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    Engineers Mini-Notebook Sensor Projects Forrest Mims PDF

    Uploaded by

    Marcelo Rovea Serres

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 45
    1 Cat. No. 62-5026 Forrest M. Mims III Scanned & converted to PDF format by: NBK2000 \NTROBUCTION ONE OF THE MOST [IMPORTANT APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRONICS IS THE USE OF SENSORS TO DETECT AND RESPOND TO EXTERNAL STIMULI Such AS TOUCH, PRESSURE, WATER, HEAT, LIGHT, MAGNETIC FIELDS AND So FORTH. THESE ARE AMONG THE SENSOR APPLICATIONS IA) THIS MINI- NOTEBOOK. YOU CAN MAKE SOME SENSORS, AND MANY: SENSORS AnD SENSING SYSTEMS ARE AVAILABLE. FROM RADIO SHACK STORES AND RADIO SHACK UNLIMITED. DESIGN: TIPS 1. THE UBIQUITOUS 741 OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER iS USED [N. THIS. MINI-NOTEBOOK, BUT You CAN SUBSTITUTE NEWER OP AMPS IF you DO Net BXCEED THEIR: MAXIMUM. POWER SuPRLY VOLTAGE. BE SURE TO CHECK THE PIN OUTLINE, 2. UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIEIED, USE 1/4 oR1/2 WATT RESISTORS AND CAPACITORS RATED FOR Ar LEAST THE PowER SUPPLY VOLTAGE, IF EXACT VALUES | ARE UNAVAILABLE , YOU CAN USUALLY SUBSTITUTE, VALUES WITHIN 10710 20% OF THE. SPECIFIED VALUE. S. ALWAYS BUILD A TEST VERSION OF A Cikcvir ON A SOLDERLESS @READBOARD BEFORE MAKING A PERMANENT VERSION. THIS WILL ALLOW YOU TO MARE MODIFICATIONS TO THE ciRcuIT, SAFETY FIRST 4. POWER SENSOR CIRCUITS WITH BATTERIES. 2. Do-|IT~YOURSELF SENSOR CIRCUITS ARE NOT APPROPRIATE FOR MEDICAL APPLICATIONS OR WHEN HUMAN LIFE OR SAFETY IS AT RISK. 5 ELECTRONIC SENSORS | | | AN ELECTRONIC SENSOR RESPONDS TO AN EXTERNAL STIMULUS SUCH AS LIGHT, SOUND, PRESSURE, VIBRATION OR TEMPER A~ TURE. Most SENSORS CAN BE PLACED IN ONE .OF TWO CATEGORIES: SIMPLE GO~NOGO SENSORS THAT ACT. MUCH LIKE AN ON-OFF SWITCK AND ANALOG SENSORS WHOSE OUTPUT FS PROPORTIONAL TO THE STIMULUS, GO-NO GO SENSORS GO-NO GO SENSORS ARE ALSO KNOWN AS ON-OFF, NES-NO OR BINARY SENSORS. | SOME BRE SIMPLE MECHANICAL DEVICES | SUCH AS MAGNETIC PROXIMITY SWITCHES AND VIRRATION SENSORS LIKE THOSE USED IN VARIOUS SECURITY SYSTEMS. S MAGNETIC REED Switch PENDULUM SwITcR (MAGNET SENSOR) — (VIBRATION SENSOR) SOME GO-NO GO SENSORS INCLUDE AN ANALOG SENSOR AND A CIRCUIT THAT SWITCHES ON CoR OFF) WHEN THE AMPLITUDE OF WHAT AS BEING SENSED EXcEEDS COR FALLS BELOW) A CERTAIN CEVEL. OFTEN THE POINT AT WHICH THE CIRCUIT SWITCHES CAN BE. ADJUSTED. BY ADDING OR CHANGING THE VALUE OF AN EXTER- NAL RESISTOR OR BY A DIGITAL SUuITCH ARRAY, & ANALOG SENSORS MANY Kinds OF ANALOG SENSORS ARE READILY AVAILABLE. SOME OF THE Most COMMON ARE CESCRIBED HERE. PAOTORESISTOR LIGHT- SENSITIVE RESISTOR WHOSE RESISTANCE CHANGES WITR LIGHT. PHOTODIODE LIGHT~ SENSITIVE DIODE WHICH PROBVCES A CURRENT IN RESPONSE TO LIGHT. THERMISTOR TEMPERATURE “SENSITIVE RESISTOR WHOSE RESISTANCE CHANGES WITH TEMPERATURE. MICROPHONE SOUND-SENSITIVE SENSOR WHICH PRODUCES A VOLTAGE OR CHANGES A CAPACITANCE AS THE SOUND LEVEL CHANGES. PIEZOELECTRIC VARIOUS CRYSTALS OR CERAMICS WHICK PRODUCE A VOLTAGE WHEN BENT, VIBRATED OR SUBJECTED TO MECHANICAL SHOCK. 