‘Annals of the Archive: Eehnographie Notes on the Sources of History| [Nichola Dike ory the wo epee on mata cemenatn nl a crt, ite at, ulin, nny, ov ecu oe, cts | ht a ever ie and len er cei ee, oy ht whic ce beunensin mens. no ie stay pita besa hue then vera of th monument Mel oa, Ache ‘yf Koomee ei the te which ne ren ject mate at ntl aa the roe of History btn he rte th ity he res Om eine -€. EW Hep The Pepto ry _hnagaphy of be Archive ‘The se oe entered an archive | pnicked. My histo el nex licaly vanished as desperately stemmeda welling ese oexitimmediately ‘nd seach forthe neat pu Lan belore me he thousand of documents ould inden, he books Toul ead ee ies had to wade trough. te 10 imagine which index to consult, what department to deiper, ow best £9 ent the chon of what serve an nite cha of ocuent. My propose foctesctc, Tui mite before, seemed inepyopeat, une, imposs be tel embarrased expose my ignorance in font of profesional archivist ‘maou ¢ acer eerch tpi that igh bear sme elaoaip C0 te archive sl Als, my intrest nthe sll wles and contactor oper of history was not devine fr easy aces, My ropa eo understand the ‘essen selaionahip baween poll athoty and oc tlatons could ‘ahem tony fapent, ad yet how chat ll agents were not egal, hatmon dicumens by thamlves wre mee reminders fhe quota tela x hseary, dha only aed stat somewhere, neede to tart some thee promising, The achive glorious monument of istry, bar the doc tent within ze smply the sedimented deta ofa Misty that om the inside ha scot endless Most historians wrt isioy before they ener de archive, ginning tir poesiooal apprenticip by using hove econ sowce in baie that ate aledy contami by inepretaton and election. Bu even atthe ‘becinming soc sources etait ceintbenticiy throng eerecing at hive that demaratsthe partial and secondary maar ll sources fom side. The archive scone the only space tha eof ante, ag en, logy indeed history al Ascndingy, stra an ony relly come hitoranorwetehitory ncethey haven otheatehive The eg inaryaivalefthehintorianinhearchive is much ke the aval fhe ant polo i he ltt tsb of dciplinaycerteton-he magia trement when te scenitacholar sts dwn upn athe that beckon wth ‘he promi shat nec nly engage the af dsovery at st come ae tofice wth truth andthe realm of mediates facts Ba wil anthropologist Ihave sbjrol ther arial sores oir and xt srtiny the t= ‘ans aa toy argly uo shielded by the at tha while achive ha often sein mye, tha never appesed ext. Traveler tls and “ventures yarns hove never sedered the archives maj vue arate, (nd ye the monumental ofthe schive snipe inet fasion owt ath that are fundamental both to the dsipine of istry and ta the rational auton fino Whe chet sumptions aout rth andi {ory ave ben critquedin elation tohistvcl writing andthe ute of ea ‘hey have srl been examined in elton to the sores themes, except inset very hol forote hat summon the resent reapet forthe snehiveasasepotryfulamat value (Grafton {97}! The ative sss neously the oteomeathstorial process anche very conton or the pode ‘on ot historical nwt. The in har come tohisorcie the achive ‘ty ova achive aval try was ele by several yeu of working with onginaldoeuments that themselves pecded he etablahenent othe ‘er archive nrg at wa bythe character ofthe premodern tte Souther nd bean ny profrinalearcer a «tran by eng ep ipl seis an repos, tranenpcions and ranlatone of scriptions hat tree frie met patched int citer ate coper erate, Sane nc tos typically sede endowents to temples an were nse on the die daiiaal oekaki anced a surrounding the center of worship. Copper lat inrisions were epiclly bey the descendants of kings andlonsan vations ther magnates eos enelemens to lid ete fee, and oar were erin, publily de ‘laren permanenty instante yee present the material ex I set recording deta ofandoldng nabs nd eatin, plies poet tio and pense, situa emoluments and entalmenty and 90 on, hee inserted foe provided ocasions or eatal perfomance of various tow signfcanly when the peas ofthe presenter became the basi for histralnaration of the exploits nd exemplaines of ertan fame and ‘how forebears. Isepion thus provided the tl fiver the deta of ons andl, ent ane intiuons—at the same ime tht they wee themeeve historical ets, coding in genealogical form the claims made by ory el or apd abou authority. istry waaay monument, mort ariulary the labora nd smetimes enormous temple compen that Fielded ura ater sae for textual insertion, ut al i thea of pe Slows metal ssurethe permanence ofthe tet hough evry praiousnees mean there was always te tempation for textual melon sane sense story was oly momumen fr she mya the texts that mast hae been ‘thud on the sracsolpalmyes palm ere congned cei slecence ‘in ways thar mean that istry wa last shad to be ten or 2 Bf empl compen waite anatchiveitwatanarchive avery iren Kd than we apne when we contemplate the cotempeay in sein, The wall ofthe temple complex seven one senses oes read room, the ergs most moder archives however, tbe records were stacked ‘oapreeiting monument and funetinedin let to secre the monament st ‘well asthe authori relton and Ages whose own power was sy ‘zed and deployed though the ntcational formation ofthe terple. And de Spite