Mang Truyen Thong Cong Nghiep - Hoang Minh Son PDF

MNG TRUYN THNG
CNG NGHIP
PGS.TS Hong Minh Sn

B mn iu khin t ng
Khoa in - i hc Bch khoa H Ni
MC LC
Chng 1:
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
M u
Mng truyn thng cng nghip l g?
Vai tr ca mng truyn thng cng nghip
Phn loi v c trng cc h thng MCN
Ti liu tham kho
1
1
3
4
6
Chng 2: C s k thut
2.1 Cc khi nim c bn
2.1.1
Thng tin, d liu v tn hiu
2.1.2
Truyn thng, truyn d liu v truyn tn hiu
2.2 Ch truyn ti
2.2.1
Truyn bit song song v truyn bit ni tip
2.2.2
Truyn ng b v khng ng b
2.2.3
Truyn mt chiu v truyn hai chiu
2.2.4
Truyn ti di c s, di mang v di rng
2.3 Cu trc mng - Topology
2.3.1
Cu trc bus
2.3.2
Cu trc mch vng (tch cc)
2.3.3
Cu trc hnh sao
2.3.4
Cu trc cy
2.4 Truy nhp bus
2.4.1
t vn
2.4.2
Ch/t (Master/Slave)
2.4.3
TDMA
2.4.4
Token Passing
2.4.5
CSMA/CD
2.4.6
CSMA/CA
2.5 Bo ton d liu
2.5.1
t vn
2.5.2
Bit chn l (Parity bit)
2.5.3
Bit chn l 2 chiu
2.5.4
CRC
2.5.5
Nhi bit (Bit Stuffing)
2.6 M ha bit
2.6.1
Cc tiu chun trong m ha bit
2.6.2
NRZ, RZ
2.6.3
M Manchester
7
7
7
9
12
12
12
13
14
16
16
17
19
20
21
21
23
24
25
26
28
31
31
33
34
36
38
40
40
41
42
ii
2.6.4
AFP
2.6.5
FSK
2.7 K thut truyn dn
2.7.1
Phng thc truyn dn tn hiu
2.7.2
RS-232
2.7.3
RS-422
2.7.4
RS-485
2.7.5
MBP (IEC 1158-2)
2.8 Kin trc giao thc
2.8.1
Dch v truyn thng
2.8.2
Giao thc
2.8.3
M hnh lp
2.8.4
Kin trc giao thc OSI
2.8.5
Kin trc giao thc TCP/IP
2.9 Ti liu tham kho
42
43
44
45
47
50
51
57
59
59
59
62
63
70
73
Chng 3: Cc thnh phn h thng mng

3.1 Phng tin truyn dn
3.1.1
i dy xon
3.1.2
Cp ng trc
3.1.3
Cp quang
3.1.4
V tuyn
3.2 Giao din mng
3.2.1
Cu trc giao din mng
3.2.2
Ghp ni PLC
3.2.3
Ghp ni PC
3.2.4
Ghp ni vo/ra phn tn
3.2.5
Ghp ni cc thit b trng
3.3 Phn mm trong h thng mng
3.3.1
Phn mm giao thc
3.3.2
Phn mm giao din lp trnh ng dng
3.4 Thit b lin kt mng
3.4.1
B lp
3.4.2
Cu ni
3.4.3
Router
3.4.4
Gateway
3.5 Cc linh kin mng khc
3.6 Ti liu tham kho
74
74
75
77
78
80
82
82
84
85
87
88
90
90
91
93
93
94
95
96
98
100
Chng 4: Cc h thng bus tiu biu

4.1 PROFIBUS
4.1.1
Kin trc giao thc
101
101
102
iii
4.1.2
Cu trc mng v k thut truyn dn
4.1.3
Truy nhp bus
4.1.4
Dch v truyn d liu
4.1.5
Cu trc bc in
4.1.6
PROFIBUS-FMS
4.1.7
PROFIBUS-DP
4.1.8
PROFIBUS-PA
4.1.9
Ti liu tham kho
4.2 Modbus
4.2.1
C ch giao tip
4.2.2
Ch truyn
4.2.3
Cu trc bc in
4.2.4
Bo ton d liu
4.2.5
Ti liu tham kho
4.3 Foundation Fieldbus
4.3.1
Kin trc giao thc
4.3.2
4.3.3
C ch giao tip
4.3.4
Cu trc bc in
4.3.5
Dch v giao tip
4.3.6
Khi chc nng ng dng
4.3.7
Ti liu tham kho
4.4 Ethernet
4.4.1
Kin trc giao thc
4.4.2
4.4.3
C ch giao tip
4.4.4
Cu trc bc in
4.4.5
Truy nhp bus
4.4.6
Hiu sut ng truyn v tnh nng thi gian thc
4.4.7
Mng LAN 802.3 chuyn mch
4.4.8
Fast Ethernet
4.4.9
High Speed Ethernet
4.4.10 Industrial Ethernet
4.4.11 Ti liu tham kho
Chng 5: Thit k h thng mng
5.1 Thit k h thng mng
5.1.1
Phn tch yu cu
5.1.2
Cc bc tin hnh
5.2 nh gi v la chn gii php mng
5.2.1
c th ca cp ng dng
103
105
105
107
109
111
117
119
120
120
122
123
125
126
127
127
128
130
132
132
134
136
137
137
138
140
140
141
142
142
143
144
146
146
147
147
147
148
150
150
iv
5.2.2
5.2.3
5.2.4
c th ca lnh vc ng dng
Yu cu k thut chi tit
Yu cu kinh t
151
152
153
Chng1: M u
Chng 1:
M u
1.1 Mng truyn thng cng nghip l g?

Mng truyn thng cng nghip hay mng cng nghip (MCN) l mt khi nim
chung ch cc h thng mng truyn thng s, truyn bit ni tip, c s dng ghp
ni cc thit b cng nghip. Cc h thng truyn thng cng nghip ph bin hin nay
cho php lin kt mng nhiu mc khc nhau, t cc cm bin, c cu chp hnh di
cp trng cho n cc my tnh iu khin, thit b quan st, my tnh iu khin gim
st v cc my tnh cp iu hnh x nghip, qun l cng ty.
V c s k thut, mng cng nghip v cc h thng mng vin thng c rt nhiu
im tng ng, tuy nhin cng c nhng im khc bit sau:
Mng vin thng c phm vi a l v s lng thnh vin tham gia ln hn rt

nhiu, nn cc yu cu k thut (cu trc mng, tc truyn thng, tnh nng
thi gian thc,...) rt khc, cng nh cc phng php truyn thng (truyn ti
di rng/di c s, iu bin, dn knh, chuyn mch,...) thng phc tp hn
nhiu so vi mng cng nghip.
i tng ca mng vin thng bao gm c con ngi v thit b k thut, trong
con ngi ng vai tr ch yu. V vy cc dng thng tin cn trao i bao
gm c ting ni, hnh nh, vn bn v d liu. i tng ca mng cng nghip
thun ty l cc thit b cng nghip, nn dng thng tin c quan tm duy nht
l d liu. Cc k thut v cng ngh c dng trong mng vin thng rt
phong ph, trong khi k thut truyn d liu theo ch bit ni tip l c trng
ca mng cng nghip.
Mng truyn thng cng nghip thc cht l mt dng c bit ca mng my tnh,
c th so snh vi mng my tnh thng thng nhng im ging nhau v khc nhau
nh sau:
K thut truyn thng s hay truyn d liu l c trng chung ca c hai lnh
vc.
Trong nhiu trng hp, mng my tnh s dng trong cng nghip c coi l
mt phn ( cc cp iu khin gim st, iu hnh sn xut v qun l cng ty)
trong m hnh phn cp ca mng cng nghip.
Yu cu v tnh nng thi gian thc, tin cy v kh nng tng thch trong
mi trng cng nghip ca mng truyn thng cng nghip cao hn so vi mt
Bi ging: Mng truyn thng cng nghip 2008, Hong Minh Sn HBK H Ni
Chng1: M u
mng my tnh thng thng, trong khi mng my tnh thng i hi cao
hn v bo mt.
Mng my tnh c phm vi tri rng rt khc nhau, v d c th nh nh mng

LAN cho mt nhm vi my tnh, hoc rt ln nh mng Internet. Trong nhiu
trng hp, mng my tnh gin tip s dng dch v truyn d liu ca mng
vin thng. Trong khi , cho n nay cc h thng mng cng nghip thng c
tnh cht c lp, phm vi hot ng tng i hp.
S khc nhau trong phm vi v mc ch s dng gia cc h thng mng truyn

thng cng nghip vi cc h thng mng vin thng v mng my tnh dn n s khc
nhau trong cc yu cu v mt k thut cng nh kinh t. V d, do yu cu kt ni
nhiu nn my tnh khc nhau v cho nhiu phm vi ng dng khc nhau, kin trc giao
thc ca cc mng my tnh ph thng thng phc tp hn so vi kin trc giao thc
cc mng cng nghip. i vi cc h thng truyn thng cng nghip, c bit l cc
cp di th cc yu cu v tnh nng thi gian thc, kh nng thc hin n gin, gi
thnh h li lun c t ra hng u.
Chng1: M u
1.2 Vai tr ca mng truyn thng cng nghip

S dng mng truyn thng cng nghip, c bit l bus trng thay th cch ni
im-im c in gia cc thit b cng nghip mang li hng lot nhng li ch nh
sau:
n gin ha cu trc lin kt gia cc thit b cng nghip: Mt s lng ln

cc thit b thuc cc chng loi khc nhau c ghp ni vi nhau thng qua
mt ng truyn duy nht.
Tit kim dy ni v cng thit k, lp t h thng: Nh cu trc n gin, vic

thit k h thng tr nn d dng hn nhiu. Mt s lng ln cp truyn c
thay th bng mt ng duy nht, gim chi ph ng k cho nguyn vt liu v
cng lp t.
Nng cao tin cy v chnh xc ca thng tin: Khi dng phng php truyn
tn hiu tng t c in, tc ng ca nhiu d lm thay i ni dung thng tin
m cc thit b khng c cch no nhn bit. Nh k thut truyn thng s, khng
nhng thng tin truyn i kh b sai lch hn, m cc thit b ni mng cn c
thm kh nng t pht hin li v chn on li nu c. Hn th na, vic b qua
nhiu ln chuyn i qua li tng t-s v s-tng t nng cao chnh xc
ca thng tin.
Nng cao linh hot, tnh nng m ca h thng: Mt h thng mng chun ha
quc t to iu kin cho vic s dng cc thit b ca nhiu hng khc nhau.
Vic thay th thit b, nng cp v m rng phm vi chc nng ca h thng cng
d dng hn nhiu. Kh nng tng tc gia cc thnh phn (phn cng v phn
mm) c nng cao nh cc giao din chun.
n gin ha/tin li ha vic tham s ha, chn on, nh v li, s c ca cc

thit b : Vi mt ng truyn duy nht, khng nhng cc thit b c th trao i
d liu qu trnh, m cn c th gi cho nhau cc d liu tham s, d liu trng
thi, d liu cnh bo v d liu chn on. Cc thit b c th tch hp kh nng
t chn on, cc trm trong mng cng c th c kh nng cnh gii ln nhau.
Vic cu hnh h thng, lp trnh, tham s ha, chnh nh thit b v a vo vn
hnh c th thc hin t xa qua mt trm k thut trung tm.
M ra nhiu chc nng v kh nng ng dng mi ca h thng: S dng mng

truyn thng cng nghip cho php p dng cc kin trc iu khin mi nh
iu khin phn tn, iu khin phn tn vi cc thit b trng, iu khin gim
st hoc chn on li t xa qua Internet, tch hp thng tin ca h thng iu
khin v gim st vi thng tin iu hnh sn xut v qun l cng ty.
Chng1: M u
1.3 Phn loi v c trng cc h thng MCN

sp xp, phn loi v phn tch c trng cc h thng mng truyn thng cng
nghip, ta da vo m hnh phn cp quen thuc cho cc cng ty, x nghip sn xut,
nh c minh ha trn Hnh 1.1.
Qun l cng ty
Mng cng ty
iu hnh sn xut
Mng x nghip
iu khin gim st
iu khin
Chp hnh
Bus h thng
Bus qu trnh
Bus iu khin
Bus trng
Bus thit b
Bus cm bin/
chp hnh
Hnh 1.1: M hnh phn cp chc nng cng ty sn xut cng nghip
Tng ng vi nm cp chc nng l bn cp ca h thng truyn thng. T cp

iu khin gim st tr xung thut ng bus thng c dng thay cho mng, vi
l do phn ln cc h thng mng pha di u c cu trc vt l hoc logic kiu bus
(xem phn 2.5).
Bus trng, bus thit b
Bus trng (fieldbus) thc ra l mt khi nim chung c dng trong cc ngnh
cng nghip ch bin ch cc h thng bus ni tip, s dng k thut truyn tin s
kt ni cc thit b thuc cp iu khin (PC, PLC) vi nhau v vi cc thit b cp
chp hnh, hay cc thit b trng. Cc chc nng chnh ca cp chp hnh l o lng,
truyn ng v chuyn i tn hiu trong trng hp cn thit. Cc thit b c kh nng
ni mng l cc vo/ra phn tn (distributed I/O), cc thit b o lng (sensor,
transducer, transmitter) hoc c cu chp hnh (actuator, valve) c tch hp kh nng
x l truyn thng. Mt s kiu bus trng ch thch hp ni mng cc thit b cm bin
v c cu chp hnh vi cc b iu khin, cng c gi l bus chp hnh/cm bin.
Trong cng nghip ch to (t ng ha dy chuyn sn xut, gia cng, lp rp) hoc
mt s lnh vc ng dng khc nh t ng ha ta nh, sn xut xe hi, khi nim
bus thit b li c s dng ph bin. C th ni, bus thit b v bus trng c chc
nng tng ng, nhng do nhng c trng ring bit ca hai ngnh cng nghip,
nn mt s tnh nng cng khc nhau. Tuy nhin, s khc nhau ny ngy cng tr nn
khng r rt, khi m phm vi ng dng ca c hai loi u c m rng v an cho
sang nhau. Trong thc t, ngi ta cng dng chung mt khi nim l bus trng.
Chng1: M u
Do nhim v ca bus trng l chuyn d liu qu trnh ln cp iu khin x l

v chuyn quyt nh iu khin xung cc c cu chp hnh, v vy yu cu v tnh
nng thi gian thc c t ln hng u. Thi gian phn ng tiu biu nm trong
phm vi t 0,1 ti vi miligiy. Trong khi , yu cu v lng thng tin trong mt bc
in thng ch hn ch trong khong mt vi byte, v vy tc truyn thng thng
ch cn phm vi Mbit/s hoc thp hn. Vic trao i thng tin v cc bin qu trnh
ch yu mang tnh cht nh k, tun hon, bn cnh cc thng tin tham s ha hoc
cnh bo c tnh cht bt thng.
Cc h thng bus trng c s dng rng ri nht hin nay l PROFIBUS,
ControlNet, INTERBUS, CAN, WorldFIP, P-NET, Modbus v gn y phi k ti
Foundation Fieldbus. DeviceNet, AS-i, EIB v Bitbus l mt vi h thng bus cm
bin/chp hnh tiu biu c th nu ra y.
Bus h thng, bus iu khin
Cc h thng mng cng nghip c dng kt ni cc my tnh iu khin v cc
my tnh trn cp iu khin gim st vi nhau c gi l bus h thng (system bus)
hay bus qu trnh (process bus). Khi nim sau thng ch c dng trong lnh vc
iu khin qu trnh. Qua bus h thng m cc my tnh iu khin c th phi hp hot
ng, cung cp d liu qu trnh cho cc trm k thut v trm quan st (c th gin tip
thng qua h thng qun l c s d liu trn cc trm ch) cng nh nhn mnh lnh,
tham s iu khin t cc trm pha trn. Thng tin khng nhng c trao i theo
chiu dc, m cn theo chiu ngang. Cc trm k thut, trm vn hnh v cc trm ch
cng trao i d liu qua bus h thng. Ngoi ra cc my in bo co v lu tr d liu
cng c th c kt ni qua mng ny.
i vi bus h thng, ty theo lnh vc ng dng m i hi v tnh nng thi gian
thc c c t ra mt cch ngt ngho hay khng. Thi gian phn ng tiu biu nm
trong khong mt vi trm miligiy, trong khi lu lng thng tin cn trao i ln hn
nhiu so vi bus trng. Tc truyn thng tiu biu ca bus h thng nm trong
phm vi t vi trm kbit/s n vi Mbit/s.
Khi bus h thng c s dng ch ghp ni theo chiu ngang gia cc my tnh
iu khin, ngi ta thng dng khi nim bus iu khin. Vai tr ca bus iu khin
l phc v trao i d liu thi gian thc gia cc trm iu khin trong mt h thng
c cu trc phn tn. Bus iu khin thng thng c tc truyn khng cao, nhng
yu cu v tnh nng thi gian thc thng rt kht khe.
Do cc yu cu v tc truyn thng v kh nng kt ni d dng nhiu loi my
tnh, hu ht cc kiu bus h thng thng dng u da trn nn Ethernet, v d
Industrial Ethernet, Fieldbus Foundations High Speed Ethernet (HSE), Ethernet/IP.
Mng x nghip
Mng x nghip thc ra l mt mng LAN bnh thng, c chc nng kt ni cc
my tnh vn phng thuc cp iu hnh sn xut vi cp iu khin gim st. Thng
tin c a ln trn bao gm trng thi lm vic ca cc qu trnh k thut, cc gin
my cng nh ca h thng iu khin t ng, cc s liu tnh ton, thng k v din
bin qu trnh sn xut v cht lng sn phm. Thng tin theo chiu ngc li l cc
Chng1: M u
thng s thit k, cng thc iu khin v mnh lnh iu hnh. Ngoi ra, thng tin
cng c trao i mnh theo chiu ngang gia cc my tnh thuc cp iu hnh sn
xut, v d h tr kiu lm vic theo nhm, cng tc trong d n, s dng chung cc ti
nguyn ni mng (my in, my ch,...).
Khc vi cc h thng bus cp di, mng x nghip khng yu cu nghim ngt v
tnh nng thi gian thc. Vic trao i d liu thng din ra khng nh k, nhng c
khi vi s lng ln ti hng Mbyte. Hai loi mng c dng ph bin cho mc ch
ny l Ethernet v Token-Ring, trn c s cc giao thc chun nh TCP/IP v
IPX/SPX.
Mng cng ty
Mng cng ty nm trn cng trong m hnh phn cp h thng truyn thng ca mt
cng ty sn xut cng nghip. c trng ca mng cng ty gn vi mt mng vin
thng hoc mt mng my tnh din rng nhiu hn trn cc phng din phm vi v
hnh thc dch v, phng php truyn thng v cc yu cu v k thut. Chc nng ca
mng cng ty l kt ni cc my tnh vn phng ca cc x nghip, cung cp cc dch v
trao i thng tin ni b v vi cc khch hng nh th vin in t, th in t, hi
tho t xa qua in thoi, hnh nh, cung cp dch v truy cp Internet v thng mi
in t, v.v... Hnh thc t chc ghp ni mng, cng nh cc cng ngh c p dng
rt a dng, ty thuc vo u t ca cng ty. Trong nhiu trng hp, mng cng ty v
mng x nghip c thc hin bng mt h thng mng duy nht v mt vt l, nhng
chia thnh nhiu phm vi v nhm mng lm vic ring bit.
Mng cng ty c vai tr nh mt ng cao tc trong h thng h tng c s truyn
thng ca mt cng ty, v vy i hi v tc truyn thng v an ton, tin cy c
bit cao. Fast Ethernet, FDDI, ATM l mt vi v d cng ngh tin tin c p dng
y trong hin ti v tng lai.
1.4 Ti liu tham kho

[1]
Hong Minh Sn: Mng truyn thng cng nghip. Ti bn ln 2, Nh xut bn KH&KT,
H Ni, 2004.
2.2 Ch truyn ti
Chng 2:
C s k thut
2.1 Cc khi nim c bn

2.1.1 Thng tin, d liu v tn hiu
Thng tin
Thng tin l mt trong nhng khi nim c s quan trng nht trong khoa hc k
thut, cng ging nh vt cht v nng lng. Cc u vo cng nh cc u ra ca mt
h thng k thut ch c th l vt cht, nng lng hoc thng tin, nh m t trn Hnh
2.1. Mt h thng x l thng tin hoc mt h thng truyn thng l mt h thng k
thut ch quan tm ti cc u vo v u ra l thng tin. Tuy nhin, a s cc h thng
k thut khc thng c cc u vo v u ra hn hp (vt cht, nng lng v thng
tin).
vt cht
nng lng
thng tin
H THNG K THUT
vt cht
nng lng
thng tin
Hnh 2.1: Vai tr ca thng tin trong cc h thng k thut
Thng tin l thc o mc nhn thc, s hiu bit v mt vn , mt s kin hoc

mt h thng. V d, mt thng tin cho chng ta bit mt cch chnh xc hay tng i
v nhit ngoi tri hay mc nc trong b cha. Thng tin gip chng ta phn bit
gia cc mt ca mt vn , gia cc trng thi ca mt s vt. Ni mt cch khc,
thng tin chnh l s loi tr tnh bt nh. Trong khi vt cht v nng lng l nn tng
ca vt l v ho hc, th thng tin chnh l ch th ca tin hc v cng ngh thng tin.
D liu
Thng tin l mt i lng kh tru tng, v vy cn c biu din di mt hnh
thc khc. Kh nng biu din thng tin rt a dng, v d qua ch vit, hnh nh, c
ch, v.v... Dng biu din thng tin ph thuc vo mc ch, tnh cht ca ng dng.
c bit, thng tin c th c m t, hay ni cch khc l c s lng ho bng
d liu c th lu tr v x l trong my tnh. Trong trng hp , ta cng ni rng
thng tin c s ho s dng h m nh phn, hay m ha nh phn. Ni trong ng
cnh cu trc mt bc in, d liu chnh l phn thng tin hu ch c biu din bng
dy cc bit {1,0}.
2.2 Ch truyn ti
Tn hiu
Vic trao i thng tin (gia ngi v ngi, gia ngi v my) hay d liu (gia
my v my) ch c th thc hin c nh tn hiu. C th nh ngha, tn hiu l din
bin ca mt i lng vt l cha ng tham s thng tin/d liu v c th truyn dn
c. Theo quan im ton hc th tn hiu c coi l mt hm ca thi gian. Trong
cc lnh vc k thut, cc loi tn hiu thng dng l in, quang, kh nn, thy lc v
m thanh.
Cc tham s sau y thng c dng trc tip, gin tip hay kt hp biu th
ni dung thng tin:
Bin (in p, dng,...)
Tn s, nhp xung, rng ca xung, sn xung
Pha, v tr xung
Khng phn bit tnh cht vt l ca tn hiu (in, quang, kh nn,...), ta c th phn
loi tn hiu da theo tp hp gi tr ca tham s thng tin hoc da theo din bin thi
gian thnh nhng dng sau:
Tng t: Tham s thng tin c th c mt gi tr bt k trong mt khong no
Ri rc: Tham s thng tin ch c th c mt s gi tr (ri rc) nht nh.
Lin tc: Tn hiu c ngha ti bt k thi im no trong mt khong thi gian

quan tm. Ni theo ngn ng ton hc, mt tn hiu lin tc l mt hm lin tc
ca bin thi gian trong mt khong xc nh.
Gin on: Tn hiu ch c ngha ti nhng thi im nht nh.

y
a)
b)
t
Dng tn hiu: tng t, gin on
Tham s thng tin: Bin xung
Dng tn hiu: tng t, lin tc

Tham s thng tin: Bin
c)
d)
Dng tn hiu: ri rc, lin tc

Tham s thng tin: Bin
Dng tn hiu: ri rc (s), gin on

Tham s thng tin: Tn s xung
Hnh 2.2: Mt s dng tn hiu thng dng
2.2 Ch truyn ti
Khi cc gi tr tham s thng tin ca mt tn hiu c biu din bng m nh phn,

th dng tn hiu c bit ny c gi l tn hiu s. Ni mt cch khc, tn hiu s
dng truyn ti thng tin c d liu ha. Vi tn hiu s, ta ch cn phn bit
gia hai trng thi ca tn hiu ng vi cc bit 0 v 1, v vy s hn ch c mt cch
hiu qu s sai lch thng tin bi s tc ng ca nhiu.
2.1.2 Truyn thng, truyn d liu v truyn tn hiu

M ha/Gii m
Hnh 2.3 minh ha nguyn tc c bn ca truyn thng. Thng tin cn trao i gia
cc i tc c m ha trc khi c mt h thng truyn dn tn hiu chuyn ti
pha bn kia. Trong thut ng truyn thng, m ha ch qu trnh bin i ngun thng
tin (d liu) cn trao i sang mt chui tn hiu thch hp truyn dn. Qu trnh ny
t nht thng bao gm hai bc: m ha ngun v m ha ng truyn.
Trong qu trnh m ha ngun, d liu mang thng tin thc dng hay d liu ngun
c b sung cc thng tin ph tr cn thit cho vic truyn dn, v d a ch bn gi
v bn nhn, kiu d liu, thng tin kim li, v.v... D liu trc khi gi i cng c th
c phn chia thnh nhiu gi d liu bc in ph hp vi phng php truyn,
nn li tng hiu sut ng truyn, hoc m ha bo mt. Nh vy, lng thng tin
cha ng trong mt tn hiu s nhiu hn lng thng tin thc dng cn truyn ti.
Sau khi c m ha ngun, m ha ng truyn l qu trnh to tn hiu tng
ng vi cc bit trong gi d liu hay bc in theo mt phng php nht nh ph
hp vi ng truyn v k thut truyn. Hnh 2.4 minh ha mt v d m ha ng
truyn n gin, cc bit 0 c th hin bng mc in p cao v cc bit 1 bng mc
in p thp.
i tc
truyn thng
i tc
truyn thng
M ha/
Gii m
H thng truyn dn tn hiu
Mha/
Gii m
Hnh 2.3: Nguyn tc c bn ca truyn thng
Trong truyn thng cng nghip, m ha ng truyn ng ngha vi m ha bit,

bi tn hiu do khu m ha tng bit to ra cng chnh l tn hiu c truyn dn. i
vi cc h thng truyn thng khc, qu trnh m ha ng truyn c th bao hm vic
iu bin tn hiu v dn knh, cho php truyn cng mt lc nhiu ngun thng tin v
truyn tc cao. Vic dn knh c th thc hin theo phng php phn chia tn s,
phn chia thi gian hoc phn chia m.
2.2 Ch truyn ti
10
0 1 1 0 1
0 0 1
Hnh 2.4: V d m ha bt
Qu trnh ngc li vi m ha l gii m, tc l chuyn i cc tn hiu nhn c

thnh dy bit tng ng v sau x l, loi b cc thng tin b sung ti to thng
tin ngun.
Tc truyn v tc bit
Tc truyn hay tc bit c tnh bng s bit d liu c truyn i trong mt
giy, tnh bng bit/s hoc bps ( bit per second). Nu tn s nhp c k hiu l f v s
bit truyn i trong mt nhp l n, s bit c truyn i trong mt giy s l v = f*n. Nh
vy, c hai cch tng tc truyn ti l tng tn s nhp hoc tng s bit truyn i
trong mt nhp. Nu mi nhp ch c mt bit duy nht c chuyn i th v = f. Nh vy,
ch i vi cc phng php m ha bit s dng hai trng tn hiu, v trng thi tn hiu
thay i lun phin sau mi nhp th tc bit mi tng ng vi tc baud, hay
1Baud tng ng vi 1bit/s.
Thi gian bit/Chu k bit
Trong vic phn tch, nh gi tnh nng thi gian ca mt h thng truyn thng th
thi gian bit l mt gi tr hay c dng. Thi gian bit hay chu k bit c nh ngha
l thi gian trung bnh cn thit chuyn mt bit, hay chnh bng gi tr nghch o
ca tc truyn ti:
TB = 1/v
TB = 1/f, trng hp n = 1
Thi gian lan truyn tn hiu
Thi gian lan truyn tn hiu l thi gian cn mt tn hiu pht ra t mt u dy
lan truyn ti u dy khc, ph thuc vo chiu di v cu to dy dn. Tc lan
truyn tn hiu chnh l tc truyn sng in t. Tuy nhin, trong mi trng kim
loi hoc si quang hc, gi tr ny s nh hn tc truyn sng in t hay tc
nh sng trong mi trng chn khng. Ta c:
TS = l/(k*c), vi
TS
l
c
k
l thi gian lan truyn tn hiu,

l chiu di dy dn,
l tc nh sng trong chn khng (300.000.000m/s) v
biu th h s gim tc truyn, c tnh theo cng thc:
k=
, vi l hng s in mi ca lp cch ly
2.2 Ch truyn ti
11
i vi cc loi cp c lp bc cch ly l Polyethylen vi hng s in mi = 2.3,

ta c h s k 0.67. H s ny cng ng vi mi trng truyn l cp quang v thng
c dng mt cch tng qut tnh ton gi tr tng i ca thi gian lan truyn tn
hiu trong nhiu php nh gi. Nh vy TS s ch cn ph thuc vo chiu di dy dn:
TS (giy) = l (mt)/200.000.000
2.2 Ch truyn ti
12
2.2 Ch truyn ti
Ch truyn ti c hiu l phng thc cc bit d liu c chuyn gia cc i
tc truyn thng. Nhn nhn t cc gc khc nhau ta c th phn bit cc ch
truyn ti nh sau:
Truyn bit song song hoc truyn bit ni tip
Truyn ng b hoc khng ng b
Truyn mt chiu hay n cng (simplex), hai chiu ton phn, hai chiu ng
thi hay song cng (duplex, full-duplex) hoc hai chiu gin on hay bn song
cng (half-duplex)
Truyn ti di c s, truyn ti di mang v truyn ti di rng.
2.2.1 Truyn bit song song v truyn bit ni tip

Phng php truyn bit song song (Hnh 2.5a) c dng ph bin trong cc bus ni
b ca my tnh nh bus a ch, bus d liu v bus iu khin. Tc truyn ti ph
thuc vo s cc knh dn, hay cng chnh l rng ca mt bus song song, v d 8
bit, 16 bit, 32 bit hay 64 bit. Chnh v nhiu bit c truyn i ng thi, vn ng
b ha ti ni pht v ni nhn tn hiu phi c gii quyt. iu ny gy tr ngi ln
khi khong cch gia cc i tc truyn thng tng ln. Ngoi ra, gi thnh cho cc bus
song song cng l mt yu t dn n phm vi ng dng ca phng php truyn ny
ch hn ch khong cch nh, c yu cu rt cao v thi gian v tc truyn.
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
(a) Truyn bit song song
10010101
(b) Truyn bit ni tip
Hnh 2.5: Truyn bit song song (a) v truyn bit ni tip (b)
Vi phng php truyn bi ni tip, tng bit c chuyn i mt cch tun t qua
mt ng truyn duy nht (Hnh 2.5b). Tuy tc bit v th b hn ch, nhng cch
thc hin li n gin, tin cy ca d liu cao. Tt c cc mng truyn thng cng
nghip u s dng phng php truyn ny.
2.2.2 Truyn ng b v khng ng b

S phn bit gia ch truyn ng b v khng ng b ch lin quan ti phng
thc truyn bit ni tip. Vn t ra y l vic ng b ha gia bn gi v bn
2.2 Ch truyn ti
13
nhn d liu, tc l vn lm th no bn nhn bit khi no mt tn hiu trn ng

truyn mang d liu gi v khi no khng.
Trong ch truyn ng b, cc i tc truyn thng lm vic theo cng mt nhp,
tc vi cng tn s v lch pha c nh. C th qui nh mt trm c vai tr to nhp
v dng mt ng dy ring mang nhp ng b cho cc trm khc. Bin php kinh t
hn l dng mt phng php m ha bit thch hp bn nhn c th ti to nhp ng
b t chnh tn hiu mang d liu. Nu phng php m ha bit khng cho php nh
vy, th c th dng k thut ng gi d liu v b sung mt dy bit mang thng tin
ng b ha vo phn u mi gi d liu. Lu rng, bn gi v bn nhn ch cn
hot ng ng b trong khi trao i d liu.
Vi ch truyn khng ng b, bn gi v bn nhn khng lm vic theo mt
nhp chung. D liu trao i thng c chia thnh tng nhm 7 hoc 8 bit, gi l k
t. Cc k t c chuyn i vo nhng thi im khng ng u, v vy cn thm hai
bit nh du khi u v kt thc cho mi k t. Vic ng b ha c thc hin
vi tng k t. V d, cc mch UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmiter)
thng dng dng bc in 11 bit, bao gm 8 bit k t, 2 bit khi u cng nh kt thc
v 1 bit kim tra li chn l.
2.2.3 Truyn mt chiu v truyn hai chiu