7 BASIC SENSOR CIRCUITS ELECTRONIC SENSORS REQUIRE A DEVICE THAT INDICATES WHEN SOMETHING HAS BEEN SENSED, THE INDICATOR FOR A simPLe Go~ Ne GO SENSOR SUCH AS A MAGNET SwITCH con BE A LAMP, LED oR Bu2zer. Lame Is No ONLY Rien A MAGNET \S PRESENT “ THE OUTPUT DEVICE FOR AN ANALOG SENSOR CAN BE AN ANALOG OR DIGITAL METER, An OSCILLOSCOPE oR A COMPUTER. \ I, ANALOG Zz OR > < Ce OGIMAL METER % THERMISTOR : MATCH MANY ABALOG SENSORS REQUIRE A CIRCUIT TO PREPARE THE SIGNAL FOR AN OUTPUT INDIGATAR, AN ESPECIALLY USEFUL CIRCUIT 15 TRE OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER (oP AMP). THE OP AMP CAN TRANSFORM TRE TINY CURRENT FROM A PHOTODIODE INTO A VOLTAGE THAT IS. EASWY INDICATED BY A METER. ouT Put VOLTAGE : +) FRE QUENCY SENSORS AND COMPUTERS GO-NOGO SENSORS CAN BE EASILY. Con)- NECTED T COMPUTERS AND DIGITAL ClRourns. MAGNET TO COMPUTER } a MAGNET MOUSE SWITCH , £5 TOYSTICK SWITCH OR PARALLEL PORT. ANALOG SENSORS REQUIRE A CiRouiT THAT . TRANSFORMS THE SIGNAL FROM THE SENSOR boto DiGirAc FoRM THAT A COMPUTER CAN UNDERSTAND. ONE APPROACH IS TO CHANGE THE SIGNAL InTO A STRING OF PULSES WROSE FREQUENCY IS PROPORTIONAL TO THE AMPLITUDE OF THE SIGNAL, THE COMPUTER 4S THEN PROGRAMMED TO COUNT THE PULSES DURING A GIVEN TIME. VOLTAGE TO CONVERTER f SIGNAL VOLTAGE FREQUENCY | AN ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERTER CA/D CON~ VER TER) CHANGES A SIGNAL FROM A SENSOR InTO A BINARY NUMBER PROPORTIONAL TO THE AMPLITUDE OF THE SIGNAL. BINARY LIGHT ANALOG =e f TO Pz >) DIGITAL = CONVERTER : cS 4 TOUCH SWITCHES USE. A STANDARD SWITCH WHEN POSSIBLE. FoR SPECIAL APPLICATIONS OR FOR ULTRA- THIN SWITCHES TRY THESE SWITCHES. MULTI-LAYER SWITCH To GATTERY-POWERED CiRcuITS ONLY! A~ OVERHEAD TRANSPARENCY Flim WITH ALUMINUM FOIL SQUARES ATTACHED TO LOWER SIDE WITH CEMENT OR DOUBLE-SIDED TAPE. E-SAME MATERIAL AS A WITH A ROCE PONCHED AT EACH SWITCH POSITION. E-MAKE ETCHED CIRCUIT BOARD AS SHOWN OR POSITION SWITCH ELEMENTS OVER Foie PATTERN IN A PRE-ETCHED BOARD. TACTILE FEEDBACK SWITCH PRESS OVERHEAD TRANSPARENCY “OO FILM WITH ALUMINUM MeN, FOIL CEMENTED OR TAPED TO LOWER SIDE AND CEMENTED OR TAPED TO XG NEDSS ETCHED CIRCUIT BOARD . WITH COMS& PATTERN). 10 i i WHISKER-STYLE LEVER SWITCH ATTACH STIFF PLASTLG ROD. OR MUSIC WIRE TO MOVABLE LEVER ON A LEVER SWITCH TO MAKE A WHISKER SWITCH. WHISKER SwiTcH. (A, B" SEE BELOW) WHISKER Switch APPLICATIONS: ROPoTICS — SENSE PRESENCE OF ORTECTS. INDUSTRY ~ RANG WHISKER OVER CONVEYOR BELT TO DETECT CARTONS AND. OBJECTS: PASSING BY. RESEARCH~ DRAG WHISKER OVER SoiL OR GRASS TO DETECT AND CounT ROCKS AND: PLANTS. PHYSICS OF LEVER. SWITCHES THE WHISKER Switch RESULTS BELOW (‘SA SECOND CLASS LEVER. FROM PosTAGE. SCALE AND RULER TAPED TO APPLIED PwoT, Switch LEVER. RULER FORCE j WAS. PRESSED AGAINST A> SCALE. PLAT FORM, <8 A Com) FORCE (grams) RESISTANCES FULCRUM a 44.6 FoRce 5 12.59 1° 11.3 FOR AN IDEAL LEVER ey: Wa APPLIED FORCE x A = RESISTANCE FORCE xB 4 OUNCE =28.35 GRAMS. Li PUFF SWITCH A PUFF SWITCH IS CLOSED BY AIR PRESSURE OR SIMPLY BY BLowING inTO. A TUBE. PUFF SWITCHES: ARE EXPENSIVE AND HARD