th ample eizaphia record the ace reco sight compared any ‘modern paper archive nd with ll she texts effloesene of preamble nd zeal hstoiy the dt of adeiniatative procedure were fe, far be ‘ee, and only ately coseferenced in ways that bared he constan su ‘eilince and cunodanhip ot bueasriie manasa ele that would sem esine qt ono modern archives and state. ‘Nevertheless the temple complex was a achive of sot. preserved sscoranecnay forthe maintenance pity, ven athe pony sel eek tetily anche ination elaons ofthe temple. And it peeved thee records foreerence seas wll asin way that worked to monumentie Doh ae arasad isaac anand ueteeleettcoearenaR aasic parca kind sein bistoy combining the mont baal of eas ‘leh he most oionspanryisia paseo kingly dynasties, loa lr and insiuionalarangemente aging om he hankng faction temples oF the maintenance of ital performance tthe aeolian of Op ‘sation and none oe). At he same mente tons nor hi {ory per wan necessary forthe ranaormation of documents inte ity, 28 happened Inter when the mys acres of goverment stl had be ‘moaned into archivsin oder toast fom the ream fgvernnen tality tothe dmainostory In suthertna documents gen theres Te was with eis expen of story chat se fon my joumey cote chive Even hough by then hashed mow isos inerss tom che fish andninth enter ttheightents and nncecnh Iwasstil ams lene shoe dhe modern achive. Given my interest in precoonal sate abt society specially charting out the ate of Hing authonty and case ‘ution in southern Inia imdiatly belo the onset of Betish colon ale sd then ecing wansfrmatios over the fist colonial entry was een find document that existed befor the modern colonial tt ands docemen ‘aon apart. Art, the archive might have dete documents Hom acer age a5 a8 expresion ofthe colonial mate ned to Baow ow things relly were loth rh aed Rt word ha the achive wana east Inpaeabou the conamination af the west ofthe mde rbot Ahem time, wallet the archive will he wean the seem apes tee, worse tha would never peneuate the secrets the achive and worse thatthe sects of the archive wore pence noe hea ofthe dang xiginaliy of my line of esearch but case of my andametal ignorance of the chivalstractre ofthe condtons of histone awed, “Th thive hat inaugurated my experience tahitian wa heads fie Lieary sn Landon. Oily dhe iary ap cod 00m of he oa ‘iis, the agency ofthe ish yoverment that over Britain's colona reutonhip wit ads ul independence i 2947, shad hee noted to 2 sepurteachivein heel 70, subsqucntly placed under the management ‘he Bish Libary, and has now been moved to and amalgamated withthe ‘chal and rary lding of he ae Bei Libary n Se. aneran Despite ‘he shabby ponar highs tha housed ee mls shelves, walk ino the chive forthe Bs eth al he excemene tat my low atopy dents had escre ore moment the ved ina "Blof the own My itn soon merged with oor when eliza ht tad cue abou peroreseshemagareecatesame-rere pte s amass" arr ume department, what the mechanisms might be fr genes] esearch, {dow tsces ether Talat Englsh manoscit collections. {remember Spenng theft ay paging through the index of oe alr dpatnent Ih Key ord a aed eo apes for apyhing mae than the mon eal { dcarerts. In ruseation, I handcopid one very Tong eter thst sem “esl iortane nly realise ater tha had already photocopied pane from agpvernment manual wher the god bits hal aleady been excerpted ‘ wondeved why the archive ee ls sting than a Base univer iar. 1 picked eng zare envy forthe tana esearch histori who as amiga a topic om the bas of a sei collection of ean or acumen thee supers: ad preselected fo them, tthe same ue wont ‘ng shold ust sca history and go wo theese eying my handat sipaly the Rip sie of my disciplinary formation and ang At she fame ie eae 1 woul! hive o do extensive Beldwork oa the achive ‘esl Jenring both about the history of Bish overeat ue athe eo istry of eos nde of lesions a econ keeping Lite by He, ste By stp, eae abou the mature, lsieatons, wv inetstonal inearment of me fhe recs an lle hat were toberme the imag dacteentation for my thes alt bean oleae ‘he complex lationship eeween aches Bain and teives a Ile ‘he orto file, whit etl det, nd what manner of dearer were ‘oe found and auld be found tonranie msteriaiat he dia OR aeary ‘London, the Nina Archies finds in New Dell the Tara Nal tothe Princely Sates fad, one ol which came ob the primary sie snd.ethnogapie ste fren reserch onstatand soit. At the same Me 1 mented the ntodton a ew frm ol property and new retin beeen uleatrs alee stat, ened eat hs lok the setlement ee vert that wore Roe in Madras sl, So daunted was I hy the sac of setlment when fist encountered hem that ound dilfcl ev aniiate ‘that would ter come to elise ons at happened, Lapent nue of ‘my thesereseareh ero Tnkingatecords of toxic anderen sad ally coming 0 sealiethe exten 10 which thes ina’ end clisewtons reveleduch shou dhe way the histor of poltical pales tom pectona ‘ans wasedimentd in landed piviees ender heal exon reine My fet experience ofthe archive was thus stating or several ne EEE eres pang rapachives inthe 170 ta for gested such a the seen of photocopy ms thine, he now imaginable ence ofthe compre, and the ofen highly ersnalzl contingencies sev secs