Tng t nh cc ng giao thng, mt ng truyn d liu c kh nng hoc lm
vic di ch mt chiu, hai chiu ton phn hoc hai chiu gin on, nh Hnh 2.6
minh ha. Ch truyn ny t ph thuc vo tnh cht vt l ca mi trng truyn
dn, m ph thuc vo phng php truyn dn tn hiu, chun truyn dn (RS-232,
RS-422, RS-485, ...) v vo cu hnh ca h thng truyn dn.
Trong ch truyn mt chiu, thng tin ch c chuyn i theo mt chiu, mt
trm ch c th ng vai tr hoc bn pht (transmitter) hoc bn nhn thng tin
(receiver) trong sut qu trnh giao tip. C th nu mt vi v d trong k thut my
tnh s dng ch truyn ny nh giao din gia bn phm, chut hoc mn hnh vi
my tnh. Cc h thng pht thanh v truyn hnh cng l nhng v d tiu biu. Hin
nhin, ch truyn mt chiu hu nh khng c vai tr i vi mng cng nghip.
Ch truyn hai chiu gin on cho php mi trm c th tham gia gi hoc nhn
thng tin, nhng khng cng mt lc. Nh vy thng tin c trao i theo c hai chiu
lun phin trn cng mt ng truyn vt l. Mt u im ca ch ny l khng i
hi cu hnh h thng phc tp lm, trong khi c th t c tc truyn tng i
cao. Ch truyn ny c s dng ph bin trong mng cng nghip, v d vi chun
RS-485.
2.2 Ch truyn ti
a) Simplex
14
B pht
10110101
B thu
10110101
b) Half-duplex
B thu pht
c) Duplex
B thu pht
B thu pht
10110101
B thu pht
10101010
Hnh 2.6: Truyn simplex, half-duplex v duplex
Vi ch truyn hai chiu ton phn mi trm u c th gi v nhn thng tin

cng mt lc. Thc cht, ch ny ch khc vi ch hai chiu gin on ch phi
s dng hai ng truyn ring bit cho thu v pht, tc l khc cu hnh h thng
truyn thng. D dng nhn thy, ch truyn hai chiu ton phn ch thch hp vi
kiu lin kt im-im, hay ni cch khc l ph hp vi cu trc mch vng v cu
trc hnh sao.
2.2.4 Truyn ti di c s, di mang v di rng

Truyn ti di c s
Mt tn hiu mang mt ngun thng tin c th biu din bng tng ca nhiu dao
ng c tn s khc nhau nm trong mt phm vi hp, c gi l di tn c s hay di
hp. Tn hiu c truyn i cng chnh l tn hiu c to ra sau khi m ha bit, nn
c tn s c nh hoc nm trong mt khong hp no , ty thuc vo phng php
m ha bit. V d c th qui nh mc tn hiu cao ng vi bit 0 v mc tn hiu thp
ng vi bit 1. Tn s ca tn hiu thng nh hn, hoc cng lm l tng ng vi
tn s nhp bus. Tuy nhin, trong mt nhp (c th tng ng hoc khng tng
ng vi chu k ca tn hiu), ch c th truyn i mt bit duy nht. C ngha l,
ng truyn ch c th mang mt knh thng tin duy nht, mi thnh vin trong mng
phi phn chia thi gian s dng ng truyn. Tc truyn ti v th tuy c b hn
ch, nhng phng php ny d thc hin v tin cy, c dng ch yu trong cc h
thng mng truyn thng cng nghip.
Truyn ti di mang
Trong mt s trng hp, di tn c s khng tng thch trong mi trng lm
vic. V d, tn hiu c cc tn s ny c th bc x nhiu nh hng ti hot ng ca
cc thit b in t khc, hoc ngc li, b cc thit b khc gy nhiu. khc phc
tnh trng ny, ngi ta s mt tn hiu khc - gi l tn hiu mang, c tn s nm trong
mt di tn thch hp - gi l di mang. Di tn ny thng ln hn nhiu so vi tn s
nhp. D liu cn truyn ti s dng iu ch tn s, bin hoc pha ca tn hiu
2.2 Ch truyn ti
15
mang. Bn nhn s thc hin qu trnh gii iu ch hi phc thng tin ngun. Khc
vi truyn ti di rng nu di y, phng thc truyn ti di mang ch p dng cho
mt knh truyn tin duy nht, gin nh truyn ti di c s.
Truyn ti di rng
Mt tn hiu c th cha ng nhiu ngun thng tin khc nhau bng cch s dng
kt hp mt cch thng minh nhiu thng s thng tin. V d mt tn hiu phc tp c
th l tng hp bng phng php xp chng t nhiu tn hiu thnh phn c tn s
khc nhau mang cc ngun thng tin khc nhau.
Sau khi nhiu ngun thng tin khc nhau c m ho bit, mi tn hiu c to
ra s dng iu bin mt tn hiu khc, thng c tn s ln hn nhiu, gi l tn
hiu mang. Cc tn hiu mang c iu bin c tn s khc nhau, nn c th pha
trn, xp chng thnh mt tn hiu duy nht c ph tn tri rng. Tn hiu ny cui cng
li c dng iu bin mt tn hiu mang khc. Tn hiu thu c t khu ny mi
c truyn i. y chnh l k thut dn knh phn tn trong truyn ti thng tin,
nhm mc ch s dng hiu qu hn ng truyn. Pha bn nhn s thc hin vic
gii iu bin v phn knh, hi phc cc tn hiu mang cc ngun thng tin khc nhau.
Phng thc truyn ti di rng v k thut dn knh c dng rng ri trong cc
mng vin thng bi tc cao v kh nng truyn song song nhiu ngun thng tin.
Tuy nhin, v c im phm vi mng, l do gi thnh thc hin v tnh nng thi gian,
truyn ti bng rng cng nh k thut dn knh hu nh khng ng vai tr g trong
cc h thng truyn thng cng nghip.
2.3 Cu trc mng
16
2.3 Cu trc mng - Topology

Cu trc mng lin quan ti t chc v phng thc phi hp hot ng gia cc
thnh phn trong mt h thng mng. Cu trc mng nh hng ti nhiu tnh nng k
thut, trong c tin cy ca h thng. C th phn bit cc dng cu trc c bn l
bus, mch vng (tch cc) v hnh sao. Mt s cu trc phc tp hn, v d cu trc cy,
u c th xy dng trn c s phi hp ba cu trc c bn ny.
2.3.1 Cu trc bus

Trong cu trc n gin ny, tt c cc thnh vin ca mng u c ni trc tip
vi mt ng dn chung. c im c bn ca cu trc bus l vic s dng chung mt
ng dn duy nht cho tt c cc trm, v th tit kim c cp dn v cng lp t.
C th phn bit ba kiu cu hnh trong cu trc bus: daisy-chain v trunk-line/dropline v mch vng khng tch cc (Hnh 2.7). Hai cu hnh u cng c xp vo kiu
cu trc ng thng, bi hai u ng truyn khng khp kn.
Vi daisy-chain, mi trm c ni mng trc tip ti giao l ca hai on dy dn,
khng qua mt on dy ni ph no. Ngc li, trong cu hnh trunk-line/drop-line,
mi trm c ni qua mt ng nhnh (drop-line) n ng trc (trunk-line).
Cn mch vng khng tch cc thc cht ch khc vi trunk-line/drop-line ch ng
truyn c khp kn.
Bn cnh vic tit kim dy dn th tnh n gin, d thc hin l nhng u im
chnh ca cu trc bus, nh vy m cu trc ny ph bin nht trong cc h thng mng
truyn thng cng nghip. Trng hp mt trm khng lm vic (do hng hc, do ct
ngun,...) khng nh hng ti phn mng cn li. Mt s h thng cn cho vic tch
mt trm ra khi mng hoc thay th mt trm trong khi c h thng vn hot ng bnh
thng.
Tuy nhin vic dng chung mt ng dn i hi mt phng php phn chia thi
gian s dng thch hp trnh xung t tn hiu - gi l phng php truy nhp mi
trng hay truy nhp bus. Nguyn tc truyn thng c thc hin nh sau: ti mt thi
im nht nh ch c mt thnh vin trong mng c gi tn hiu, cn cc thnh vin
khc ch c quyn nhn. Ngoi vic cn phi kim sot truy nhp mi trng, cu trc
bus c nhng nhc im sau:
Mt tn hiu gi i c th ti tt c cc trm v theo mt trnh t khng kim sot

c, v vy phi thc hin phng php gn a ch (logic) theo kiu th cng
cho tng trm. Trong thc t, cng vic gn a ch ny gy ra khng t kh
khn.
Tt c cc trm u c kh nng pht v phi lun lun nghe ng dn

pht hin ra mt thng tin c phi gi cho mnh hay khng, nn phi c thit
k sao cho ti vi s trm ti a. y chnh l l do phi hn ch s trm
trong mt on mng. Khi cn m rng mng, phi dng thm cc b lp.
2.3 Cu trc mng
17
trunk-line
Cc on dy dn
drop-line drop-line drop-line
b) trunk-line/drop-line
a) daisy-chain
c) mch vng khng tch cc
Hnh 2.7: Cc cu trc dng bus
Chiu di dy dn thng tng i di, v vy i vi cu trc ng thng xy

ra hin tng phn x ti mi u dy lm gim cht lng ca tn hiu. khc
phc vn ny ngi ta chn hai u dy bng hai tr u cui. Vic s dng
cc tr u cui cng lm tng ti ca h thng.
Trng hp ng dn b t, hoc do ngn mch trong phn kt ni bus ca

mt trm b hng u dn n ngng hot ng ca c h thng. Vic nh v li
y cng gp rt nhiu kh khn.
Cu trc ng thng, lin kt a im gy kh khn trong vic p dng cc

cng ngh truyn tn hiu mi nh s dng cp quang.
Mt s v d mng cng nghip tiu biu c cu trc bus l PROFIBUS, CAN,

WorldFIP, Foundation Fieldbus, LonWorks, AS-i v Ethernet.
2.3.2 Cu trc mch vng (tch cc)

Cu trc mch vng c thit k sao cho cc thnh vin trong mng c ni t
im ny n im kia mt cch tun t trong mt mch vng khp kn. Mi thnh vin
u tham gia tch cc vo vic kim sot dng tn hiu. Khc vi cu trc ng thng,
y tn hiu c truyn i theo mt chiu qui nh. Mi trm nhn c d liu t
trm ng trc v chuyn tip sang trm ln cn ng sau. Qu trnh ny c lp li
ti khi d liu quay tr v trm gi, n s c hy b.
u im c bn ca mng cu trc theo kiu ny l mi mt nt ng thi c th l
mt b khuch i, do vy khi thit k mng theo kiu cu trc vng c th thc hin
vi khong cch v s trm rt ln. Mi trm c kh nng va nhn va pht tn hiu
2.3 Cu trc mng
18
cng mt lc. Bi mi thnh vin ngn cch mch vng ra lm hai phn, v tn hiu ch
c truyn theo mt chiu, nn bin php trnh xung t tn hiu thc hin n gin
hn.
Master
a) Khng c iu khin trung tm
b) C iu khin trung tm
Hnh 2.8: Cu trc mch vng
Trn Hnh 2.8 c hai kiu mch vng c minh ho:
Vi kiu mch vng khng c iu khin trung tm, cc trm u bnh ng nh

nhau trong quyn nhn v pht tn hiu. Nh vy vic kim sot ng dn s do
cc trm t phn chia.
Vi kiu c iu khin trung tm, mt trm ch s m nhim vai tr kim sot

vic truy nhp ng dn.
Cu trc mch vng thc cht da trn c s lin kt im-im, v vy thch hp

cho vic s dng cc phng tin truyn tn hiu hin i nh cp quang, tia hng
ngoi, v.v. Vic gn a ch cho cc thnh vin trong mng cng c th do mt trm ch
thc hin mt cch hon ton t ng, cn c vo th t sp xp vt l ca cc trm
trong mch vng.
Mt u im tip theo ca cu trc mch vng l kh nng xc nh v tr xy ra s
c, v d t dy hay mt trm ngng lm vic. Tuy nhin, s hot ng bnh thng
ca mng cn trong trng hp ny ch c th tip tc vi mt ng dy d phng nh
FDDI. Hnh 2.9 m t cch gii quyt trong trng hp s c do ng dy (a) v s
c ti mt trm (b).
Trong trng hp th nht, cc trm ln cn vi im xy ra s c s t pht hin li
ng dy v t ng chuyn mch sang ng dy ph, i vng qua v tr b li (bypass). ng cong in nt m biu din mch kn sau khi dng bin php by-pass.
Trong trng hp th hai, khi mt trm b hng, hai trm ln cn s t u tt, chuyn
sang cu hnh ging nh daisy-chain.
Mt k thut khc c p dng x l s c ti mt trm l dng cc b chuyn
mch by-pass t ng, nh minh ha trn Hnh 2.10. Mi trm thit b s c u vi
mch vng nh b chuyn mch ny. Trong trng hp s c xy ra, b chuyn mch
s t ng pht hin v ngn mch, b qua thit b c ni mng qua n. Cu trc
mch vng c s dng trong mt s h thng c tin cy cao nh INTERBUS,
Token-Ring (IBM) v c bit l FDDI.
2.3 Cu trc mng
19
8
7
6
1
3
3
4
6
a) By-pass s c ng dy gia 1 v 2
Hnh 2.9:
b) u tt do s c ti trm 3
X l s c trong mch vng p

Thit b
Thit b
B chuyn mch
by-pass
a) Trc khi xy ra s c
b) Sau khi xy ra s c
Hnh 2.10: S dng b chuyn mch by-pass trong mch vng
2.3.3 Cu trc hnh sao

Cu trc hnh sao l mt cu trc mng c mt trm trung tm quan trng hn tt c
cc nt khc, nt ny s iu khin hot ng truyn thng ca ton mng. Cc thnh
vin khc c kt ni gin tip vi nhau qua trm trung tm. Tng t nh cu trc
mch vng, c th nhn thy y kiu lin kt v mt vt l l im-im. Tuy nhin,
lin kt v mt logic vn c th l nhiu im. Nu trm trung tm ng vai tr tch cc,
n c th m ng nhim v kim sot ton b vic truyn thng ca mng, cn nu
khng s ch nh mt b chuyn mch.
Mt nhc im ca cu trc hnh sao l s c trm trung tm s lm t lit ton b
cc hot ng truyn thng trong mng. V vy, trm trung tm thng phi c tin
cy rt cao. Ngi ta phn bit gia hai loi trm trung tm: trm tch cc v trm th
ng. Mt trm th ng ch c vai tr trung chuyn thng tin, trong khi mt trm tch
cc kim sot ton b cc hot ng giao tip trong mng.
Mt nhc im tip theo ca cu trc hnh sao l tn dy dn, nu nh khong
trung bnh gia cc trm nh hn khong cch t chng ti trm trung tm. ng
nhin, trong cc h thng vin thng khng th trnh khi phi dng cu trc ny. i
vi mng truyn thng cng nghip, cu trc hnh sao tm thy trong cc phm vi nh,
v d cc b chia, thng dng vo mc ch m rng cc cu trc khc. Lu rng,
trong nhiu trng hp mt mng cu trc hnh sao v mt vt l li c cu trc logic
nh mt h bus, bi cc trm vn c th t do lin lc nh khng c s tn ti ca trm
2.3 Cu trc mng
20
trung tm. Chnh cc h thng mng Ethernet cng nghip ngy nay s dng ph bin
cu trc ny kt hp vi k thut chuyn mch v phng php truyn dn tc cao.
Hnh 2.11: Cu trc hnh sao
2.3.4 Cu trc cy
Cu trc cy thc cht khng phi l mt cu trc c bn. Mt mng c cu trc cy
chnh l s lin kt ca nhiu mng con c cu trc ng thng, mch vng hoc hnh
sao nh Hnh 2.12 minh ha. c trng ca cu trc cy l s phn cp ng dn.
chia t ng trc ra cc ng nhnh, c th dng cc b ni tch cc (active coupler),
hoc nu mun tng s trm cng nh phm vi ca mt mng ng nht c th dng cc
b lp (repeater). Trong trng hp cc mng con ny hon ton khc loi th phi
dng ti cc b lin kt mng khc nh bridge, router v gateway. Mt s h thng cho
php xy dng cu trc cy cho mt mng ng nht l LonWorks, DeviceNet v AS-i.
b ni
b lp
b ni sao
b ni vng
Hnh 2.12:
Cu trc cy
2.4 Truy nhp bus
21
2.4 Truy nhp bus

2.4.1 t vn
Trong cc h thng mng truyn thng cng nghip th cc h thng c cu trc dng
bus, hay cc h thng bus ng vai tr quan trng nht v nhng l do sau:
Chi ph t cho dy dn
D thc hin lp t
Linh hot
Thch hp cho vic truyn dn trong phm vi khong cch va v nh.
Trong mt mng c cu trc bus, cc thnh vin phi chia nhau thi gian s dng
ng dn. trnh s xung t v tn hiu gy ra sai lnh v thng tin, mi thi
im trn mt ng dn ch duy nht mt in tn c php truyn i. Chnh v vy
mng phi c iu khin sao cho ti mt thi im nht nh th ch mt thnh vin
trong mng c gi thng tin i. Cn s lng thnh vin trong mng mun nhn
thng tin th khng hn ch. Mt trong nhng vn quan trng hng u nh hng
ti cht lng ca mi h thng bus l phng php phn chia thi gian gi thng tin
trn ng dn hay phng php truy nhp bus.
Lu rng, mt s cu trc khc khng phi dng bus, vn xung t tn hiu
cng c th xy ra, tuy khng hin nhin nh cu trc bus. V d i vi cu trc
mch vng, mi trm khng phi bao gi cng c kh nng khng ch hon ton tn
hiu i qua n. Hay cu trc hnh sao, c th trm trung tm khng c vai tr ch
ng, m ch l b chia tn hiu nn kh nng gy xung t khng th trnh khi. Trong
cc cu trc ny ta vn cn mt bin php phn chia quyn truy nhp, tuy c th n
gin hn so vi cu trc bus. Chnh v th, khi nim truy nhp mi trng cng c
dng thay cho truy nhp bus. Tuy nhin, ging nh cch dng khi nim chung bus
trng khng ch dng li cc h thng c cu trc bus, truy nhp bus cng thng
c dng nh mt khi nim chung.
Phng php truy nhp bus l mt trong nhng vn c bn i vi cc h thng
bus, bi mi phng php c nhng nh hng khc nhau ti cc tnh nng k thut ca
h thng. C th, ta phi quan tm ti t nht ba kha cnh: tin cy, tnh nng thi
gian thc v hiu sut s dng ng truyn. Tnh nng thi gian thc y l kh
nng p ng nhu cu trao i thng tin mt cch kp thi v tin cy. Cn hiu sut s
dng ng truyn l mc khai thc, s dng ng truyn.
Ba yu t lin quan ti vic nh gi tnh nng thi gian thc l thi gian p ng ti
a, chu k bus v rung (jitter). Thi gian p ng ti a i vi mt trm l thi
gian ti a m h thng truyn thng cn p ng mt nhu cu trao i d liu ca
trm vi mt trm bt k khc. R rng, thi gian p ng ti a khng phi l mt
thng s c nh, m l mt hm ca di d liu cn trao i. Tuy vy, trong mt
ng dng c th ta thng bit trc di d liu ti a cng nh di d liu tiu
2.4 Truy nhp bus
22
biu m cc trm cn trao i. Do vy, bn cnh thi gian p ng ti a ngi ta cng

quan tm ti thi gian p ng tiu biu.
Do c trng trong k thut t ng ha, a s cc h thng bus c s dng lnh
vc ny lm vic theo chu k. Ch mt s cc hot ng truyn thng xy ra bt thng
(v d thng tin cnh bo, d liu tham s,...), cn phn ln cc d liu c trao i
nh k theo chu k tun hon ca bus. Chu k bus l khong thi gian ti thiu m sau
cc hot ng truyn thng chnh lp li nh c. Trong iu khin t ng, chu k
bus nh hng ti s chnh xc ca chu k ly mu tn hiu. Lu s khc nhau gia
chu k bus v nhp bus (xem phn 2.1).
C th d thy, thi gian p ng v chu k bus c lin quan vi nhau, nhng khng
mc rng buc. Chu k bus ln thng s lm tng thi gian p ng. Tuy nhin,
thi gian p ng ti a c th nh hoc ln hn mt chu k bus, ph thuc vo phng
php truy nhp bus.
C th phn loi cch truy nhp bus thnh nhm cc phng php tin nh v nhm
cc phng php ngu nhin (Hnh 2.13). Vi cc phng php tin nh, trnh t truy
nhp bus c xc nh r rng. Vic truy nhp bus c kim sot cht ch theo cch
tp trung mt trm ch (phng php Master/Slave hay ch/t), theo s qui nh
trc v thi gian (phng php TDMA) hoc phn tn bi cc thnh vin (phng
php Token Passing). Nu mi hot ng truyn thng c hn ch bi mt khong
thi gian hoc mt di d liu nht nh, th thi gian p ng ti a cng nh chu
k bus c th tnh ton c. Cc h thng ny v th c gi c tnh nng thi gian
thc.
Phng php
truy nhp bus
Truy nhp tin nh
Kim sot tp trung

Master/Slave
TDMA
Kim sot phn tn

Token Passing
Truy nhp ngu nhin
Nhn bit xung t

CSMA/CD
Trnh xung t
CSMA/CA
Hnh 2.13: Phn loi cc phng php truy nhp bus
Ngc li, trong cc phng php ngu nhin trnh t truy nhp bus khng c quy
nh cht ch trc, m xy ra hon ton theo nhu cu ca cc trm. Mi thnh vin
trong mng c th th truy nhp bus gi thng tin i bt c lc no. loi tr tc
hi ca vic xung t gy nn, c nhng phng php ph bin nh nhn bit xung t
(CSMA/CD) hoc trnh xung t (CSMA/CA). Nguyn tc hot ng ca cc phng
php ny l khi c xung t tn hiu xy ra, th t nht mt trm phi ngng gi v ch
mt khong thi gian no trc khi th li, mc d kh nng thnh cng k c lc
ny cng khng c m bo. Ngi ta thng coi cc h thng s dng cc phng
2.4 Truy nhp bus
23
php ny khng c kh nng thi gian thc. Tuy nhin, ty theo lnh vc ng dng c
th m yu cu v tnh nng thi gian thc cng khc nhau.
2.4.2 Ch/t (Master/Slave)

Trong phng php ch/t, mt trm ch (master) c trch nhim ch ng phn
chia quyn truy nhp bus cho cc trm t (slave). Cc trm t ng vai tr b ng, ch
c quyn truy nhp bus v gi tn hiu i khi c yu cu. Trm ch c th dng phng
php hi tun t (polling) theo chu k kim sot ton b hot ng giao tip ca c
h thng. Nh vy, cc trm t c th gi cc d liu thu thp t qu trnh k thut ti
trm ch (c th l mt PLC, mt PC, v.v...) cng nh nhn cc thng tin iu khin t
trm ch.
Master
Slave
Slave
Hnh 2.14:
Slave
Slave
Phng php ch/t
Trong mt s h thng, thm ch cc trm t khng c quyn giao tip trc tip vi
nhau, m bt c d liu cn trao i no cng phi qua trm ch. Nu hot ng giao
tip din ra theo chu k, trm ch s c trch nhim ch ng yu cu d liu t trm t
cn gi v sau s chuyn ti trm t cn nhn. Trong trng hp mt trm t cn
trao i d liu bt thng vi mt trm khc phi thng bo yu cu ca mnh khi
c trm ch hi n v sau ch c phc v.
Trnh t c tham gia giao tip, hay trnh t c hi ca cc trm t c th do
ngi s dng qui nh trc (tin nh) bng cc cng c to lp cu hnh. Trong
trng hp ch c mt trm ch duy nht, thi gian cn cho trm ch hon thnh vic
hi tun t mt vng cng chnh l thi gian ti thiu ca chu k bus. Do vy, chu k
bus c th tnh ton trc c mt cch tng i chc chn. y chnh l mt trong
nhng yu t th hin tnh nng thi gian thc ca h thng.
Phng php ch/t c mt u im l vic kt ni mng cc trm t n gin,
tn km bi gn nh ton b tr tu tp trung ti trm ch. Mt trm ch thng li l
mt thit b iu khin, v vy vic tch hp thm chc nng x l truyn thng l iu
khng kh khn.
Mt nhc im ca phng php kim sot tp trung ch/t l hiu sut trao i
thng tin gia cc trm t b gim do phi d liu phi i qua khu trung gian l trm
ch, dn n gim hiu sut s dng ng truyn. Nu hai trm t cn trao i mt
bin d liu n gin vi nhau (mt PLC c th l trm t), th trong trng hp xu
2.4 Truy nhp bus
24
nht thi gian p ng vn c th ko di ti hn mt chu k bus. Mt bin php ci

thin tnh hung ny l cho php cc trm t trao i d liu trc tip trong mt chng
mc c kim sot, nh Hnh 2.15 minh ha. Tnh hung y l trm t 2 mun gi
d liu cho trm t 1, trong khi trm t 2 li c trm ch hi ti sau trm t 1. Sau
khi trm ch yu cu trm t 1 nhn d liu (receive_request) v trm t 2 gi d liu
(send_request), trm t 2 c th gi trc tip ti trm t 1 (send_data). Nhn c lnh
kt thc t trm t 2 (send_completed), trm t 1 s c trch nhim thng bo ngc tr
li trm ch (receive_completed). Nh vy, vic truy nhp ng truyn cng khng b
chng cho ln nhau, m hai trm t vn trao i c d liu ni trong mt chu k
bus.
Master
Slave 1
Slave 2
1: receive_request
2: send_request
3: send_data
4: send_completed
5: receive_completed
Hnh 2.15: Ci thin trao i d liu gia hai trm t
Mt hn ch na ca phng php ny l tin cy ca h thng truyn thng ph

thuc hon ton vo mt trm ch duy nht. Trong trng hp c xy ra s c trn trm
ch th ton b h thng truyn thng ngng lm vic. Mt cch khc phc l s dng
mt trm t ng vai tr gim st trm ch v c kh nng thay th trm ch khi cn
thit.
Chnh v hai l do nu trn, phng php ch/t ch c dng ph bin trong cc h
thng bus cp thp, tc bus trng hay bus thit b, khi vic trao i thng tin hu nh
ch din ra gia trm ch l thit b iu khin v cc trm t l thit b trng hoc cc
module vo/ra phn tn. Trong trng hp gia cc thit b t c nhu cu trao i d
liu trc tip, trm ch ch c vai tr phn chia quyn truy nhp bus ch khng kim
sot hon ton hot ng giao tip trong h thng.
2.4.3 TDMA
Trong phng php kim sot truy nhp phn chia thi gian TDMA (Time Division
Multiple Access), mi trm c phn mt thi gian truy nhp bus nht nh. Cc trm
c th ln lt thay nhau gi thng tin trong khong thi gian cho php - gi l khe thi
gian hay lt thi gian (time slot, time slice ) - theo mt tun t qui nh sn. Vic phn
chia ny c thc hin trc khi h thng i vo hot ng (tin nh). Khc vi
phng php ch/t, y c th c hoc khng c mt trm ch. Trong trng hp c
2.4 Truy nhp bus
25
mt trm ch th vai tr ca n ch hn ch mc kim sot vic tun th m bo

gi ng lt thi gian ca cc trm khc. Mi trm u c kh nng m nhim vai tr
ch ng trong giao tip trc tip vi cc trm khc.
1
...
Theo yu cu
Chu k bus (chu k TDMA)
Hnh 2.16: Phng php TDMA
Hnh 2.16 minh ha cch phn chia thi gian cho cc trm trong mt chu k bus.
Ngoi cc lt thi gian phn chia c nh cho cc trm dng trao i d liu nh k
(nh s t 1 ti N), thng cn c mt khong d tr dnh cho vic trao i d liu
bt thng theo yu cu, v d gi thng tin cnh bo, mnh lnh t cu hnh, d liu
tham s, setpoint,...
V nguyn tc, TDMA c th thc hin theo nhiu cch khc nhau. C th phn chia
th t truy nhp bus theo v tr sp xp ca cc trm trong mng, theo th t a ch,
hoc theo tnh cht ca cc hot ng truyn thng. Cng c th kt hp TDMA vi
phng php ch/t nhng cho php cc trm t giao tip trc tip. C h thng li s
dng mt bc in tng hp c cu trc ging nh s phn chia thi gian trn Hnh
2.16 cc trm c th c v ghi d liu vo phn tng ng.
2.4.4 Token Passing

Token l mt bc in ngn khng mang d liu, c cu trc c bit phn bit
vi cc bc in mang thng tin ngun, c dng tng t nh mt cha kha. Mt
trm c quyn truy nhp bus v gi thng tin i ch trong thi gian n c gi
token. Sau khi khng c nhu cu gi thng tin, trm ang c token s phi gi tip ti
mt trm khc theo mt trnh t nht nh. Nu trnh t ny ng vi trnh t sp xp
vt l trong mt mch vng (tch cc hoc khng tch cc), ta dng khi nim Token
Ring (chun IEEE 802.4). Cn nu trnh t c qui nh ch c tnh cht logic nh
cu trc bus (v d theo th t a ch), ta ni ti Token Bus (chun IEEE 802.5). Trong
mi trng hp u hnh thnh mt mch vng logic.
Trm 2
Trm 1
Token
Trm 2
Trm 3
Trm 1
Token
Trm 4
Trm 6
Trm 3
Trm 4
Trm 5
Trm 6
Trm 5
Token Ring
Token Bus
Hnh 2.17: Hai dng ca phng php Token Passing

2.4 Truy nhp bus
26
Mt trm ang gi token khng nhng c quyn gi thng tin i, m cn c th c

vai tr kim sot s hot ng mt s trm khc, v d kim tra xem c trm no xy ra
s c hay khng. Cc trm khng c token cng c kh nng tham gia kim sot, v d
nh sau mt thi gian nht nh m token khng c a tip, c th do trm ang gi
token c vn . Trong trng hp , mt trm s c chc nng to mt token mi.
Chnh v vy, Token Passing c xp vo phng php kim sot phn tn. Trnh t
cng nh thi gian c quyn gi token, thi gian phn ng v chu k bus ti a c
th tnh ton trc, do vy phng php truy nhp ny cng c coi l c tnh tin
nh.
Token Passing cng c th s dng kt hp vi phng php ch/t, trong mi
trm c quyn gi token l mt trm ch, hay cn c gi l trm tch cc. Phng
php kt hp ny cn c gi l nhiu ch (Multi-Master), tiu biu trong h
PROFIBUS. Cc trm ch ny c th l cc b iu khin hoc cc my tnh lp trnh,
cn cc trm t (trm khng tch cc) l cc thit b vo/ra phn tn, cc thit b trng
thng minh. Mi trm ch qun l quyn truy nhp ca mt s trm t trc thuc, trong
khi gia cc trm ch th quyn truy nhp bus c phn chia theo cch chuyn token.
Tuy nhin, mt trm ng vai tr l ch y khng bt buc phi c cc trm t trc
thuc.
(1)
Master
Master
Master
Master
Master
(2)
Slave
Slave
Slave
Slave
(1) Token passing gia cc trm tch cc

(2) Master/slave gia mt trm tch cc v mt s trm khng tch cc
Hnh 2.18: Truy nhp bus kt hp nhiu ch (Multi-Master)
2.4.5 CSMA/CD
CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection) l mt phng
php ni ting cng vi mng Ethernet (IEEE 802.3).
2.4 Truy nhp bus
27
Nguyn tc lm vic
Theo phng php CSMA/CD, mi trm u c quyn truy nhp bus m khng cn
mt s kim sot no. Phng php c tin hnh nh sau:
Mi trm u phi t nghe ng dn (carrier sense), nu ng dn ri (khng

c tn hiu) th mi c pht.
Do vic lan truyn tn hiu cn mt thi gian no , nn vn c kh nng hai

trm cng pht tn hiu ln ng dn. Chnh v vy, trong khi pht th mi trm
vn phi nghe ng dn so snh tn hiu pht i vi tn hiu nhn c xem
c xy ra xung t hay khng (collision detection).
Trong trng hp xy ra xung t, mi trm u phi hu b bc in ca mnh,

ch mt thi gian ngu nhin v th gi li.
1.
2.
3.
4.
carrier
sense
multiple
access
collision
...
detection
A pht hin xung t, hy b bc In
Ch mt thi gian ngu nhin v lp li
C pht hin xung t, hy b bc In