TO FIND, BuT. You CAN EASILY MAKE THEM. OF THE VARIOUS KINDS I HAVE MADE THE TYPE SHOWN HERE iS THE MOST RELIABLE. PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION: BLow TUBE EXPANDASLE. # BLADDER HERE y oe eETSESS Sot aoe LEVER MOISTURE IN YOuR BREATH WILL CONDENSE INSIDE THE TUBE AND CAUSE A SWITCH MECHANISM JO CORRODE OR STICK. THIS METHOD KEEPS MOISTURE AWAY FROM THE Switch. BELOW IS A DEMONSTRATION. SWITCH WHICH. CAN. FORM THE BASIS OF A WORKING PUFF SWITCH. BINDER “LIPS: SMALL MEDIUM AQUARIUM BALLOON PERLODICALLY REMOVE AND CLEAN TUBE _—F LEVER SwiITCH THIS ARRANGEMENT ALLOWS You TO QUICKLY MAKE A DEMONSTRATION. PUFF SWITCH. FOR PERMANENT USE INSTALL IN A PLASTIC Box CONNECTED. TO THE. OUTSIDE Blow WORLD WITH A BRASS AQUARIUM TUGE HERE JUNCTION AND. SWiTcH WIRES, 1a ) PAPER CLIP SWITCH {PRESS -32 SCREW, WASHER AND NUT 9 PAPER —, | : CB wasner CIRCUIT GoARD (COPPER CLAD) 3 aur 14 | HARDWARE: ©-32 OR 8-24 PIEZOELECTRIC VIBRATION SENSOR CERTAIN CRYSTALS AND CERAMICS BEND IN RESPONSE TO A VOLTAGE AND GENERATE A VOLTAGE WHEN BENT. THIS PROPERTY IS THE PIEZOELECTRIC EFFECT, A PIEZORLECTRIC SuzzER ELEMENT IS A SENSITWE VIBRATION SENSOR. TRY THIS: PIEZO BuZZER ELEMENT SUPER BRIGHT LED TAP THE PIEZO ELEMENT WITH A PENCIL WHILE LOOKING ITO THE END OF THE Leb. EACH TAP WILL CAUSE THE LED TO FLASH. THE SETUP BELow Is A SEISMic sensoR. THE VERSION ZT MADE DETECTED TRAINS 1 Mie (1.6 KM) AWAY. CONNECT THE LEADS FROM THE PIEZD ELEMENT To AN ANALOG VOLT METER. SEISMIC VIBRATIONS WILL CAUSE THE NEEDLE to SymMP.UP TOA VOLT OR SO. THE WEIGHT CAN BE A LEAD FISHING WEIGHT OR A 4-voLT BATTERY. . RULER gatk Sa PIEZo ELEMENT {HALF OVER EDGE RULER OF BOTTOM BRICK) re CONCRETE WEIGHT CMovVE Floor, CLOSER TO BRICK TO t REDUCE SensimuiTy) is PENDULUM SWITCH PENDULUM SWITCHES ARE IDEAL DETECTING TILT AND VIBRATION. USED IN SECURITY SYSTEMS AND SENSORS. PENDULUM SWITCHES For THEY ARE SEISMIC ARE SILY MADE FROM READILY AVAILABLE MATERIALS, HERE'S ONE You CAN MAKE. PZ1 And P22 ARE PIEZOELEcTRIC Bu2zers. LEAD FISHING WEIGHT SOLDER LUG WRAPPING WIRE & BRACKET wAsHER™ Ae — CHASSIS <+— OPTIONAL SECOND SENSOR DECK OPTIONAG DAMPING Fuulb Coie Rat eit) WASHER USE TINNED WASHER. SOLDER A WIRE TO WASHER. CEMENT WASHER OVER HOLE DRILLED IN THE SENSOR DECK. CHASSIS 1S PLASTIC OR METAL ENCLOSURE. SEnsoR DECK IS CIRCUIT BOARD MATERIAL CWITHOUT COPPER FoIL). SECOND SENSOR DECK BRAS WASHER WITH LARGER HOLE THAN WASHER ID UPPER DECK. THIS PROVIDES A SECOND SIGNAL AS TILT OR VIBRATION IS INCREASED, ie ) PENDULUM QUADRANT SWITCH REPLACE THE SIMPLE GO-~NO Go WASHER SWItth On THE FACING PAGE WITH A CIRCULAR ARRAY OF FOUR OR MORE SEGMENTS AND You CAN MAKE A SWiITCA WHICH IADI- CATES THE DIRECTION OF TILT OR VIBRATION. R4 LOOK R2 ak SELECT VALUES DIRECTION FoR @ oF TILT FROM CONTROLS TABLE Agove. Use 1g use A OR LARGER DIFFERENT COPPER VALUE FOR WIRE TO EACH C MAKE To GET SEGMENTS 4 TONES NON HOLES Gonpvenve] —" SECURE BonRD SE6MENT SWITCH-TYPE ALARM systems * MANY SECURITY ALARM SYSTEMS USE ON-OFF (SPST) SWITCHES TO DETECT OPEN DOORS AND WINDOWS OR VIBRATION, MAGNET SWITCHES , METAL Fo CWHICH BREAKS WHEN A WINDOW 1S BROKEN) AND VIBRATION. SENSORS ARE OFTEN USED. TNPICAL MAGNET SWITCH BASIC OPEN-CIRCUIT ALARM SENSOR PANIC ALARM SWITCHES SwiTch x ALARM (Ete , SIREN, BUZZER OR LAMP) IS ACTIVATED WHEN A 'SWwITcH CLOSES... But THIS CIRCUIT 1S EASWY DEFEATED Simecy BY SOTTING, A. WIRE. . . 