as raseted nat nly case lt bared under the weight of archival exceny, bt bean this excess sere ‘0 siguyfindeed apy) the ditorions of clon reine one that ihr Supt saccte the ps, o to sepreea tp ways that seemed a best obits eidence for unseliale segumenss favor of ane rather eal al shetois fre, La, aferal, determined to dacover what eel about the tie of mate ad mcey inthe immediate procloil paid, ad the roe I loked in coll archives, ehe more fl he imposslity of che ‘reject. Ando Tegan o spend inceasing mune of hours away tom the ‘hive in iay of Oriental Mansscript that howe mong ober things, ‘he manarerpcllecton of Cla Mackesie ‘Coli Mackenzie an engineer and mathematic by taining weno Ind an amy en and oan Became wn for hi exrandinary eats spite, is designing plans fear nl then plans for surveying, ‘nlmapringsesely conquered terstovies. Mn surveying hil were engnized ‘sshewas desgnstedasthe Surveyor General ol Maiasin 180, onl tobesome the Hint Surveyor Gener af Inia 185. Macken, «St roms the ter ‘eid who, ke many oter educate Scots his ine, wend toad more Housing cre than would have een valle in end was abo Snavidantigurian andbecame aly ommittedtothe collection ot itrica, ‘atralsabout penne In. Oa bison sativa with is ow sources bebe ani ain a goupof loc assistants who helped him collet Toca historic of kingly dys ciel ais, castes, vile, temple, ed cater a well af other eal tains ed lipo and plop ical exten vaey of nan Inguages He also took rubbings of stone ant ‘cents plane and dawings wherever he went By the me of his death in "ar, he had amassed ello of 000 scptons, 568 leary mano: lan, eg nang Dk 999 The Mackenae archive promised unmetiatl aces to the hisorkal ‘memtltin an pens ofthe lt reson perod Ae atempted to under stand the astae ofthe holds of th rive though ange of nex ahd annotations that werecompledas esl 6 838m hes canonical conto the cilction by HH, Wilbon 182) f came to be especially interested in Ista ets ha were neal cll “vameavals or dynastic isos of eerar ropes ng= ened EERE APSE Hee EE Iisctheeni tine othe family, ann hat yenealgy ata ther ofthe tet What chronology ro made hatrcal mara genalogy 0 {he arcavali-it ove oth sequence and strotae Typical cachenso8e oasitof ome ston perormedby ahere-ancestr, which then followed by sm acne fils mae y= rat ing to hat oa city acento ex le the ero my ig that hes sn plaguing vilgers i he ings {oman or tof od ate aan some enemy of the kings. The King then calls dhe eh o court where he ponents hi th is contig of ls, bens, and gh over ld. The se structs of the tex aten sce repttiv abet cnveying ie in she way focal hse” noration ater, Misti event that ed tthe exabishment or essai of special clatonshipbeteen deci ada ing ee cleatedtnarative sigs lean and seve to head the accomplishment a ich noeworty acca. Farther the oye naan tue the accumulated merit ofthese cet stoi event, ihering the al mete of royal perustes and entitle rents that rele the ic histo the fay Dake 9996 ower cten 2 00k these ents the rend not ut of pata iris hu alto of partici of istry, Became aware tht they wee ‘ot positioned lly outs colo Mistery Many of he hil ail ato ‘ies cmelued with petitions for eogniton, easement, or sme oer lh or authority and potion Some ofthe mot gon aly istres wecof kingly amie tht ad parted in hea eighteenth century wars pint che Bich omens in calaraton with the Fen Iaving the ‘tternporary King in digrace. Oe family hstore rome tobe elim tombs fhe ren fhe aly that ha ben ented by ncterin inter. eine srg for landlord nats/pelees unr the new terms of ith ful. Event ld epime logics af hess, it exchange, an yal lation ‘hip were cea inevidencein eeu hinters, ten text ala demented ‘hei inexorable historia embeddedness in new lino clonal owe aod In subsequent research {further lane tht the Mackensecoletion| ‘elf was par ofthe try of uly olla conguest. Mckee allt teats whe mapping and surveying nee conguered teas of outer India Eventhough be never condctedareremue survey, srmpalouly vein sirectingines about edstion anderen there was bo way prise thet -oowlege abot lea nege teres might no he ed ya npr power that wa this very pine esalishing sl a even tat Inde, ‘rally all of he information elected by Mackencle ured ut to eoncem eeapersdgptripartrcammype reagents iar Wg 8cInsiatins. There ws gp reso for what one of Mackenie asians churteriaed arenes spin” Adonally he ellen materials sess actualy conduct by avait of local anita, sn though ot all Tesned eshians, who ad mule agenda, eres, and oats of heir Tn, the sme me eat ey sought saaousyt pleas hee master” indy isc mbion collec ol itv dents, ‘ven when races of recsnia oie, gene norms ivi the ‘Mackenzie achive, they dso inthe conten colonial tere. Cail he fee woes, genet and made of sutbozstio that wee impieted a ‘the production ofthe achive were stanly fst ace they inhale the colonial azcive Dinncions betweon types of text ep. text thet derived ‘rom enlent authorship he hava anocrbed eat tom es soe {nd concerns brat the use value of knowledge [how texts node might [ewsd to de authorize and de legate] ecame red and incrasapy de solved at sch stage cllecton, tansrtin, wanton and canonization, And the oleof Macken’ nities Became elgated 