Ch mt thi gian ngu nhin v lp li
Hnh 2.19: Minh ha phng php CSMA/CD
Mt tnh hung xy ra xung t tiu biu v cch khc phc c minh ha trn
Hnh 2.19. Trm A v C cng nghe ng dn. ng dn ri nn A c th gi trc.
Trong khi tn hiu t trm A gi i cha kp ti nn trm C khng hay bit v cng gi,
gy ra xung t ti mt im gn C. A v C s ln lt nhn c tn hiu phn hi, so
snh vi tn hiu gi i v pht hin xung t. C hai trm s cng phi hy bc in
gi i bng cch khng pht tip, cc trm mun nhn s khng nhn c c hiu kt
thc bc in v s coi nh bc in khng hp l. A v C cng c th gi i mt tn
hiu jam c bit bo cho cc trm cn nhn bit. Sau mi trm s ch mt thi
gian ch ngu nhin, trc khi th pht li. Thi gian ch ngu nhin y tuy nhin
phi c tnh theo mt thut ton no sao cho thi gian ch ngn mt cch hp
l v khng ging nhau gia cc trm cng ch. Thng thng thi gian ch ny l mt
bi s ca hai ln thi gian lan truyn tn hiu TS.
2.4 Truy nhp bus
28
u im ca CSMA/CD l tnh cht n gin, linh hot. Khc vi cc phng php

tin nh, vic ghp thm hay b i mt trm trong mng khng nh hng g ti hot
ng ca h thng. Chnh v vy, phng php ny c p dng rng ri trong mng
Ethernet.
Nhc im ca CSMA/CD l tnh bt nh ca thi gian phn ng. Cc trm u
bnh ng nh nhau nn qu trnh ch mt trm c th lp i lp li, khng xc nh
c tng i chnh xc thi gian. Hiu sut s dng ng truyn v th cng thp.
R rng, nu nh khng kt hp thm vi cc k thut khc th phng php ny khng
thch hp vi cc cp thp, i hi trao i d liu nh k, thi gian thc.
iu kin rng buc
Kh nng thc hin phng php CSMA/CD b hn ch bi mt iu kin rng buc
gia chiu di dy dn, tc truyn thng v chiu di bc in. Ch khi mt trm
pht hin c xung t xy ra trong khi bc in cha gi xong mi c kh nng hy
b bc in (c th ch n gin bng cch khng gi tip c hiu kt thc). Cn nu
bc in c gi i xong ri mi pht hin xy ra xung t th qu mun, mt
trm khc c th nhn c v x l bc in vi ni dung sai lch.
Trong trng hp xu nht hai trm cng gi thng tin c th hai u ca dy dn,
trm th hai ch gi in trc khi tn hiu t trm th nht ti mt cht. Tn hiu b
xung t xy ra y phi mt thm mt khong thi gian na ng bng thi gian lan
truyn tn hiu TS mi quay tr li ti trm th nht. Nh vy iu kin thc hin
phng php CSMA/CD l thi gian gi mt bc in phi ln hn hai ln thi gian lan
truyn tn hiu, tc:
(Chiu di bc in n / Tc truyn v) > 2TS
<=> n/v > 2l/(0,66*300.000.000),
vi l l chiu di dy dn v h s k = 0,67
<=> lv < 100.000.000n
y chnh l iu kin rng buc trong vic nng cao tc v tng chiu di dy
dn. V d i vi mt mng Fast Ethernet (100Mbit/s) c chiu di 100m th mt bc
in khng th ngn hn 100 bit. H qu ca iu kin rng buc ny l hiu sut truyn
thng s rt thp nu nh d liu cn trao i khng ln. Mt ln na, ta thy rng
phng php ny khng thch hp lm cho cc h thng mng cp thp.
2.4.6 CSMA/CA
Nguyn tc lm vic
CSMA/CA l thut ng vit tt t Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision
Avoidance. Tng t nh CSMA/CD, mi trm u phi nghe ng dn trc khi gi
cng nh sau khi gi thng tin. Tuy nhin, mt phng php m ha bit thch hp c
s dng y trong trng hp xy ra xung t, mt tn hiu s ln t tn hiu kia.
V d tng ng vi bit 0 l mc in p cao s ln t mc in p thp ca bit 1.
2.4 Truy nhp bus
29
Mc tn hiu ln t
--> pht tip
T1
0*
R1
T2
1*
R2
Hnh 2.20:
Pht hin li
--> ngng pht
Minh ha phng php CSMA/CA
Mt tnh hung tiu biu c minh ha trn Hnh 2.20. T1 l thng tin do trm 1
gi i v R1 l thng tin trm 1 nghe c phn hi t ng dn, T2 l thng tin do
trm 2 pht i v R2 l thng tin trm 2 nghe c. Khi hai bc in khc nhau mt
bit no , trm th hai s pht hin ra xung t v ngng pht, cn trm th nht c
mc tn hiu ln t nn coi nh khng c chuyn g xy ra v tip tc pht. Trm th hai
c th ch mt thi gian ngu nhin, hoc ch khi no ng dn ri tr li s gi.
iu kin rng buc
iu kin thc hin theo c ch trn l mi trm u phi nhn c tn hiu phn
hi tng ng vi bit va gi, trc khi gi mt bit tip theo, nh vy mi c kh nng
dng li kp thi khi xy ra xung t cng nh bit tip theo khng b nh hng.
Nh vy, thi gian bit TB phi ln hn hai ln thi gian lan truyn tn hiu TS, hay l:
1/v > 2TS, vi v l tc truyn
<=> 1/v > 2l/(0,67*300.000.000)
<=> lv < 100.000.000
vi l l chiu di dy dn v h s k = 0,67. V d, vi tc truyn l 1Mbit/s th
chiu di dy dn phi nh hn 100m. R rng, iu kin rng buc y tuy ngt
ngho hn so vi phng php CSMA/CD, nhng khng lin quan ti chiu di ti
thiu ca mt bc in.
Qui nh mc u tin
Mi bc in u c bt u bng mt dy bit c bit c gi l c hiu, sau
l ti cc phn khc nh thng tin kim sot, a ch,... i vi phng php
CSMA/CA, c th s dng mc u tin cho mi trm (hoc theo loi thng tin) v gn
m u tin (001, 010, v.v...) vo phn ng sau c hiu ca mi bc in. Bc in no
c mc u tin cao hn (tc m s u tin thp hn) s ln t cc bc in khc. Trong
trng hp s dng mc u tin theo trm, c th ly chnh a ch ca trm lm m s
u tin. Cng c th kt hp phng php nh mc u tin theo loi thng tin v theo
a ch. Mt bc in c mc u tin cao nht c xt trc ht theo loi thng tin v
sau theo a ch trm.
2.4 Truy nhp bus
30
Nh c phng php s dng mc u tin m tnh nng thi gian thc ca h thng
c ci thin. C th thy r, tuy b hn ch v tc truyn v chiu di dy dn, hiu
sut s dng ng truyn phng php ny rt cao. Cc trm ch gi thng tin i khi
c nhu cu v nu xy ra xung t th mt trong hai bc in vn tip tc c gi i.
2.5 Bo ton d liu
31
2.5 Bo ton d liu

2.5.1 t vn
Bo ton d liu l phng php s dng x l giao thc pht hin v khc phc
li, trong pht hin li ng vai tr hng u. Khi pht hin c li, c th c
cch khi phc d liu, hay bin php n gin hn l yu cu gi li d liu. Cc
phng php bo ton d liu thng dng l:
Parity bit 1 chiu v 2 chiu
CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check)
Nhi bit (Bit stuffing).
Nguyn l c bn
Nhim v bo ton d liu l mt c th sp xp thuc lp 2 (lp lin kt d liu)
trong m hnh qui chiu OSI. Trong qu trnh m ha ngun, bn gi b sung mt s
thng tin ph tr, c tnh theo mt thut ton qui c vo bc in cn gi i. Da
vo thng tin b tr ny m bn nhn c th kim sot v pht hin ra li trong d liu
nhn c (gii m).
Ch rng k c thng tin ngun v thng tin ph tr u c th b li, nn phi cn
nhc quan h gia lng thng tin ngun v lng thng tin ph tr, nu khng mt
phng php bo ton d liu s khng t c mong mun v tin cy ca d liu,
thm ch c th s phn tc dng. Trc khi phn tch, nh gi tc dng ca cc
phng php bo ton d liu, cn a ra mt s nh ngha nh di y.
T l bit li
T l bit li p l thc o c trng cho nhiu ca knh truyn dn, c tnh bng
t l gia s bit b li trn tng s bit c truyn i. Ni mt cch khc, t l bit li
chnh l xc sut mt bit truyn i b li. Lu rng, t l bit li xu nht khng phi l
1, m l 0,5. Trong trng hp p = 1, tc l bt c bit no truyn i cng b sai lch, ta
ch vic o li tt c cc bit khi phc li d liu. Khi p = 0,5 tc xc sut c hai bit
truyn i li c mt bit b li th ng truyn ny hon ton khng s dng c, bi
theo l thuyt thng tin th khng th c mt phng php bo ton d liu no c th
p dng tin cy, c hiu qu. Trong k thut, p = 10-4 l mt gi tr thng chp nhn
c. Mt ng truyn c t l bit li nh vy c th thc hin c tng i d
dng.
T l li cn li
T l li cn li R l thng s c trng cho tin cy d liu ca mt h thng
truyn thng, sau khi thc hin cc bin php bo ton (k c truyn li trong trng
hp pht hin ra li). T l li cn li c tnh bng t l gia s bc in cn b li
khng pht hin c trn tng s bc in c truyn. ng nhin, gi tr ny
khng nhng ph thuc vo t l bit li v phng php bo ton d liu m cn ph
2.5 Bo ton d liu
32
thuc vo chiu di trung bnh ca cc bc in. Mt bc in cng di th xc sut li

cng ln.
Thi gian trung bnh gia hai ln li
T l li cn li l mt thng s tng i kh hnh dung, v vy trong thc t ngi
ta hay xt ti thi gian trung bnh gia hai ln li TMTBF (MTBF = Mean Time Between
Failures). Thng s ny c lin quan cht ch ti gi tr t l li cn li:
TMTBF = n/(v*R),
vi n l chiu di bc in tnh bng bit v v l tc truyn tnh bng bit/s. Gi s
mt bc in c chiu di n = 100 bit c truyn lin tc vi tc 1200 bit/s, quan h
gia t l bit li v thi gian trung bnh gia hai ln li s c th hin nh sau:
R
TMTBF
10-6
1 ngy
10-10
26 nm
10-14
260 000 nm
Khong cch Hamming (Hamming Distance, HD)

Khong cch Hamming (gi theo nh khoa hc M R.W. Hamming) l thng s c
trng cho bn vng ca mt m d liu, hay ni cch khc chnh l kh nng pht
hin li ca mt phng php bo ton d liu. HD c gi tr bng s lng bit li ti
thiu m khng m bo chc chn pht hin c trong mt bc in. Nu trong mt
bc in ch c th pht hin mt cch chc chn k bit b li, th HD = k+1. V d, nu
mt li duy nht c th pht hin c mt cch chc chn (nh trong phng php
dng parity bit 1 chiu), th khong cch Hamming l 2. y l gi tr ti thiu m mt
phng php truyn i hi. Cc h thng bus trng thng dng thng c khong
cch Hamming l 4, cc h thng t tin cy rt cao vi HD = 6.
Theo l thuyt thng tin th s lng bit li chc chn pht hin c khng bao gi
ln hn lng thng tin ph tr dng kim li. ng nhin, mun t c gi tr
HD ln th phi tng lng thng tin ph tr, nhng ta cng ch kha cnh phn tc
dng ca thng tin phc tr c nhc ti - khi m thng tin ph tr cng c th b
li.
Hiu sut truyn d liu
Hiu sut truyn d liu E l mt thng s c trng cho vic s dng hiu qu cc
bc in phc v chc nng bo ton d liu, c tnh bng t l s bit mang thng tin
ngun (bit d liu) khng b li trn ton b s bit c truyn. Ta c:
E = m (1-p)n/n
mn p -
S lng bit d liu trong mi bc in

Chiu di bc in
T l bit li
V d 1:
2.5 Bo ton d liu
33
m=
8 bit
n =
11 bit (1 bit u + 8 bit d liu + 1 bit chn l+ 1 bit cui)
p =
10-3
Hiu sut truyn d liu E = 0,72.
V d 2:
m=
8 bit
n =
24 bit (4 bit u + 8 bit d liu + 8 bit CRC + 4 bit cui)
p =
10-3
V d 3:
m=
8 bit
n =
19 bit (4 start bit + 8 bit d liu + 3 bit CRC + 4 stop bit)
p =
10-3
R rng, vic tng lng thng tin ph tr mt chng mc no c th tng
tin cy cho d liu, song hiu qu truyn d liu v th cng gim i. Nh bn, nu t
l bit li p = 0,5 th bc in nhn c hon ton khng c gi tr. iu c ngha l,
s lng bit kim li khng bao gi cn thit phi bng hoc ln hn mt na s bit d
liu. So snh v d 2 v v d 3, ta s thy s la chn 3 bit thng tin kim li v d 3
ng n hn trn c phng din hiu qu truyn d liu v tin cy d liu.
2.5.2 Bit chn l (Parity bit)

Bit chn l l mt phng php kim tra li n gin, c p dng rt rng ri.
Nguyn tc lm vic c m t nh sau. Tu theo tng s cc bit 1 trong thng tin
ngun l chn hay l m ta thm vo mt bit thng tin ph tr p = 0 hoc p = 1, gi l
parity bit, hay bit chn l. Trong trng hp ny, ta cng gi l parity bit mt chiu.
Phng php ny rt n gin v hiu qu. Gi tr ca bit chn l p ph thuc vo cch
chn:
Nu chn parity chn, th p bng 0 khi tng s bit 1 l chn.
Nu chn parity l, th p bng 0 khi tng s bit 1 l l.
Gi s ch mt hoc ba bit trong bc in gi i b o, bn nhn s so snh v pht

hin c. Nhng ch cn hai bit trong mt bc in b li, th bn nhn s khng pht
hin c nh bit chn l. Ni mt cch khc, s bit li chc chn pht hin c y
l ch 1. V vy, khong cch Hamming ca phng php bit chn l mt chiu lun l
2. iu ny ni ln kh nng pht hin li thp, v vy bit chn l t khi c dng c
lp m thng phi kt hp vi cc phng php khc.
Nh nu, t gia chiu di thng tin ngun v thng tin b tr nh hng mnh ti
hiu qu ca phng php. y, thng tin b tr ch l 1 bit. Trong thc t, chiu di
thng tin ngun thng c chn l 7 hoc 8 bit. Mt v d tiu biu s dng bit chn
l c nu trong giao thc UART (xem phn 2.4.2).
2.5 Bo ton d liu
34
2.5.3 Bit chn l 2 chiu

Phng php dng bit chn l hai chiu cn c gi l phng php bo ton khi.
Dy bit mang thng tin ngun c sp xp li thnh tng khi vung (trong tng
tng), coi nh c hai chiu. Trong thc t ngi ta hay chn 7 hng v 7 ct. Vic tnh
bit chn l c thc hin theo c hai chiu hng v ct.
Di y l v d mt bc in s dng bit chn l 2 chiu khng b li, vi cu trc
(7+1) x (7+1) v parity chn. Mt im ng ch l s bit 1 hoc 0 ct p (tnh parity
theo hng) cng ging nh hng p (tnh parity theo ct), nn bit cui cng giao nhau
gia hng p v ct p c th tnh parity theo hng hoc ct.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Trong trng hp ch mt bt b o, v d hng th 3 v ct th 4 trong bng sau

y, th li khng nhng pht hin c, m ta cn c th cho rng li nh v c
v v vy sa c.
2.5 Bo ton d liu
35
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Tng t nh vy, hai bit b li nm khc hng v khc ct s pht hin c v sa

c. Tuy nhin, nu hai bit b li li nm cng mt ct hay cng mt hng, th chng
ch c th pht hin nhng khng nh v c.
Trong trng hp 3 bit b o, bn nhn vn chc chn pht hin c c li. Tuy
nhin, mt iu rt th v l y bn nhn khng khng nh c s li l 1 hay l 3.
Xc nh nhm s li y l 1 s dn n nhm ln tai hi khi tm cch sa bit li. Lt
li vn v d mt li hoc hai li (khc hng v khc ct) xt trn, r rng bn
nhn khng c cch g xc nh c s li mt cch chnh xc m ch bit c s li
l chn hoc l. Ti t hn na l khi chnh cc parity bit c th b li. Nh vy c th
kt lun rng ngay c vi phng php parity hai chiu ny, bn nhn nu c pht hin
ra li cng khng c kh nng sa li mt cch tin cy.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Ta xt tip trng hp 4 bit b li cng nm 2 hng v 2 ct bt k. Cch tnh chn

l theo c hai chiu u khng pht hin c, tuy xc sut xy ra tnh hung ny rt
nh. Vy khong cch Hamming ca m d liu thc hin theo phng php ny l 4.
2.5 Bo ton d liu
36
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
2.5.4 CRC
CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) cn c gi l phng php m a thc hoc m
vng. Phng php ny c s dng trong hu ht cc h thng truyn thng. Tuy ci
tn ca n khng biu hin nhiu, nhng tng y l thng tin kim li ( y
c gi l checksum) phi c tnh bng mt thut ton thch hp, trong gi tr
mi bit ca thng tin ngun u c tham gia nhiu ln vo qu trnh tnh ton.
tnh ton thng tin kim li , ngi ta dng mt a thc pht G (generator
polynomial) c mt dng c bit. Chnh v th phng php ny cn c gi l
phng php dng a thc. G c qui c di dng nh phn, tc cc h s ca n
ch c gi tr 1 hoc 0 tng ng vi cc ch s trong mt dy bit. V d:
Dng a thc:
G = x7 + x6 + x5 + (0x4 + 0x3) + x2 + (0x1) + 1
Dng nh phn:
G = {11100101}
Dng octal:
G = {345}
Nguyn tc c bn ca phng php CRC

Gi s a thc G c bc n, v d x3+x+1 tng ng vi dy bit {1011}. Dy bit mang
thng tin ngun I c thm vo n bit 0 v coi nh mt a thc nh phn P. V d thng
tin ngun l {110101} th sau khi thm 3 bit 0, ta c dy bit {110101000} tng ng
vi a thc P = x8+x7+x5+x3.
a thc P c chia cho a thc G, da vo cc qui tc n gin ca php tr

khng c nh nh sau:
1-1=0
0-0=0
1-0=1
0-1=1
Khng cn quan tm ti kt qu ca php chia, phn d R (ly n ch s) ca
php chia c thay th vo ch ca n ch 0 b sung trong P, tc l ta c D = P +
2.5 Bo ton d liu
37
R. Theo tnh cht ca php chia a thc nh phn, nu D-R chia ht cho G th D =
P+R cng vy. R c gi l checksum v D chnh l dy bit c gi i thay
cho I.
Gi s dy bit nhn c l D' khng chia ht cho G th tc l D khc D', ta c

th khng nh c rng bc in chc chn b li. Ngc li, nu D' chia ht
cho G, th xc sut rt cao l bc in nhn c khng c li. Ta ni xc sut
cao, bi mi bit trong thng tin ngun tham gia nhiu vng (cyclic) vo tnh
ton thng tin b tr nn kh nng d kin sai m kt qu ng l rt t.
V d minh ha
Thng tin cn truyn I = 110101
a thc qui c G = 1011 (tc x3 + x + 1)
Thm 3 bit 0 vo thng tin ngun I, ta c P = 110101000
Chia a thc P : G theo kiu nh phn

110101000
-1011
01100
-1011
01111
-1011
01000
-1011
001100
-1011
0111
1011
111101
Phn d R
Dy bit c chuyn i: D = P + R = 110101111
Gi s d liu nhn c l D' = 110101111
Chia a thc D' : G

110101111 : 1011 = 111101
Phn d 0000 -> Xc sut rt cao l khng c li
Mt iu ng ch l tuy phng php CRC c v nh phc tp, nhng thc s

vic thc hin n li rt n gin. Php chia a thc nh phn y c thc hin
thun ty bi cc php tr khng c nh - hay chnh l cc php logic XOR. Bn cnh
ch cn cc php sao chp v so snh bit thng thng.
Nh ta thy, kh nng pht hin li c c trng qua khong cch Hamming ph
thuc hon ton vo cch chn a thc qui c G. Tuy nhin, phng php ny t
c hiu qu ti u, cn cn nhc c ti quan h gia chiu di ca dy bit mang thng
tin ngun v bc ca a thc G. Mt cch k hiu thng c dng ch quan h ny
2.5 Bo ton d liu
38
c gi l m (m, n), trong m l tng s bit v n l s bit mang d liu. Mt cu

trc bc in theo tiu chun DIN 19 244:
Tn gi: M (8i+8, 8i), vi i = 1...15 l s byte (octet) ca d liu
Lp cu trc (format class): FT2
a thc pht: G = 11100101, tc x7 + x6 + x5 + x2 + 1
Khong cch Hamming: HD = 4
V d vi i = 7, ta s c m (64, 56), tc bc in di 8 byte cha 7 byte d liu.
Trong 8 bit kim li c 7 bit l phn d R c tnh theo phng php CRC, bit cn li
chnh l parity bit chn ca R, sau gi tr mi bit li c o li.
2.5.5 Nhi bit (Bit Stuffing)

Nhi bit (bit stuffing) thng khng c coi nh mt phng php bo ton d liu
c lp, m thng c s dng vi mc ch chnh l to mt dy bit thun li cho
vic ng gi d liu v m ha bit. Cc bc in thng dng mt dy bit c bit lm
c hiu khi u v kt thc, do vy i hi trong phn cn li khng c php xut
hin mu bit ny. Bn cnh , trong qu trnh m ha bit ngi ta cng c gng trit
tiu dng mt chiu bng cch loi b cc chui di bit 1 lin tc. V vy, ngi ta tm
cch nhi thm mt s bit vo dy bit nguyn bn trnh xut hin mt chui di bit 1
lin tc cng nh trnh trng lp vi mt s mu bit c bit. Hiu ng ph ca cch
lm ny chnh l to iu kin cho bn nhn d pht hin li hn, v d trong trng
hp mu bit c bit xut hin trong phn ni dung ca bc in nhn c.
Phng php nhi bit c thc hin theo nguyn tc sau:
Bn gi: Nu trong d liu c n bits 1 ng lin nhau th thm mt bit 0 vo

ngay sau . Nh vy trong dy bit c chuyn i khng th xut hin n+1 bits
1 i lin nhau.
Bn nhn: Nu pht hin thy n bits 1 lin nhau m bit tip theo l 0 th c
tch ra, cn nu l bit 1 th d liu chc chn b li.
V d vi n = 5 (nh CAN-Bus):
Thng tin ngun
0111111
Thng tin gi i
01111101
Nu thng tin nhn c D' = 01111101, bn nhn c th coi xc sut cao khng
c li, thng tin ngun I s c hi phc bng cch b i bit 0 ng sau nm bit
1 (gch chn).
Nu thng tin nhn c D' = 11111101, qua mu bit c bit bn nhn s pht
hin ra li.
Trong thc t, c ba phng php bit chn l, CRC v nhi bit u c th s dng
phi hp. V d mt thng tin ngun, sau khi p dng phng php CRC, c th tnh
bit chn l cho phn thng tin b sung (R). Ton b dy bit nhn c c th li a
2.5 Bo ton d liu
39
qua khu nhi bit hoc bc in c th c truyn theo tng k t UART vi kim tra
chn l cho tng k t, trc khi thc hin m ha bit.
2.6 M ha bit
40
2.6 M ha bit
M ha bit l qu trnh chuyn i dy bit (1,0) sang mt tn hiu thch hp c th
truyn dn trong mi trng vt l1. Vic chuyn i ny chnh l s dng mt tham s
thng tin thch hp m ha dy bit cn truyn ti. Cc tham s thng tin c th c
cha ng trong bin , tn s, pha hoc sn xung, v.v... S thch hp y phi
c nh gi da theo cc yu cu k thut nh kh nng chng nhiu cng nh gy
nhiu, kh nng ng b ha v trit tiu dng mt chiu.
2.6.1 Cc tiu chun trong m ha bit

Tn s ca tn hiu
Cc tn hiu c s dng trong truyn d liu thng khng phi l cc dao ng
iu ha, tn s ca chng bin thin theo thi gian, ph thuc vo dy bit cn m ha
v ph thuc vo phng php m ha bit. Cn phn bit gia tn s tn hiu v tn s
nhp ca bus. i vi mt tc truyn c nh th tn s nhp l mt hng s, cn tn
s tn hiu c th thay i. Tuy nhin tn s tn hiu cng t l mt cch tng i vi
tn s nhp, n c th ln hoc nh hn tn s nhp, ty theo cch m ha bit.
Tn s ca tn hiu nh hng ti nhiu tnh nng ca h thng. Tn hiu c tn s
cng cao hoc di tn rng mt mt s gy ra suy gim tn hiu cng ln, mt khc s
gy nhiu in t ln hn ra mi trng xung quanh. Nhc im th nht dn n phi
hn ch chiu di dy dn hoc phi s dng cc b lp, trong khi nhc im th hai
nh hng ti hn ch phm vi s dng. iu ny cng nh hng trc tip tr li ti
kh nng nng cao tc truyn. Trong phng php truyn ti di c s th cch duy
nht nng cao tc truyn l tng tn s nhp ca bus, ng ngha vi vic gin tip
tng tn s tn hiu.
Tn s tn hiu cao cng i hi cc thit b c kh nng lm vic vi tn s cao.
ng nhin, gi thnh sn xut cc thit b ny s l mt yu t cn tr kh nng ng
dng.
Thng tin ng b ha c trong tn hiu
Trong trng hp ch truyn dn c chn l ng b, nu mt phng php m
ha bit to ra tn hiu c mang km theo thng tin ng b ha nhp s tit kim dy dn
tn hiu nhp. V d, nu tn hiu mang thng tin l mt dao ng iu ha c tn s
trng vi tn s nhp ca bus hoc l mt bi s ca tn s nhp, tc l mi nhp bus
u c t nht mt xung tn hiu th vic ng b ha gia bn gi v bn nhn thng tin
s c d dng hn. Tuy nhin, cc h thng thng khng yu cu tn hiu ng b
c mi nhp, m c th cch qung u n vi nhp.
M ha bit (bit coding, signal encoding) l mt khi nim hp hn iu ch (modulation).
2.6 M ha bit
41
Trit tiu dng mt chiu

Hin tng dng mt chiu sinh ra do mt lot cc bit ging nhau (0 hoc 1) ng vi
mt mc tn hiu cao c pht lin tc. iu ny khng nhng gy kh khn cho vic
ng b ha gia cc i tc truyn thng, m cn nh hng ti nhiu yu t k thut
khc.
Cng tit kim dy dn v n gin ha cng vic lp t, c bit trong mi
trng d chy n, kh nng ng ti ngun nui cho cc thit b tham gia mng vi
cng mt dy dn l rt thit thc. Dng nui c th xp chng ln tn hiu mang thng
tin, nu nh tn hiu ny khng mang sn dng mt chiu. Mun vy, phng php m
ha bit cn to ra s trung ha mc tn hiu ng vi cc bit 0 v 1 trit tiu dng mt
chiu.
S tn ti dng mt chiu cn gy rt nhiu kh khn trong k thut truyn dn tn
hiu. C th, mc tri tn hiu rt kh xc nh mt cch ng mc, dn n vic
nhn bit tham s thng tin v d qua gi tr bin gp tr ngi. Ch lm vic ca
cc thit b thu pht cng s b nh hng bi s tn ti ca dng mt chiu. Nu vt
qu mt gii hn nht nh, dng mt chiu d gy pht xung nguy him trong cc mi
trng d chy n.
Tnh bn vng vi nhiu v kh nng phi hp nhn bit li
Kh nng khng nhiu ca mt tn hiu s cng ph thuc nhiu vo phng php
m ha bit. V d, di tn cng hp th tn hiu cng bn vng hn i vi nhiu. Hoc,
cc phng php m ha chnh lch bn vng vi nhiu hn cc phng php m ha
gi tr tuyt i, cc phng php m ha iu tn bn vng hn m ha iu bin,...
Nu mt phng php m ha bit to ra mt tn hiu c nhng c th ring, theo
mt mu bit lp th bn nhn c thm kh nng nhn bit li nu tn hiu b sai lch
m khng cn b sung thng tin kim li.
2.6.2 NRZ, RZ
NRZ (Non-Return To Zero) l mt trong nhng phng php c s dng ph bin
nht trong cc h thng bus trng. Thc cht, c NRZ v RZ u l cc phng php
iu ch bin xung. Nh trn Hnh 2.21 m t, bit 0 v 1 c m ha vi hai mc
bin tn hiu khc nhau, mc tn hiu ny khng thay i trong sut chu k bit T
(mt nhp bus). Ci tn NRZ c s dng, bi mc tn hiu khng quay tr v khng
sau mi nhp. Cc kh nng th hin hai mc c th l:
t v in p dng
in p m v t
in p m v in p dng cng gi tr (tn hiu lng cc)
Mt trong nhng u im ca phng php NRZ l tn hiu c tn s thng thp

hn nhiu so vi tn s nhp bus. Phng php ny khng thch hp cho vic ng b
ha, bi mt dy bit 0 hoc 1 lin tc khng lm thay i mc tn hiu. Tn hiu khng
c trit tiu dng mt chiu, ngay c khi s dng tn hiu lng cc, nn khng c
kh nng ng ti ngun.
2.6 M ha bit
0
42
1
RZ: 1 ng vi mc tn hiu cao trong na chu

k bit T, 0 vi mc thp trong sut chu k bit
NRZ: 1 ng vi mc tn hiu cao, 0 vi

mc thp trong sut chu k bit
Hnh 2.21:
M ha bit NRZ v RZ
Phng php RZ (Return to Zero) cng m ha bt 0 v 1 vi hai mc tn hiu khc

nhau ging nh NRZ. Tuy nhin, nh ci tn ca n hm , mc tn hiu cao ch tn
ti trong na u ca chu k bit T, sau quay tr li 0. Tn s cao nht ca tn hiu
chnh bng tn s nhp bus. Ging nh NRZ, tn hiu m RZ khng mang thng tin
ng b ha, khng c kh nng ng ti ngun.
2.6.3 M Manchester
M Manchester v cc dng dn xut ca n khng nhng c s dng rt rng ri
trong truyn thng cng nghip, m cn ph bin trong cc h thng truyn d liu
khc. Thc cht, y l mt trong cc phng php iu ch pha xung, tham s thng
tin c th hin qua cc sn xung. Bit 1 c m ha bng sn ln, bit 0 bng sn
xung ca xung gia chu k bit T, hoc ngc li (Manchester-II).
Nh thy r trn Hnh 2.22, c im ca tn hiu l c tn s tng ng vi tn
s nhp bus, cc xung ca n c th s dng trong vic ng b ha gia bn gi v bn
nhn. S dng tn hiu lng cc, dng mt chiu s b trit tiu. Do phng php
ny thch hp vi cc ng dng i hi kh nng ng ti ngun. Mt im ng ch
na l do s dng sn xung, m Manchester rt bn vng i vi nhiu bn ngoi.
Nhng ngc li, nhiu x ca tn hiu cng tng i ln bi tn s cao.
0
Manchester-II: 1 ng vi sn xung, 0 ng
vi
i sn ln ca xung gia chu k bit
AFP: Thay i gia 0 v 1 c nh du

bng mt xung xoay chiu
Hnh 2.22: M ha bit Manchester-II v AFP
2.6.4 AFP
Vi phng php xung sn xoay chiu AFP (Alternate Flanked Pulse, xung sn
xoay chiu), mi s thay i trng thi logic c nh du bng mt xung c cc thay
i lun phin (xung xoay chiu). C th sp xp AFP thuc nhm cc phng php
iu ch v tr xung. V d, thay i t bit 0 sang 1 c m ha bng mt xung sn
ln, t 1 sang 0 bng mt xung sn xung (hoc c th ngc li). c im tn hiu l
tn s thp, khng mang thng tin ng b ha v khng tn ti dng mt chiu. S
dng cc xung c hnh sin y s gim nhiu x mt cch ng k. Hn th na, cng
nh m Manchester, m AFP rt bn vng i vi tc ng ca nhiu t bn ngoi.
2.6 M ha bit
43
2.6.5 FSK
Trong phng php iu ch dch tn s FSK (Frequency Shift Keying), hai tn s
khc nhau c dng m ha cc trng thi logic 0 v 1, nh c m t trn Hnh
2.23. y chnh l phng php iu ch tn s tn hiu mang, hay truyn ti di mang.
0
FSK: 0 v 1 ng vi cc tn s khc nhau
Hnh 2.23: M ha dch tn s FSK
Tn hiu c dng hnh sin, cc tn s c th bng hoc l bi s tn s nhp bus nn

c th dng ng b nhp. Mt u im tip theo ca phng php ny l bn
vng i vi tc ng ca nhiu. Nh tnh cht iu ha ca tn hiu m dng mt chiu
c trit tiu, nn c th s dng chnh ng truyn ng ti ngun nui cc thit
b kt ni mng.
Mt nhc im ca FSK l tn s tn hiu tng i cao. iu ny mt mt dn n
kh nng gy nhiu mnh i vi bn ngoi v mt khc hn ch vic tng tc
truyn. Thc t, phng php ny ch c s dng cho cc h thng c tc truyn
tng i thp.
2.7 K thut truyn dn
44
2.7 K thut truyn dn