18 ) IMPROVED OPEN-CIRCUIT ALARM RESET ALARM ¥ switch 84 NORMALLY OPEN SENSOR SWITCHES RELAY Q vor. » SoodL ThE RELAY 1S NORMALLY OFF WHEN A SENSOR. SWITCH IS. CLOSED. THE RELAY PULLS IN AND THE ACARM. STAYS. ON UNTIL THE RESET SWITCH IS OPEWED. : THE CIRCUIT CAN BE DEFEATED BY CUTTING & SWITCH. WIRE. BEFORE CLOSING A SENSOR. CLOSED-CIRCUIT ALARM THAS CIRCUIT MONITORS THE ALARM SENSOR, SWITCHES CONTINUOUSLY, THE ALARM -(S ACTIVATED [LF A SWITCH WIRE 1S CUT. THE RELAY DRAWS CURRENT SONTINGOUSLY. St RELAY 9 Vet NORMALLY= 500.2 St. CLOSED SENSOR SWITCKES. $3 PRESS SY TO ACTIVATE, 14 WIRED SECURITY SYSTEMS ARE MORE SECURE WHEN. THE SENSOR SWITCHES ARE NORMALLN~CLOSED. AND CONNESTED IN SERIES CikKE THIS3 SL S$2 $3 s4 pore WHEN A SWITCH IS OPENED AN ALARM SOUNDS OR A LAMP FLASHES ON. BUT THE CIRCUIT DOES. NOT INDICATE WHICH . SSWITCH 1S OPEM,. THIS. CIRCUIT DOES! NORMALLY THE OUTPUT IS CLOSE TO O ORM. WHEN A SWITCH IS OPENED, A CORRESPONDING RESISTANCE APPEARS AT: THE OUTPUT. WITH THE RESISTANCES ABovE, [F THE OUTPUT 13 2.2K THEN.32 1S OPEN, THIS. METHOD ALSO INDICATES WHICH OF TWO. OR. MORE SWITCHES ARE: OPEN. WITH THE VALUES. ABovE,. IF >: THE ovTPuT. IS. 5.5K ,THEN SWITCHES. | 2 AND 3 ARE OPEN. * ; IMPORTANT TIPS USE GREAT CARE WHEN. DESIGNING AND. INSTALLING SECURITY. ALARM SYSTEMS. , BE SURE BATTERIES ARE FRESH AND a THE SYSTEM.OFTEN.. . 0 ie INTELLIGENT SWITCH SENSOR: y INTELLIGENT SECURITY ALARM S1-S5 NORMALLY CLOSED MAGNET SWITCHES RL- 10k (RI-RS+ 1/4 wi) RU- 22K R3- 33k RY- ATK 85 “100K $7 >> a GL REFERENCE VOLTAGE. | ww SIDE TO INCREASE RESISTANCES CONNECT SENSOR TO CLIP LEADS | ¥ or OSE METHOD BELOW Pe BOARD STRAIN GAUGE PC BOARD 4 STRAIN SENSOR APPLICATIONS MY FIRST STRAIN GAUGE PROTECT MONITORED THE MOVEMENT OF A MODEL ROCKET INSTALLED IN A WIND TUNNEL STRAPPED TO THE SIDE OF A 1966 CHEVY. IT WORKED. HERE ARE OTHER APPLICATIONS + PRESSURE-SENSITWE RESISTOR — USE STRAIN SENSOR TO CONTROL FREQUENCY oF AUDIO OSCILLATOR OR GAIN OF AMPLIFIER. PRESSURE - SENSITIVE Switch = USE STRAIN SENSOR AS VERY SENSITIVE TOUCH Switch. ACCELEROMETER™ ATTACH WEIGHT TO ONE END OF STRAIN SENSOR. MOVEMENT WILL CHANGE RESISTANCE OF SENSOR. SCALE ATTACH STRAIN SENSOR TO BOTTOM SIDE OF FLEXIBLE PLATFORM, CALIRRATE BY PLACING ITEMS OF KNOWN WEIGHT ON. PLATFORM, EXPERIMENTAL ROBOTICS And DETECTION OF VIBRATION AND MOVEMENT. STRAIN SENSOR DESIGNS TRY THESE VARIATIONS TO INCREASE SENSITIVITY OR MAKE SiMGLE-EnIDED SENSORS, CALIBRATE OR ADJUST RESISTANCE By LIGHTLY STROKING PENc!IL ERASER ACROSS GRAPHITE. TRY COATING GRAPHITE WwiTh THin LAYER OF PAINT TO PROTECT FROM UNWANTED CHANGES HIGH SINGLE IN RESISTANCE. SENSITIVITY ENDED 29 H) STRAIN SENSOR RELAY ' THIS CIRCUIT CAN BE ADTUSTED TO PULL IN A RELAY WHEN SENSOR |S BENT OR TWISTED. tA RY Qt tn 2222 4 RELAY = soo R,Y vrs STRAIN SENSOR TONE GENERATOR THE FREQUENCY