0 the poston techni mediation thir dater and eters rsync wih theta ‘material, The ey clenal ahive was itll «or of sloniatio, ep ced even in the cancels of aniguy ad atbenity tat characte the "Nevrchelen, coll strats knowlege changed over ie and «do damatelly inthe pesiod between he Ite egcenth and the mid ietcenth centres Ifthe Mackenzie ell eet al oon ne fat ial the cane that within a decade of Macks death in at the callecionchangedrom seeming signee resource tobecoming store) burden. The dsingsish Ont HH. Win att abandoned cae loguing projec then he realized he growing ack of intrest a Mackensies ‘work the miterlsin dhe colton ern ether istrcl enough ovatity 'nygenne historia ners in the eeonsructon of pelo an his tory, nov clase enaug to provide a rexpecable bai or an Orientals repiation ot aor. At the san ie that we acknowl the exelent ‘editions hat pode the very excl fre ad om of Know eee ‘tril in the Mackeniecllection, we mae alse realize that Mackenzie texts oseupy a marginal poston, boc inthe achive and te coon sete project hat archived the dcuments. The Mts that Mickle had cl Teeted ha aenty bon overtaken by dilenent kindof ito Wat survives instead atthe cemer af the aly colonia tchive ar the (iki eae ena alee ene sheet inthe ai eas of rsh re Tse documents—ie tes tively by Nstoians of zarianrelitions—tn out to be far te than sue Theme ofdifeen ln pucels and heir potential for acl practi, a frst hey cme Rater, they ated as itrventins i the way he cola ate wotka to contend ations the sso the atest ight “towers and more pene ln records ntervenedn the colonial sat {dain of tlatoneip eowcen tat nd soir. The cay oli tte ier shed tinal oration the mecenit oi of he Eas Ila ‘Company ws above ll am rnin sate that ed various representations of ‘Ont depois to jay imac ad blter slain wo ulimaee power though the brsacrate regulation of and exci of revenue fom Tendo propery. Building arutnnts between those wh rgdeha he ae di Conpny was mrtg the king's ight of ownership overall property in those who ted a Ridin theory of ett lain forthe Company the Heke to et rovenue sts an collet taxes 4 fundamen 0 the cata oes lth tate beh all the whilecedingrovenigty at aera level tothe Mughal alr) gradually enabled s tte haenracy, ousng rally on land revenue, thst actly i ad sovereign authonty over ll tina, Desnons aout whe the btesery should accord proprietary fiehts o lndons amin), village behechods, or pone elves tos ecame eit intervention nthe lationship betwen ate an shery,atthe same ie th these decslans bork produce, ad were rel by, vney of diferent sein of Ina tae were mpotant parts fey ‘ole eof ale ‘When ist wad shrough emo landrecody, hoo determine the astre of apni ations eileen parts of sates Ii sao ‘ses angen made by iter adminstracn abo he ature ofthe pe elon lg commit. The agent were complex and robustly doco ‘went and aways named chat ioral ore were necoary reese olan poses tlle Miron of sme ofthe Key layers ofthe ped Ive revesed how much hovel argument was edo pole ambition ni penn experience, Coli was in enol the pysiorat al dave ly bis ambion to reset Indah authority ad poston ofthe Ian tryin isn lend under or elt ain conierabledlesivenene five the evets af he revation in rane Manzo and Elphinstone were ‘sptuedby Ruskenn eof paternal responsibilty anda Seats see ok ‘ef erin of he yeoman cular, Bt despite sense ofthe intellec ‘sal genio flan poli, any relzed hee By Ile howe much the ite alee inipostnc wir Gc Moe data alieiaerevenue wa andantl tothe formation of that very sate nde durngthe ria heralded by Waren Hasina at ee hands ef Eman Bake {elt ihtenth entry an brought chastened cnlision and the events of the Great Rebelion of 185, the coll sate formed oan the ‘eatioaship of revenue lad Wel The omer enepie the at In Company eld steadily smspertance a che agents fie eaders ‘whosaw inland welththe delet fnew market for Bish ody at the sme wie that enorme att was pri yt he grand pei projet of pla and sitaryexannion ‘The Archive of hooey 1 the seca half ofthe nineteenth centy the colonia ats had to tzanann telf once asin If and nd th evened hoi ace rom ts tlaonaip ith he stat were funnel tothe ration the tary colonia state, she fac eat he eblitone of 1857 lly edo agin revolt andthe steal dering ocnomic characte petal poe to lly the busing wayne 1850] ade ce that hinge ado ‘hang, Landen was still an montane soare af even ithe late nineteenth century, but imperial ambition ve am ager new eel. The steady sworn of ner lan tog the azesive pois of Ld Dao, chat ‘nthe aking of Oud a 1856 bad led ery tthe Crest Raelion of 7, ‘were bough abruptly ta hal nd police niet rl weenie 0 Accommodate and lunatly appropiate the incomplete prot of clone ongust one thd of i remained under riacly conto th tine ofthe ‘alin. Concent, the ebelion made i eler that some ormmumitis it Ind could be cone at loyal aor ostne done o pepe sp sion Rengalis wero longer oe crated 0 the ae frees which wee now tbe stocked only bythe loyal "aria races, a Maclay’ hype ‘vas waslted into stat policy Inthe new retrial ewnomy clonal ral, otic oyley spaced land stata. And the form of knowl seas ‘ment that seemed most appropiate to assent matter flop ahr than Iistoresoflnd