Truyn d liu ni tip, khng ng b l phng php c s dng ch yu trong
cc h thng mng truyn thng cng nghip. Vi phng php ny, cc bit c
truyn t bn gi ti bn nhn mt cch tun t trn cng mt ng truyn. Cng
chnh v khng c mt ng dy ring bit mang tn hiu nhp, nn vic ng b ha
thuc trch nhim do bn gi v bn nhn tha thun trn c s mt giao thc truyn
thng.
Cc chun truyn dn TIA/EIA
EIA (Electronic Industry Association) v TIA (Telecommunication Industry
Association) l cc hip hi xy dng v pht trin mt s chun giao din cho
truyn thng cng nghip, trong c cc chun truyn dn ni tip. Theo ngha truyn
thng, mt chun truyn dn ni tip trc ht c hiu l cc qui nh c thng
nht v giao din vt l gia cc thit b cui x l d liu (Data Terminal Equipment,
DTE) v cc thit b truyn d liu (Data Communication Equipment, DCE). Mt v d
tiu biu ca giao din DTE/DCE l chun RS-232 gia my tnh v Modem. Tuy vy,
phm vi s dng cc chun truyn ni tip khng ch hn ch vic kt ni gia cc
DTE v DCE theo ngha c in.
Cc chun truyn ni tip c cp ti trong chng mc ny l cc chun c
s dng rng ri nht trong truyn thng cng nghip, l EIA/TIA-232, EIA/TIA422 v c bit l EIA/TIA-485. Trc kia, cc chun c t ch RS u vi
ngha l Recommended Standard. Sau ny, RS c thng nht thay th bng
EIA/TIA. Ch rng, ch ci cui mi tn chun k hiu phin bn chnh l, b
sung. V d, EIA/TIA-232-E ch phin bn chnh l ln th nm ca RS-232, EIA/TIA485-A ch phin bn chnh l ln th nht ca RS-485.
Cc chun truyn dn ca EIA/TIA c chia thnh ba phm tr sau:
Cc chun giao din trn vn (Complete Interface Standards), v d EIA/TIA232-F, EIA/TIA-530-A v EIA/TIA-561, a ra ton b cc qui nh v mt
chc nng, v mt c hc v v mt in hc.
Cc chun ring v in hc (Electrical Only Standards), v d EIA/TIA-232-F

phn 2, EIA/TIA-422-B v EIA/TIA-485-A, ch nh ngha cc thng s v mt
in hc, c trch dn trong cc chun giao din trn vn.
Cc chun v cht lng tn hiu (Signal Quality Standards), v d EIA-334-A,

EIA-363 v EIA-404-A, nh ngha cc thut ng v phng php cho vic nh
gi cht lng tn hiu.
Phn trnh by di y tp trung vo cc vn lin quan ti giao din v mt in

hc ca ba chun EIA/TIA-232-F, EIA/TIA-422-B v EIA/TIA-485-A. tin cho vic
trnh by cng nh theo di, ch RS s c s dng trong sut phn cui ca bi
ging ny. Do vai tr quan trng tuyt i ca RS-485 trong mng truyn thng cng
nghip, chun ny s c m t k lng nht.
2.7 K thut truyn dn
45
2.7.1 Phng thc truyn dn tn hiu

Tn hiu c dng truyn ti thng tin. Khng k ti mi trng truyn dn th
cc thnh phn c bn trong mt h thng truyn tn hiu gm c b pht (transmitter,
generator), hay cn gi l b kch thch (driver, k hiu l D), v b thu (receiver, k
hiu l R). Mt thit b va thu v pht, hay b thu pht c gi vi ci tn ghp l
transceiver.
Hai phng thc truyn dn tn hiu c bn c dng trong cc h thng truyn
thng cng nghip, l phng thc chnh lch i xng (balanced differential mode)
v phng thc khng i xng hay phng thc n cc (unbalanced mode, singleended mode).
Truyn dn khng i xng
Truyn dn khng i xng s dng in p ca mt dy dn so vi t th hin
cc trng thi logic (1 v 0) ca mt tn hiu s. Ch rng s lin quan gia trng thi
logic ca mt tn hiu vi trng thi logic ca dy bit mang thng tin c truyn ph
thuc vo phng php m ha bit, tc l gi tr logic ca tn hiu ti mt thi im
khng nht thit phi ng nht vi gi tr logic ca bit tng ng mang thng tin.
Mt trong nhng u im ca phng thc truyn dn khng i xng l ch cn
mt ng dy t chung cho nhiu knh tn hiu trong trng hp cn thit, nh Hnh
2.24 minh ha. Nh vy tit kim c s lng dy dn v cc linh kin ghp ni.
D
Hnh 2.24: Truyn dn khng i xng (3 knh, 4 dy dn)
Vic s dng t lm im ta cho vic nh gi mc tn hiu bc l mt nhc

im c bn l kh nng chng nhiu km. Nguyn nhn gy nhiu y c th l mi
trng xung quanh, s xuyn m (crosstalk) hoc do chnh lch in p t ca cc i
tc truyn thng. iu ny cng dn n s hn ch v chiu di dy dn cng nh tc
truyn.
2.7 K thut truyn dn
46
Truyn dn chnh lch i xng

Truyn dn chnh lch i xng s dng in p gia hai dy dn (A v B hay dy v dy +) biu din trng thi logic (1 v 0) ca tn hiu, khng ph thuc vo t
A
VOD
27
VA
27
VOS
VB
(
Hnh 2.25).
A
27
VOD
VA
27
VOS
VB
Hnh 2.25: Truyn dn chnh lch i xng
Khi nim chnh lch i xng y c th hin qua s cn xng (tng i)

v in p ca hai dy A v B i vi in p ch chung trong iu kin lm vic
bnh thng. Mt tc ng nhiu bn ngoi s lm tng hay gim tc thi in p c
hai dy mt gi tr gn tng ng, v th tn hiu t b sai lch. S khc nhau v in
p t gia cc thit b tham gia truyn thng cng hu nh khng nh hng trc tip
ti vic nh gi gi tr logic ca tn hiu. Mt nguyn nhn gy nhiu khc l s xuyn
m cng c loi tr ng k khi dng i dy xon (twisted pair). Nhng u im
trn y dn n s ph bin ca phng thc truyn dn chnh lch i xng trong cc
h thng truyn thng tc cao v phm vi rng.
A
A'
VNOISE
D
B
R
B'
VOS
VGPD
VCM
C'
Hnh 2.26: in p ch chung VCM v chnh lch in p t VGPD
Tr u cui (terminating resistance)

Thng thng, mt tn hiu c pht i khi ti mt u dy s phn x ngc tr
li, ging nh hin tng phn x nh sng. Khi tc truyn tng i thp hoc dy
dn tng i ngn, sao cho thi gian bit TB ln hn gp nhiu ln so vi thi gian lan
truyn tn hiu TS, tn hiu phn x s suy gim v trit tiu sau mt vi ln qua li,
2.7 K thut truyn dn
47
khng gy nh hng ti cht lng ca tn hiu mang bit d liu c pht tip theo.
Trong trng hp khc s xy ra xung t tn hiu, v vy ngi ta dng mt tr kt
thc, hay tr u cui hp th tn hiu ban u. tng y l khi mt ng dy
dn di v hn th s khng xy ra hin tng phn x tn hiu. V vy, tr u cui
c chn c gi tr tng ng vi tr khng c trng (tr khng sng) ca cp
truyn.
2.7.2 RS-232
RS-232 (tng ng vi chun chu u l CCITT V.24) lc u c xy dng phc
v ch yu trong vic ghp ni im-im gia hai thit b u cui (DTE, Data
Terminal Equipment), v d gia hai my tnh (PC, PLC, v.v...), gia my tnh v my
in, hoc gia mt thit b u cui v v mt thit b truyn d liu (DCE, Data
Communication Equipment), v d gia my tnh v Modem (Hnh 2.27).
NG RS-232
DTE
MODEM
(DCE)
MODEM
(DCE)
DTE
VIN THNG
Hnh 2.27: Giao tip gia hai my tnh thng qua Modem v RS-232
Mc d tnh nng hn ch, RS-232 l mt trong cc chun tn hiu c t lu nht, v

th c s dng rt rng ri. Ngy nay, mi my tnh c nhn u c mt vi cng RS232 (cng COM), c th s dng t do ni vi cc thit b ngoi vi hoc vi cc my
tnh khc. Nhiu thit b cng nghip cng tch hp cng RS-232 phc v lp trnh hoc
tham s ha.
c tnh in hc
RS-232 s dng phng thc truyn khng i xng, tc l s dng tn hiu in p
chnh lch gia mt dy dn v t. Mc in p c s dng dao ng trong khong
t -15V ti 15V. Khong t 3V n 15V ng vi gi tr logic 0, khong t -15V n 3V ng vi gi tr logic 1, nh biu din trn Hnh 2.28.
2.7 K thut truyn dn
48
+25V
+15V
0
Khu vc
qu
+3V
-3V
Giao din
RS-232
Phm vi lm vic cho php
-15V
-25V
Hnh 2.28: Qui nh trng thi logic ca tn hiu RS-232
Chnh v t -3V ti 3V l phm vi khng c nh ngha, trong trng hp thay i

gi tr logic t 0 ln 1 hoc t 1 xung 0 mt tn hiu phi vt qua khong qu
trong mt thi gian ngn hp l. V d, tiu chun DIN 66259 phn 2 qui nh dc
ti thiu ca mt tn hiu phi l 6V/ms hoc 3% nhp xung, ty theo gi tr no nh
hn. iu ny dn n vic phi hn ch v in dung ca cc thit b tham gia v ca
c ng truyn.
Tc truyn dn ti a ph thuc vo chiu di dy dn. a s cc h thng hin
nay ch h tr ti tc 19.2kBd (chiu di cho php 30-50m). Gn y, s tin b
trong vi mch gp phn nng cao tc ca cc modem ln nhiu ln so vi ngng
19.2kBd. Hin nay c nhng mch thu pht t tc 460kBd v hn na, tuy nhin
tc truyn dn thc t ln hn 115.2 kBd theo chun RS-232 trong mt h thng lm
vic da vo ngt l mt iu kh c th thc hin.
Mt u im ca chun RS-232 l c th s dng cng sut pht tng i thp, nh
tr khng u vo hn ch trong phm vi t 3-7k. Bng 2.1 di y tm tt mt s
thng s in hc quan trng ca RS-232.
Bng 2.1: Tm tt cc thng s quan trng ca RS-232
Thng s
iu kin
Ti thiu
in p u ra h mch
Ti a
25V
in p u ra khi c ti
3k RL 7k
Tr khng u ra khi ct ngun
-2V VO 2V
5V
15V
300
Dng ra ngn mch
500mA
in dung ti
2500pF
Tr khng u vo
3V VI 25V
3k
Ngng cho gi tr logic 0

Ngng cho gi tr logic 1
7k
3V
-3V
2.7 K thut truyn dn
49
(a) S gic cm
(b) S chiu tn hiu
DCD
RxD
DSR
RTS
CTS
RI
TxD
DCD
DTR
RxD
GND
TxD
DSR
DTR
RTS
GND
CTS
RI
DSR
RTS
CTS
RI
Data Set Ready

Request To Send
Clear To Send
Ring Indicator
DCD
RxD
TxD
DTR
GND
Data Carrier Detect

Receive Data
Transmit Data
Data Terminal Ready
Ground
Giao din c hc
Chun EIA/TIA-232F qui nh ba loi gic cm RS-232 l DB-9 (chn chn), DB-25
(25 chn) v ALT-A (26 chn), trong hai loi u c s dng rng ri hn. Loi
DB-9 cng c chun ha ring trong EIA/TIA-574.
ngha ca cc chn quan trng c m t di y.
RxD (Receive Data): ng nhn d liu
TxD (Transmit Data): ng gi d liu
DTR (Data Terminal Ready): Chn DTR thng trng thi ON khi thit b u
cui sn sng thit lp knh truyn thng. Qua vic gi mch DTR trng thi
ON, thit b u cui cho php DCE ca n ch t tr li chp nhn li
gi khng yu cu. Mch DTR trng thi OFF ch khi thit b u cui khng
mun DCE ca n chp nhn li gi t xa (ch cc b).
DSR (Data Set Ready, DCE Ready): C hai modem chuyn mch DSR sang ON
khi mt ng truyn thng c thit lp gia hai bn.
DCD (Data Carrier Detect): Chn DCD c s dng kim sot truy nhp
ng truyn. Mt trm nhn tn hiu DCD l OFF s hiu l trm i tc cha
ng mch yu cu gi d liu (chn RTS) v v th c th ot quyn kim sot
ng truyn nu cn thit. Ngc li, tn hiu DCD l ON ch th bn i tc
gi tn hiu RTS v ginh quyn kim sot ng truyn.
RTS (Request To Send): ng RTS kim sot chiu truyn d liu. Khi mt
trm cn gi d liu, n ng mch RTS sang ON bo hiu vi modem ca
n. Thng tin ny cng c chuyn tip ti modem xa.
CTS (Clear To Send): Khi CTS chuyn sang ON, mt trm c thng bo rng
modem ca n sn sng nhn d liu t trm v kim sot ng in thoi
cho vic truyn d liu i xa.
2.7 K thut truyn dn
50
RI (Ring Indicator): Khi modem nhn c mt li gi, mch RI chuyn

ON/OFF mt cch tun t vi chung in thoi bo hiu cho trm u cui.
Tn hiu ny ch th rng mt modem xa yu cu thit lp lin kt dial-up.
Ch lm vic
Ch lm vic ca h thng RS-232 l hai chiu ton phn (full-duplex), tc l hai
thit b tham gia cng c th thu v pht tn hiu cng mt lc. Nh vy, vic thc hin
truyn thng cn ti thiu 3 dy dn - trong hai dy tn hiu ni cho cc u thu
pht ca hai trm v mt dy t, nh a minh ha. Vi cu hnh ti thiu ny, vic m
bo an ton truyn dn tn hiu thuc v trch nhim ca phn mm.
Hnh 2.29b minh ha mt v d ghp ni trc tip gia hai thit b thc hin ch
bt tay (handshake mode) khng thng qua modem. Qua vic s dng cc dy dn DTR
v DSR, an ton giao tip s c m bo. Trong trng hp ny, cc chn RTS v
CTS c ni ngn. Lu rng, trong trng hp truyn thng qua modem, cu hnh
ghp ni s khc mt cht.
TxD
RxD
RTS
CTS
DTR
DSR
GND
Transmit Data
TxD
RxD
RTS
CTS
DTR
DSR
GND
TxD
RxD
RTS
CTS
DTR
DSR
GND
Receive Data
Request To Send
Clear To Send
Data Terminal Ready
Data Set Ready
Ground
a) Cu hnh ghp ni ti thiu
TxD
RxD
RTS
CTS
DTR
DSR
GND
b) Ch bt tay
Hnh 2.29: Mt s v d ghp ni vi RS-232
2.7.3 RS-422
Khc vi RS-232, RS-422 s dng tn hiu in p chnh lch i xng gia hai dy
dn A v B, nh vy gim c nhiu v cho php tng chiu di dy dn mt cch
ng k. RS-422 thch hp cho phm vi truyn dn ti 1200 mt m khng cn b lp.
in p chnh lch dng ng vi trng thi logic 0 v m ng vi trng thi logic 1.
in p chnh lch u vo bn nhn c th xung ti 200mV. Mt vi thng s quan
trng c tm tt trong bng 2.2.
Thng s
iu kin
Ti thiu
in p u ra h mch
in p u ra khi c ti
Tr khng u ra
Ti a
10V
RT = 100
2 V
100
2.7 K thut truyn dn

Thng s
51
iu kin
Ti thiu
Dng ra ngn mch
Ti a
150mA
Thi gian qu u ra
RT = 100
10% TB*
in p ch chung u ra VOC
RT = 100
3V
nhy cm u vo
-7V VCM 7V
200mV
in p ch chung VCM
-7V
Tr khng u vo
4k
7V
* TB - Thi gian bit
Trong cu hnh ghp ni ti thiu cho RS-422 cn mt i dy dng truyn dn tn

hiu (A v B). Trong cu hnh ny ch c th dng phng php truyn mt chiu
(simplex) hoc hai chiu gin on (half-duplex), tc trong mt thi im ch c mt tn
hiu duy nht c truyn i. thc hin truyn hai chiu ton phn (full-duplex) ta
cn hai i dy.
RS-422 c kh nng ghp ni im-im, hoc im-nhiu im trong mt mng
n gin - c th l duy nht mt trm c pht v 10 trm c th nhn tn hiu. Tuy
vy, trong thc t RS-422 thng ch c dng ghp ni im-im vi mc ch
thay th RS-232 cho khong cch truyn thng ln v tc cao hn.
Trong c hai trng hp s dng cu hnh hai dy hay bn dy, vic s dng thm
mt dy t (C) ng mt vai tr khc rt quan trng, tuy khng gip g cho vic xc
nh gi tr logic tng ng vi mc tn hiu. Trn mt khong cch vi trm n hng
ngn mt, mc in p t c th rt khc nhau. iu cn thit y l gi mt mc
in p ch chung VCM cho cc trm tham gia mt gii hn qui nh, nu khng d
liu truyn i s b mt v cc cng kt ni s b ph hng. Ngng gii hn qui nh
cho VCM i vi RS-422 l 7V.
2.7.4 RS-485
c tnh in hc
V cc c tnh in hc, RS-485 v RS-422 ging nhau v c bn. RS-485 cng s
dng tn hiu in p chnh lch i xng gia hai dy dn A v B. Ngng gii hn
qui nh cho VCM i vi RS-485 c ni rng ra khong -7V n 12V, cng nh tr
khng u vo cho php ln gp ba ln so vi RS-422. Cc thng s quan trng c
tm tt trong bng 2.3.
Thng s
iu kin
in p u ra h mch
in p u ra khi c ti
RLOAD = 54
Ti thiu
Ti a
1,5V
6V
1,5V
5V
2.7 K thut truyn dn
52
Thng s
iu kin
Ti thiu
Ti a
Dng ra ngn mch
250mA
Thi gian qu u ra
RLOAD = 54
30% TB*
CLOAD = 54pF
in p ch chung u ra VOC
RLOAD = 54
nhy cm u vo
-7V VCM 12V
-1V
3V
200mV
in p ch chung VCM
-7V
Tr khng u vo
12k
12V
c tnh khc nhau c bn ca RS-485 so vi RS-422 l kh nng ghp ni nhiu

im, v th c dng ph bin trong cc h thng bus trng. C th, 32 trm c th
tham gia ghp ni, c nh a ch v giao tip ng thi trong mt on RS-485 m
khng cn b lp.
t c iu ny, trong mt thi im ch mt trm c php kim sot ng
dn v pht tn hiu, v th mt b kch thch u phi a v ch tr khng cao mi
khi ri, to iu kin cho cc b kch thch cc trm khc tham gia. Ch ny c
gi l tri-state. Mt s vi mch RS-485 t ng x l tnh hung ny, trong nhiu
trng hp khc vic thuc v trch nhim ca phn mm iu khin truyn thng.
Trong mch ca b kch thch RS-485 c mt tn hiu vo Enable c dng cho mc
ch chuyn b kch thch v trng thi pht tn hiu hoc tri-state. S mch cho b
kch thch v b thu RS-485 c biu din trn Hnh 2.30.
A
1/2Vi
A
o
-1/2Vi
B
o
VCM
C
o
Enable
RS-485 Driver
RS-485 Receiver
Hnh 2.30: S b kch thch (driver) v b thu (receiver) RS-485
Mc d phm vi lm vic ti a l t -6V n 6V (trong trng hp h mch), trng

thi logic ca tn hiu ch c nh ngha trong khong t 1,5V n 5V i vi u
ra (bn pht) v t 0,2V n 5V i vi u vo (bn thu), nh c minh ha trn
Hnh 2.31.
S trm tham gia
RS-485 cho php ni mng 32 ti n v (unit load, UL), ng vi 32 b thu pht
hoc nhiu hn, ty theo cch chn ti cho mi thit b thnh vin. nh ngha mt ti
n v c minh ha trn Hnh 2.32. Thng thng, mi b thu pht c thit k
tng ng vi mt ti n v. Gn y cng c nhng c gng gim ti xung cn
2.7 K thut truyn dn
53
1/2UL hoc 1/4UL, tc l tng tr khng u vo ln hai hoc bn ln, vi mc ch

tng s trm ln 64 hoc 128. Tuy nhin, tng s trm theo cch ny s gn vi vic
phi gim tc truyn thng, v cc trm c tr khng ln s hot ng chm hn.
+6V
+5V
Khu vc
qu
+1.5V/+0.2V
-1.5V/-0.2V
Phm vi lm vic cho php
-5V
-6V
Hnh 2.31: Qui nh trng thi logic ca tn hiu RS-485
Gii hn 32 ti n v xut pht t c tnh k thut ca h thng truyn thng nhiu

im. Cc ti c mc song song v v th vic tng ti s lm suy gim tn hiu vt
qu mc cho php. Theo qui nh chun, mt b kch thch tn hiu phi m bo dng
tng cng 60mA va cung cp cho:
Hai tr u cui mc song song tng ng ti 60 (120 ti mi u) vi in

p ti thiu 1,5V, to dng tng ng vi 25mA
32 ti n v mc song song vi dng 1mA qua mi ti (trng hp xu nht),

to dng tng ng vi 32mA.
1mA
-7V -3V
5V
12V
-0.8mA
Hnh 2.32:
nh ngha mt ti n v
Tc truyn ti v chiu di dy dn
Cng nh RS-422, RS-485 cho php khong cch ti a gia trm u v trm cui
trong mt on mng l 1200m, khng ph thuc vo s trm tham gia. Tc truyn
dn ti a c th ln ti 10Mbit/s, mt s h thng gn y c kh nng lm vic vi tc
12Mbit/s. Tuy nhin c s rng buc gia tc truyn dn ti a v di dy dn
2.7 K thut truyn dn
54
cho php, tc l mt mng di 1200m khng th lm vic vi tc 10MBd. Quan h

gia chng ph thuc nhiu vo cht lng cp dn c dng cng nh ph thuc vo
vic nh gi cht lng tn hiu. Mt v d c trng c biu din qua th trn
Hnh 2.33.
Chiu di dy (m)
Tc truyn ti a cng ph thuc vo cht lng cp mng, c th l i dy xon

kiu STP c kh nng chng nhiu tt hn loi UTP v v th c th truyn vi tc
cao hn. C th s dng cc b lp tng s trm trong mt mng, cng nh chiu di
dy dn ln nhiu ln, ng thi m bo c cht lng tn hiu.
3000
1200
300
30
12
3
100
1k
10k 100k
1M
10M
Tc truyn ti (bit/s)
Hnh 2.33: Quan h gia tc truyn v chiu di dy dn ti a trong RS422/RS-485 s dng i dy xon AWG 24.
Cu hnh mng
RS-485 l chun duy nht do EIA a ra m c kh nng truyn thng a im thc
s ch dng mt ng dn chung duy nht, c gi l bus. Chnh v vy m n c
dng lm chun cho lp vt l a s cc h thng bus hin thi.
Cu hnh ph bin nht l s dng hai dy dn cho vic truyn tn hiu, nh c
minh ha trn Hnh 2.34. Trong trng hp ny, h thng ch c th lm vic vi ch
hai chiu gin on (half-duplex) v cc trm c th nhn quyn bnh ng trong vic
truy nhp ng dn. Ch rng ng dn c kt thc bng hai tr ti hai u ch
khng c php gia ng dy. V mc ch n gin, dy t khng c v
y, tuy nhin trong thc t vic ni dy t l rt cn thit.
RT
RT
R
R
D
R
D
Hnh 2.34: Cu hnh mng RS-485 hai dy
Mt mng RS-485 cng c th c ni theo kiu 4 dy, nh Hnh 2.35 m t. Mt

trm ch (master) ng vai tr iu khin ton b giao tip gia cc trm k c vic truy
2.7 K thut truyn dn
55
nhp ng dn. Cc trm t (slave) khng th lin h trc tip m u phi qua trm
ch. Trm ch pht tn hiu yu cu v cc trm t c trch nhim p ng. Vn
kim sot thm nhp ng dn y chnh l vic khng ch cc trm t khng tr li
cng mt lc. Vi cu hnh ny, vic truyn thng c th thc hin ch hai chiu
ton phn (full-duplex), ph hp vi cc ng dng i hi tc truyn ti thng tin
cao, tuy nhin y phi tr gi cho hai ng dy b sung.
Master
Slave
RT
RT
RT
RT
Slave
R
D
Slave
Hnh 2.35: Cu hnh mng RS-485 s dng 4 dy
Cp ni
RS-485 khng phi l mt chun trn vn m ch l mt chun v c tnh in hc,
v vy khng a ra cc qui nh cho cp ni cng nh cc b ni. C th dng i dy
xon, cp trn hoc cc loi cp khc, tuy nhin i dy xon l vn l loi cp c s
dng ph bin nht nh c tnh chng tp nhiu v xuyn m.
Tr u cui
Do tc truyn thng v chiu di dy dn c th khc nhau rt nhiu trong cc ng
dng, hu nh tt c cc bus RS-485 u yu cu s dng tr u cui ti hai u dy.
S dng tr u cui c tc dng chng cc hiu ng ph trong truyn dn tn hiu, v
d s phn x tn hiu. Tr u cui dng cho RS-485 c th t 100 n 120. Mt
sai lm thng gy tc hi nghim trng trong thc t l dng tr u cui ti mi trm.
i vi mt mng bus c 10 trm th tr khng to ra do cc tr u cui mc song
song s l 10 thay ch khng phi 50 nh thng thng. Ch rng ti ca cc tr
u cui chim phn ln trong ton mch, nn trong trng hp ny hu qu gy ra l
dng qua cc tr u cui s ln t, cc tn hiu mang thng tin ti cc b thu s suy yu
mnh dn ti sai lch hon ton. Mt s b ni c tch hp sn tr u cui, c th dng
jumper chn ch thch hp ty theo v tr ca trm trong mng.
Trong trng hp cp truyn ngn v tc truyn thp, ta c th khng cn dng
tr u cui. Tn hiu phn x s suy gim v trit tiu sau vi ln qua li. Tc truyn
dn thp c ngha l chu k nhp bus di. Nu tn hiu phn x trit tiu hon ton trc
thi im trch mu nhp tip thep (thng vo gia chu k) th tn hiu mang thng
2.7 K thut truyn dn
56
tin s khng b nh hng. C nhiu phng php chn u cui mt ng dn RS485, nh c minh ha trn Hnh 2.36.
Phng php c dng ph bin nht l ch dng mt in tr thun ni gia hai
dy A v B ti mi u. Phng php ny cn c gi l chn song song. in tr
c chn c gi tr tng ng vi tr khng c trng (tr khng sng) ca cp ni.
Nh vy s khng c tn hiu phn x v cht lng tn hiu mang thng tin s c
m bo. Nhc im ca phng php ny l s hao tn ngun ti hai in tr.
V+
PHNG PHP:
TC :
C. LNG:
TN HAO NGUN:
Khng chn
Thp
Km
Thp
Song song
Cao
Tt
Cao
RC
Trung bnh
Hn ch
Thp
Tin cy
Cao
Tt
Cao
Hnh 2.36: Cc phng php chn u cui RS-485/RS-422
Phng php th hai c gi l chn RC, s dng kt hp mt t C mc ni tip

vi in tr R. Mch RC ny cho php khc phc nhc im ca cch s dng mt
in tr thun nu trn. Trong lc tn hiu giai on qu , t C c tc dng ngn
mch v tr R c tc dng chn u cui. Khi t C o chiu s cn tr dng mt chiu
v v th c tc dng gim ti. Tuy nhin, hiu ng thng thp (lowpass) ca mch RC
khng cho php h thng lm vic vi tc cao.
Mt bin th ca phng php chn song song cng c s dng rng ri c tn l
chn tin cy, bi n c tc dng khc na l to thin p tin cy (fail-safe biasing) m
bo mt dng ti thiu cho trng hp bus ri hoc c s c.
Ni t
Mc d mc tn hiu c xc nh bng in p chnh lch gia hai dy dn A v B
khng c lin quan ti t, h thng RS-485 vn cn mt ng dy ni t to mt
ng thot cho nhiu ch chung v cc dng khc, v d dng u vo b thu. Mt
sai lm thng gp trong thc t l ch dng hai dy ni hai trm. Trong trng hp
nh vy, dng ch chung s tm cch quay ngc tr li ngun pht, bc x nhiu ra
mi trng xung quanh, nh hng ti tnh tng thch in t ca h thng. Ni t s
c tc dng to mt ng thot tr khng nh ti mt v tr xc nh, nh vy gim
thiu tc hi gy nhiu. Hn th na, vi cu hnh tr u cui tin cy, vic ni t to
thin p s gi mt mc in p ti thiu gia hai dy A v B trong trng hp k c
khi bus ri hoc c s c.
2.7 K thut truyn dn
57
2.7.5 MBP (IEC 1158-2)

MBP (Manchester Coded, Bus-Powered) l mt k thut truyn dn c a ra
trong chun IEC 1158-2 c nhm vo cc ng dng iu khin qu trnh trong cng
nghip ch bin nh lc du, ha cht, ni c yu cu nghim ngt v an ton chy n
v ngun cung cp cho cc thit b trng. Chun IEC 61158-2 mi qui nh nhiu k
thut truyn dn khc nhau, trong c MBP, v vy tn mi ny c s dng trnh
nhm ln.
Nh ci tn ca n th hin, MBP s dng m Manchester, cho php ng ti
ngun trn ng bus, ch truyn ng b v tc truyn 31,25kbit/s. V mt tn
hiu, thc cht MBP cng s dng phng thc truyn dn chnh lch i xng, vi
cp i dy xon v tr u cui l 100. Mc in p ti a c qui nh nm trong
khong 0,75-1V. Trong phm vi di tn tn hiu, cc trm phi c tr khng rt ln
vic chia ngun khng nh hng ti cht lng truyn ti d liu.
Cc iu kin bin m bo cho vic truyn dn an ton trong mi trng d chy n
c PTB (Physikalische Technische Bundesanstalt, Vin K thut Vt l Lin bang
c) nh ngha trong m hnh FISCO (Fieldbus Intrinsically Safe Concept). Trong khi
cha c mt chun quc t chnh thc no cho lnh vc ny, th FISCO c cng nhn
rng ri l mt m hnh c s cho cc h thng bus trng lm vic trong mi trng
nguy him. Cc nguyn tc sau y c a ra:
Mt on mng ch c php c mt b ngun cung cp in
Trong trng thi bnh thng, mi thit b trng tiu hao mt dng c s c
nh ( 10mA)
Mi thit b trng hot ng nh mt b tiu hao dng b ng
Mi u dy c kt thc bng mt tr u cui b ng.
Mt s c tnh c bn ca chun IEC 1158-2 c tm tt trong bng 2.4

Bng 2.4: Mt s c tnh ca MBP theo chun IEC 1158-2
Ch truyn
ng b
M ha bit
Manchester code
Tc truyn
31,25 kbit/s
Cp truyn
Hai i dy xon STP
Cung cp ngun t xa
Ty chn, s dng ng dy ti d liu
Mc bo v chy n
EEx ia/ib v EEx d/m/p/q
Topology
ng thng, cy, hnh sao hoc phi hp
S trm
Ti a 32 trong mt on, tng cng ti a 126
S b lp
Ti a 4 b lp
2.7 K thut truyn dn
58
Lu rng, s trm ti a trong mt on mng theo qui nh l 32, nhng s trm

thc t c th ghp ni c ph thuc vo mc bo v c chn v cng sut ngun
nui. Trong mt mng an ton ring, in th cng nh dng ngun nui cng b hn
ch mt mc nht nh. Bng 2.5 lit k mt s thng s cho cc b cung cp ngun
chun, vi iu kin tiu hao ngun ti mi trm l 10mA. Trong trng hp tiu hao
ngun ln hn, s lng trm ti a s phi gim i theo t l tng ng.
Bng 2.5: Mt s b cung cp ngun chun theo IEC 1158-2
Kiu
Mc an ton ring
in th
Dng ti a
Cng sut
S trm
EEx ia/ib IIC
13,5V
110mA
1.8W
II
EEx ib IIC
13,5V
110mA
1.8W
III
EEx ib IIB
13,5V
250mA
4.2W
22
IV
Khng
24V
500mA
12W
32
Chiu di ti a ca mt on mng mt mt ph thuc vo cng sut ngun nui,

mt khc ph thuc vo s trm tham gia. C th tnh ton chiu di ny mt cch
tng i da vo bng 2.6 Tng dng tiu hao ct th nht c tnh bng tng tiu
hao ca cc trm, cng vi dng d tr 9mA mi on mng cho thit b ngt li FDE
(Fault Disconnection Equipment). Trong iu khin qu trnh, mt trm c s c khng
c php lm t lit c on mng. V vy, FDE c tch hp trong mi trm v c
nhim v tch trm lin quan ra khi on bus, trong trng hp trm tiu hao dng
qu ln v l do s c bn trong.
Bng 2.6: Chiu di cp dn theo IEC 1158-2