OF THE TONE FROM THE SPEARER CHANGES WHEN THE SENSOR 1S BET OR TWISTED. +I Vv INCREASE VALUE OF CL TO REDUCE FREQUENCY OK TO USE EX TERNAL Audio AMPLIFIER *e1-o.0l1od uF. = STRAIN SENSOR AMPLIFIER THIS CIRCUIT CONVERTS THE CHANGE I) THE RESISTANCE OF A STRAIN SENSOR TO A CHANGE IN VOLTAGE. +4 STRAIN SENSOR Jd GRAPAITE TO VOLT METER CVour) La? -av [7 THIS CIRCUIT AMPLIFIES THE CURRENT THROUGH THE STRAIN SENSOR CIin) BY 1,000,000. IT IS THEREFORE VERY SENSITIVE. REpuce RESISTANCE OF RL TO REDUCE GAIN CVour = 1, % R4). RESULTS WITH TYPICAL STRAIN SENSOR (Vour): PLASTIC STRIP Le (ear y OVERHEAD ~~ TRANSPARENCY «FILM. , PRODUCT + PACKACING, re} ROUGHEN WITH We SAND PAPER. FLAT End BEND USE NARROW ouT is LINE WHEN GAIN 1.48v L3zv 2.25V 'S HIGH. 31 MAGNETIC FIELD SENSOR A COMPASS IS A MAGNETIC FIELD SENSOR. A LIGHT SENSOR CAN DETECT TINY MOVEMENTS OF A COMPASS NEEDLE CAUSED BY ELECTRIC MOTORS, MAGNETS AND SOLAR AcTiviTY. SINGLE SEN soR™ Ll L ‘N FeHOTORETISTOR a J * PROTO TRANSISTOR q _,TO CIRCUIT a PHOTORESISTOR 2. CONTROLLER WRITE PROGRAMS IN) BASIC, QBASIC OR OTHER CANGUAGES THAT PLACE BLOCKS CF LIGHT ON A BLACK BACKGROUND DIRECTLY UNDER CNE OR MORE LIGHT SENSORS. THIS WILL ALLow YOUR COMPUTER TO CONTROL EXTERNAL LIGHTS, SOUNDS AND RELAYS UNDER PROGRAM CONTROL. 3. ORWE SIGNAL~ TAPE A LIGHT SENSOR OVER THE INDICATOR LIGHT FOR A HARD ORWE OR CD-ROM DRWE. CONNECT THE SENSOR TOA TONE GENERATOR. EACH TIME THE ORIVE IS ACCESSED A TONE WiLL SOUND. BY , 4, VIDEO CAMERA Vip€o CAMERAS ARE IDEAL FOR WATCHING A SLEEPING BABY OR A FRONT PORCH. BUT You MUST WATCH THE MONITOR TO KNOW WHEN SOMETHING HAS HAPPENED. TAPE ONE OR MORE LIGHT SENSORS To THE PART OF THE SCREEN WHERE MOVEMENT OR CHANGES ARE MOST CIKELY TO OccuR. THEN CONNECT THE SENSOR TO A THRESHOLD DETECTOR. WHEN THE IMAGE ON THE MONITOR CHANGES, A BUZZER WiLL SOUND. PLEASE NOTE ~ WHILE ALL THESE APPLICATIONS KAVE BEEN TESTED, THEY ARE EXPERIMENTAL. THE RESULTS You OBTAIN WILL GE SUBJECT TO INTERFERENCE FRoM AMBENT LIGHT AND To How AND WHERE You ATTACH THE LIGHT SENSOR TO THE MONITOR. VIDEO MONITOR TONE GENERATOR CADMIUM SULFIDE dv PHOTORESISTOR PeL (Pa MEANS PHOTOCELL) 555 VIDEO RA & MONITOR 1K SCREEN 2 + C1 INCREASE VALUE OL uF { OF C4 TD REDUCE FREQUENCY OF TONE = 4 aT OK TO REPLACE SPEAKER WITH PIEZOELECTRIC BUZZER ELEMENT, (RED WIRE TD PINY AND BLACK WIRE TO PIN 3.) 35 VIBEO MONITOR RELAY CIRCUITS THESE CIRCUITS PROVIDE A SIMPLE MEANS FOR CONTROLLING EXTERNAL DEVICES WiTH A VIDEO MONITOR. LIGHT-ACTIVATED. RELAY RELAY DROPS CUT WHEN SCREEN AT PCL IS BRIGHT, PHOTORESISTOR +4V ADTUST SCREEN (TAPE TO SCREEN) BRIGHTNESS AS NECESSARY 5 PC4- use R2 CONTROLS RA Ri | BLAcK TAPE SENSITIVITY 47 Ante > —> xX > a RELAY Fy,S0OR SCREEN DARK-ACTIVATED RELAY RELAY PULLS IN WHEN SCREEN AT PCL IS DARK. PHOTORESISTOR +4V AoTuUsT SCREEN (TAPE TO SCREEN) BRIGHTNESS AS NECESSARY RZ CONTROLS SENSITIVITY IMPROVED VIDEO MONITOR RELAY TRIS CIRCUIT USES PUAL PHOTORESISTORS TO PROVIDE DIFFERENTIAL OPERATION. CHANGES IN ROOM LIGHTING CAVSE THE SAME RESISTANCE CHANGE iN BOTH PHOTORESISTORS, THUS THEY CANCEL ONE ANOTHER. ONLY WHEN PCL RECEWVES MORE