
t tt t
t t
t tt tt
t t
t t
t t tt
t t t
t t t tt
t tt
tt t
t t tt
t
t t t
tt tt
t t
t t t
tt tt t tt
t t
t
t ttt t
tt
t t
tt t
tt
t t t
tt
t t tt
t t
ttt t t t
t
t t t
t
t t
tt tt
t
t
tt t t t t
t t
tt t t
t t t t
t t
tt t
ttt t
tt t ttt
t t
tt
t t ttt t
ttt
t ttt t
t
t tt tt
t t t tt t
t tt
tt tt
tt t t
t t
t
t tt t
t t
t
P
P
P
P q r
P s t q
P qq
P
q q
P s t
t P
P
q
P s
q
P
P
P
P
t
t
t
P
s s s
r rss s s
s rts t
st tss tss
sr ss rsr
s s s sr
r
rts s r
ss t tt s
rs s r r
s s
ss r rs
ssr
s s
r r s
srs t r
s r
rts s s ss
sss r
t s s r
s r
s t
ss
srs t sr
ts s s ts
sss ss
ss ss srs t
r r
t r s rs
ss ss sr r
s ts
ss s
ss s t
srs
ss s s
ss t
srs r rr r
s
sss ss sr
sr s
r r rs
s ss
srs r
r st s sr
s t
r ss s
t ss
t s ss
r r rts
s t ss
ts
srs s r r
ss sr ss r
sr rs
srs r
s r
sr
rsts
r ss srs
s s
s
t
r
ss
q
rs s t
s st
s
ts s
s
r
ss s rts s s
t s s
s r s
s
st
r
s ss ss ts
ts r r ss
s s ts r ts
sr
P
t