B cung cp ngun
Kiu I
Kiu II
Kiu III
Kiu IV
Kiu IV
Kiu IV
in th (V)
13,5
13,5
13,5
24
24
24
Tng dng tiu hao
110
110
250
110
250
500
900
900
400
1900
1300
650
1000
1500
500
1900
1900
1900
ti a (mA)
Chiu di ti a (m)
tit din 0,8 mm2
Chiu di ti a (m)
tit din 1,5 mm2

i vi mi h thng truyn thng, kin trc giao thc l c s cho vic tm
hiu cc dch v cng nh hnh thc giao tip trong h thng. Kin trc giao thc
l mt vn tng i tru tng, v vy cn c trnh by k lng di y.
2.8.1 Dch v truyn thng

Mt h thng truyn thng cung cp dch v truyn thng cho cc thnh vin
tham gia ni mng. Cc dch v c dng cho vic thc hin cc nhim v
khc nhau nh trao i d liu, bo co trng thi, to lp cu hnh v tham s ha
thit b trng, gim st thit b v ci t chng trnh. Cc dch v truyn thng
do nh cung cp h thng truyn thng thc hin bng phn cng hoc phn mm.
Vic khai thc cc dch v t pha ngi s dng phi thng qua phn mm
giao din mng, to lp cc chng trnh ng phn mm dng, v d chng
trnh iu khin, giao din ngi-my (HMI) v iu khin gim st (SCADA).
Cc giao din mng ny c th c ci t sn trn cc cng c phn mm
chuyn dng (v d phn mm lp trnh PLC, phn mm SCADA, phn mm
qun l mng), hoc qua cc th vin phn mm ph thng khc di dng cc
hm dch v (v d vi C/C++, VisualBasic, Delphi, OLE/DDE).
Mi h thng truyn thng khc nhau c th qui nh mt chun ring v tp
hp cc dch v truyn thng ca mnh. V d PROFIBUS nh ngha cc hm
dch v khc so vi INTERBUS hay ControlNet. Mt phn mm chuyn dng
khng nht thit phi h tr ton b cc dch v truyn thng ca mt h thng,
nhng cng c th cng mt lc h tr nhiu h thng truyn thng khc nhau. V
d vi mt cng c phn mm SCADA ta c th ng thi khai thc d liu t
cc u o hay cc PLC lin kt vi cc bus trng khc nhau, nhng khng cn
ti dch v h tr ci t chng trnh iu khin cho cc PLC.
C th phn loi dch v truyn thng da theo cc cp khc nhau: cc dch v
s cp (v d to v ngt ni), dch v cp thp (v d trao i d liu) v cc dch
v cao cp (to lp cu hnh, bo co trng thi). Mt dch v cp cao hn c th
s dng cc dch v cp thp thc hin chc nng ca n. V d dch v to lp
cu hnh hay bo co trng thi cui cng cng phi s dng dch v trao i d
liu thc hin chc nng ca mnh. Mt khc, trao i d liu thng i hi
to v ngt ni. Phn cp dch v truyn thng cn c ngha l to s linh hot
cho pha ngi s dng. Ty theo nhu cu v tin li hay hiu sut trao i
thng tin m ngi ta c th quyt nh s dng mt dch v cp no.
2.8.2 Giao thc

Bt c s giao tip no cng cn mt ngn ng chung cho cc i tc. Trong
k thut truyn thng, bn cung cp dch v cng nh bn s dng dch v u
59
60
phi tun th theo cc qui tc, th tc cho vic giao tip, gi l giao thc. Giao
thc chnh l c s cho vic thc hin v s dng cc dch v truyn thng.
Mt qui chun giao thc bao gm cc thnh phn sau:
C php (syntax): Qui nh v cu trc bc in, gi d liu dng khi trao

i, trong c phn thng tin hu ch (d liu) v cc thng tin b tr
nh a ch, thng tin iu khin, thng tin kim li,...
Ng ngha (semantic): Qui nh ngha c th ca tng phn trong mt

bc in, nh phng php nh a ch, phng php bo ton d liu, th
tc iu khin dng thng tin, x l li,...
nh thi (timing): Qui nh v trnh t, th tc giao tip, ch truyn

(ng b hay khng ng b), tc truyn thng,...
Vic thc hin mt dch v truyn thng trn c s cc giao thc tng ng
c gi l x l giao thc Ni mt cch khc, qu trnh x l giao thc c th l
m ha (x l giao thc bn gi) v gii m (x l giao thc bn nhn). Tng t
nh cc dch v truyn thng, c th phn bit cc giao thc cp thp v giao thc
cao cp. Cc giao thc cao cp l c s cho cc dch v cao cp v cc giao thc
cp thp l c s cho cc dch v cp thp.
Giao thc cao cp gn vi ngi s dng, thng c thc hin bng phn
mm. Mt s v d v giao thc cao cp l FTP (File Transfer Protocol) dng
trong trao i file t xa, HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) dng trao i cc
trang HTML trong cc ng dng Web, MMS (Manufacturing Message
Specification) dng trong t ng ha cng nghip.
Giao thc cp thp gn vi phn cng, thng c thc hin trc tip bi cc
mch in t. Mt s v d giao thc cp thp quen thuc l TCP/IP
(Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) c dng ph bin trong
Internet, HART (Highway Adressable Remote Transducer) dng trong iu khin
qu trnh, HDLC (High Level Data-link Control) lm c s cho nhiu giao thc
khc v UART dng trong a s cc giao din vt l ca cc h thng bus trng.
Giao thc HDLC
HDLC cho php ch truyn bit ni tip ng b hoc khng ng b. Mt
bc in, hay cn gi l khung (frame) c cu trc nh sau:
01111110
8/16 bit
8 bit
n bit
16/32 bit
01111110
a ch
iu khin
D liu
FCS
Mi khung c khi u v kt thc bng mt c hiu (flag) vi dy bit

01111110. Dy bit ny c m bo khng bao gi xut hin trong cc phn
thng tin khc qua phng php nhi bit (bit stuffing), tc c sau mt dy 5 bit c
gi tr 1 (11111) th mt bit 0 li c b sung vo (chi tit xem phn Bo ton d
61
liu). a ch tip theo cha a ch bn gi v bn nhn. Ty theo cch gn a

ch 4 hoc 8 bit (tng ng vi 32 hoc 256 a ch khc nhau), ny c chiu di
l 8 hoc 16 bit.
Trong HDLC c ba loi bc in, c phn bit qua thng tin iu khin (8
bit), l:
Information Frames: Khung thng tin (I-Format)
Supervisory Frames: Khung gim st vn chuyn d liu (S-Format)
Unnumbered Frames: Khung b tr kim sot cc mi lin kt gia cc

trm (U-Format).
Cu trc ca thng tin iu khin c qui nh nh sau:

1
I-Format
N(S)
S-Format
U-Format
P/F
N(R)
P/F
N(R)
P/F
N(S): S th t khung c gi chia modulo cho 8

N(R): S th t khung ch nhn c chia modulo cho 8
P/F: Bit ch nh kt thc qu trnh truyn
S,M: Cc bit c chc nng khc.
thng tin c di bin thin, cng c th trng nu nh bc in khng

dng vo mc ch vn chuyn d liu. Sau thng tin l n dy bit kim li
(FCS = Frame Check Sequence), dng vo mc ch bo ton d liu. Tc
truyn thng tiu biu i vi HDLC t 9,6 kbit/s n 2 Mbit/s.
Giao thc UART
UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter) l mt mch vi in t
c s dng rt rng ri cho vic truyn bit ni tip cng nh chuyn i song
song/ni tip gia ng truyn v bus my tnh (xem mc Ch truyn ti).
UART cho php la chn gia ch truyn mt chiu, hai chiu ng b hoc
hai chiu khng ng b. Vic truyn ti c thc hin theo tng k t 7 hoc 8
bit, c b sung 2 bit nh du u cui v mt bit kim tra li chn l (parity
bit). V d vi k t 8 bit c minh ha di y.
Start
LSB
7
MSB
Stop
1
Bit khi u (Start bit) bao gi cng l 0 v bit kt thc (Stop bit) bao gi cng
l 1. Cc bit trong mt k t c truyn theo th t t bit thp (LSB) ti bit cao
(MSB). Gi tr ca bit chn l P ph thuc vo cch chn:
Nu chn parity chn, th P bng 0 khi tng s bit 1 l chn.
Nu chn parity l, th P bng 0 khi tng s bit 1 l l.
2.8.3 M hnh lp
trao i d liu gia hai thit b, cc th tc, giao thc cn thit c th
tng i phc tp. R rng iu cn y l s cng tc ca hai i tc truyn
thng trn mt mc tru tng cao. Thay v phi thc hin tt c cc bc cn
thit trong mt module duy nht, c th chia nh thnh cc phn vic c th thc
hin c lp. Trong m hnh lp, cc phn vic c sp xp theo chiu dc thnh
tng lp, tng ng vi cc lp dch v v cc lp giao thc khc nhau. Mi lp
gii quyt mt nhim v r rng phc v vic truyn thng. Mt dch v lp
trn s dng dch v ca lp di ngay k n.
thc hin mt dch v truyn thng, mi bc in c x l qua nhiu lp
trn c s cc giao thc qui nh, gi l x l giao thc theo m hnh lp. Mi lp
y c th thuc chc nng ca phn cng hoc phn mm. Cng lp cao hn
th phn mm cng chim vai tr quan trng, trong khi vic x l giao thc cc
lp di thng c cc vi mch in t trc tip thc hin.
Hnh 2.37 minh ha nguyn tc x l giao thc theo m hnh lp. ng t bn
gi thng tin, qua mi lp t trn xung di, mt s thng tin b tr li c gn
thm vo phn d liu do lp trn a xung, gi l u giao thc (protocol
header). Bn cnh , thng tin cn truyn i c th c chia thnh nhiu bc
in c nh s th t, hoc mt bc in c th tng hp nhiu ngun thng tin
khc nhau. Ngi ta cng dng cc khi nim nh ng gi d liu hoc to
khung ch cc thao tc ny.
Mt qu trnh ngc li s din ra bn nhn thng tin. Cc phn header s c
cc lp tng ng c, phn tch v tch ra trc khi gi tip ln lp trn. Cc
bc in mang mt ngun thng tin s c tng hp li, hoc mt bc in
mang nhiu ngun thng tin khc nhau s c phn chia tng ng. n lp trn
cng, thng tin ngun c ti to.
Vi m hnh phn lp, ngha ca giao thc mt ln na th hin r. ng
nhin, thc hin truyn thng cn c hai i tc tham gia, vy phi tn ti cng
mt tp hp cc hm phn lp c trong hai thit b. Quan h giao tip y chnh
l quan h gia cc lp tng ng ca hai trm. Ch khi cc i tc truyn
thng trong cc lp tng ng s dng chung mt ngn ng, tc chung mt
giao thc th mi c th trao i thng tin. Trong trng hp khc, cn c mt
phn t trung gian hiu c hai giao thc, gi chung l b chuyn i, c th l
bridge hay gateway - ty theo lp giao thc ang quan tm. Vn mu cht
y c th thc hin c vic chuyn i l s thng nht v dch v truyn
thng ca cc lp tng ng trong hai h thng khc nhau. Nu hai h thng li
qui nh cc chun khc nhau v dch v th vic chuyn i rt b hn ch v
nhiu khi hon ton khng c ngha. V d, mt bn i hi ci t cc dch v
62
63
cao cp nh ci t v kim sot chy chng trnh t xa, trong khi bn i tc ch

cung cp dch v trao i d liu thun ty th vic chuyn i y khng c vai
tr g cng nh khng th thc hin c. Tuy nhin, cng nhng dch v cp
thp cng d c c hi a ra mt chun thng nht cho c hai pha.
(N + 1) - PDU
Lp N + 1
(N) - PCI
(N) - SDU
(N) - PDU
Lp N
(N - 1) - PCI
(N-1) - SDU
Lp N - 1
PDU:
SDU:
PCI:
Protocol Data Unit - Khi d liu giao thc

Service Data Unit - Khi d liu dch v
Protocol Control Information - Thng tin iu khin giao thc
Hnh 2.37: X l giao thc theo m hnh lp
2.8.4 Kin trc giao thc OSI

Trn thc t, kh c th xy dng c mt m hnh chi tit thng nht v
chun giao thc v dch v cho tt c cc h thng truyn thng, nht l khi cc h
thng rt a dng v tn ti c lp. Chnh v vy, nm 1983 t chc chun ho
quc t ISO a ra chun ISO 7498 vi m hnh qui chiu OSI (Open System
Interconnection - Reference Model), nhm h tr xy dng cc h thng truyn
thng c kh nng tng tc.
Lu rng, ISO/OSI hon ton khng phi l mt chun thng nht v giao
thc, cng khng phi l mt chun chi tit v dch v truyn thng. C th thy,
chun ny khng a ra bt k mt qui nh no v cu trc mt bc in, cng
nh khng nh ngha bt c mt chun dch v c th no. OSI ch l mt m
hnh kin trc phn lp vi mc ch phc v vic sp xp v i chiu cc h
thng truyn thng c sn, trong c c vic so snh, i chiu cc giao thc v
dch v truyn thng, cng nh c s cho vic pht trin cc h thng mi.
Theo m hnh OSI, chc nng hay dch v ca mt h thng truyn thng c
chia thnh by lp, tng ng vi mi lp dch v l mt lp giao thc. Cc lp
ny c th do phn cng hoc phn mm thc hin, tuy nhin chun ny khng
cp ti chi tit mt i tc truyn thng phi thc hin tng lp nh th no.
Mt lp trn thc hin dch v ca mnh trn c s s dng cc dch v mt lp
pha di v theo ng giao thc qui nh tng ng. Thng thng, cc dch v
cp thp do phn cng (cc vi mch in t) thc hin, trong khi cc dch v cao
cp do phn mm (h iu hnh, phn mm iu khin, phn mm ng dng) m
nhim.
Vic phn lp khng nhng c ngha trong vic m t, i chiu cc h thng
truyn thng, m cn gip ch cho vic thit k cc thnh phn giao din mng.
Mt lp bt k trong by lp c th thay i trong cch thc hin m khng nh
hng ti cc lp khc, chng no n gi nguyn giao din vi lp trn v lp
di n. V y l mt m hnh qui chiu c tnh cht dng tham kho, khng
phi h thng truyn thng no cng thc hin y c by lp . V d, v l
do hiu sut trao i thng tin v gi thnh thc hin, i vi cc h thng bus
trng thng thng ch thc hin cc lp 1, 2 v 7. Trong cc trng hp ny, c
th mt s lp khng thc s cn thit hoc chc nng ca chng c ghp vi
mt lp khc (v d vi lp ng dng).
Mt m hnh qui chiu to ra c s, nhng khng m bo kh nng tng tc
gia cc h thng truyn thng, cc thit b truyn thng khc nhau. Vi vic nh
ngha by lp, OSI a ra mt m hnh tru tng cho cc qu trnh giao tip
phn cp. Nu hai h thng thc hin cng cc dch v v trn c s mt giao
thc ging nhau mt lp, th c ngha l hai h thng c kh nng tng tc
lp . M hnh OSI c th coi nh mt cng trnh khung, h tr vic pht trin
v c t cc chun giao thc.
64
65
Cc lp trong m hnh qui chiu OSI v quan h gia chng vi nhau c

minh
ha
trn
Bn gi
Bn nhn
Chng trnh ng dng
Chng trnh ng dng
Presentation
Lp biu din d liu
Session
Lp kim sot ni
Transport
Lp vn chuyn
Network
Lp mng
Data Link
Lp lin kt d liu
Physical
Lp vt l
Application
Lp ng dng
Mi trng truy n thng
ng i ca d liu
Quan h giao tip logic gia cc lp
Hnh 2.38. Tng ng vi mi lp l mt (nhm) chc nng c trng cho cc

dch v v giao thc.
Cn phi nhn mnh rng, bn thn mi trng truyn thng v cc chng
trnh ng dng khng thuc phm vi cp ca chun OSI. Nh vy, cc lp
y chnh l cc lp chc nng trong cc thnh phn giao din mng ca mt trm
thit b, bao gm c phn cng ghp ni v phn mm c s. Cc mi tn nt gch
chm biu th quan h logic gia cc i tc thuc cc lp tng ng, trong khi
cc mi tn nt lin ch ng i thc ca d liu.
Lp ng dng (application layer)
Lp ng dng l lp trn cng trong m hnh OSI, c chc nng cung cp cc
dch v cao cp (trn c s cc giao thc cao cp) cho ngi s dng v cc
chng trnh ng dng. V d, c th sp xp cc dch v v giao thc theo chun
66
MMS cng nh cc dn xut ca n s dng trong mt s h thng bus trng

thuc lp ng dng.
Bn gi
Bn nhn
Chng trnh ng dng
Chng trnh ng dng
Presentation
Lp biu din d liu
Session
Lp kim sot ni
Transport
Lp vn chuyn
Network
Lp mng
Data Link
Lp lin kt d liu
Physical
Lp vt l
Application
Lp ng dng
Mi trng truy n thng
ng i ca d liu
Quan h giao tip logic gia cc lp
Hnh 2.38: M hnh qui chiu ISO/OSI
Cc dch v thuc lp ng dng hu ht c thc hin bng phn mm.

Thnh phn phn mm ny c th c nhng sn trong cc linh kin giao din
mng, hoc di dng phn mm iu khin (drivers) c th np ln khi cn thit,
v/hoc mt th vin cho ngn ng lp trnh chuyn dng hoc ngn ng lp trnh
ph thng. c kh nng s dng d dng trong mt chng trnh ng dng (v
d iu khin c s hoc iu khin gim st), nhiu h thng cung cp cc dch
v ny thng qua cc khi chc nng (function block). i vi cc thit b trng
thng minh, cc khi chc nng ny khng ch n thun mang tnh cht ca dch
v truyn thng, m cn tch hp c mt s chc nng x l thng tin, thm ch c
iu khin ti ch. y cng chnh l xu hng mi trong vic chun ha lp ng
dng cho cc h thng bus trng, hng ti kin trc iu khin phn tn trit
.
Lp biu din d liu (presentation layer)
Trong mt mng truyn thng, v d mng my tnh, cc trm my tnh c th
c kin trc rt khc nhau, s dng cc h iu hnh khc nhau v v vy cch
biu din d liu ca chng cng c th rt khc nhau. S khc nhau trong cch
biu din d liu c th l di khc nhau cho mt kiu d liu, hoc cch sp
xp cc byte khc nhau trong mt kiu nhiu byte, hoc s dng bng m k t
khc nhau. V d, mt s nguyn c kiu integer c th biu din bng 2 byte, 4
byte hoc 8 byte, ty theo th h CPU, h iu hnh v m hnh lp trnh. Ngay c
mt kiu integer c chiu di 2 byte cng c hai cch sp xp th t byte gi tr
cao ng trc hay ng sau byte gi tr thp. Mt v d khc l s khc nhau
trong cch s dng bng m k t trong cc h thng vn chuyn th in t, gy
ra khng t rc ri cho ngi s dng thuc cc nc khng ni ting Anh. Trong
khi a s cc h thng mi s dng 8 bit, th mt s h thng c ch x l c k
t 7 bit, v vy mt s k t c m ha vi gi tr ln hn 127 b hiu sai.
Chc nng ca lp biu din d liu l chuyn i cc dng biu din d liu
khc nhau v c php thnh mt dng chun, nhm to iu kin cho cc i tc
truyn thng c th hiu c nhau mc d chng s dng cc kiu d liu khc
nhau. Ni mt cch khc, lp biu din d liu gii phng s ph thuc ca lp
ng dng vo cc phng php biu din d liu khc nhau. Ngoi ra, lp ny cn
c th cung cp mt s dch v bo mt d liu, v d qua phng php s dng
m kha.
Nu nh cch biu din d liu c thng nht, chun ha, th chc nng ny
khng nht thit phi tch ring thnh mt lp c lp, m c th kt hp thc
hin trn lp ng dng n gin ha v nng cao hiu sut ca vic x l giao
thc. y chnh l mt c trng trong cc h thng bus trng.
Lp kim sot ni (session layer)
Mt qu trnh truyn thng, v d trao i d liu gia hai chng trnh ng
dng thuc hai nt mng, thng c tin hnh thnh nhiu giai on. Cng nh
vic giao tip gia hai ngi cn c vic t chc mi quan h, gia hai i tc
truyn thng cn c s h tr t chc mi lin kt. Lp kim sot ni c chc
nng kim sot mi lin kt truyn thng gia cc chng trnh ng dng, bao
gm cc vic to lp, qun l v kt thc cc ng ni gia cc ng dng i
tc. Cn phi nhc li rng, mi lin kt gia cc chng trnh ng dng mang
tnh cht logic; thng qua mt mi lin kt vt l (gia hai trm, gia hai nt
mng) c th tn ti song song nhiu ng ni logic. Thng thng, kim sot
ni thuc chc nng ca h iu hnh. thc hin cc ng ni gia hai ng
dng i tc, h iu hnh c th to cc qu trnh tnh ton song song (cnh
tranh). Nh vy, nhim v ng b ha cc qu trnh tnh ton ny i vi vic s
67
dng chung mt giao din mng cng thuc chc nng ca lp kim sot ni.
Chnh v th, lp ny cn c tn l lp ng b ha.
Trong cc h thng bus trng, quan h ni gia cc chng trnh ng dng
c xc nh sn (quan h tnh) nn lp kim sot ni khng ng vai tr g ng
k. i vi mt s h thng khc, chc nng ca lp ny c y ln kt hp vi
lp ng dng v l do hiu sut x l truyn thng.
Lp vn chuyn (transport layer)
Bt k bn cht ca cc ng dng cn trao i d liu, iu cn thit l d liu
phi c trao i mt cch tin cy. Khi mt khi d liu c chuyn i thnh
tng gi, cn phi m bo tt c cc gi u n ch v theo ng trnh t chng
c chuyn i. Chc nng ca lp vn chuyn l cung cp cc dch v cho vic
thc hin vn chuyn d liu gia cc chng trnh ng dng mt cch tin cy,
bao gm c trch nhim khc phc li v iu khin lu thng. Nh vy m cc
lp trn c th thc hin c cc chc nng cao cp m khng cn quan tm ti
c ch vn chuyn d liu c th.
Cc nhim v c th ca lp vn chuyn bao gm:
Qun l v tn hnh thc cho cc trm s dng
nh v cc i tc truyn thng qua tn hnh thc v/hoc a ch
X l li v kim sot dng thng tin, trong c c vic lp li quan h

lin kt v thc hin cc th tc gi li d liu khi cn thit
Dn knh cc ngun d liu khc nhau
ng b ha gia cc trm i tc.
thc hin vic vn chuyn mt cch hiu qu, tin cy, mt d liu cn
chuyn i c th c chia thnh nhiu n v vn chuyn (data segment unit) c
nh s th t kim sot trc khi b sung cc thng tin kim sot lu thng.
Do cc c im ring ca mng truyn thng cng nghip, mt s nhim v
c th ca lp vn chuyn tr nn khng cn thit, v d vic dn knh hoc kim
sot lu thng. Mt s chc nng cn li c dn ln kt hp vi lp ng dng
tin vic thc hin v to iu kin cho ngi s dng t chn phng n ti
u ha v nng cao hiu sut truyn thng.
Lp mng (network layer)
Mt h thng mng din rng (v d Internet hay mng vin thng) l s lin
kt ca nhiu mng tn ti c lp. Mi mng ny u c mt khng gian a ch
v c mt cch nh a ch ring bit, s dng cng ngh truyn thng khc
nhau. Mt bc in i t i tc A sang mt i tc B mt mng khc c th
qua nhiu ng khc nhau, thi gian, qung ng vn chuyn v cht lng
ng truyn v th cng khc nhau. Lp mng c trch nhim tm ng i ti
u (routing) cho vic vn chuyn d liu, gii phng s ph thuc ca cc lp bn
68
trn vo phng thc chuyn giao d liu v cng ngh chuyn mch dng kt
ni cc h thng khc nhau. Tiu chun ti u y hon ton da trn yu cu
ca cc i tc, v d yu cu v thi gian, qung ng, v gi thnh dch v hay
yu cu v cht lng dch v. Vic xy dng v hy b cc quan h lin kt gia
cc nt mng cng thuc trch nhim ca lp mng.
C th nhn thy, lp mng khng c ngha i vi mt h thng truyn
thng cng nghip, bi y hoc khng c nhu cu trao i d liu gia hai
trm thuc hai mng khc nhau, hoc vic trao i c thc hin gin tip thng
qua chng trnh ng dng (khng thuc lp no trong m hnh OSI). Vic thc
hin trao i d liu thng qua chng trnh ng dng xut pht t l do l ngi
s dng (lp trnh) mun c s kim sot trc tip ti ng i ca mt bc in
m bo tnh nng thi gian thc, ch khng mun ph thuc vo thut ton
tm ng i ti u ca cc b router. Cng v vy, cc b router thng dng
trong lin kt mng hon ton khng c vai tr g trong cc h thng bus trng.
Lp lin kt d liu (data link layer)
Lp lin kt d liu c trch nhim truyn dn d liu mt cch tin cy trong
qua mi lin kt vt l, trong bao gm vic iu khin vic truy nhp mi
trng truyn dn v bo ton d liu. Lp lin kt d liu cng thng c chia
thnh hai lp con tng ng vi hai chc nng ni trn: Lp iu khin truy nhp
mi trng (medium access control, MAC) v lp iu khin lin kt logic
(logical link control, LLC). Trong mt s h thng, lp lin kt d liu c th m
nhim thm cc chc nng khc nh kim sot lu thng v ng b ha vic
chuyn giao cc khung d liu.
thc hin chc nng bo ton d liu, thng tin nhn c t lp pha trn
c ng gi thnh cc bc in c chiu di hp l (frame). Cc khung d liu
ny cha cc thng tin b sung phc v mc ch kim li, kim sot lu thng v
ng b ha. Lp lin kt d liu bn pha nhn thng tin s da vo cc thng tin
ny xc nh tnh chnh xc ca d liu, sp xp cc khung li theo ng trnh
t v khi phc li thng tin chuyn tip ln lp trn n.
Lp vt l (physical layer)
Lp vt l l lp di cng trong m hnh phn lp chc nng truyn thng
ca mt trm thit b. Lp ny m nhim ton b cng vic truyn dn d liu
bng phng tin vt l. Cc qui nh y m t giao din vt l gia mt trm
thit b v mi trng truyn thng:
Cc chi tit v cu trc mng (bus, cy, hnh sao,...)
K thut truyn dn (RS-485, MBP, truyn cp quang,...)
Phng php m ha bit (NRZ, Manchester, FSK,...)
Ch truyn ti (di rng/di c s/di mang, ng b/khng ng b)
Cc tc truyn cho php
69
Giao din c hc (phch cm, gic cm,...).
Lu rng lp vt l hon ton khng cp ti mi trng truyn thng, m

ch ni ti giao din vi n. C th ni, qui nh v mi trng truyn thng nm
ngoi phm vi ca m hnh OSI.
Lp vt l cn c chun ha sao cho mt h thng truyn thng c s la
chn gia mt vi kh nng khc nhau. Trong cc h thng bus trng, s la
chn ny khng ln qu, hu ht da trn mt vi chun v k thut c bn.
Tin trnh thc hin giao tip theo m hnh OSI c minh ha bng mt v d
trao i d liu gia mt my tnh iu khin v mt thit b o thng minh, nh
th hin trn Hnh 2.39. Cc mi tn nt gch chm biu th quan h giao tip
logic gia cc lp tng ng thuc hai trm. Lp vt l thuc trm A c ni
trc tip vi lp vt l thuc trm B qua cp truyn. Trong thc t, cc chc nng
thuc lp vt l v lp lin kt d liu c thc hin hu ht trn cc mch vi
in t ca phn giao din mng. i vi my tnh iu khin hoc thit b o th
phn giao din mng c th tch hp trong phn x l trung tm, hoc di dng
mt module ring.
Khi chng trnh iu khin trm A cn cp nht gi tr o, n s s dng
dch v trao i d liu lp ng dng gi mt yu cu ti trm B. Trong thc
t, qu trnh ny c th c thc hin n gin bng cch gi mt hm trong th
vin giao tip ca mng c s dng. Quan h ni gia hai trm c thit
lp sn.
Lp ng dng bn A x l yu cu ca chng trnh iu khin v chuyn tip
m lnh xung lp pha di - lp biu din d liu. Lp ny biu din m lnh
thnh mt dy bit c di v th t qui c, sau chuyn tip xung lp kim
sot ni. Lp kim sot ni s b sung thng tin phn bit yu cu cp nht d
liu xut pht t quan h ni logic no, t qu trnh tnh ton no. Bc ny tr
nn cn thit khi trong mt chng trnh ng dng c nhiu qu trnh tnh ton
cnh tranh (task) cn phi s dng dch v trao i d liu, v kt qu cp nht d
liu phi c a tr v ng ni yu cu.
70
71
My tnh iu khin
(Trm A)
Thit b o
(Trm B)
CT iu khin
CT thu thp DL
Lp ng dng
Lp ng dng
Lp 3-6
Lp 3-6
Lp lin kt d liu
Lp lin kt d liu
Lp vt l
Lp vt l
Cp truyn
Hnh 2.39: V d giao tip theo m hnh OSI
Khi d liu giao thc (PDU) t lp kim sot ni chuyn xung c lp vn

chuyn sp xp mt knh truyn ti v m bo yu cu s c chuyn ti bn B
mt cch tin cy. S dng dch v chuyn mch v tm ng i ti u ca lp
mng, mt s thng tin s c b sung vo bc in cn truyn nu cn thit.
Tip theo, lp lin kt d liu gn thm cc thng tin bo ton d liu, s dng
th tc truy nhp mi trng chuyn bc in xung lp vt l. Cui cng, cc
vi mch in t di lp vt l (v d cc b thu pht RS-485) chuyn ha dy bit
sang mt dng tn hiu thch hp vi ng truyn (m ha bit) gi sang bn
B, vi mt tc truyn - hay ni cch khc l tc m ha bit - theo qui c.
Qu trnh ngc li din ra bn B. Qua lp vt l, tn hiu nhn c c gii
m v dy bit d liu c khi phc. Mi lp pha trn s phn tch phn thng
tin b sung ca mnh thc hin cc chc nng tng ng. Trc khi chuyn ln
lp trn tip theo, phn thng tin ny c tch ra. ng nhin, cc qu trnh
ny i hi hai lp i tc ca hai bn phi hiu c thng tin c cu trc v
ngha nh th no, tc l phi s dng cng mt giao thc. Cui cng, chng
trnh thu thp d liu bn thit b o nhn c yu cu v chuyn gi tr o cp
nht tr li trm A cng theo ng trnh t nh trn.
2.8.5 Kin trc giao thc TCP/IP

TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) l kt qu nghin
cu v pht trin giao thc trong mng chuyn mch gi th nghim mang tn
Arpanet do ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency) thuc B quc phng
Hoa k ti tr. Khi nim TCP/IP dng ch c mt tp giao thc v dch v
truyn thng c cng nhn thnh chun cho Internet. Cho n nay, TCP/IP
xm nhp ti rt nhiu phm vi ng dng khc nhau, trong c cc mng my
tnh cc b v mng truyn thng cng nghip.
72
Kin trc giao thc TCP/IP v i chiu vi m hnh OSI c minh ha trn
Hnh 2.40. Khc vi OSI, thc ra khng c mt m hnh giao thc no c cng
b chnh thc cho TCP/IP. Tuy nhin, da theo cc chun giao thc c pht
trin, ta c th sp xp cc chc nng truyn thng cho TCP/IP thnh nm lp c
lp l lp ng dng, lp vn chuyn, lp Internet, lp truy nhp mng v lp vt
l.
Nu tch ring TCP v IP th l nhng chun ring v giao thc truyn
thng, tng ng vi lp vn chuyn v lp mng trong m hnh OSI. Nhng
ngi ta cng dng TCP/IP ch mt m hnh truyn thng, ra i trc khi c
chun OSI.
Lp ng dng
Lp ng dng thc hin cc chc nng h tr cn thit cho nhiu ng dng
khc nhau. Vi mi loi ng dng cn mt module ring bit, v d FTP (File
Transfer Protocol) cho chuyn giao file, TELNET cho lm vic vi trm ch t
xa, SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) cho chuyn th in t, SNMP
(Simple Network Management Protocol) cho qun tr mng v DNS (Domain
Name Service) phc v qun l v tra cu danh sch tn v a ch Internet.
OSI
TCP/IP
Lp ng dng
Lp ng dng
TELNET
FTP
Lp biu din d liu

SNMP
SMTP
DNS
Lp kim sot ni
Lp vn chuyn
Lp vn chuyn
UDP
TCP
Lp Internet
Lp mng
Lp lin kt d liu
ICMP
IP
ARP RARP
Lp truy nhp mng
Lp vt l
Lp vt l
Hnh 2.40:
So snh TCP/IP vi OSI
Lp vn chuyn
C ch bo m d liu c vn chuyn mt cch tin cy hon ton khng
ph thuc vo c tnh ca cc ng dng s dng d liu. Chnh v th, c ch
ny c sp xp vo mt lp c lp tt c cc ng dng khc nhau c th s

dng chung, c gi l lp vn chuyn. C th ni, TCP l giao thc tiu biu
nht, ph bin nht phc v vic thc hin chc nng ni trn. TCP h tr vic
trao i d liu trn c s dch v c ni.
Bn cnh TCP, giao thc UDP (User Data Protocol) cng c s dng cho
lp vn chuyn. Khc vi TCP, UDP cung cp dch v khng c ni cho vic gi
d liu m khng m bo tuyt i n ch, khng m bo trnh t n ch
ca cc gi d liu. Tuy nhin, UDP li n gin v hiu sut, ch i hi mt c
ch x l giao thc ti thiu, v vy thng c dng lm c s thc hin cc
giao thc cao cp theo yu cu ring ca ngi s dng; mt v d tiu biu l
giao thc SNMP.
Lp Internet
Tng t nh lp mng OSI, lp Internet c chc nng chuyn giao d liu
gia nhiu mng c lin kt vi nhau. Giao thc IP c s dng chnh lp
ny, nh ci tn ca n hm . Giao thc IP c thc hin khng nhng cc
thit b u cui, m cn cc b router. Mt router chnh l mt thit b x l
giao thc dng lin kt hai mng, c chc nng chuyn giao d liu t mt
mng ny sang mt mng khc, trong c c nhim v tm ng i ti u.
Lp truy nhp mng
Lp truy nhp mng lin quan ti vic trao i d liu gia hai trm thit b
trong cng mt mng. Cc chc nng bao gm vic kim sot truy nhp mi
trng truyn dn, kim li v lu thng d liu, ging nh lp lin kt d liu
trong m hnh OSI.
Lp vt l
Ging nh trong m hnh OSI, lp vt l cp ti giao din vt l gia mt
thit b truyn d liu (v d my tnh PC, PLC) vi mi trng truyn dn hay
mng, trong c c tnh tn hiu, ch truyn, tc truyn v cu trc c
hc cc phch cm/gic cm.
So snh gia TCP/IP v OSI l mt v d lm sng t bn cht v ngha tht
s ca m hnh qui chiu OSI. Trong thc t khng c mt giao thc no c
gi l giao thc OSI, cng khng c dch v no c gi l dch v OSI. Ta ch
c th sp xp giao thc no, dch v no thuc lp no hay tng ng vi lp
no trong m hnh qui chiu ny.
73
2.9 Ti liu tham kho

[1]
Andrew S. Tanenbaum: Computer Networks. 3th Edition, Prentice-Hall, 1998.
[2]
ISO 7498: Information processing systems - Open Systems Interconnection - Basic

reference model. International Standardization Organisation, 1984.
[3]
Werner. Kriesel, T. Heimbold, D. Telschow: Bustechnologien fr die Automation.

