CE4A4 UNIVERSITY OF DUBLIN TRINITY COLLEGE Faculty of Engineering, Mathematics & Science Department of Civil, Structural & Environmental Engineering Senior Sophister Second Semester 2014 BAI Degree Examination 4A4 Hydraulics Friday 16" May 2014 Sports Centre 14.00-16.00 Dr. Laurence Gill and Dr. Aonghus McNabola Duration: 2 Hours Please answer three questions in total. Please use a separate answer book for each Question. Log tables (old) Mathematics Tables or (new) Formulae & Tables and graph paper are available from the invigilators, if required. Non-programmable calculators are permitted for this examination — please indicate the make and model of your calculator on each answer book used. You may not start this examination, until you are instructed to do so by the Invigilator. 10f6cEana Q1 (a) The simplest method to derive a Unit Hydrograph for a catchment is to analyse a series of single peak hydrograph events and corresponding rainfall records. The first step for each hydrograph is to separate the baseflow from the surface flow. Describe briefly how this separation procedure might be done. 4] (b) An upland catchment has been studied and a one hour unit hydrograph has been developed as presented below. Time (hi) o[1/2]3/4;5,/e)]7]8][9{ Discharge (ms) | 0/2] 8 |22| a4] a7 | 30 | | =e fa | o Calculate the expected storm hydrograph at the bottom of the catchment where the river flows into a reservoir for a design storm of mm (in the first hour) followed by Smm (in the following hour). [6] (©) The reservoir has a surface area (at weir crest level) of 3.3 km? which increases linearly by 0.9 km* per metre rise of the water level. The discharge characteristics of the reservoir are regulated by a weir which can be defined by: Q (m*s) = 105 H' [H = depth of flow over the weir}. Use the reservoir routing method to calculate the maximum outflow expected from the reservoir for the design storm on the upstream catchment calculated in 1(b). [0] Note: G, =G,+1,-O, where: g_5 2 - 2 Ss a Q2_ (a) Define the following terms in relation to water vapour in the atmosphere: (i) saturation; (i) dew point; (ji) saturation deficit; (iv) relative humidity and; (v) absolute humidity. Also, outline three ways of measuring evapotranspiration out in the field. [Mo] (b) Describe with the aid of a diagram how the roughness of a natural channel or river system may be determined, 206CEana Q2 Continued... (©) The stage-discharge relationship for moon river is given in Figure Q2. Compute the flood depth expected through a section of moon river given: the upstream and downstream cross sectional areas are not wider than a mile at 123m? and 122m? respectively; the water surface falls by 50cm over the 2km reach in question; the upstream and downstream wetted perimeters are 32m and 31m respectively and the roughness n is 0.05 40 | 120 100 + F 80 £ 3 0 40 20 ° at 0 os 1 45 2 25 3 Stage (rm) Figure Q2. Note: make only one adjustment for velocity head in the approximation of Qin the interests of time availability Aide Memoir: HK o=/KKS, x= ” 3016CEAAA as (@) Given that the behaviour of a hydropower turbine is known to be a function of the 10 variables shown below, show that the turbine's power, head, flow and efficiency may be represented as dimensionless groups. P,O, 8.1.1, Hs; p,N,D,o g—~ 2st _# n|=0 pN°D*’ ND*’ N?D? pND? pN?D*” B] (b) Describe how the rotational speed of a turbine is typically governed and why? (2 (c) Describe the principles of operation and the function of a surge tower which could be incorporated into a hydropower scheme in order to reduce the adverse effects of sudden changes in flow. 4] (d) A new hydroelectric station has been proposed with a head of 100m available and a flow of 50m'%s. Turbines of specific speed 200 are available with an efficiency of 79% running at 500rpm. If the penstock and other hydraulic infrastructure transport the fluid energy at efficiencies of 95% and 90% respectively, determine the maximum power available from the turbines and the number of turbines required. Identify which type of turbine would best suit the proposed station, Aide Memoir: (6) 4018Qa CEAAA a) As waves approach a shoreline, their height and wavelength are altered by a number of wave transformation processes. Describe 3 of these phenomena and discuss how they may influence wave energy. [6] b) Give a brief explanation of the following terms in relation to wave theory: Wave Steepness Airy Waves Set-up / Set-down Significant wave height [4 c) Adeep water wave with a period of 10s and a height of 6m, travels at 60° to the shoreline. i) ii Determine the initial energy and power of the wave per unit area. BI ‘Assuming parallel seabed contours and that linear wave theory is applicable; find the height, depth, celerity and angle of the wave when it breaks. mm Hints: the solution of this problem requires the use of Figures Q4a and Q4b. In addition the formulae given below may serve as an aide memoir. Take the density of seawater to be 1050 kg/m*. =2, hy=128Hp, Kp= Q4 Continued... 5016Ceans Q4 Continued... Fig. Q4a iC Wh y © University of Dublin 2014 6 of6