LIGHT THAN PC2 IS THE CIRCUIT UNBALANCED AnD THE RELAY ACTUATED. Ri Look PC142- PHOTORESISTORS ~ S00 M1, 4 vor ADTUST R@ TO CONTROL, SWITCHING THRESHOLD. "Paint" PROGRAM CURSOR THIS CIRCUIT EASILY RESPONDS TO VARIOUS CURSORS GENERATED BY TYPICAL PAINT PROGRAMS. THE PROTOTYPE cOULD BE. SET CVIA R2) TO ACTUATE THE RELAY WHEN THE TEXT CURSOR IN) MICROSo. PAINTBRUSH APPROACHED. PC41 (WHITE ON BLACK). . VIDEO MONITOR SENSOR PROGRAMS HERE ARE SOME SIMPLE PROGRAMS THAT DEMONSTRATE HOW A COMPUTER CAN CONTROL EXTERNAL DEVICES VIA ONE OR MORE LIGHT SENSORS. THAT RECEIVE PROGRAMMED. FLASHES OF LIGHT FROM THE MON\TOR'S SCREEN. THIS QBASIC PROGRAM PLACES AN "X" AT THE SAME PLACE ON THE SCREEN FOR 10 ON-OFF CYCLES * REM XON X OFF DEMO CLS FOR A=1 TO 10 LOCATE 20, 50.2 PRINT "xX! FOR N.=1 TO 10001 NEXT N LOCATE 20,50: PRINT “ * FOR N= TO 1000 1 NEXT N NEXT A END HOW THIS PROGRAM WORKS: FoR A = 41 TO 10 CONTROLS NUMBER OF ON-OFE CYCLES, FOR EXAMPLE, CHANGE 10 TO 100 FoR 100 CYCLES. LOCATE, 20,50: PRINT “x” PLACES AN 'X” AT ROw 20, CoLumMN 50. A TYPICAL MONITOR HAS 2S Rows AND BO COLUMAIS. YoU CAN PLACE THE "xX" ANYWHERE WITHIN THIS RANGE. FOR N24 TO 1000: NEXT _N DETERMINES How LONG THE. ”X* STAYS ON AND OFF. INCREASE THE SECOND NUMBER To INCREASE THE DELAY. FOR FLASHING CURSOR, CHANGE LOCATE STATEMENTS: LOCATE. 20, 50,.1.,.0,7 CcursoR on) LocaTE 20, 50, 1.,.1,0... CcuRsoR OFF) 38 THIS PROGRAM ALTERNATELY FLASHES An “x” AT TWO ADTACENT LOCATIONS TO CONTROL TWO LIGHT SENSORS. REM DUAL FLASHER ROUTINE CLs FOR A= 170 10 LOCATE 20,50: PRint "x" LOCATE 20,40: PRiaT" " FOR N#i TO 1000: NEXT N LOCATE 20,50: PRinT" * LOCATE 20,40: PRIWT" kK" FOR N =i To 10007 NEXT N NEXT A END NOTE: THIS PROGRAM AND THE oNE OW FACING PAGE WILL WORK WITH BASIC IF YoU PLACE A CONSECUTIVE NUMER BEFORE EACH LINE. CTRY 10, 20,30, ET<. $O you CAN INSERT NEW CINES LATER.) . MODIFYING THE SCREEN SYMBOL LOCATE 1S THE SIMPLEST COMMAND FOR PLACING A CHARACTER. AT A DESIRED PLACE ON THE SCREEN. IF *x" OR OTHER KEYBOARD CHARACTERS Do NoT PRovIDE ENOUGH LIGHT OR CONTRAST TO ACTIVATE YOUR SENSOR, INCREASE THE SCREEN BRIGHTNESS OR TRY USING AN ASCU CHARACTER AccEssép BY THE CHRS STATEMENT. FOR EXAMPLE: Locate 20,20: PRINT CHR3 (178) PLACES A WHITE 80x ON THE. SCREEN. OTHER SuITABLE ASCIT SYMBOLS INCLUDE: O-i7 1-179 #-210 -tt. 0-249 O-197 +-197 U-219 0-223. 2-250 SEE PROGRAM MANUALS. FOR COMPLETE. LIST. 34 LIGHTNING SENSOR USE THIS ciRCUIT TO DETECT DISTANT FLASHES OF LIGHTNING. THUNDERSTORM QvoLTS SINCE A LUGATAING BOLT IS A GIANT RADIO TRANSMITTER, A TRANSISTOR RADIO CAN DETECT LIGHTNING. BuT THE POPS AND CRACKLCES YOU HEAR DO NOT REVEAL THE DIRECTION OF THE LIGHTNING. THIS CIRCUIT INDICATES THE GENERAL DIRECTION OF LIGHTNING BOLTS DURING THE DAY WHEN. IT MAY BE. TOO BRIGHT TO SEE. THE FLASHES. AT NIGHT IT wilt DETECT DISTANT LIGHTNING THAT MAY BE Too FAINT TO SEE. FoR BEST RESULTS MOUNT THE SOLAR CELL BEBIND A MAGNIFYING LENS. A LARGE PLASTIC FRESNEL LENS SUCH AS THE FLAT PLASTIC LENSES SoLb AS PAGE MAGNIFIERS WORKS WELL. THE LENS WILL COLLECT MUCH MORE LIGHT THAN THE sOLAR CELL ALONE AND IT WILL MAKE THE SENSOR VERY DIRECTIONAL. 