Hthig, Heidelberg, 1998.
[4]
Gerhard Schnell: Bussysteme in der Automatisierungstechnik. Vieweg,

Braunschweig/Wiesbaden, 1999.
[5]
IFAC: Distributed Computer Control Systems. Tuyn tp bo co hi ngh IFAC

DCCS (hng nm).
74
Chng 3:
75
Cc thnh phn h thng mng
Chng ny gii thiu cc thnh phn c bn trong mt h thng mng truyn thng
cng nghip nh phng tin truyn dn, phn cng v phn mm giao din mng, thit
b lin kt mng v cc linh kin mng khc.

Mi trng truyn dn hay phng tin truyn dn nh hng ln ti cht lng tn
hiu, ti bn vng ca tn hiu vi nhiu bn ngoi v tnh tng thch in t ca h
thng truyn thng. Tc truyn v khong cch truyn dn ti a cho php cng ph
thuc vo s la chn phng tin truyn dn. Ngoi cc c tnh k thut, cc phng
tin truyn dn cn khc nhau mc tin li s dng (lp t, u dy) v gi thnh.
Bn cnh chun truyn dn, mi h thng bus u c qui nh cht ch v chng loi v
cc ch tiu cht lng ca mi trng truyn dn c php s dng. Tuy nhin, trong
khi qui nh v chun truyn dn thuc lp vt l th mi trng truyn dn li nm
ngoi phm vi cp ca m hnh qui chiu OSI.
Nu khng xt ti cc c im ring bit ca tng h thng mng c th (v d
phng php truy nhp bus), tc truyn ti a ca mt knh truyn dn ph thuc
vo ( rng) bng thng ca knh truyn. i vi mi trng khng c nhiu, theo
thuyt Nyquist th:
Tc bit ti a (bits/s) = 2H log2 X,
trong H l bng thng ca knh truyn v X l s mc trng thi tn hiu c s
dng trong m ha bit. i vi cc h thng mng truyn thng cng nghip s dng tn
hiu nh phn, ta c X = 2 v tc bit (tnh bng bit/s) s khng bao gi vt qu hai
ln rng bng thng.
Bn cnh s hn ch bi bng thng ca knh truyn dn, tc truyn ti a thc t
cn b gim ng k bi tc ng ca nhiu. Shannon ch ra rng, tc truyn bit
ti a ca mt knh truyn dn c bng thng H (Hz) v t l tn hiu-nhiu S/N (signalto-noise ratio) c tnh theo cng thc:
Tc bit ti a (bits/s) = H log2 (1+S/N)
T cc phn tch trn y, ta c th thy rng rng bng thng v kh nng khng
nhiu l hai yu t quyt nh ti cht lng ca ng truyn. Bn cnh , khong
cch truyn ti a ph thuc vo suy gim ca tn hiu trn ng truyn.
Trong k thut truyn thng ni chung cng nh truyn thng cng nghip ni ring,
ngi ta s dng cc phng tin truyn dn sau:
Cp in: Cp ng trc, i dy xon, cp trn
76
Cp quang: Cp si thy tinh (a ch , n ch ), si cht do
V tuyn: Sng truyn thanh (radio AM, FM), sng truyn hnh (TV), vi sng
(microwave), tia hng ngoi (UV).
Di tn ca mt s phng tin truyn dn tiu biu c m t trn Hnh 3.1.

f(Hz) 104
105
106
107
108
109
1010 1011 1012 1013 1014 1015 1016
V tinh
i dy xon
Cp ng trc
Vi sng
mt t
Si quang
Hng ngoi
FM radio
AM radio
TV
Di tn
LF
MF
HF
VHF UHF SHF EHF THF
Hnh 3.1: Di tn ca cc phng tin truyn dn tiu biu
Loi cp in ph bin nht trong cc h bus trng l i dy xon. i vi cc ng

dng c yu cu cao v tc truyn v bn vi nhiu th cp ng trc l s la
chn tt hn. Cp quang cng c s dng rng ri trong cc ng dng c phm vi a
l rng, mi trng xung quanh nhiu mnh hoc d xm thc, hoc c yu cu cao v
tin cy cng nh tc truyn d liu.
3.1.1 i dy xon
i dy xon (Twisted Pair) l mt pht minh ca A. Grahm Bell vo nm 1881 v
t tr thnh phng tin kinh in trong cng nghip in thoi. Mt i dy xon
bao gm hai si dy ng c qun cch ly m vo nhau. Tc dng th nht ca vic
qun dy l trng in t ca hai dy s trung ha ln nhau, nh Hnh 3.2 minh ha, v
th nhiu x ra mi trng xung quanh cng nh tp nhiu do xuyn m s c gim
thiu. Hin tng nhiu xuyn m (crosstalk) xut hin do s giao thoa trng in t
ca chnh hai dy dn. Khi nim xuyn m c ngun gc k thut in thoi, ch s
chng cho lm mo ting ni do tc ng qua li gia hai dy dn. Nu kch thc,
xon ca i dy c thit k, tnh ton ph hp, trng in t do chng gy ra s t
trit tiu ln nhau v hu nh khng lm nh hng ti cht lng tn hiu.
Hnh 3.2: i dy xon v tc dng trung ha trng in t
77
Trong cc h thng truyn thng cng nghip, i dy xon thng c s dng i

km vi chun RS-485. Che chn ng truyn i vi RS-485 khng phi bao gi
cng bt buc, ty theo i hi v cht lng ng truyn v tnh tng thch in t
trong tng lnh vc ng dng khc nhau. Cc lp bc lt, che chn s gim tc ng ca
nhiu bn ngoi n tn hiu truyn dn, ng thi hn ch nhiu x t chnh ng
truyn ra mi trng xung quanh. Mt cp dn thng bao gm nhiu i dy xon,
trng hp ph bin l hai i dy. Cng c chun LAN nh IEEE 802.12 qui nh s
dng bn i dy. Ty theo cch che chn m ngi ta phn bit hai loi cp dn:
Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) v Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP). S khc nhau gia
STP v UTP ch, ngoi v bc chung bn ngoi ca c cp th STP cn c thm mt
lp che chn ring cho tng i dy, nh thy trn Hnh 3.3.
in tr c tnh ca STP v UTP thng l 120. c im ca STP l kh nng
chng tc ng nhiu t bn ngoi cao hn nhiu so vi UTP, trong khi bn thn STP
cng ta t nhiu hn ra mi trng xung quanh. Nhn chung, i vi cc h thng bus
trng vi chun truyn dn RS-485 th STP c s dng ph bin nht. Cng chnh
v kh nng khng nhiu tt m STP cho php truyn vi tc tng i cao
(1..10Mbit/s).
a) STP
b) UTP
Hnh 3.3: Hai kiu cp i dy xon - STP v UTP
Ty theo cht lng ca cp truyn, chiu di dy dn ti a khng dng b lp c

th ti 3000m. Tuy nhin, mt phng thc truyn khng cho php t c c tc
truyn ti a v chiu di ti a cng mt lc. V d, t c tc truyn ti a th
chiu di dy dn khng c ln hn 100m. Bng 3.1 lit k mt s kiu cp theo qui
chun AWG (American Wire Gauge).
Bng 3.1: Mt s kiu cp STP theo qui chun AWG
AWG
28
26
24
22
20
Tit din dy (mm2)
0.08
0.13
0.2
0.32
0.50
ng knh dy (mm)
0.32
0.40
0.51
0.64
0.80
in tr R (/m)
0.436
0.280
0.178
0.106
0.070
Cht lng truyn ca STP tt hn lun i i vi gi thnh cao hn. V vy

khong cch truyn dn ngn hoc trong cc iu kin t c tc ng nhiu bn ngoi,
UTP cng c s dng. Do di tn b hn ch v nhy cm vi nhiu, tc truyn s
dng UTP trong cc h thng mng truyn thng cng nghip thng b hn ch mc
167 kbit/s, cng nh chiu di ng truyn ti a khng dng b lp l 200m.
78
Tuy tc truyn ca cc loi cp i dy xon khng cao lm, nhng u im ca

n l gi thnh hp l v d lp t, ni dy. V vy ng dng ch yu ca chng l
cp trng, c th s dng trong hu ht cc h thng bus trng. Trn Hnh 3.4 l mt
v d cp i dy xon kiu STP, sn phm ca hng Siemens c dng trong mng
MPI v PROFIBUS. Tc truyn ti a cho php y l 12MBit/s.
Hnh 3.4: Cp i dy xon STP

(Siemens)
n nay, cp i dy xon cng c thit k, ch to vi nhiu ci tin khc nhau.

Ty theo kiu cch v cht lng ca sn phm, ngi ta cng chia thnh cc hng t 15. Loi cp dng trong cng nghip in thoi hoc trong mng thng thuc hng 3,
cho php truyn ti tc 12Mbit/s. Hng 5 cho php truyn ti tc 100Mbit/s, c
dng trong Fast Ethernet (100BASE-TX). Chun IEC 61158 cng a ra 4 loi i dy
xon xp hng t A ti D vi cht lng cao nht thuc hng A.
3.1.2 Cp ng trc
Mt loi cp truyn thng dng khc l cp ng trc (coaxial cable hay coax). Nh
trn Hnh 3.5 minh ha, mt cp ng trc bao gm mt dy li bn trong v mt dy
(kiu ng) bao bc pha ngoi, c ngn cch bi mt lp cch ly (in mi). Cng
nh i dy xon, cht liu c s dng cho dy dn y l ng. Lp cch ly
thng l polyethylen (PE), trong khi v bc l nha PVC.
V bc (PVC)
Lp dn ngoi (Cu)
Dy dn li (Cu)
Lp cch ly (PE)
Hnh 3.5: Cu to cp ng trc
Cp ng trc thch hp cho c truyn tn hiu tng t v tn hiu s. Ngi ta phn

bit hai loi cp ng trc l cp di c s (baseband coax) v cp di rng (broadband
coax). Loi th nht c tr c tnh l 50, c s dng rng ri trong truyn d liu,
trong khi loi th hai c tr c tnh 75, thng c s dng l mi trng truyn tn
hiu tng t. Phm vi ng dng c in ca cp ng trc chnh l trong cc h thng
cp truyn hnh.
Nh cu trc c bit cng nh tc dng ca lp dn ngoi, cc in trng v t
trng c gi gn nh hon ton bn trong mt cp ng trc. Chnh v vy hin
tng xuyn m khng ng k so vi cp i dy xon. Bn cnh , hiu ng b
79
mt2 cng lm gim s tn hao trn ng truyn khi s dng cp truyn c ng knh
ln. Hnh 3.6 biu th s suy gim ng truyn gia cp ng trc so snh vi i dy
xon. V c tnh ng hc, cp ng trc c di tn ln hn i dy xon nn vic tng
tn s nhp nng tc truyn cng d thc hin hn. Tc truyn ti a cho php
c th ti 1-2 Gbit/s. Vi tc thp, khong cch truyn c th ti vi nghn mt m
khng cn b lp. Tuy nhin, bn cnh gi thnh cao hn i dy xon th vic lp t,
u dy phc tp cng l mt nhc im ca chng. V vy trong truyn thng cng
nghip, cp ng trc ch yu c dng cc cp trn (bus h thng, bus x nghip)
nh ControlNet v Ethernet.
Suy gim (dB/100m)
100
STP
10
Coax
1
1
10
100
1000
Tn s (MHz)
Hnh 3.6: Suy gim ng truyn ca i dy xon v cp ng trc
3.1.3 Cp quang
Cp quang c s dng trong cc lnh vc ng dng i hi tc truyn ti rt
cao, phm vi truyn dn ln hoc trong cc mi trng lm vic chu tc ng mnh ca
nhiu. Vi k thut tin tin hin nay, cc loi cp quang c th t ti tc truyn
20Gbit/s. Cc h thng c lp t thng thng c tc truyn khong vi Gbit/s.
S suy gim tn hiu y rt nh, v vy chiu di cp dn c th ti hng chc, thm
ch hng trm kilomt m khng cn mt b lp hay mt b khuch i tn hiu.
Mt u im ln ca cp quang l tnh nng khng nhiu cng nh tnh tng thch
in-t. Cp quang khng chu tc ng ca nhiu ngoi cnh nh trng in t, sng
v tuyn. Ngc li, bn thn cp quang cng hu nh khng bc x nhiu ra mi
trng xung quanh, v th khng nh hng ti hot ng ca cc thit b khc. Bn
cnh , s dng cp quang cng nng cao bo mt ca thng tin c truyn. Thc
t rt kh c th gn b mt cc thit b nghe trm ng truyn m khng gy ra st
gim tn hiu mt cch t ngt. Vi cc thit b k thut c bit ngi ta c th d
dng xc nh c v tr b can thip.
Nguyn tc lm vic ca cp quang da trn hin tng phn x ton phn ca nh
sng ti b mt tip xc gia hai vt liu c h s khc x n1 v n2 khc nhau tha mn
iu kin:
2
cc tn s cao, dng in tp trung ch yu b mt ca dy dn.
80
n1
n2
arctan
vi l gc lch ca tia nh sng ti so vi ng trc giao, nh Hnh 3.7 minh ha.

Thng thng n1 c chn ln hn n2 khong 1%.
n1
n2
Hnh 3.7: Nguyn tc phn x ton phn (n1 > n2)
Mt si cp quang bao gm mt si li, mt lp bc v mt lp v bo v. Si li

cng nh lp bc c th c lm bng thy tinh hoc cht do trong sut. Mt tia nh
sng vi gc lch so vi chiu dc cp dn - tnh theo cng thc sau - s c nn i
theo mt ng rch rc u n:
sin = n12 n22
Nguyn tc lm vic ca cp quang c minh ha trn Hnh 3.8.
n2
n1
Hnh 3.8: Nguyn tc lm vic ca cp quang
T l ca cc h s khc x cng nh ng knh ca si li v lp bc nh hng

ti c tnh ng i ca tia nh sng. Ngi ta phn loi cp quang si thy tinh thnh
hai nhm chnh sau:
Si a ch (Multimode Fiber, MMF): Si quang nhiu kiu sng, tn hiu

truyn i l cc tia laser c tn s khng thun nht. Cc LED c s dng
trong cc b pht. Hin tng tn x gy kh khn trong vic nng cao tc
truyn v chiu di cp dn. Kh nng truyn hn ch trong phm vi Gbit/s * km.
Si n ch (Single-Mode Fiber, SMF): Si quang mt kiu sng, tn hiu

truyn i l cc tia laser c tn s thun nht. Cc it laze c s dng trong
cc b pht. Tc truyn c th t ti hng trm Gbit/s khong cch 1km.
Nhm th nht cng c chia tip thnh hai loi: Si c h s bc (Step Index
Fiber) v si c h s dc (Gradient Index Fiber). Bng 3.2 tm tt mt s c tnh v
thng s tiu biu ca ba loi cp quang ny.
81
Bn cnh si thy tinh, mt s loi si cht do cng c s dng tng i rng

ri. Si cht do cho php truyn vi tc thp (khong vi chc ti vi trm Mbit/s)
v khong cch truyn ngn (ti a 80m), nhng gi thnh thp v lp t d dng hn
nhiu.
Bng 3.2: Cc loi si thy tinh
Si a ch
H s bc
Si n ch
H s dc
ng c tnh ca
h s khc x
ng i ca tia
sng
ng knh trong
50 m
9 m
ng knh ngoi
250 m
125 m
125 m
suy gim
100 MHz
1GHz
100GHz
1dB/100m tn s
B pht / b thu
LED / it PIN hoc APD1
it laze / APD
Tc truyn *
~ 1Gbit/s * km
~ 100Gbit/s * km
Cao
Thp
Khong cch
Gi thnh
1
LED: Light-emitting Diode, APD: Avalanche Photodiode
3.1.4 V tuyn
Trong mt s lnh vc ng dng khng th s dng cp truyn, hoc vi chi ph cho
lp t rt cao - v d trong cng nghip khai thc du kh trn bin hoc trong lnh vc
theo di kh tng thy vn - cc phng php truyn v tuyn ng vai tr quan trng.
Trong nhng nm gn y, phng php truyn d liu trn cc phng tin v tuyn
c ng dng ngy cng rng ri, nh s c mt ca cc cng ngh hin i, d s
dng v tin cy.
Mt trong cc vn ca vic truyn d liu qua vi sng l phi s dng mt tn s
thch hp, c php ca cc c quan hu quan trnh gy nhiu i vi cc h thng
khc. nhiu nc, s ni lng trong cc qui nh cp php to iu kin d dng cho
vic trang b v a vo s dng cc thit b. Gi thnh tng th cho mt h thng - k
82
c chi ph cho trang thit b v bo tr h thng - c th thp hn rt nhiu so vi chi ph

cho cp dn.
Hai phng tin chnh c s dng rng ri l vi sng mt t v vi sng qua v
tinh. i vi vi sng mt t, c th s dng cc dch v cng cng hoc t lp t h
thng ring.
Cc h thng truyn dn mt t ring c th xy dng trn c s hng lot cc thit
b tng t v k thut s, phc v cc nhu cu ng dng khc nhau, cn trao i d
liu theo mt chiu hoc c hai chiu. Phm vi ph sng c th t vi mt cho ti hng
chc kilmt. Gi thnh cng rt khc nhau, t cc h thng n gin, r tin vi giao
tip n knh, mt chiu cho n cc h thng rt t cho php s dng nhiu knh v
lin lc hai chiu cng mt lc. Mt s h thng n gin c s dng khng cn giy
php.
Cc h thng dch v cng cng mt t cng rt a dng nh mng dch v tch hp
k thut s (ISDN), mng in thoi di ng (GSM, AMPS, UTSM), i pht di ng
cng cng (MPT1327, TETRA), cc sng pht thanh v truyn hnh. Bn cnh chi ph
mua sm hoc thu cc trang thit b th gi thnh tng th bao gm c tin thu bao v
ph s dng tnh theo thi gian. V vy, mc d u t ban u khng cao, song chi ph
cho vn hnh li c th rt ln.
S dng v tinh (Eutelsat, Intelsat, Inmarsat, Panamsat, Orbcomm) ph hp vi cc
ng dng i hi lin lc khong cch ln, nhng c th khng lin tc. Truyn dn
qua v tinh c th i hi u t cho thu bao tng i ln, ph thuc vo hp ng s
dng v cht lng dch v, tuy nhin trong nhiu trng hp th y l s la chn duy
nht.
3.2 Giao din mng
83
3.2 Giao din mng

3.2.1 Cu trc giao din mng
Mt giao din mng bao gm cc thnh phn x l giao thc truyn thng (phn
cng v phn mm) v cc thnh phn thch ng cho thit b c ni mng. Hnh 3.9
m t phm vi thc hin chc nng c th thc hin c do cc thnh phn giao din
mng i chiu vi m hnh OSI.
Lu rng, nhiu khi ta khng th nh ngha ranh gii r rng gia phn cng v
phn mm. Phm vi chc nng ca cc thnh phn ny c th giao nhau. Phn cng
thc hin chc nng ca lp vt l v c th mt phn hoc ton b chc nng ca cc
lp lin kt d liu v lp mng. Phm vi chc nng ca phn mm l x l giao thc,
c th t lp lin kt d liu cho ti lp ng dng. Tuy nhin, v cc l do v tnh nng
thi gian trong vn to xung nhp, ng b nhp, trch mu tn hiu v m ha bt, lp
vt l bt buc phi do cc vi mch cng m nhim. Phn mm c th thc hin di
dng phn do (firmware) cng trong vi x l, phn mm giao thc tch hp trong h
iu hnh (hiu vi ngha rng) hoc di dng cc hm th vin c gi trong
chng trnh ng dng.
Lp ng dng
Lp biu din d liu
Phn mm
Lp kim sot ni
Lp vn chuyn
Lp lin kt d liu
Phn cng
Lp mng
Chng trnh ng dng
Thnh phn thc hin
H iu hnh
M hnh OSI
Lp vt l
Hnh 3.9:
Phm vi chc nng ca cc thnh phn giao din mng
Hnh 3.10 m t mt cu trc tiu biu phn cng ghp ni bus trng cho cc thit
b, s dng ch yu cc vi mch tch hp cao. Phn cng ny c th thc hin di dng
mt bng mch ring c th ghp b sung, hoc tch hp sn trong bng mch ca
thit b.
Chc nng x l giao thc truyn thng c th c thc hin bng mt b vi x l
thng dng kt hp vi vi mch thu pht khng ng b a nng UART (Universal
Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter). Vi mch UART thc hin vic chuyn i cc d
3.2 Giao din mng
84
liu song song t vi x l sang mt dy bit ni tip. Phn mm x l giao thc c lu

tr trong b nh EPROM/EEPROM hoc Flash-ROM. Phng php ny c nhc
im l tnh nng thi gian x l truyn thng rt kh xc nh v kim nghim mt
cch chnh xc. Bn cnh chi ph cho thit k, pht trin, th nghim v chng nhn
hp chun phn mm x l giao thc cho mt loi vi x l c th c th rt ln.
khc phc cc vn trn y, nhiu cng ty cho sn xut hng lot cc vi mch
chuyn dng cho mt loi bus, c gi l ASIC (Application Specific Integrated
Circuit), a dng v cht lng, hiu nng v gi thnh. Mt s ASIC thm ch cn
c tch hp sn mt s phn mm ng dng nh cc thut ton iu khin, chc nng
tin x l tn hiu v chc nng t chn on. Nh , vic phn tn cc chc nng t
ng ha xung cc thit b trng c ni mng khng nhng gim ti cho my tnh
iu khin cp trn, m cn ci thin tnh nng thi gian thc ca h thng.
Tuy nhin, thng thng cc bng mch vi in t cng khng m nhim ton b
chc nng x l giao thc truyn thng, m ch thc hin dch v thuc cc lp di
trong m hnh OSI, cn cc phn trn thuc trch nhim ca phn mm th vin hoc
phn mm ng dng. Trong mt s h thng bus hoc trong mt s sn phm, nh sn
xut to iu kin cho ngi s dng t la chn mt trong nhiu kh nng.
Hu ht cc mch giao din bus u thc hin cch ly vi ng truyn trnh gy
nh hng ln nhau. Ngoi ra, cn mt b cung cp ngun nui trong trng hp ng
truyn tn hiu khng ng ti ngun. a s cc thnh phn ghp ni cng cho php
thay i ch lm vic hoc tham s qua cc cng tc, jumper v hin th trng thi
qua cc n LED.
3.2 Giao din mng
85
Bus
Gic cm
B thu pht
(V d RS-485)
Cch ly
Vi mch chuyn dng

(ASIC)
EPROM/
EEPROM/
Flash
RAM
V d +24VDC
Ngun
t
UART
Vi x l
(X l giao thc)
Giao din vi vi
mch thit b hoc
IO-Driver
Timer,
Watchdog
Giao din s dng

(Cng tc, jumper,
LED)
Vi mch thit b
Hnh 3.10: Cu trc tiu biu mt bng mch giao din bus
3.2.2 Ghp ni PLC

ghp ni PLC trong mt h thng mng, v d bus trng hoc bus h thng, c
th s dng cc module truyn thng ring bit hoc trc tip cc CPU c tch hp giao
din mng.
Module giao din mng
i vi cc PLC c cu trc kiu linh hot, mi thnh phn h thng nh ngun
(PS), b x l trung tm (CPU) v cc vo/ra (I/O) u c thc hin bi mt module
ring bit, mi module chim mt khe cm (slot) trn gi . Vic giao tip gia CPU
v cc module khc c thc hin thng qua mt bus ni b t trn gi
(backplane bus), theo ch truyn d liu song song. Khi , phng php c dng
rng ri nht ni mng l b sung thm mt module giao din (interface module, IM)
ring bit, tng t nh vic ghp ni cc module vo/ra. Cc module giao din mng
nhiu khi cng c gi l b x l truyn thng (communication processor, CP),
module giao din truyn thng (communication interface module, CIM) hoc ngn gn
hn na l module truyn thng (communication module, CM). Trong hu ht cc
trng hp, cc module giao din ny cng phi do chnh nh sn xut PLC cung cp.
Hnh 3.11 m t phng php s dng hai module giao din ring bit ghp ni
mt PLC vi hai cp mng khc nhau. Bus trng (v d PROFIBUS-DP) ghp ni
3.2 Giao din mng
86
PLC vi cc thit b vo/ra phn tn v cc thit b trng khc. Bus h thng (v d

Ethernet) ghp ni cc PLC vi nhau v vi cc my tnh iu khin gim st v vn
hnh. Lu rng, y mi module giao din chnh l mt trm v c mt a ch ring
trong mng ca n.
Bus h thng
(VD: Ethernet)
PLC
PS
CPU
IM
IM
DI
DO
AI
AO
Bus trng (VD: Profibus-DP)
Hnh 3.11: Giao din bus cho PLC vi module truyn thng
CPU tch hp giao din mng

Bn cnh phng php thc hin thnh phn giao din mng ca mt thit b di
dng mt module tch ri, c mt b vi x l ring nh gii thiu trn y th mt gii
php kinh t cho cc thit b iu khin kh trnh l li dng chnh CPU cho vic x l
truyn thng. Cc vi mch giao din mng cng nh phn mm x l giao thc c
tch hp sn trong CPU. Phng php ny thch hp cho c cc PLC c cu trc module
v cu trc gn nh. Hnh 3.12 minh ha vic ghp ni bus trng cho PLC bng gii
php s dng mt loi CPU thch hp, v d c sn mt cng PROFIBUS-DP.
PLC
PS
CPU
DI
DO
AI
AO
Cng DP
Profibus-DP
Hnh 3.12: S dng CPU tch hp giao din PROFIBUS-DP
3.2.3 Ghp ni PC
Cc mch giao din mng cho my tnh c nhn cng c cu trc tng t nh cho
PLC. Tuy nhin, v tnh cht a nng ca b x l trung tm cng nh ca bng mch
chnh (main-board), phng n th hai cho PLC (CPU tch hp kh nng truyn thng)
khng th thc hin c y. Cc module giao din mng cho PC thng c thc
hin di mt trong cc dng sau:
Card giao din mng cho cc khe cm ISA, PCI, Compact-PCI, ...
3.2 Giao din mng
87
B thch ng mng qua cng ni tip hoc cng song song
Card PCMCIA
Ngoi ra, s dng Modem (trong hoc ngoi) cng l mt phng php thng dng
c th truy nhp mng qua PC v mt ng in thoi sn c.
Card giao din mng
Tng t nh cc PLC, CPU ca mt my tnh c nhn s dng h thng bus ni b
(bus song song) giao tip vi cc module vo/ra cho cc thit b ngoi vi nh my in,
bn phm, mn hnh, v.v... Bn cnh mt s module c tch hp sn trn bng mch
chnh, cc my tnh c nhn cn c mt s khe cm cho cc module vo/ra khc v h
tr vic m rng h thng. Mt card giao din mng cho PC c lp vo mt khe cm,
thng thng theo chun ISA, PCI hoc Compact-PCI. Trn Hnh 3.13 l v d mt sn
phm ca Siemens cho ghp ni my tnh c nhn PC vi PROIBUS-FMS hoc
PROFIBUS-DP.
Trn mt card giao din mng cho PC thng c mt b vi x l m nhim chc
nng x l giao thc. Tuy nhin, ty theo tng trng hp c th m ton b hay ch
mt phn chc nng thuc lp 7 (lp ng dng) c vi x l ca card thc hin, phn
cn li s thuc trch nhim ca chng trnh ng dng, thng qua CPU ca my tnh.
CP 5412 (A2)
Hnh 3.13: Card giao din PROFIBUS CP5412 Siemens)
S dng card giao din, mt my tnh c nhn (cng nghip) t ti trung tm c th

ng thi thc hin nhim v iu khin c s thay cho mt PLC v m nhim chc
nng hin th qu trnh, iu khin gim st t xa qua h thng bus trng. Th mnh
ca gii php PC-based control ny chnh l gi thnh thp v tnh nng m ca h
thng. Mt vn c hu ca my tnh c nhn l tin cy thp trong mi trng
cng nghip mt phn c khc phc bi v tr t xa qu trnh k thut. Hn th na,
c th thit k mt cu hnh d phng nng nng cao tin cy ca gii php.
B thch ng mng qua cng ni tip/song song
Trong cc cu hnh ng dng n gin, c th dng cc b thch ng mng (adapter)
ni qua cc cng ca my tnh nh:
Cc cng ni tip theo chun RS-232 (COM1, COM2)
3.2 Giao din mng
88
Cng ni tip theo chun USB (Universal Serial Bus))
Cc cng song song (LPT1, LPT2)
Nh c minh ha trn Hnh 3.14, mt b thch ng mng c vai tr nh mt trm

trong mng, thc hin chuyn i tn hiu t mt cng ni tip hoc song song ca my
tnh sang tn hiu theo chun ca mng, ng thi m nhim vic x l giao thc
truyn thng.
RS-232
PC
Adapter
bus trng
Hnh 3.14: Ghp ni PC vi bus trng qua cng RS-232
Gii php s dng b thch ng mng c u im l n gin v linh hot. Tuy

nhin, tc truyn b hn ch bi kh nng c hu ca cc cng my tnh.
Card PCMCIA
i vi cc loi my tnh xch tay khng c kh nng m rng qua cc khe cm, bn
cnh phng php s dng b thch ng mng, ta c th ghp ni qua khe PCMCIA vi
kch c ca card bng mt th in thoi. Phng php ny c bit tin li cho cc
my lp trnh, t cu hnh, tham s ha v chn on h thng cho cc b iu khin
v thit b trng.
3.2.4 Ghp ni vo/ra phn tn

c lp t gn k vi qu trnh k thut, cc thit b vo/ra phn tn cho php tit
kim mt cch trit cp truyn tn hiu t cc cm bin v c cu chp hnh ti b
iu khin. Bn cnh , cu trc vo/ra phn tn cn cho php s dng cc module
vo/ra khc nhau, khng nht thit phi ng b vi my tnh iu khin (PLC, PC,
DCS).
Thc ra, mt thit b vo/ra phn tn ch khc vi mt PLC ch n khng c b x
l trung tm (CPU). Thay vo , n c tch hp cc vi mch giao din mng cng
nh phn mm x l giao thc. Ty theo cu trc ca thit b vo/ra phn tn l dng
module hay dng gn m phn giao din mng c thc hin bng mt module ring
bit hay khng. Hnh 3.15 minh ha cch ni mng PROFIBUS-DP cho mt thit b
vo/ra phn tn c cu trc module. V nguyn tc, phng php ny khng khc so vi
cch ghp ni cc b PLC nh trnh by trn y.
3.2 Giao din mng
89
Distributed
I/O
PS
Interface
Module
DI
DO
AI
AO
Cng DP
Profibus-DP
Hnh 3.15: Ghp ni vo/ra phn tn qua module giao din DP
3.2.5 Ghp ni cc thit b trng