canta was Koos of ples andere. To put the sateen le, fer 1857 anthropology sapplntd history athe ene Paleolnial modal of knowl, The cli tate chage rom atevene ate (oan ethnographic sate" Dik 2001 Tam noc ceria htt dcnins of knowlege the morn sense, soutpology a ot yt Ben invent aan academe iiline in any case Maeda teen li ad iemsgeniie Wel talencicmapeng ti oleae tule and Indian sory for Eaope was ot only writes oust aedemy or atlly nthe coed of eslnia bureavercy~ar a the work eolnial ‘reaucraty aint eae of Mil and lpnatne Rater, at sueesting hat the foundational sportance of Miri argument ft and pole ill other oven caper, namely to ently thae paultions tht wee inernly lol othe Bia ne ears he customs of eer populations fer Yo kno acl conta the ns grad foro aol the humliting ond eat ltl salamity herbelin npr the rodoctofstrategc epson she producto he bullet llasion f permanence career of nt hinstsnh centory high imperil ele, this was agen which te hisory of ong was veually erased dhe Carbide historian Seley noted inhi ‘neil history Itats tht Inds had een conguezed sn 2 "Be of absent minds” place ti story, an arthropolgy a he popes and etl {areof nda came the canonical owls tempt, The decennial ene, Ize in 87s, bosame de apotheosis of he new cthnographi mperative of shecolana sate ‘AC he eat of this see knowledge, case was wewed the primary snsiution-andepbereofncalrelatons- that arcade lepasenatead to, standing in place ofthe histor from dan senate. Colonial historiography increasing conceded tan ‘ooplogy the sy of snc sabject wich ha no yet entered moder ty: Anthopogy sew ot of mode iso becoming he history of hase vith history wel athe pabistay of hove now mie is story By che Tate ninetenth century anthropology been quits eral the isory af the colonized In thisdivoon of dsiptinay labor, anihoplagy, whether of + ysl hoy or ly poi was leas 4 emplemen than ao extension of Iroc istry, satializn bythe logic of clonal ong and rl, ke dsl o hearse non othe state, And nthe loa perl oder ‘things history wae tthe modern metropolitan stat whst anthropology ws tothe colonial ate fling bth the iniaitesand he irenees between ste seem at home ad inthe clones: Mintry constr a Loos pat for hematin In wich the resent was the nese eleloia kame an thology anand hisrcr that cesta colonial ule. History tld he ‘ory ofthe natn anthropology emlaned hy anion hadoe ye emerge ‘forxample in Rise understanding feast a3 ipeiment optional ‘mablation Rise 1909 The Betish fal ose story as furdamena tribute of indian cult, cicience tht they etalished hel leon the ins af 2 GEE acl lade eatasaeamaite ence nade mindedness that wn en absentand yeplaced. Mackenci ad een one ofthe las eslenialavans 9etreae malt petaiy i he collection of loc, enous histo Jes Ml. propounded instead tht whatever pat India might hve sol be fin te ttn a history, arguing with liberal intention hal dat wa oon oi ‘would be morc fom Butan Meh 199) Coll story wae eneally covertakenby the concern to decument at spl land tenes bth eaon ships eeween and apdthe state Baty themida he cena try was at ‘bet levany, st wort an embarassment ad cole athrpegytook on owing importance, Ths the ate nineteenth entry wise the st x evmentsin ethnographic nrveys event at he ear the ahives ince ‘ng rele selon preocepation with de castor andeocil elation ‘he people of, can only ase this argument ere, bue have weit lbewhere about the way in which late nietsnth-centuy nguments about social poi tenedincesingly to elle spol sensibicn-a oF ‘example in Reis ences mobic pat by sina essere a eps late form of liga expression hat appeared to be partly backward or [shaous Dik 997 At the same vie there was an explnion of wing Tos, esses, and amisnaive Bler-about carte. Cste was rot 06x hin nd olay opt and contain the penta unre aad re ‘aleitraee of clonal abet indeed cate Became an stem eon ‘ll society thie made ther Kinds of eve ination let lane plies "ght sem iter unecessry, or foreg, both Av aren ee stteandehe chive became increasingly shang Reflections om the Archive ‘have augente lawbere the nee for anthropologists engaged the soy of theron stn appach the anil pci oth ate repo ‘ory of sures for thei eseach andi em of arzer histories hat cumin the genealogical entlments of eslonal knowl for cing ray stholasip (Dis 19) Aye would alo advocate the need fori ‘ast engage in an ednogaphy ofthe rhe, forthe archive self eets {he form ad formation of Rstrcal know that hve bon so mhlly shaped dee tglcainin the ior ofthe tate whose pate iemeane > ensrine. To engage nan ethnography of he archive ent ng well beyond evingit san mserblage of text a depository ofan for Mstery The tev ts silseursive formation ithe teasing ens hati eet te catege att erations ofthe stat it-in the cane presented ere, ofthe clonal sate The sat try rods, deste, organizes, and maintain the di ours hat come ava athe peimary teats istry. Wien ihn resachon the ate insteemhcenry,Lonsted he ond ofthe “Puble®Deprtment, he “Pltial” Deparment, andthe ‘Hfome" Depwrament, among may ott paged nog indenes of doc nent elect he goatian proces government, le that cana ‘ela then lel on eran rom the ppc of stalin ‘ial 0 poston ich Superintendent of Eto 0 his salary and iv fl