Fundamental Waveguide

Theory

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Types of Waveguides

1. TEM and quasi-TEM waveguides

2. Metallic waveguides (TE and TM modes)
3. Dielectric waveguides (TE, TM, TEM or
hybrid modes)

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TEM and Quasi-TEM Waveguides

TEM:

Strip Line

Rectangular Coaxial

Microstrip Line

Slot Line

Coplanar Line

Coaxial

Quasi TEM:

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Metallic Waveguides

Rectangular waveguide

Circular waveguide

Dielectric Waveguides

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Planar dielectric
waveguide

r1
r2
Fiber

r1
r2
Ridge waveguide

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Modes in Waveguides (1)

Modes: certain field patterns that can

propagate independently
TEM mode: Transverse Electromagnetic
mode. All the fields are in the cross
section or there are no Ez and Hz
components

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Modes in Waveguides (2)

TE modes: transverse electric modes

Electric fields are in the cross section (or
no Ez component).
Only Hz component in the longitudinal
direction. Also called H modes
TM modes: transverse magnetic modes
Magnetic fields are in the cross section (or
no Hz component).
Only Ez component in the longitudinal
direction. Also called E modes

Conditions for the Existence of

TEM Modes

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At least two perfect electric conductors

Dielectric distribution in the cross
section is homogeneous

Yes

Yes

No

No

Note: TEM line can have higher order

TE and TM modes

Quasi-TEM Line

UCF

Some planar waveguide structure with

inhomogeneous dielectric distribution.
Ez 0 , H z 0 But E z Et , H z H t

Microstrip Line

Slot Line

Coplanar Line

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Basic Waveguide Theory (1)

Equivalent

E Et a z E z
H Ht a z H z
with Et etm ( x, y )Vm ( z )
m

H t h tm ( x, y )I m ( z )
m

Generalized
Fourier Transform

UCF

Basic Waveguide Theory (2)

dVm ( z )
jk zm Z 0 m I m ( z )
dz
dI m ( z )
jk zmY0 mVm ( z )
dz

Z0m

1
Y0 m

isthecharacteristicimpedanceofthemth mode

k zm

isthepropagationconstantofthemth mode

UCF

Basic Waveguide Theory (3)

Vm ( z ) Ame

jk zm z

Forward
Wave

Bme

jk zm z

Backward
Wave

EffectiveRelativeDielectricConstantofthemth mode

eff

k zm 2
2
2
( ) k zm k0 eff
k0

Themodewiththelargestiscalledthedominantmode.
eff

UCF

TEM Mode (1)

Maxwells Equations

E j H
H j E

E 0
H 0

TEM mode
Ez 0
H z 0

E t j H t
H j E

t
t

E t 0
H t 0

Let a x
az
ay
y
z
x

t z

TEM Mode (2)

UCF

( t z ) E t j H t t E t 0

E t
(a z ) E t j H t a z (
) j H t
z
z
( t z ) H t j E t t H t 0

(a z
) H t j E t
z

t Et 0
t Ht 0

H t
az (
) j E t
z

UCF

From

TEM Mode (3)

t Et 0
t Et 0
t Ht 0
t Ht 0

The fields in the cross-section are similar to

2-D electrostatic & 2-D magnetostatic fields
for TEM mode even if actual operating
frequency can be very high.

TEM Mode (4)

UCF

Let

E t t

t 0
2

Laplace Equation

V12

E d l Forvoltage

I H dl

Forcurrent

TEM Mode (5)

UCF

E t
az (
) j H t
z

az (

H t
) j E t
z

E t
Ht
az (
)
j
z
1

E t

1
(a z
a z
z
j z

) j E t

2Et
2
a z (a z
)

E t
2
z
Et
Et
2
a z (a z
)

(
a

a
)

E t
z
z
2
2
z
z
2

2 Et
2

k
Et 0
2
z
Likewise

2Et
)0
where a z (a z
2
z
where k 2 2

2Ht
2

k
Ht 0
2
z

TEM Mode (6)

UCF

For +z direction propagation mode, we have

E t e t ( x , y ) e jk z z

jk z
z

H t h t ( x , y ) e jk z z

From

2E t
2

k
Et 0
2
z

Since e t 0
Or:
where

( k 2 k z )e t 0
2

k 2 kz

kc k 2 k z 0
2

kc k x k y
2

For TEM mode

TEM Mode (7)

UCF

For +z direction propagating TEM mode:

E e ( x , y ) e jkz
H h ( x , y ) e jkz

t V 0
2

e tV
From: H t

1
j

az (

E t
)
z

jk
z

jk
j

az E

az e

wave impedance of the media

inside the TEM waveguide

UCF

From

TE, TM and Hybrid Modes (1)

E j H
H j E
2 E k 2 E 0

2
2

H
k
H 0

H 0
2 E z k 2 E z 0
For z component:
2
2
H z k H z 0
t2 E z k c2 E z 0
or 2
t H z k c2 H z 0
2
2
2
2
2

k
,
k

k
since
z
c
z
2
z

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TE, TM and Hybrid Modes (2)

For a mode propagating in +z direction:

jk z
z
From E j H
H j E
E z
y jk z E y j H x

E z

j H
jk z E x
x

E y E x

j H z

y
x

H z
y jk z H y j E x

H z

j E y
jk z H x
x

H y H x

j E z

y
x

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TE, TM and Hybrid Modes (3)

E
E

H
H

Or

jk

k c2

E z
j H z

y
x
k c2

E z
j H z

y
x
k c2

jk
j E z

y
k c2
k c2

jk
j E z

x
k c2
k c2

Et
H

jk
k c2

jk
k c2

tEz

H z
x
z

H z
y

j
a z t H
2
kc

jk
j
a
E

z
t
z
k c2
k c2

tH

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Auxiliary Potential Approach

x

Actually:

Az
1 Fz

y
k z Az
1 Fz

y
x
k z Fz
1 Az

x
y

k z Fz
1 Az

x
y
k

In Balaniss book: E

Ez j

k c2

Az , H

k c2

Fz

t2 A z k c2 A z 0 , t2 F z k c2 F z 0
Balaniss is my k .