Cc thit b o thng minh, cc van iu khin, cc thit b quan st, cc b khi
ng ng c, cc b iu khin s v cc bin tn l nhng thit b trng tiu biu c
thc hin chc nng x l thng tin v thm ch chc nng iu khin ti ch. Ghp ni
cc thit b trng trc tip vi nhau v vi cp iu khin chnh l cu trc vo/ra tin
tin nht, cho php thc hin kin trc iu khin phn tn thc s.
Tng t nh i vi PLC hoc vo/ra phn tn, vic ni mng cc thit b trng
vi nhau v vi cp iu khin c th thc hin theo hai cch tng ng l s dng mt
module truyn thng ring bit v s dng cc thit b c tch hp giao din mng.
Trn Hnh 3.16 v Hnh 3.17 l cc cu hnh minh ha cho cc phng php ghp ni
trn vi v d mng DeviceNet.
DeviceNet
DeviceNet
module
B iu khin s
B khi ng
ng c
DeviceNet
module
Hnh 3.16: Ghp ni thit b trng s dng DeviceNet module
3.2 Giao din mng
90
DeviceNet
Truyn ng
Cm bin
in-quang
Thit b
quan st
Hnh 3.17: Ghp ni thit b trng tch hp giao din DeviceNet
i vi cc h bus c s dng rng ri trong cc ngnh cng nghip ch bin, xu

hng hin nay mt mt l tch hp sn giao din mng, mt khc b sung cc chc
nng x l thng tin v iu khin trn cc thit b trng. Cng ngh vi x l tin tin
ngy nay cho php thc hin ton b cc chc nng trn mt bn vi mch nh gn
nh minh ha trn Hnh 3.18. Gii php ny mang li hng lot cc u im nh tit
kim dy dn, u t t hn cho b iu khin, tng tin cy ca ton h thng, tng
kh nng trao i thng tin. Hin nay, Foundation Fieldbus l cng ngh i u xu
hng ny.
Hnh 3.18: Kch c bn vi mch giao din ni bus trng so vi ng 1 Euro

(hnh nh chp sn phm ca hng Brkert)
91

Phn mm ca h thng mng c th c chia thnh cc lp l phn mm giao thc,
phn mm h thng bao gm trnh iu khin (driver) v cc trnh tch hp trong h
iu hnh, v phn mm giao din ng dng. Phn mm giao thc thc hin cc chc
nng thuc cc lp pha trn trong m hnh OSI (c th t lp 2 tr ln), v d nh xy
dng bc in, bo ton d liu, v.v... Trnh iu khin c vai tr lin kt phn cng
giao din mng (v d mt card PCI) vi h iu hnh. Cc trnh tch hp trong h iu
hnh c chc nng qun l phn cng, sp t cc vng nh v ngt cho trnh iu
khin, kim sot giao tip gia cc chng trnh ng dng v phn cng giao din
mng. Phn mm giao din ng dng, cn c gi l giao din lp trnh, nm lp
trn cng trc khi ti chng trnh ng dng. Quan h gia cc thnh phn phn mm
ca mt h thng mng c minh ha trn Hnh 3.19.
Chng trnh
ng dng
PM giao thc
Phn mm
giao din ng dng
Chng trnh
ng dng
Phn mm
giao din ng dng
PM giao thc
Chng trnh
ng dng
H iu hnh
Trnh iu khin
Trnh iu khin
Phn cng GD mng
Phn cng GD mng
Hnh 3.19: Quan h gia cc phn mm trong h thng mng
3.3.1 Phn mm giao thc

Phn mm x l giao thc hay ni gn l phn mm giao thc l mt thnh phn
giao din mng, c nhim v thc hin cc chc nng x l giao thc cn li trong m
hnh OSI. Phn mm giao thc tn ti di ba hnh thc l phn do (firmware), thnh
phn ca h iu hnh hoc phn mm th vin.
Firmware
Phn mm di dng firmware c cng trong cc vi mch ghp ni ASIC,
c cha trong cc b nh lu di (EPROM, Flash-ROM), hoc c np ln mt b
nh RAM trc khi i vo hot ng. Hnh thc sau cng cn c gi l bootloading
hay downloading, ph bin trong cc card giao din cho PC. Hu ht cc ASIC cho bus
trng u cha ton b phn mm x l giao thc cho tt c cc lp chc nng, hoc
ch mt phn trong . Trong trng hp sau, cc chc nng cn li s c thc hin
b sung trn ASIC hoc qua CPU ch thng qua s dng cc phn mm th vin.
92
Trong mt s trng hp, CPU ch ch cn truy nhp trc tip vo mt s vng trong
b nh ca ASIC (v d vng nh DPM), phn t chc giao tip cn li do ASIC m
nhim hon ton. Mt s vng nh nh thanh ghi c th cha d liu cu hnh, mt s
vng nh khc nh hp th (mailbox) c th cha cc d liu s dng cn trao i trong
mng.
Thnh phn ca h iu hnh
Phn mm giao thc c th thc hin di hnh thc l mt thnh phn ty chn
trong h iu hnh. Thng thng, phn mm ny khng thc hin ton b cc lp giao
thc ca mt h thng mng, m ch thc hin mt s lp pha trn. V d, mt card
giao din Ethernet cha sn firmware cho x l giao thc cp thp, trong khi h iu
hnh (Windows, UNIX) c th b sung cc phn mm giao thc cp trn nh TCP/IP,
IPX/SPX,... S khc bit c bn so vi dng firmware l phn mm x l giao thc
y do CPU ca my ch thc hin, trong khi firmware do vi x l ca phn cng giao
din mng thc hin. u im ca cch thc hin ny l s linh hot ti a cho nn ng
dng.
Phn mm th vin
Phn mm x l giao thc thc hin di dng mt th vin lp trnh l hnh thc
linh hot nht, cho php nhng trc tip m x l giao thc vo chng trnh ng dng
mt cch c la chn. Thng thng, nh sn xut phn cng giao din mng c th
cung cp km mt th vin hm (C/C++). Cng ging nh dng ci t trong h iu
hnh, m phn mm th vin do CPU ca my ch thc hin v thng thng ch m
nhim chc nng x l giao thc ca cc lp trn.
3.3.2 Phn mm giao din lp trnh ng dng

cc chng trnh ng dng c th s dng cc dch v mng, lp phn mm giao
din ng dng c th c thc hin thng qua cc hnh thc phn mm th vin hoc
server.
Th vin lp trnh ph thng
Cc ngn ng lp trnh bc cao thng c s dng trn nn my tnh c nhn hoc
iu khin nhng, v th rt nhiu phn mm giao din ng dng c cung cp di
dng th vin lp trnh ph thng, c bit l cho ngn ng C/C++. Bn cnh vic nh
ngha mt s cu trc d liu, cc th vin di dng ny cung cp mt tp hp cc
hm hoc lp khai thc cc dch v mng nh trao i d liu, xc nh v thit lp
cu hnh. Mt s nh sn xut cn cung cp c m ngun ANSI-C c th dch trn
nhiu vi x l khc nhau.
Vic s dng cc th vin lp trnh ph thng thng gp mt kh khn ln. l
s ph thuc khng nhng vo cc dch v ca mt mng c th, m cn vo cch xy
dng th vin ca nh cung cp sn phm. iu c ngha l, i vi cc mng khc
nhau hay thm ch vi cng mt loi mng, ngi s dng cng s khng c mt th
vin lp trnh thng nht. V th, vic tun theo mt chun giao tip nh MMS
(Manufacturing Message Specification) s gp phn gim bt s khng thng nht ny.
93
Th vin hm hoc khi chc nng chuyn dng

Lp trnh s dng hm v khi chc nng l phng php ph bin trong pht trin
cc phn mm iu khin. V th, cc nh sn xut PLC hoc cc b iu khin khc (v
d trong mt h DCS) thng cung cp mt s hm v khi chc nng giao tip c
th s dng tch hp trong mi trng lp trnh. Cc hm/khi chc nng ny c th c
giao din theo mt chun quc t, hoc do ring hng t t. V d, m hnh giao tip v
mt tp hp cc khi chc nng giao tip theo chun IEC 61131-5 c th tm thy
nguyn bn hoc bin th trong hu ht cc cng c lp trnh cho PLC. Chun 61131-5
s c gii thiu khi qut trong chng 5 ca bi ging ny.
Cng ngh i tng thnh phn
Mt i tng thnh phn c c th thc hin thng qua mt th vin lin kt
ng, v d DLL (Dynamic Link Library) hoc mt chng trnh server, cho php s
dng bng nhiu ngn ng lp trnh khc nhau. Tt hn na l nu cc i tng thnh
phn ny c thc hin theo mt m hnh chun quc t hay chun cng nghip. Hai
m hnh i tng thnh phn cho cc ng dng phn tn c s dng rng ri nht
hin nay l CORBA (Common Object Request Broker Architecture) chun ha quc t
bi t chc OMG (Object Management Group) v chun Microsoft DCOM (Distributed
Component Object Model). OPC chnh l mt chun cng nghip da trn m hnh
DCOM v c ngha quan trng hn c trong lnh vc t ng ha cng nghip, s
c cp chi tit hn chng 5.
94

cho dng d liu gia hai phn mng c th truyn qua li cho nhau c ngi
ta s dng cc thit b lin kt c bit. Thng thng th mi phn mng c thit lp
cc giao thc truyn thng ring, cc giao thc ny c th ging nhau hoc khc so vi
cc phn mng cn li. Vn l lm th no c th lin kt hai mng li, m ngi s
dng hon ton khng phi thit lp li giao thc truyn thng. Ty theo nhng c
im ging v khc nhau gia hai phn mng cn lin kt, c th thc hin c bng
cch chn cc loi thit b lin kt cho ph hp trong s cc loi kt ni nh b lp
(repeater), cu ni (bridge), router v gateway. Nhng thit b lin kt ny c chn
theo nhim v ca chng theo m hnh ISO/OSI.
3.4.1 B lp
Tn hiu t mt trm pht ra trn ng truyn khi ti cc trm khc bao gi cng b
suy gim v bin dng, t hay nhiu ty theo c tnh ca cp truyn v c tnh tn s
ca tn hiu. Chnh v vy m c s lin quan rng buc gia tc truyn (quyt nh
tn s tn hiu) vi chiu di ti a ca dy dn. Mt khc, cc chun truyn dn nh
RS-485 cng qui nh cht ch c tnh in hc ca cc thit b ghp ni (c coi nh
ti), dn n s hn ch v s trm tham gia. m rng khong cch truyn cng nh
nng cao s trm tham gia th cch thng thng l s dng cc b lp (repeater).
Vai tr ca b lp l sao chp, khuch i v hi phc tn hiu mang thng tin trn
ng truyn. Hai phn mng c th lin kt vi nhau qua mt b lp c gi l cc
on mng (segment), chng phi ging nhau hon ton c v tt c cc lp giao thc
v k c ng truyn vt l. Mc d cc on mng v mt logic vn thuc mt mng
duy nht, tc cc trm ca chng phi c a ch ring bit, mi on mng c coi
nh cch ly v mt in hc. V vy, s lng cc trm trong ton mng c th ln hn
chun truyn dn qui nh.
Nh Hnh 3.20 minh ha, chc nng ca mt b lp c th coi nh thuc phn di
ca lp vt l nu i chiu vi m hnh OSI. Ch rng, b lp ch ni c hai on
ng dn ca cng mt h thng truyn thng, thc hin cng mt giao thc v mi
trng truyn dn cng hon ton ging nhau. Trng hp mt thit b c chc nng
kt ni hai on mng c mi trng truyn dn khc nhau (v d mt bn dng cp
quang, mt bn dng cp ng trc), ta dng khi nim b chuyn i hoc b thch
ng.
95
CT ng dng
CT ng dng
Repeater
VD: Profibus
segment 1
VD: Profibus
segment 2
Hnh 3.20: Repeater trong m hnh OSI
Khc vi mt b khuch i tn hiu, mt b lp khng ch lm nhim v khuch i

cc tn hiu b suy gim, m cn chnh dng v ti to tn hiu trong trng hp tn hiu
b nhiu. Mt b lp tuy khng c mt a ch ring, khng tham gia trc tip vo cc
hot ng giao tip nhng vn c coi l mt trm, hay mt thnh vin trong mng.
3.4.2 Cu ni
Cu ni (bridge) phc v cho vic lin kt cc mng con vi nhau, ch khi phn pha
trn ca lp 2 ca chng (c gi l lp iu khin kt ni logic, Logical Link
Control-LLC) lm vic vi cng mt giao thc. Mi trng truyn dn v phng php
iu khin truy nhp ng dn cho mi mt mng con c th khc nhau. Cu ni c
s dng khi lin kt cc mng con c cu trc khc nhau hoc do mt yu cu thit k
c bit no . Nhim v ca cu ni nhiu khi ch gii quyt vn iu khin truy
nhp mi trng (MAC), cn chc nng ca lp LLC khng b thay i g. Trong
trng hp ny, cu ni c th c s dng cho ghp ni cc mng con m mi trng
truyn dn c th khc nhau, v d gia cp ng trc vi cp quang, hoc ghp ni cc
mng con c phng php truy nhp bus khc nhau, v d gia Token Ring v Ethernet.
Hnh 3.21 minh ha nguyn tc lm vic ca mt cu ni. i chiu vi m hnh
OSI th mt cu ni lm vic trn c s lp LLC, tc phn trn ca lp 2. Nh vy, n
s phi thc hin cc giao thc pha di lp ny cho c hai phn mng c th
chuyn i cc bc in qua li. Bn thn mt cu ni khng c a ch mng ring.
96
CT ng dng
CT ng dng
4
Bridge
LLC
2
1
VD: Token Bus
MAC
MAC
2
1
VD: Ethernet
Hnh 3.21: Bridge trong m hnh OSI
3.4.3 Router
Router c nhim v lin kt hai mng vi nhau trn c s lp 3 theo m hnh OSI.
Router cng c chc nng xc nh ng i ti u cho mt gi d liu cho hai i tc
thuc cc mng khc nhau (routing). Cc mng c lin kt c th khc nhau hai lp
1 v 2, nhng bt buc phi ging nhau lp 3. Mi mng u c mt a ch ring bit
v mt khng gian a ch ring. iu c ngha l, hai trm thuc hai mng khc
nhau c th c cng mt a ch, tuy nhin chng c phn bit bi a ch ca mng.
Cng nh cc nt mng khc, tng ng vi mi mng router c mt a ch ring. Nh
vy, nu mt router ghp ni n mng th bn thn n c n a ch - cc trm trong mt
mng ch nhn thy mt a ch ca router.
Hnh 3.22 m t nguyn tc lm vic ca router trong m hnh OSI. i vi bus
trng, lp 3 hu nh khng c ngha, v vy router ch c vai tr quan trng trong
cc h thng mng cao cp hn nh mng cc b (LAN) hoc mng din rng (WAN).
Trong vic giao tip lin mng th m a ch trong mt bc in bao gm nhiu
thnh phn, trong c a ch ca ni gi, ni nhn cng nh cc thnh phn m t a
ch mng m bc in cn i qua. thc hin c vic tm ng i ti u, router
phi thay i cc thnh phn lin quan trong m a ch ny trc khi truyn tip d liu
i, nh mt thut ton cho trc v mt bng cha nhng thng tin cn thit ca cc
mng tham gia. Tiu chun cho ng i ti u ph thuc vo qui nh c th, v d
ng truyn n a ch cn gi l ngn nht, thi gian truyn thng tin ngn nht, qua
t thit b truyn tin trung gian nht hay gi thnh hp l nht, hoc cng c th kt hp
nhiu yu t khc nhau.
97
CT ng dng
CT ng dng
5
Router
4
3
2
1
4
3
VD: Token Ring
VD: X.25
Hnh 3.22: Router trong m hnh OSI
3.4.4 Gateway
Gateway c s dng lin kt cc h thng mng khc nhau (cc h thng bus
khc nhau). Nhim v chnh ca gateway l chuyn i giao thc cp cao, thng
c thc hin bng cc thnh phn phn mm. Nh vy, gateway khng nht thit phi
l mt thit b c bit, m c th l mt my tnh PC vi cc phn mm cn thit. Tuy
nhin, cng c cc sn phm phn cng chuyn dng thc hin chc nng gateway.
Hnh 3.23 minh ha nguyn tc lm vic ca mt gateway. Chnh v nguyn tc hot
ng trn lp ng dng, nn gateway cho php lin kt cc h thng theo m hnh kin
trc by lp OSI v c cc h thng khng theo m hnh ny.
CT ng dng
Gateway
CT ng dng
7
VD: Profibus
VD: Interbus-S
Hnh 3.23: Gateway trong m hnh OSI
Mt cu hi mang tnh cht l thuyt nhiu hn l ngha thc t l kh nng lin

kt hay kh nng chuyn i gia cc h thng mng khc nhau, c bit l gia cc h
98
thng bus trng3. Trong khi vic chun ha cc h thng bus cn mang nhiu vn
th ngi s dng thng mong i s tng thch gia chng mt mc no .
Tuy nhin, trc khi tr li cu hi ny ta cn phi lm r hai vn sau:
S lin kt hay chuyn i gia hai h thng mng ni chung v cp trng ni

ring nhm mc ch c th g?
Hai h thng mng c cng thc hin mt s dch v tng ng hay khng?
Nu nh mc ch ca vic lin kt ch l kh nng truy nhp d liu xuyn sut

mng, th khng nht thit phi dng nhng b chuyn i trc tuyn (on-wire). Mt
gii php n gin, thng dng hn nhiu l s dng mt thit b trung gian c vai tr
tng t nh mt gateway, v d mt PLC hay mt PC, nh trong cc cu hnh h thng
phn cp thng gp trong thc t.
Phi ni mt cch chnh xc hn l kh nng lin kt gia cc thit b h tr hai h thng

mng khc nhau.
99

B ni (connector)
B ni l linh kin lin kt gia cp truyn vi phn cng giao din mng ca mt
thit b tham gia. Cc phch cm Sub-D (RS-485, RS-232), cc b ni ch T (Ethernet),
cc b ni cp quang (optical link module, OLM) l mt vi v d tiu biu. i vi cu
trc mng ng thng kiu daisy-chain, ngi ta c th kt hp chc nng tr u cui
trn b ni. Trn Hnh 3.24 l hnh nh mt phch cm PROFIBUS, trn c cng tc
chuyn ch tr u cui (ON = chn, OFF = khng chn).
Hnh 3.24: Mt b ni PROFIBUS (SubD)
Thng thng, cc b ni ch c chc nng thch ng giao din c hc. i vi mt

mng cp quang, cc b ni thng phc tp hn rt nhiu. Bn cnh vic thc hin
vic chuyn i qua li gia cc tn hiu in v quang, mt s b ni quang cn c
chc nng cch ly v by-pass c th tch mt trm ra khi mng trong trng hp c
s c trn trm.
B chia (hub)
Trong mt mng hoc mt phn mng c cu trc hnh sao, mt trm trung tm ng
vai tr trung chuyn thng tin mt cch th ng c gi l b chia (hub, tap,
ports,...). Ging nh mt chia in, b chia ch c chc nng n thun l phn chia
v chuyn tip thng tin t mt cng sang tt c cc cng cn li. Nguyn tc lm vic
ca b chia c minh ha trn Hnh 3.25. V d, thng tin t trm 2 gi cho mt trm
bt k cng s c chuyn ti tt c cc trm khc. V vy, tuy cu trc v mt vt l
y l hnh sao, nhng cu trc v mt logic li l dng bus.
Lu rng trong mt s mng n gin, v d DeviceNet hoc AS-Interface, mt
module vo/ra cng c th kt hp ng vai tr mt b chia.

1
100
2
HUB
SWITCH
Hnh 3.25: Nguyn tc lm vic ca b chia v b chuyn mch
B chuyn mch (switch)

Mt b chuyn mch c s dng ghp ni nhiu thit b vo mng, tng t
nh mt b chia. Khc vi mt b chia, mt b chuyn mch ng vai tr ch ng,
kim sot ton b cc hot ng giao tip trong mng. Thng tin t mt trm gi ti
mt trm khc khng c chuyn ti cc cng khc ngoi cng tng ng vi trm
ch. Hnh 3.25 bn phi minh ha nguyn tc hot ng ca mt b chuyn mch. Mt
bc in t trm 2 gi cho trm 4 ch c chuyn ti cng tng ng vi trm 4. C
ch ny gip cho hn ch xung t trn ng truyn, c bit vi cc phng php
truy nhp bus ngu nhin.
101
3.6 Ti liu tham kho

[1]
Siemens: SIMATIC NET - Industrial Communication Networks. Siemens AG 1998.
[2]
Rockwell Automation: Manuals On-line, DataDisc 1. Rockwell International

Corporation, Inc. 1999.
[3]
SISCO: Overview and Introduction to the Manufacturing Message Specification (MMS).

Revision 2, SISCO Inc., 1995.
[4]
IEC 61131-5: Programmable Controllers Part 5: Communication. International

Electrotechnical Commission.
[5]
OPC Taskforce: OLE for Process Control - Data Access Specification, Version 2.0A,
1998, www.opcfoundation.org.
Cc trang Web v bus trng

[6]
AS-Interface: http://www.as-interface.com
[7]
Bitbus: http://www.bitbus.org
[8]
CAN:
[9]
ControlNet: http://www.controlnet.org
http://www.can-cia.de
[10] DeviceNet:
http://www.odva.org
[11] EIB: http://www.eiba.org

[12] Foundation Fieldbus: http://www.fieldbus.org
[13] INTERBUS: http://www.interbusclub.com
[14] LON: http://www.echelon.com
[15] Modbus: http://www.modicon.com
[16] P-NET: http://www.p-net.dk
[17] PROFIBUS: http://www.profibus.com
[18] SwiftNet: http://www.shipstar.com
[19] WorldFIP: http://www.worldfip.org
4.1 PROFIBUS
Chng 4:
102
Cc h thng bus tiu biu
4.1 PROFIBUS
PROFIBUS (Process Field Bus) l mt h thng bus trng c pht trin ti c
t nm 1987, do 21 cng ty v c quan nghin cu hp tc. Sau khi c chun ha
quc gia vi DIN 19245, PROFIBUS tr thnh chun chu u EN 50 170 trong nm
1996 v chun quc t IEC 61158 vo cui nm 1999. Bn cnh , PROFIBUS cn
c a vo trong chun IEC 61784 mt chun m rng trn c s IEC 61158 cho
cc h thng sn xut cng nghip. Vi s ra i ca cc chun mi IEC 61158 v IEC
61784 cng nh vi cc pht trin mi gn y, PROFIBUS khng ch dng li l mt
h thng truyn thng, m cn c coi l mt cng ngh t ng ha.
Vi mc ch qung b cng nh h tr vic pht trin v s dng cc sn phm
tng thch PROFIBUS, mt t chc ngi s dng c thnh lp, mang tn
PROFIBUS Nutzerorganisation (PNO). T nm 1995, t chc ny nm trong mt hip
hi ln mang tn PROFIBUS International (PI) vi hn 1.100 thnh vin trn ton th
gii.
PROFIBUS nh ngha cc c tnh ca mt h thng bus cho php kt ni nhiu
thit b khc nhau, t cc cc thit b trng cho ti vo/ra phn tn, cc thit b iu
khin v gim st. PROFIBUS nh ngha ba loi giao thc l PROFIBUS-FMS,
PROFIBUS-DP v PROFIBUS-PA. FMS l giao thc nguyn bn ca PROFIBUS,
c dng ch yu cho vic giao tip gia cc my tnh iu khin v iu khin gim
st. Bc tip theo l s ra i ca DP vo nm 1993 - mt giao thc n gin v nhanh
hn nhiu so vi FMS. PROFIBUS-DP c xy dng ti u cho vic kt ni cc thit
b vo/ra phn tn v cc thit b trng vi cc my tnh iu khin. PROFIBUS-FMS
v PROFIBUS-DP lc u c s dng ph bin trong cc ngnh cng nghip ch to,
lp rp. Tuy nhin gn y, vai tr ca PROFIBUS-FMS ngy cng m nht bi s
cnh tranh ca cc h da trn nn Ethernet (Ethernet/IP, PROFINet, High-Speed
Ethernet,...). Trong khi , phm vi ng dng ca PROFIBUS-DP ngy cng lan rng
sang nhiu lnh vc khc. PROFIBUS-PA l kiu c bit c s dng ghp ni trc
tip cc thit b trng trong cc lnh vc t ng ha cc qu trnh c mi trng d
chy n, c bit trong cng nghip ch bin. Thc cht, PROFIBUS-PA chnh l s
m rng ca PROFIBUS-DP xung cp trng cho lnh vc cng nghip ch bin.
Ngy nay, PROFIBUS l h bus trng hng u th gii vi hn 20% th phn v vi
hn 5 triu thit b lp t trong khong 500.000 ng dng. C th ni, PROFIBUS l
gii php chun, ng tin cy cho nhiu phm vi ng dng khc nhau, c bit l cc
ng dng c yu cu cao v tnh nng thi gian.
4.1 PROFIBUS
103
4.1.1 Kin trc giao thc

PROFIBUS ch thc hin cc lp 1, lp 2 v lp 7 theo m hnh qui chiu OSI, nh
minh ha trn Hnh 4.1. Tuy nhin, PROFIBUS-DP v -PA b qua c lp 7 nhm ti u
ha vic trao i d liu qu trnh gia cp iu khin vi cp chp hnh. Mt s chc
nng cn thiu c b sung qua lp giao din s dng nm trn lp 7. Bn cnh cc
hm dch v DP c s v m rng c qui nh ti lp giao din s dng, hip hi PI
cn a ra mt s qui nh chuyn bit (profiles) v c tnh v chc nng c th ca
thit b cho mt s lnh vc ng dng tiu biu. Cc c t ny nhm mc ch to kh
nng tng tc v thay th ln nhau ca thit b t nhiu nh sn xut.
Giao din
s dng
PROFIBUS-FMS
PROFIBUS-DP
PROFIBUS-PA
FMS-Profiles
DP-Profiles
PA-Profiles
Cc chc nng DP m rng

Cc chc nng DP c s
Lp 7
Lp 3-6
Lp 2
Lp 1
Fieldbus Message
Specification (FMS)
K h n g
t h
h i n
Fieldbus Data Link (FDL)

RS-485/RS-485IS/Cp quang
MBP (IEC 1158-2)
Hnh 4.1: Kin trc giao thc ca PROFIBUS
C ba giao thc FMS, DP v PA u c chung lp lin kt d liu (lp FDL).

PROFIBUS-PA c cng giao din s dng nh DP, tuy nhin tnh nng ca cc thit b
c qui nh khc nhm ph hp vi mi trng lm vic d chy n. K thut truyn
dn MBP (Manchester coded, Bus Powered) theo IEC 1158-2 c c p dng y
m bo vn an ton v cung cp ngun cho cc thit b qua cng dy dn bus.
tch hp cc on mng DP v PA c th dng cc b chuyn i (DP/PA-Link, DP/PACoupler) c sn trn th trng.
Lp ng dng ca FMS bao gm hai lp con l FMS (Fieldbus Message
Specification) v LLI (Lower Layer Interface), trong FMS chnh l mt tp con ca
chun MMS (xem chi tit trong chng 5). Lp FMS m nhim vic x l giao thc
s dng v cung cp cc dch v truyn thng, trong khi LLI c vai tr trung gian cho
FMS kt ni vi lp 2 m khng ph thuc vo cc thit b ring bit. Lp LLI cn c
nhim v thc hin cc chc nng bnh thng thuc cc lp 3-6, v d to v ngt ni,
kim sot lu thng. PROFIBUS-FMS v PROFIBUS-DP s dng cng mt k thut
truyn dn v phng php truy nhp bus, v vy c th cng hot ng trn mt ng
truyn vt l duy nht.
Lp vt l ca PROFIBUS qui nh v k thut truyn dn tn hiu, mi trng
truyn dn, cu trc mng v cc giao din c hc. Cc k thut truyn dn c s
dng y l RS-485, RS-485-IS v cp quang (i vi DP v FMS) cng nh MBP
(i vi PA). RS-485-IS (IS: Intrinsically Safe) c pht trin trn c s RS-485 c
th s dng trong mi trng i hi an ton chy n.
4.1 PROFIBUS
104
Lp lin kt d liu PROFIBUS c gi l FDL (Fieldbus Data Link), c chc

nng kim sot truy nhp bus, cung cp cc dch v c bn (cp thp) cho vic trao i
d liu mt cch tin cy, khng ph thuc vo phng php truyn dn lp vt l.
4.1.2 Cu trc mng v k thut truyn dn

Truyn dn vi RS-485
Chun PROFIBUS theo IEC 61158 qui nh cc c tnh in hc v c hc ca giao
din RS-485 cng nh mi trng truyn thng, trn c s cc ng dng c th la
chn cc thng s thch hp. Cc c tnh in hc bao gm:
Tc truyn thng t 9,6 kbit/s n 12 MBit/s
Cu trc ng thng kiu ng trc/ng nhnh (trunk-line/drop-line) hoc

daisy-chain, trong cc tc truyn t 1,5 Mbit/s tr ln yu cu cu trc
daisy-chain.
Cp truyn c s dng l i dy xon c bo v (STP). Hip hi PI khuyn

co dng cp loi A.
Tr kt thc c dng tin cy (fail-safe biasing ) vi cc in tr ln lt l 390220-390.
Chiu di ti a ca mt on mng t 100 n 1200m, ph thuc vo tc

truyn c la chn. Quan h gia tc truyn v chiu di ti a ca mt
on mng c tm tt trong bng 4.1.
S lng ti a cc trm trong mi on mng l 32. C th dng ti a 9 b lp

tc 10 on mng. Tng s trm ti a trong mt mng l 126.
Ch truyn ti khng ng b v hai chiu khng ng thi.
Phng php m ha bit NRZ.
Bng 4.1: Chiu di ti a ca mt on mng PROFIBUS (cp STP loi A)

Tc (kbit/s)
9,6/19,2/
187.5
500
1500
45,45/93,75
Chiu di
1200
3000/6000/
12000
1000
400
200
100
(mt)
V giao din c hc cho cc b ni, loi D-Sub 9 chn c s dng ph bin nht
vi cp bo v IP20. Trong trng hp yu cu cp bo v IP65/67, c th s dng mt
trong cc loi sau y:
B ni trn M12 theo chun IEC 947-5-2

B ni Han-Brid theo khuyn co ca DESINA
B ni kiu lai ca Siemens.
4.1 PROFIBUS
105
Truyn dn vi RS-485IS
Mt trong nhng u im ca RS-485 l cho php truyn tc cao, v th n c
pht trin c th ph hp vi mi trng i hi an ton chy n. Vi RS-485IS (IS :
Intrinsically Safe), t chc PNO a ra cc ch dn v cc qui nh ngt ngho v
mc in p v mc dng tiu th ca cc thit b lm c s cho cc nh cung cp.
Khc vi m hnh FISCO ch cho php mt ngun tch cc an ton ring, y mi
trm u l mt ngun tch cc. Khi ghp ni tt c cc ngun tch cc, dng tng cng
ca tt c cc trm khng c php vt qu mt gi tr ti a cho php. Cc th
nghim cho thy cng c th ghp ni ti a 32 trm trong mt on mng RS-485IS.
Truyn dn vi cp quang
Cp quang thch hp c bit trong cc lnh vc ng dng c mi trng lm vic
nhiu mnh hoc i hi phm vi ph mng ln. Cc loi cp quang c th s dng
y l:
Si thy tinh a ch vi khong cch truyn ti a 2-3km v si thy tinh n

ch vi khong cch truyn c th trn 15km.
Si cht do vi chiu di ti a 80m v si HCS vi chiu di ti a 500m.
Do c im lin kt im-im cp quang, cu trc mng ch c th l hnh sao

hoc mch vng. Trong thc t, cp quang thng c s dng hn hp vi RS-485
nn cu trc mng phc tp hn.
Truyn dn vi MBP
Trong mt s ngnh cng nghip ch bin, c bit l ngnh xng du, ha cht, mi
trng lm vic rt nhy cm vi xung in nn mc in p cao trong chun truyn
dn RS-485 khng thch hp. PROFIBUS-PA s dng lp vt l theo phng php
MBP (chun IEC 1158-2 c). Phng php m ha bit Manchester rt bn vng vi
nhiu nn cho php s dng mc tn hiu thp hn nhiu so vi RS-485, ng thi cho
php cc thit b tham gia bus c cung cp ngun vi cng ng dn tn hiu.
K thut truyn dn MBP thng thng c s dng cho mt on mng an ton
ring (thit b trng trong khu vc d chy n), c ghp ni vi on RS-485 qua
cc b ni on (segment coupler) hoc cc lin kt (link). Mt segment coupler hot
ng theo nguyn tc chuyn i tn hiu lp vt l, v vy c s hn ch v tc
truyn bn on RS-485. Trong khi , mt link nh x ton b cc thit b trng trong
mt on MBP thnh mt trm t duy nht trong on RS-485, khng hn ch tc
truyn bn on RS-485.
Vi MBP, cc cu trc mng c th s dng l ng thng (ng trc/ng
nhnh), hnh sao hoc cy. Cp truyn thng dng l i dy xon STP vi tr u cui
dng RC (100 v 2F). S lng trm ti a trong mt on l 32, tuy nhin s lng
thc t ph thuc vo cng sut b np ngun bus. Trong khu vc nguy him, cng sut
b np ngun b hn ch, v th s lng thit b trng c th ghp ni ti a thng
thng l 8-10. S lng b lp ti a l 4, tc 5 on mng. Vi chiu di ti a mt
on mng l 1900m, tng chiu di ca mng s dng k thut MBP c th ln ti
9500m.
4.1 PROFIBUS
106
4.1.3 Truy nhp bus