dati, both f which were cl nein othe ther pasion, financial needs, and policemen of goversmest When oud wate al abou old bane practices sacha hookswigig, Lal through festa espnded to widespread rensre in mlshonaiesan eter regard {ng the supresson ofan activity hat bo no prievoue Boy aes ad fein he way of sigan otal unrest the atention dst min ‘str, who nevertheless a 0 wary abou be representation of govern ment acts rh within nda ad Back in Btls When began wo Conclatethe intrest ffl ethnography native ody eats wih tbe “Torus Commision Repo of 855, had tly on my own aia expen ‘aceol woking wth anand sctemen odes cay the ltecigceat entry Inner to Sinan the chaste ffi ne cngetlain ‘estin tothe deployment horn ores arundataly sod violenceim the tout countrys, Each recordin he archive tlre previous re beds ba peedent ala ope ah achive fat svrialy rote genealogical recon by on, devs By desi, acy ese [Abough documents ae requen scrip wit postnty In mn istry in tne sense nan ftethoub, ony incidentally elt to the source that are feshized a fundamental to te raf of Naor Hac And ye story is ncn the anaes the ery fler-the amie stems the depart ‘mental tuctres and lasaieatory recess well an the repr, eter, ‘kisons and cies within that make p the ative. The archive contains mary sures ath sae he that always already aseaniay tae ot toil dace. “Thearchive encoders et many evel gees, and expressions of romeniliy, Commissions gry have ery ile Wore om oo "nc papers hat stace nthe goverament drs of every fia acti fevermment manuals ad asters hove very ferent was fom ocean tuts rofl corexpencs tht move in hapa ests focal and ‘enc exchangs, Hitec search ean eval connections that home‘faced bythe fects of sory sl for example, the conection between the ‘roliferetion of ln recon and debates over the oper way t nce 2 Proprietary economy oto tna ad the ned he oni efor frm ok venue an poitical ath that would coment the ising pe coms meri eles; between the airy over again and military reat and the social elasicatlons tt beame sree no lt colonial vews fee Ierwees the cancers ofthe ple to apprehend habit ciminl nd the ‘rac cuminalistion of colonial populations nthe ely development of amtropomeu, and beteen the modern eacer of anvopoloy [as wall 2 general sci sof thngh at such ue a ation and modern snd ehe legacies fhe cole ast Even athe connections never empty ome fll cle-never forcing the possiblities of other eases ard frequency displacing other posible once ehcy move owl ay ea te certainties linear nd atonomovs ext istry aatoplogy an his ‘oy dsoeing text ita contests even 4 content conta beseme rea sorbed by othe texts and strc tase While the athe hs ans ueacy ft owas canbe constoed im any suber of ways and the Instore renedaloneean by no meansexplan why we write the way medo—it Isneverheles the eld within wich we ll canto serch, pushing os bys entrance igus by is aggravating aeences, acnatingus bys ‘own putter etre, rec ys appestanc ol the el "colonial achive har «peelar opacity. Whe ll chives reflest ‘hee particular ong a tte ees clonal aehives bay the ational cntraditons of colonial pvermentaly fm the as Ui the ntl ialstatowesecialy newerblta he ish Paint an Ciown thous _cumbereme proces thet reuis mnimam of six month forthe exchenge of caresondence by sa In atthe Est nla Company, monopay nt Hock em, an the day to day ai ofthe ony, ly yelling provisional suhority ater ener of peomparble comrepson,gvng wy completely after siitary mi nd azar el ell rouge ehe erp os knees in 87-38. But even alr the assmpion of iow athe sof ‘pire were overel by imperil But with none ofthe demands of public ‘epresetation andaccountablty encountered by te mtropaian stat Reve re wcods might have deste he hich ois of Mughal isn one find precedents for Rican theories of rent, othe sition oan ‘wasblancedniyby hess of ods than bythe checks dient and ‘ket Perhaps even more exile cumulation osm ednographic a ‘hein the ate nineteenth entry worked ot ute plac oni ave aE RCE bes nin hina understanding. As a ete archive reflect the {ie of tate anaey fom she poli nl juridcal othe ial ar eure Caste deny er cxaile became nat just the ajet of wedge ut the ent tdknowiedg,elpsing plea esuasion clas pose, regional interests ‘hela for tat concerns bout cnealandcontinment. The ethnographic inte produced ethnographic sje, not pla ones. The colonial achive ‘ted he omnetof moder sty Modern history could only develop inthe metiopol, om the intern rine of ecological conventions that were anchored in theo te paises nd lpi inition, BO With the sghteeh-cntay recap ‘lon hat istry had sop are cme the tay appropriation ofthis en Themen seasibiiy by the appaat ofthe atte The tate Became the means for nascent emuratie ss srely 4 provid the boundaries fo Jatonaly conceived scl spaces Koller 198), The tate alo heme te fnstumesaliy thr which histone documents Peame mesg 35 ‘he primary an authenscrecond ofthe ast. istory served pricipal form sf poremmentalty a the same time that governmentaity expres itl thang the ates of histone ho and wetting. In ene prone ems history ws crane hereccally i anatives that nade the state (and hen tot ante hy colosial rl, atately the ation) no the sje ad the thiecto emp onssucnc