TE Modes (1)

UCF

j H z
x
k c2

jk z H z
x
k c2

jk z H z
y
k c2

Ex

Ey
H
H

Ez 0
H
2
t

Et

k H

j
a z t H
2
kc

2
t

1 Fz
y
1 Fz
x
k z Fz

x
k z Fz

y
0

j H z

y
k c2

2
c

a z H

kz

jk
k c2

tH

j
F

2
c

2
c

TE Modes (2)

UCF

For a mode propagating

in +z direction:
E e ( x , y ) e jk z z
H h ( x, y )e

jk z z

t2 h z k c2 h z 0 + Boundary Conditions
j h z
ex
y
k c2
ey

j h z
k c2 x

hx

jk
k c2

hy

jk
k c2

ht

jk
k c2

et

Z TE

kz

kz

h z
x

h z
y

thz

a z h t Z TE a z h t

characteristic impedance
of TE modes

TM Modes (1)

UCF

Ex
E
H
H
H

jk
k c2

E z
x

E z
y

jk

k c2

j E z

k c2 y

j E z

x
k c2

Ez k Ez 0
2
t

2
c

jk z
Et
tEz
k c2
Ht

j
a z t E z
2
kc

kz

a z E t

2
t

Az
x
Az
y

1 Az
y
1 Az

x
0

j
A

2
c

2
c

TM Modes (2)

UCF

For a mode propagating

in +z direction:
E e ( x , y ) e jk z z
H h ( x, y )e

jk z z

t2 e z k c2 e z 0
ex

jk
k c2

ey

jk
k c2

hx

j e z
k c2 y

hy

j e z
x
k c2

et
ht

e z
x

e z
y

+ Boundary Conditions

jk z
tez
2
kc

kz

a z E t

Z TM

kz

1
Z TM

a z E t

characteristic impedance
of TM modes

Hybrid Modes

UCF

For a mode propagating

in +z direction:
E e ( x , y ) e jk z z
H h ( x , y ) e jk z z

t2 e z k c2 e z 0
2
2
h
k

c hz 0
t z

+ Boundary Conditions

ex

jk z e z j h z

2
x
y
k c2
kc

ey

jk z e z
j h z

k c2 y
k c2 x

hx

j e z jk z h z

2
k c y
k c2 x

hy

jk z h z
j e z

x
k c2
k c2 y

et

jk z
j

a z t h z
t z
2
2
kc
kc

ht

jk
j

a
e
z
t z
k c2
k c2

thz

UCF

Phase Velocity and Group Velocity (1)

For a single frequency:

jk z z

cos( t k z z )
Phase velocity: the velocity of constant phase plane (t-kzz=const)

vp

kz

UCF

Phase Velocity and Group Velocity (2)

Waveguide
f (t ) cos( 0 t )

Re f (t )e j0t

Ae

jk z z

s (t )

S ( ) F ( 0 ) Ae jk z z
F ( 0 )
F f (t ) F ( )
F ( )

Re S ( )e jt d
s (t )

2
0 m
1
Re[

S ( )e jt d ]
0 m
2
0 m
1

Re[
AF ( 0 )e j (t k z z ) d ]
0 m

UCF

Phase Velocity and Group Velocity (3)

0 m
1
s (t )
Re[
AF ( 0 )e j (t k z z ) d ]
0 m
2

Expand

Let

dk z
k z ( ) k z ( 0 )
0 ( 0 )
d
dk z
k z ( 0 )
0 ( 0 )
d
k z 0 k z ( 0 )
dk z
k 'z0
d

k z ( ) k z 0 k z' 0 ( 0 )

UCF

Phase Velocity and Group Velocity (4)

0 m
1
jt j k z 0 k z' 0 ( 0 ) z
s (t )
Re[
AF ( 0 )e e
d ]

0
m
2
p 0 A
j ( 0 t k z 0 z ) m
j t k z' 0 z p

Re[e
F ( p )e
dp ]

m
2
A Re f (t k z' 0 z )e j (0t k z 0 z )

Af (t k z' 0 z ) cos( 0 t k z 0 z )

Information with group velocity

k z 0 k z ( 0 )
1
1
vg

k ' z 0 dk z
0
d

Carrier with phase velocity

vp

0
k z0

UCF

Phase Velocity and Group Velocity (5)

f (t k z' 0 z ) cos( 0 t k z 0 z )

Cutoff Frequency in
Metallic Waveguide

UCF

For

When

jk z z

k 0,
2
z

the mode is an evanescent mode.

Find cutoff frequency

k z2 k 2 k c2 0

k c is cutoff wavenumber.

From k c 2f c
cutoff frequency f c

,
kc

UCF

Degenerate Modes

If two or more modes have the same eigenvalue

(propagation constant kz) but different
eigenvectors (field patterns), they are called
degenerate modes.