40 a Bd OPTIONAL LED OUTPUT. R3 LED Wite FLICKER AND ik LED FLASH \N RESPONSE TO LIGHTNING. CAUTION: STAY INDOORS WHEN LIGHTNING | To TEST, POINT Ty ' REMOTE CONTROL UNIT AT SOLAR CELL i IS NEAR | —_+—__+} cy Loo uF + 1 es L | LOK C _ i Ba! BL Avotrts! SPER i TO MAKE A DIRECTIONAL LIGHTNING SEMSOR, CEMENT A SOLAR CELL TO THE INSIDE OF EACH SIDE OF A CLEAR SQUARE PLASTIC Eox. ASSEMBLE FOUR SENSOR CIRCUITS WITH AN LED OUTPUT (LESS 28 AUDIO OUTPUT STAGE) ON A GiRcuIT BOARD AND INSTALL BOARD. AND BATTERY INSIDE THE PLASTIC Box. SELECT A DIFFERENT coLoR (RED, YELLOW, ORANGE AND GREEN) FOR EACH LED. LSSTALL THE LEDs ON THE SAME SIDE OF THE Box SO THEY CAN BE SEEN FROM A DISTANCE. MARK EACH SIDE OF THE 80x WITHA THE FOUR COMPASS DIRECTIONS QNORTH , EAST, SOUTH AND WEST) ANDO NOTE THE LED’ colo FoR EACH DIRECTION. PLACE THE SENSOR IN AN OPEN FIELD SO THAT ITS BORTH SIDE FACES NORTH AWD WHERE You CAN SEE IT FROM INSIDE YOUR House. COLOR OF FLASHING LED OR LEDs Witt INDICATE THE APPROXIMATE DIRECTION OF LIGHTNING BOLTS. i ir INFRARED SENSOR A THERMISTOR (8 A TEMPERATURE - SENSITIVE RESISTOR, INSTALL A THERMISTOR AT THE FOCAL POINT OF A FLASHLIGHT REFLECTOR TO DETECT (INFRARED RADIATION FROM HEAT SOURCES. Ul TRER MISTOR te a WIRE G __ ae WFRARED CIR) FLASHLIGHT TAPE WIRES Source REFLECTOR HERE INFRARED SWITCH INFRARED FLASHLIGHT +4v SQURCE REFLECTOR k \y ™ l——> Z yy —__________ 2] 4 ey Ti Anb T2- RA 3 RADIO SHACK 33k [ RZ THER MISTORS SOK CONNECT BATTERY AND WAIT SEVERAL SECONDS To ALLow THERMISTORS TO STARILIZE. ADTUsT R2 OnTik LED JUST SWITCHES OFF. PLACE YOUR HAND NEAR REFLECTOR AND LED SHoucdD TURN ON, A MATCH wile TRIGGER THE CIRCUIT FROM UP TO 1 METER (AGOLT 3 FEET) OR MORE. NOTE THAT CHANGES IN AIR TEMPERATURE CAUSE EQVAL CHANGES IN Tl AND T2. BUT AN INFRARED SOURCE AFFECTS ONLY TL. TO ADD RELAY SEE SIMILAR CIRCUITS IN THIS Book. 42 INFRARED AMPLIFIER THIS CIRCUIT WILL INDICATE THE PRESENCE OF & FLAME OR HOT SOLDERING IRON. THE OUTPUT NOLTAGE CVeur) INCREASES AS. INFRARED INCREASES. +4 FLASHLIGHT REFLECTOR Ti And T2- RADIO SHACK TRHERMISTORS hi ( \ IR SOURCE SET MULTIMETER TO O-S OR O-10 VotTS dC. Absust RL unTIL METER NEEDLE IS NEAR CENTER OF METER SCALE. AN INFRARED SOURCE WITHIN FIECD OF VIEW OF REFLECTOR WILL CAUSE THE METER NEEDLE TO DEFLECT. UPWARD CTO RIGHT), REMOVE IR SOURCE AND THE METER NEEDLE WILL MovE DOWNWARD (TO LEFT). CORRECT ALIGNMENT OF T1 INSIDE THE REFLECTOR IS IMPORTANT. REFLECTOR ALIGNMENT THERMISTOR MusST BE AT REFLECTOR FOCAL POINT. THE FOCAL POINT IS WHERE FILAMENT OF FLASHLIGHT MISALIGNED — ALIGNED BULB Would BE. LOOK INTO REFLECTOR AND. SEE TO ANALOG ~Vv. MULTIMETER Soe 43 POLARIZED LIGHT WAVES OF ORDINARY RAYS OF REFLECTED LIGHT VIBRATE IN LIGAT AND LIGHT THAT MANY DIRECTIONS. PASSES. THROUGH SOME LIGHT WAVES THAT MATERIALS VIBRATE IN TRAVEL TO YOUR ONLY SOME DIRECTIONS, EYES FROM THe iF THEY. VIBRATE. IN ONLY CIRCCE BELOW VIERATE ONE DIRECTION, THE LIKE THIS + LIGHT (S POLARIZED: A \s UNPOLARIZED UGHT POLARIZED LIGHT SUNLIGHT. REFLECTED FROM WATER, ICE, GLASS AND METAL IS PARTIALLY OR EVEN COMPLE TELY. POLARIZED. SUNGLASSES. WITH