sas Became pray located within che formal abe a ageless power History was writen by the tet date and sty pobtical alice and practes, nd an pred apd preter bythe stat for tur historia etenes nthe tei. The archive, that primary sof tate monsmentliy, war the very nteton that ea fone ryt and clas he knowledge eid by heat vena ‘emade this knowledge avaabe fr subsequent generations in the exural form fs neat epson ofthe past? ‘Many sorimenetars, ons Hegel to Kevelleck, have note that modern histor ater the mre of istry was ora wth he French Reve lon pea even more te sy thatthe aden archive was bon) withthe French Revoton ana esta rruluous een, he mer {rchive was a mach aot the destution wt wan aout the preserestion of ‘the pat (Poaes sph The Archives Navonle of Pais wat ected by the Decte of September 12,1790, and open access 1 dhe aches was deel ghofetzensipeather hans ergs of state power or scholars sh 196) Ole archives had ben nthe possesion f kings and courts ndwere lace only the speniion ofhonedn power al forthe ese. ae aa a eetorn in the vslenc of eoatonprecnl eae ofthe way docment had suppotedtheprivlege of he oldregne acorn to Ppp Sap many ‘ett of ral ebelo, the French pei, tok his or asl ade the ‘hte taht tothe sige anchives eld lin ls hands the sharers monurentsofhsown sete, and delivered hem tothe eg ac 1973, 8 More ently che nee greet sl nite the wholesale ‘descructon of eons pac ft seveltinary program, State-ponsored bor firs consaned papers ofthe bi, order of knighthood, and other ds nt fhe ld reper anesin the ens ete 1785 an 179, plicy ‘aol by noo ober than Condor: "ei ay that inte cata, Reson Jus, a the foot of the setae of Lous XIV 620 flo volumes atesting 0 ‘the vanity of hi las whose tos wil a st appear smoke Penick 996,34 "The now French tate did not mint the fl penne ofthe achive 1 the imperatives ofthe postuevoluinary nations dt acommodite ew forms of pile an secrecy Mga In Eland, where 0 evel rouced sich dems chia history, the modem archive develop de rely out ofthe records of dhe Chancery Deparment, moto which were our inthe Tower London util the Public Record Offie was bul inthe mie ofthe nipetentheemary* Unlike Fee, where the new archives vere salished as yr of ew evolutionary tte wih the apf ose ‘funermining hoe, n England the archives embodied ee head vies tha ad een apres hy the British aistetcy ave cetuice (Selllenba 1964. The exalishment of the Public Record Office rovehly ‘ide with she electoral fom tht sought wo enlarge the wting public and open the poceares of goveramient tthe ne, ceil an ac ‘mercantile bourgeoisie ur coloil seconds emained inthe Oe, they were diety to protools of goveroane, unt the end at emp eh ‘Unsurprisingly, the ea af public accu for coon cords eed the ees sence postcolonial pubic alough eh ial pir the In ioe Record Room is sil the Batishexcolail, The contrtietios of clonal ovement extendedeh to history andtothc achive exempliying the lis of epesenttion and accountability tha wee ao fda te ‘elon rations, Inrefctng rfy a the history of archives, andireingtheistry of chearchives of my own research care, hare tempt tcl ateion some of the ways which the archive at only ennai documents titel ‘he prmary document of istry. At the sant tn, hve imienied on the amused ailinemitta den ee Gee a gs oe cones lang ble hss naratives he sven way 0 ethno a oun clei rvcramentaly produce a iret hind f relationship © ‘he pt nd oi clin, presereation an destruction, han ee the {sat nhe imperial newopele many ways, he archive wa he tera do ‘hon that eres the pre Benween ation an ae engendered by the oto form The colonial chive wa ot it the eon of he olen ake ut also he repo othe sous fra imperial iseory whose ple was fn theriopl athe than the colony. Thus was that nolo ation {st movements ha 0 streae ot at to nate alternative histories but to find diferene sourses and authors for the development o her nainal nstorogapies [ks 199 Gua 1967 “The chives the nsaniaton of the tat intrest in oy sr ‘ives the romnne ofthe eid oom of crerydey goverment bases, fn ie monumentalied bythe nate preserves ova history tothe ‘Sedna ofthe ation (or colony abe than the state [or eto). The Imonuient preserves mck of acted laey—with its hierarchical tue tore ts abrinthine proved ts pofsnna abale-enasining the sete Tac tate withthe llscemniey fhe past. Ascii of istry an iso zp we therlre chip away at he istry fis monument, atthe mete that we renga the monenaity ofall ito eidence snd Uyimpiation the monumental it nd condone fll toi wrtng soins my mae tei oe history, but hey anno vasa asthe ‘tose Historians ak istry in tives that lead sediment an achacl longo the nate indeed tcaecogy of history, perhaps neces, emai this ae unin. “Tey wa only po or snes eel “Et Mao Hey Tie Sond Sones ls Meenaein iy Yee Aer bch oak pst ‘Site fms 5-7 ty Lam te te Neves Kn or wc satan Intnotor comple canta nny hedaman ‘evah Cun abe ste thet whe el Rake pce a ops ‘Seplacatthe ache yh wa tbh mo ome, an ‘ly een pecpalyetoacaaoace ‘talent shaper sty eee econ ty ave sch rcv fl ich pcr oath very la creer se :saneennee epesnneeneOOeeererrene: WeecTSeR rear teer COR iet ee eaetn dit evince dso he io tier we ‘nthe ona acomstarns Uns hatebe fey a sero ween