POLARIZING LENSES 8Cock THE GLARE OF REFLECTED SUNLIGHT, WHICH MAKES. THEM POPULAR WITH PEOPLE WHO FISH OR SKI. THE SKY 40° AWAY FROM THE. Sun IS PARTIALLY POLARIZED. YOU CAN SEE Tas YOURSELF WITH THE HELP OF POLARIZED. SUNGLASSES, THE MDST. POLARIZED SECTION POLARIZED OF THE Sky APPEARS AS A SKY CIGHT DARK BAND WHEN VIEWED THROUGH POLARIZED SUNGLASSES, WITH YOUR BACK To THE SUN, LOOK AT THE SKY Je? AWAY) 7 FROM THE SUN TO SEE THIS: THE POLARIZED BAND ts BEST — SEEN NEAR SUNRISE OR SUNSET WHEN IT 1S STRAIGHT. OVER = HEAD AnD FORMS A NEARLY 0° — NORTH SOUTH BAND. f F POL<-SunseT OBSERVER WITH a“ Caf POLARIZING SUNGLASSES __ ay POLARIZED LIGHT SENSOR POLARIZING FILTERS ARE AVAILABLE FROM CAMERA AND SCIENCE STORES. OR USE LENSES FROM INEXPENSIVE POLARIZING SUNGLASSES. CROSSING TWO POLARIZERS BLOCKS MOST LIGHT. UNCROSSED PARTIALLY CROSSED CROSSED THIS PRINCIPLE CAN BE USED TO MAKE SENSORS WHICH IGNORE ORDINARY LIGHT WHILE RESPONDING +9V TO POLARIZED LIGHT. APPLICATIONS ADD POLARIZER TO FLASHLIGHT. AnD vSE FOR CROSSED = REMOTE CONTROL. POLARIZERS WHEN THE LIGHT LEVEL AT BOTH LIGHT SENSORS 1S EQuAL THE LED iS OFF, WHEN THE LIGHT 1S PARTIALLY OR COMPLETELY POLARIZED SO vie THaT PCL RECEIVES MoRE LIGHT THAN PC2, THE ~ = COMPARATOR WILL StwITCH “ . THE LED ON. SEE ELSEWHERE \N THIS Beck FOR BROW TD ADD A RELAY TO CIRCUIT. as INTEGRATED LIGHT SENSORS INTEGRATED LIGHT SENSORS COMBINE A LIGAT-SENSITIVE PHOTODIODE AND AMRIFIER OR OSCILLATOR IN A MINIATURE PACKAGE WITH A BUILT-IN WINDOW OR LENS. SOME ARE ENCAPSULATED IN DYED PLASTIC THAT TRANS MITS NEAR INFRARED WHILE BLOCKING VISIBLE LIGHT. LIGHT-TO-TONE SENSOR T.D. TSL23S vel OR SIMILAR ~ ew USE TO MONITOR ao VIDEO DISPLAY, COMPUTER DRIVE A LIGHT, OPEN LAMP, LED, DRAWERS, ETC. SUN LIGHT, FLAME 4 ETC, BATTERY ULTRA ~ SIMPLE, ~~ cop LIGHT -TO- TONE SENSOR Ny me A= VOLT BATTERY TS3L 235 —_— PIEZOELECTRIC TO P2 DISK Bu2zER eer TO + J voerTs CPZ DISK Sto 2 bisk ATTACH PZ AND GROUND DISK WITH. 2-SiMEO TAPE TAPE DARK TAPE ON TSL23S. wile REDUCE SENSITIVITY Yo Yip REMOTE CONTROL SENSOR LED WILL GLOW OR PULSATE 'F IR REMOTE CONTROL TRANSMITTER IS TRANSMITTING. TV OR STEREO T.L, TSL250 LiGHT-TO-VOLTAGE REMOTE CONTROL CONVERTER oe \S = Tee a LS OSE In SUBDUED LIGHT fiz} 3 OK TO LED RL REPLACE LED tk << WITH A —_ PIEZOELECTRIC Buzzer ELEMENT 43 TO+9V LIGHT- ACTIVATED RELAY USE THIS CIRCUIT TO SENSE PEOPLE, OBJECTS, CARS, ETC. WORKS BEST AT NIGHT OR IN SUBDUED LIGHT. TO HELP Block VISIBLE LIGHT PLACE, PROCESSED COLOR PRINT FILM OVER TSL250, wba vyi> LAMP , LED, SUNLIGHT, ETC. HELP Block ROOM LIGHT BY MOUNTING A TUBE OVER TSL250. THE Conor PRINT FILM (SEE ABOVE) ACTS LIKE AN INFRARED FILTER. OPTICAL LEVEL SENSORS THESE OPTICAL LEVEL SENSORS HAVE AUDIBLE OUTPUTS. FOR BEST RESULTS ILLUMINATE SIDE OF CEVEL ViAG WITH LED AND PLACE LIGHT SENSOR RELOW VIAL, INSTALL IN LIGHT-TIGHT Box. VARIABLE TONE LEVEL SENSOR TONE CHANGES DISTINCTLY WHEN @USBLE I$ CENTERED IN LEVEL VIAL. INCREASE G4 TO REDUCE S55 aera RZ PHOTORES! a 3_pAan_ SPER R3 1600 BUBBLE LEVEL a4 Po .ot VSE SUPER-BRIGHT LED IN Both CIR

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