combo thee nite wl coment on pinny ‘err denn tel tnt pp Mug dc PD. ne dearer my is ena Cl bat ‘sally bon tae a pelt od ho expel oy dene Soa speedier 4 Tok ington tom eed Ca, tcl boca iwi gestive ‘cont fh Bedok peng Brean fee Cl, ft tne he ue ‘to th ture ap Birr oe ol ce emf what eal 8 “eal eile” 5 Arial sincehusbentornetathepnealy acy manda hermes {ecient sy wo nde, ft tha ey te ea ‘rennin and en thy abe cementation ‘mister pps cin eh selon Sr kno [Asnenitl bee Red Ac 38 References cn, Bema 16, *An Antone he Hie «Pll Stay Th ‘oth tate ry ons es Dis Niche ga Haryana be ae” Claes sop" Hires Naie leans Bory am ine Or ‘alin nh Poon Pret ede an Voan Behe ge Pipi: Univrty Penne Pa top The Hollow Cr tsa nda adam. A Ab aie —tor Toe agli: Colinton an Anglin” Comp ie Sei ected ay ana) —oon The Cpa abil Anche Teaatin oda {Colne Bayon he Prt ty of ey eb ect aan Ova ier Ann Aer Unt chin Pos oor Costa of Mind Gln wd te Sang of ten dt. Pieces Stet i Ci i: Ca ar Oe nin Combi Haar Unity Pe Pekin, iy 584 "Reems an Arcelor Archies Rear “a aig chia Tay natn cy MDa Tay oveck Kear 185, Pie Pst: Om the Seman of Hut Te Cm ese MIT Pe Mada, Uy 9p, Liberal nd pe. Cie Univer of Clg re, ign emir ad The bono the aici the Ares the Sind En lh a t95iber Eel Posty Some chil eons thea athe Fen Reva Arn Ach 92 rant ret, Soe hap Ail Derleth Pech Rea "ln In lnm Aces Rena Ban Radio Acie! Tht ade {ely Danan Tey Walk Wasting D.C: Neto Anes iy yt the eopefnda EBtedby W Cooke Laon W Thacher and Co, Sain Fle ps7) La Leptin cede le Rew fama (9 idl New a AMS rm seblebee 9te Meer dctvs: rir and Teco, Cheap Unireey wien HEHE v4 Catal ofthe Machen Cli MaasEthnographic Representation, Statistics, and Modera Power “bl Aad Mach hasbeen writen ently on how the aneapologit expeience 1 the Rel comes tbe nei ax ahora ethnography. Ala, this fon, the tetonel stacers of etograpie epeenttion have Don ‘stall exlored my mai intrest hte diferent. ask haw the problem of tspresenstion saree when the mode of inquiry is fekdwor how this omnes wih epesontton in social state, pd what the poli pleatios of chisconmast night be My answers to the question ae ineiahly etc ab they efer preliminary attempts to caloe the ide of Westen heweoay hom a8 anhupolgil standpeine 12m not concerned aboot the eis and demerits nf quaiative ysis quantitative methods aching the truth abou social rele nay, want to exaine theta pss tan has played reg the word of modern power tht anhropolgit inab “The uatapositon of ethngrphy and sates engender ih contrasts ‘st unllke devel cultural wholes of ethnography, dhe atc universe 48 wellarthe caterer of which hut univer crete rth produ not experience but of enumerstie paces Send tail nivenecan be ‘panded or once segmented or merge, depending etirely on pragmatic rather than vera eonsldestions Tin sampling teshniqes in sais pace allow one to move trom representing lt (hich is haa teristic of thnguphic resentation) coward eprezenting he vrahonal pt ernst popelation ‘in making thn contrat donot want o be urs yng tt “antropoloiste never employ statistics They da and many anthropologists have lng dbus tht they should do so sone syatematily, Sasi {nfrence the sevice of erolutionary theory, a exemplified in the tempts ty Tylor (| and Marck [949] may have virally appested in socal seul nthoplogy, teal surveysand ker ems of guanieaon fave ot Neatly sty yea apo Malinowski eeted that heh noteallected {omtative deta one peel Were Tale embark once more om Tel-wook I would certainly take much greater cae to mesure, Weigh sod count evrything that ca he lepeimatly amare, weighed and counted” {iss 150 And many anelnopoloits sae then ve proposed that statistce tre indapentble odteriining seta norm. Clyde Mitchel, for ample, Sngetl tha tases! methods shouldbe seen a complement gal tate Information collected en the bass of Bel experience "Quant mehods are eerily isto description They kept bring outa tal he replat in the dit te eld worker as collecte. Mens ts, an pet ent are way aumarizing che ears and elton dats, Satis teal meas edo the theory of robsblty go beyond the mere quanti tiedata amd use devices to bring othe action betwen the vaious soc fate the observer as alee” (Mitchell 96,2, 80 Nel 1951, 14 But in gnc, statstcal reasoning has remained relatively arial to che ising My pose hor sno to pen for agente use of guaation in soviyopology al less do intend to attack the vale of ieerpeive wer Stang (lta {think ite ncesay to remind some anehepaogte ht {ch understanding i ot necetany Inked wo ethnographic Hekwark). My fim isto explore the ids that ethnographic feldwork characteris ‘ker conspeion of knowledge modeled onset vision ba states ec not (Tue he term “statinice flowing hia ofthe subect—e0 reer bth 0 socal arvey and to pebubily theory because he wo ate cm ected)! ange that stil conept and practice arcane tthe ‘erate nanipaltion of smplexecial formations ad me snes ckrk bs ot ways bon el canern of antroplagt In 1 nineteen ery athrpologisareazed themacles othe history of ‘exis and de withous themselves ever doing hnorphic eldwork. reninshe rene century some anthoplopstshaveatenpted to compare stron havo aytems of ii atau only alter having xtab- err ndiraart iri pammbaierr ped erame rediery