PROFIBUS phn bit hai loi thit b chnh l trm ch (master) v trm t (slave).
Cc trm ch c kh nng kim sot truyn thng trn bus. Mt trm ch c th gi
thng tin khi n gi quyn truy nhp bus. Mt trm ch cn c gi l trm tch cc.
Cc trm t ch c truy nhp bus khi c yu cu ca trm ch. Mt trm t phi thc
hin t dch v hn, tc x l giao thc n gin hn so vi cc trm ch, v vy gi
thnh thng thp hn nhiu. Mt trm t cn c gi l trm th ng.
Hai phng php truy nhp bus c th c p dng c lp hoc kt hp l TokenPassing v Master/Slave. Nu p dng c lp, Token-Passing thch hp vi cc mng
FMS dng ghp ni cc thit b iu khin v my tnh gim st ng quyn, trong khi
Master/Slave thch hp vi vic trao i d liu gia mt thit b iu khin vi cc
thit b trng cp di s dng mng DP hoc PA. Khi s dng kt hp (Hnh 4.2),
nhiu trm tch cc c th tham gia gi Token. Mt trm tch cc nhn c Token s
ng vai tr l ch kim sot vic giao tip vi cc trm t n qun l, hoc c th t
do giao tip vi cc trm tch cc khc trong mng.
Vng token logic gia cc thit b Master
Cc trm tch cc, Master
PLC
PC
PLC
PROFIBUS
Cc trm th ng, Slave
Hnh 4.2: Cu hnh Multi-Master trong PROFIBUS
Chnh v nhiu trm tch cc c th ng vai tr l ch, cu hnh truy nhp bus kt
hp gia Token-Passing v Master/Slave cn c gi l nhiu ch (Multi-Master).
Thi gian vng lp ti a mt trm tch cc li nhn c Token c th chnh c
bng tham s. Khong thi gian ny chnh l c s cho vic tnh ton chu k thi gian
ca c h thng.
4.1.4 Dch v truyn d liu

Cc dch v truyn d liu thuc lp 2 trong m hnh OSI, hay cn gi l lp FDL
(Fieldbus Data Link), chung cho c FMS, DP v PA. PROFIBUS chun ha bn dch
v trao i d liu, trong ba thuc phm tr dch v khng tun hon v mt thuc
phm tr dch v tun hon, c th l:
SDN (Send Data with No Acknowledge): Gi d liu khng xc nhn
SDA (Send Data with Acknowledge): Gi d liu vi xc nhn
4.1 PROFIBUS
107
SRD (Send and Request Data with Reply): Gi v yu cu d liu
CSRD (Cyclic Send and Request Data with Reply): Gi v yu cu d liu tun
hon.
Hnh thc thc hin cc dch v ny c minh ha trn Hnh 4.3. Cc dch v
khng tun hon thng c s dng truyn cc d liu c tnh cht bt thng, v
d cc thng bo s kin, trng thi v t ch lm vic, v vy cn c gi l cc
dch v truyn thng bo.
Dch v khng tun hon
(Truyn thng bo)
Dch v tun hon

(B
d
)
Gi d liu khng xc nhn (SDN)

(broadcast)
Gi v yu cu d liu tun hon (CSRD)
D liu
D liu
Trm n
Gi d liu vi xc nhn (SDA)

D liu
D liu
D liu
Trm n+1
Xc nhn
D liu
Gi v yu cu d liu (SRD)
D liu
Trm n+2
D liu
D liu
D liu
Hnh 4.3: Cc dch v truyn d liu PROFIBUS
Dch v SDN c dng ch yu cho vic gi ng lot (broadcast) hoc gi ti

nhiu ch (multicast). Mt trm tch cc c th gi mt bc in ng lot ti tt c
hoc ti mt s trm khc m khng cn cng nh khng th i hi xc nhn. C th
ly mt vi v d tiu biu nh vic tham s ha, ci t v khi ng chng trnh trn
nhiu trm cng mt lc. thc hin theo cc ch ny, khng cn phi gi cc bc
in ti tng a ch m ch cn gi mt bc in duy nht mang a ch t trc l
127. Chnh v vy, cc trm ch c th nhn a ch t 0-126.
Cc dch v cn li ch phc v trao i d liu gia hai i tc. SDA v SRD u l
nhng dch v trao i d liu khng tun hon cn c xc nhn, trong vi SRD bn
nhn c trch nhim gi kt qu p ng tr li. Hai dch v ny c dng ph bin
trong vic trao i d liu gia trm ch v trm t. V d my tnh iu khin (trm
ch) dng SDA thay i ch lm vic ca mt thit b trng (trm t), hoc dng
SRD i mt thit b trng thng bo trng thi lm vic.
Dch v trao i d liu tun hon duy nht (CSRD) c qui nh vi mc ch h
tr vic trao i d liu qu trnh cp chp hnh, gia cc module vo/ra phn tn, cc
thit b cm bin v c cu chp hnh vi my tnh iu khin. Dch v ny khc vi
SRD ch l ch cn mt ln yu cu duy nht t mt lp trn xung, sau cc i tc
logic thuc lp 2 t ng thc hin tun hon theo chu k t trc. Mt trm ch s c
4.1 PROFIBUS
108
trch nhim hi tun t cc trm t v yu cu trao i d liu theo mt trnh t nht

nh. Phng php c gi l polling. V th, d liu trao i lun c sn sng ti
lp 2, to iu kin cho cc chng trnh ng dng trao i d liu di cp trng mt
cch hiu qu nht. Khi mt chng trnh ng dng cn truy nhp d liu qu trnh, n
ch cn trao i vi thnh phn thuc lp 2 trong cng mt trm m khng phi ch
thc hin truyn thng vi cc trm khc.
Ngoi cc dch v trao i d liu, lp 2 ca PROFIBUS cn cung cp cc dch v
qun tr mng. Cc dch v ny phc v vic t cu hnh, tham s ha, t ch lm
vic, c cc thng s v trng thi lm vic ca cc trm cng nh a ra cc thng
bo s kin.
4.1.5 Cu trc bc in
Mt bc in (telegram) trong giao thc thuc lp 2 ca PROFIBUS c gi l
khung (frame). Ba loi khung c khong cch Hamming l 4 v mt loi khung c bit
nh du mt token c qui nh nh sau:
Khung vi chiu di thng tin c nh, khng mang d liu:

SD1
FC
FCS
ED
DA
SA
FC
DU
FCS
ED
Khung vi chiu di thng tin khc nhau, vi 1-246 byte d liu:

SD2
SA
Khung vi chiu di thng tin c nh, mang 8 byte d liu:

SD3
DA
LE
LEr
DA
SA
SD2
DA
SA
FC
DU
FCS
ED
Token:
SD4
Cc DA, SA, FC v DU (nu c) c coi l phn mang thng tin. Tr DU, mi

cn li trong mt bc in u c chiu di 8 bit (tc mt k t) vi cc ngha c
th nh sau:
Bng 4.2: Ng ngha khung bc in FDL
K hiu
Tn y
ngha
SD1...
Start Delimiter
Byte khi u, phn bit gia cc loi khung
SD4
SD1 = 10H, SD2=68H, SD3 = A2H, SD4=DCH
LE
Length
Chiu di thng tin (4-249 byte)
LEr
Length repeated
Chiu di thng tin nhc li v l do an ton
DA
Destination Address
a ch ch (trm nhn), t 0-127
SA
Source Address
a ch ngun (trm gi), t 0-126
4.1 PROFIBUS
109
DU
Data Unit
Khi d liu s dng
FC
Frame Control
Byte iu khin khung
FCS
Frame Check Sequence
Byte kim sot li, HD = 4
ED
End Delimiter
Byte kt thc, ED = 16H
Byte iu khin khung (FC) dng phn bit cc kiu bc in, v d bc in gi

hay yu cu d liu (Send and/or Request) cng nh xc nhn hay p ng
(Acknowledgement/Response). Bn cnh , byte FC cn cha thng tin v vic thc
hin hm truyn, kim sot lu thng trnh vic mt mt hoc gi p d liu cng
nh thng tin kiu trm, trng thi FDL.
PROFIBUS-FMS v -DP s dng phng thc truyn khng ng b, v vy vic
ng b ha gia bn gi v bn nhn phi thc hin vi tng k t. C th, mi byte
trong bc in t lp 2 khi chuyn xung lp vt l c xy dng thnh mt k t
UART di 11 bit, trong mt bit khi u (Start bit), mt bit chn l (parity chn) v
mt bit kt thc (Stop bit).
Dy bit truyn i 1
20
LSB
0
b1
10
11
27
MSB
b2
b3
b4
b5
b6
b7
b8
Start bit (ST)
Stop bit (SP)

Parity bit (chn)
Hnh 4.4: K t khung UART s dng trong PROFIBUS
Vic thc hin truyn tun th theo cc nguyn tc sau y:
Trng thi bus ri tng ng vi mc tn hiu ca bit 1, tc mc tn hiu thp

theo phng php m ha bit NRZ (0 ng vi mc cao).
Trc mt khung yu cu (request frame) cn mt thi gian ri ti thiu l 33 bit

phc v mc ch ng b ha gia hai bn gi v nhn.
Khng cho php thi gian ri gia cc k t UART ca mt khung.
Vi mi k t UART, bn nhn kim tra cc bit khi u, bit cui v bit chn l
(parity chn). Vi mi khung, bn nhn kim tra cc byte SD, DA, SA, FCS, ED,
LE/LEr (nu c) cng nh thi gian ri trc mi khung yu cu. Nu c li,
ton b khung phi hy b.
Trong trng hp gi d liu vi xc nhn (SDA), bn nhn c th dng mt k t

duy nht SC=E5H xc nhn. K t duy nht SC ny cng c s dng tr li
yu cu d liu (SRD) trong trng hp bn c yu cu khng c d liu p ng.
4.1 PROFIBUS
110
4.1.6 PROFIBUS-FMS
Mc d PROFIBUS-FMS khng c chun ha trong IEC 61158 v mt phn v
th vai tr ca n cng m nht dn trong cc pht trin tip theo, ng dng ca n
c mt vai tr nht nh trong mt s lnh vc cng nghip ch to, lp rp. S dng
PROFIBUS-FMS l bus h thng, cc my tnh iu khin c th c ghp ni theo
cu hnh nhiu ch giao tip vi nhau v vi cc thit b trng thng minh di
hnh thc gi cc thng bo. y, phm vi chc nng, dch v cao cp l tnh nng
c coi trng hn so vi thi gian phn ng ca h thng. Do c im ca cc ng
dng trn cp iu khin v iu khin gim st, d liu c trao i ch yu vi tnh
cht khng nh k.
i chiu vi m hnh OSI, lp ng dng ca PROFIBUS-FMS bao gm hai lp con
l FMS v LLI (Lower Layer Interface). Bi cc lp t 3 n 6 khng xut hin y,
lp LLI c vai tr thch ng, chuyn dch cc dch v gia lp FMS v lp FDL (lp 2).
Giao din gia FMS vi cc qu trnh ng dng c thc hin bi lp ALI
(Application Layer Interface).
Qu trnh ng dng
ALI
Thch ng cc dch
v vi ng dng
To cc khi DL
giao thc (PDU)
FMS
Din gii cc
PDU
Chuyn dch sang

cc dch v FDL
LLI
Chuyn dch sang

cc dch v FMS
Lp 1 / 2
Qun tr mng
(FMA)
Lp 7
Thch ng dch v
vi FMS
Lp vt l v lp lin kt d liu
Hnh 4.5: Kin trc FMS trong m hnh OSI
FMS (Fieldbus Message Specification) thc cht l mt tp con ca MMS

(Manufacturing Message Specification), mt chun giao thc v dch v lp 7 theo m
hnh OSI cho kiu giao tip hng thng bo (message-oriented communication) c
p dng rng ri trong cng nghip. Cng nh cc giao thc khc, FMS khng ch
chun ha ngha ca cc thng bo (ng ngha), m cn c cu trc bc in ca cc
thng bo (c php).
Giao tip hng i tng
PROFIBUS-FMS cho php thc hin cc hot ng giao tip hng i tng theo
c ch Client/Server. y, ngha ca phng thc hng i tng l quan im
thng nht trong giao tip d liu, khng ph thuc vo cc c im ca nh sn xut
thit b hay ca lnh vc ng dng c th.
4.1 PROFIBUS
111
Cc phn t c th truy nhp c t mt trm trong mng, i din cho cc i

tng thc hay cc bin qu trnh c gi l cc i tng giao tip. V d, gi tr o
ca mt cm bin nhit hoc trng thi logic ca mt van ng/m c th c i din
qua cc i tng giao tip tng ng. Cc thnh vin trong mng giao tip thng qua
cc i tng ny.
Vic truy nhp cc i tng c th thc hin theo nhiu cch khc nhau. Phng
php hiu qu nht l s dng ch s i tng (object index), cn gi l phng php
nh a ch logic. Ch s c th coi l cn cc ca mt i tng ni trong mt thnh
vin ca mng, c biu din bng mt s th t 16 bit. Nh vy, cc khung thng bo
s c chiu di ngn nht so vi cc phng php khc. Mt kh nng th hai l truy
nhp thng qua tn hnh thc (nhn) ca i tng, hay cn gi l tag. Mi i tng
c mt tn hnh thc phn bit thng nht. Phng php ny th hin u im tnh
trc quan, d theo di trong qu trnh thc hin mt d n.
Thit b trng o (VFD)
Thit b trng o (Virtual Field Device, VFD) l mt m hnh tru tng, m t cc
d liu, cu trc d liu v c tnh ca mt thit b t ng ha di gic ca mt
i tc giao tip. Mt i tng VFD cha tt c cc i tng giao tip v danh mc
m t cc i tng m cc i tc giao tip c th truy nhp qua cc dch v. Mt i
tng VFD c sp xp tng ng vi ng mt qu trnh ng dng.
Mt thit b thc c th cha nhiu i tng VFD, trong a ch ca mi i
tng VFD c xc nh qua cc im u cui giao tip ca n. Vic m t mt i
tng VFD c qui nh cht ch trong chun EN 50170.
Quan h giao tip
Ngoi tr cc hnh thc gi ng lot (broadcast v multicast), vic trao i thng
tin trong FMS lun c thc hin gia hai i tc truyn thng di hnh thc c ni
theo c ch Client/Server. Mt client c hiu l mt chng trnh ng dng (ni
chnh xc hn l mt qu trnh ng dng) gi yu cu truy nhp cc i tng. Cn
mt server chnh l mt chng trnh cung cp cc dch v truyn thng thng qua cc
i tng. Mi quan h giao tip gia mt client v mt server c gi l mt knh
logic. V nguyn tc, mt chng trnh ng dng c th ng c hai vai tr l client v
server.
Mi thnh vin trong mng c th ng thi c nhiu quan h giao tip vi cng mt
thnh vin khc, hoc vi cc thnh vin khc nhau. Mi quan h giao tip c m t
bi mt s cc thng s trong mt communication reference (CR), bao gm a ch trm
i tc (remote addresss), im truy nhp dch v (service access point, SAP), cc loi
dch v c h tr v chiu di cc b nh m.
Mi CR phi c ngi s dng nh ngha trong qu trnh thc hin d n, trc
khi mng a vo hot ng. Tt c cc CR ca mt thnh vin cn c a vo mt
danh sch quan h giao tip (communication relationship list, CRL). Trc khi hai i
tc thc hin truyn thng, chng phi to mt knh tng ng. Khi cc thng s
nh ngha trong CR s c hai bn kim tra khng nh tnh tng thch.
4.1 PROFIBUS
112
Dch v truyn thng

Vi mc ch h tr nhiu th loi ng dng mng khc nhau, PROFIBUS-FMS
chun ha mt lot cc dch v, c th chia thnh hai phm tr l cc dch v ng dng
v cc dch v qun tr.
Cc dch v ng dng bao gm:
Variable Access: Truy nhp d liu
Program Invocation: i tng chng trnh, lin kt cc domain thnh mt

chng trnh v kim sot cc hot ng ca chng trnh
Domain Management: Qun l min nh, truyn np v qun l cc vng nh c

lin kt logic
Event Management: H tr x l s kin (kim sot bi cc chng trnh ng

dng).
Cc dch v qun l gm c:
VFD Support: H tr thit b o, cung cp thng tin v cc thit b trng thng

qua i tng thit b trng o VFD (Virtual Field Device)
Object List Management: Qun l danh mc cc i tng
Context Management: Qun l ng cnh, c ngha l qun l cc mi lin kt

(to ni, ngt ni).
4.1.7 PROFIBUS-DP
PRFIBUS-DP c pht trin nhm p ng cc yu cu cao v tnh nng thi gian
trong trao i d liu di cp trng, v d gia thit b iu khin kh trnh hoc my
tnh c nhn cng nghip vi cc thit b trng phn tn nh I/O, cc thit b o, truyn
ng v van. Vic trao i d liu y ch yu c thc hin tun hon theo c ch
ch/t. Cc dch v truyn thng cn thit c nh ngha qua cc chc nng DP c s
theo chun EN 50 170. Bn cnh , DP cn h tr cc dch v truyn thng khng tun
hon, phc v tham s ha, vn hnh v chn on cc thit b trng thng minh.
i chiu vi m hnh OSI, PROFIBUS-DP ch thc hin cc lp 1 v 2 v l do
hiu sut x l giao thc v tnh nng thi gian. Tuy nhin, DP nh ngha pha trn lp
7 mt lp nh x lin kt vi lp 2 gi l DDLM (Direct Data Link Mapper) cng nh
mt lp giao din s dng (User Interface Layer) cha cc hm DP c s v cc hm
DP m rng. Trong khi cc hm DP c s ch yu phc v trao i d liu tun hon,
thi gian thc, cc hm DP m rng cung cp cc dch v truyn d liu khng nh k
nh tham s thit b, ch vn hnh v thng tin chn on.
Vi cc pht trin mi gn y, PROFIBUS-DP c coi l k thut truyn thng, l
giao thc truyn thng duy nht trong cng ngh PROFIBUS. Giao thc PROFIBUSDP c chia thnh ba phin bn vi cc k hiu DP-V0, DP-V1 v DP-V2.
Phin bn DP-V0 qui nh cc chc nng DP c s, bao gm:
Trao i d liu tun hon
4.1 PROFIBUS
Chn on trm, module v knh
H tr t cu hnh vi tp tin GSD.
113
Phin bn DP-V1 bao gm cc chc nng ca DP-V0 v cc chc nng DP m rng,

trong c:
Trao i d liu khng tun hon gia PC hoc PLC vi cc trm t
Tch hp kh nng cu hnh vi cc k thut hin i EDD (Electronic Device

Description) v FDT (Field Device Tool)
Cc khi chc nng theo chun IEC 61131-3
Giao tip an ton (PROFIsafe)
H tr cnh bo v bo ng.
Phin bn DP-V2 m rng DP-V1 vi cc chc nng sau y:
Trao i d liu gia cc trm ti theo c ch cho hng/t hng

(publisher/subscriber)
Ch giao tip ng thi
ng b ha ng h v ng du thi gian
H tr giao tip qua giao thc HART
Truyn np cc vng nh ln v xung
Kh nng d phng.
Cc phin bn DP c m t chi tit trong chun IEC 61158. Phn di y ch gii

thiu mt cch s lc cc im quan trng.
Cu hnh h thng v kiu thit b
PROFIBUS-DP cho php s dng cu hnh mt trm ch (Mono-Master) hoc nhiu
trm ch (Multi-Master). Cu hnh h thng nh ngha s trm, gn cc a ch trm
cho cc a ch vo/ra, tnh nht qun d liu vo/ra, khun dng cc thng bo chn
on v cc tham s bus s dng. Trong cu hnh nhiu ch, tt c cc trm ch u c
th c nh d liu u vo/ra ca cc trm t. Tuy nhin, duy nht mt trm ch c
quyn ghi d liu u ra.
Ty theo phm vi chc nng, kiu dch v thc hin, ngi ta phn bit cc kiu thit
b DP nh sau:
Trm ch DP cp 1 (DP-Master Class 1, DPM1): Cc thit b thuc kiu ny trao

i d liu vi cc trm t theo mt chu trnh c qui nh. Thng thng, l
cc b iu khin trung tm, v d PLC hoc PC, hoc cc module thuc b iu
khin trung tm.
Trm ch DP cp 2 (DP-Master Class 2, DPM2): Cc my lp trnh, cng c

cu hnh v vn hnh, chn on h thng bus. Bn cnh cc dch v ca cp 1,
4.1 PROFIBUS
114
cc thit b ny cn cung cp cc hm c bit phc v t cu hnh h thng,

chn on trng thi, truyn np chng trnh,v.v...
Trm t DP (DP-Slave): Cc thit b t khng c vai tr kim sot truy nhp bus,
v vy ch cn thc hin mt phn nh cc dch v so vi mt trm ch. Thng
thng, l cc thit b vo/ra hoc cc thit b trng (truyn ng, HMI, van,
cm bin) hoc cc b iu khin phn tn. Mt b iu khin PLC (vi cc
vo/ra tp trung) cng c th ng vai tr l mt trm t thng minh.
Trong thc t, mt thit b c th thuc mt kiu ring bit ni trn, hoc phi hp
chc nng ca hai kiu. V d, mt thit b c th phi hp chc nng ca DPM1 vi
DPM2, hoc trm t vi DPM1.
Vic t cu hnh h thng c thc hin bng cc cng c (phn mm). Thng
thng, mt cng c cu hnh cho php ngi s dng b sung v tham s ha nhiu
loi thit b ca cng mt nh sn xut mt cch tng i n gin, bi cc thng tin
tnh nng cn thit ca cc thit b ny c a vo c s d liu ca cng c cu
hnh. Cn vi thit b ca cc hng khc, cng c cu hnh i hi tp tin m t i km,
gi l tp tin GSD (Gerte-stammdaten).
c tnh vn hnh h thng
Chun DP m t chi tit c tnh vn hnh h thng m bo tnh tng thch v
kh nng thay th ln nhau ca cc thit b. Trc ht, c tnh vn hnh ca h thng
c xc nh qua cc trng thi hot ng ca cc thit b ch:
STOP: Khng truyn d liu s dng gia trm ch v trm t, ch c th chn

on v tham s ha.
CLEAR: Trm ch c thng tin u vo t cc trm t v gi cc u ra gi

tr an ton
OPERATE: Trm ch ch trao i d liu u vo v u ra tun hon vi

cc trm t. Trm ch cng thng xuyn gi thng tin trng thi ca n ti cc
trm t s dng lnh gi ng lot vo cc khong thi gian t trc.
Cc hm DP c s cho php t trng thi lm vic cho h thng. Phn ng ca h

thng i vi mt li xy ra trong qu trnh truyn d liu ca trm ch (v d khi mt
trm t c s c) c xc nh bng tham s cu hnh auto-clear. Nu tham s ny
c chn t, trm ch s t u ra cho tt c cc trm t ca n v trng thi an ton
trong trng hp mt trm t c s c, sau trm ch s t chuyn v trng thi
CLEAR. Nu tham s ny khng c t, trm ch s vn tip tc gi trng thi
OPERATE.
Trao i d liu tun hon
Trao i d liu gia trm ch v cc trm t gn cho n c thc hin t ng
theo mt trnh t qui inh sn. Khi t cu hnh h thng bus, ngi s dng nh ngha
cc trm t cho mt thit b DPM1, qui nh cc trm t tham gia v cc trm t khng
tham gia trao i d liu tun hon.
4.1 PROFIBUS
115
Trc khi thc hin trao i d liu tun hon, trm ch chuyn thng tin cu hnh
v cc tham s c t xung cc trm t. Mi trm t s kim tra cc thng tin v
kiu thit b, khun dng v chiu di d liu, s lng cc u vo/ra. Ch khi thng tin
cu hnh ng vi cu hnh thc ca thit b v cc tham s hp l th n mi bt u
thc hin trao i d liu tun hon vi trm ch.
Trong mi chu k, trm ch c cc thng tin u vo ln lt t cc trm t ln b
nh m cng nh a cc thng tin u ra t b nh m xung ln lt cc trm t
theo mt trnh t qui nh sn trong danh sch (polling list). Mi trm t cho php
truyn ti a 246 Byte d liu u vo v 246 Byte d liu u ra. Nguyn tc trao i
d liu tun hon ch/t c minh ha trn Hnh 4.6.
Vi mi trm t, trm ch gi mt khung yu cu v ch i mt khung p ng
(bc in tr li hoc xc nhn). Thi gian trm ch cn x l mt lt danh sch
hi tun t chnh l chu k bus. ng nhin, chu k bus cn phi nh hn chu k vng
qut ca chng trnh iu khin. Thc t, thi gian cn thit truyn 512 bit d liu
u vo v 512 bit d liu u ra vi 32 trm v vi tc truyn 12Mbit/s nh hn
2ms.
D liu u ra
danh sch hi tun t
Slave 1
D liu u vo
yu cu
p ng
D liu u ra
Slave 1
D liu u vo
D liu u ra
Slave 2
D liu u vo
D liu u ra
Slave n
D liu u vo
yu cu
p ng
D liu u ra
Slave n
D liu u vo
DP-Master
Hnh 4.6: Nguyn tc trao i d liu tun hon Master/Slave
M hnh DP-Slave h tr cu trc kiu module ca cc thnh vin. Mi module c

xp mt s th t khe cm bt u t 1, ring module c s th t khe cm 0 phc v
vic truy nhp ton b d liu ca thit b. Ton b d liu vo/ra ca cc module c
chuyn chung trong mt khi d liu s dng ca trm t. Giao tip d liu c gim
st bi c hai bn trm ch v trm t. Bn trm t s dng cnh gii (watchdog)
gim st vic giao tip vi trm ch v s t u ra v mt gi tr an ton, nu ni trong
mt khong thi gian qui nh khng c d liu t trm ch a xung.
4.1 PROFIBUS
116
ng b ha d liu vo/ra
Trong cc gii php iu khin s dng bus trng, mt trong nhng vn cn phi
gii quyt l vic ng b ha cc u vo v u ra. Mt thit b ch c th ng b
ha vic c cc u vo cng nh t cc u ra qua cc bc in gi ng lot. Mt
trm ch c th gi ng lot (broadcast, multicast) lnh iu khin t ch ng
b cho mt nhm trm t nh sau:
Lnh SYNC: a mt nhm trm t v ch ng b ha u ra. ch ny,

u ra ca tt c cc trm t trong nhm c gi nguyn trng thi hin ti
cho ti khi nhn c lnh SYNC tip theo. Trong thi gian , d liu u ra
c lu trong vng nh m v ch c a ra sau khi (ng lot) nhn c
lnh SYNC tip theo. Lnh UNSYNC s a cc trm t v ch bnh thng
(a u ra tc th).
Lnh FREEZE: a mt nhm cc trm t v ch ng b ha u vo.

ch ny, tt c cc trm t trong nhm c ch nh khng c php cp
nht vng nh m d liu u vo, cho ti khi (ng lot) nhn c lnh
FREEZE tip theo. Trong thi gian trm ch vn c th c gi tr u vo
(khng thay i) t vng nh m ca cc trm t. Lnh UNFREEZE s a cc
trm t v ch bnh thng (c u vo tc th).
Tham s ha v chn on h thng

Trong trng hp c thng tin chn on, v d bo co trng thi vt ngng hay
cc bo ng khc, mt DP-Slave c th thng bo cho trm ch ca n qua bc in
tr li. Nhn c thng bo, trm ch s c trch nhim tra hi trm t lin quan v
cc chi tit thng tin chn on.
thc hin truyn np cc b tham s hoc c cc tp d liu tng i ln,
PROFIBUS-DP cung cp cc dch v khng tun hon l DDLM_Read v
DDLM_Write. Trong mi chu k bus, trm ch ch cho php thc hin c mt dch
v. Tc trao i d liu tun hon v th khng b nh hng ng k. D liu khng
tun hon c nh a ch qua s th t ca khe cm v ch s ca tp d liu thuc
khe cm . Mi khe cm cho php truy nhp ti a l 256 tp d liu.
Cc hm chn on ca DP cho php nh v li mt cch nhanh chng. Cc thng
tin chn on c truyn qua bus v thu thp ti trm ch. Cc thng bo ny c
phn chia thnh ba cp:
Chn on trm: Cc thng bo lin quan ti trng thi hot ng chung ca c

trm, v d tnh trng qu nhit hoc st p
Chn on module: Cc thng bo ny ch th li nm mt khong vo/ra no

ca mt module
Chn on knh: Trng hp ny, nguyn nhn ca li nm mt bit vo/ra

(mt knh vo/ra) ring bit.
Ngoi ra, phin bn DP-V1 cn m rng thm hai loi thng bo chn on na l:
4.1 PROFIBUS
117
Thng bo cnh bo/bo ng lin quan ti cc bin qu trnh, trng thi cp nht
d liu v cc s kin tho/lp module thit b.
Thng bo trng thi phc v mc ch bo tr phng nga, nh gi thng k s

liu,...
Giao tip trc tip gia cc trm t (DXB)

Trao i d liu gia cc trm t l mt yu cu thit thc i vi cu trc iu
khin phn tn thc s s dng cc thit b trng thng minh. Nh ta bit, c ch
giao tip ch-t thun ty lm gim hiu sut trao i d liu cho trng hp ny.
Chnh v th, phin bn DP-V2 b sung mt c ch trao i d liu trc tip theo
kiu cho hng/t hng gia cc trm t.
Nh trn Hnh 4.7 minh ha, mt trm t (v d mt cm bin) c th ng vai tr l
nh xut bn hay nh cung cp d liu. Khi d liu s c gi ng lot ti tt c
cc trm t (v d mt van iu khin, mt bin tn) ng k vi vai tr ngi t
hng m khng cn i qua trm ch. Vi c ch ny, khng nhng hiu sut s dng
ng truyn c nng cao, m tnh nng p ng ca h thng cn c ci thin r
rt. iu ny c bit quan trng i vi cc ng dng i hi tnh nng thi gian thc
ngt ngho, hoc i vi cc ng dng s dng k thut truyn dn tc thp (v d
MBP).
DP Master
Cp 1
DP Slave
(cho hng)
DP Slave
(t hng)
DP Slave
(t hng)
Hnh 4.7: Giao tip trc tip gia cc trm t
Ch ng thi
i vi mt s ng dng nh iu khin truyn ng in, iu khin chuyn ng,
c ch giao tip theo kiu hi tun t hoc giao tip trc tip t-t cha th p ng
c i hi cao v tnh nng thi gian thc. V vy, phin bn DP-V2 b sung ch
ng thi (isochronous mode), cho php thc hin giao tip theo c ch ch/t kt hp
vi TDMA. Nh mt thng bo iu khin ton cc gi ng lot, ton b cc trm
trong mng c ng b ha thi gian vi chnh xc ti micro-giy. Vic giao tip
c thc hin theo mt lch trnh t trc, khng ph thuc vo ti tc thi trn bus.
Do hn ch c rung (jitter), c ch ny cho php phi hp hot ng mt cch
cht ch v nhp nhng gia cc trm trn bus. Mt v d ng dng tiu biu l bi ton
iu khin chuyn ng, trong trm ch ng vai tr b iu khin v tr v mt s
trm t l cc bin tn vi chc nng iu khin tc ng c.
4.1 PROFIBUS
118
4.1.8 PROFIBUS-PA
PROFIBUS-PA (Process Automation) l mt th loi bus trng thch hp cho cc
h thng iu khin trong cc ngnh cng nghip ch bin, c bit l trong ha cht v
ha du. Thc cht, PROFIBUS-PA l mt s m rng ca PROFIBUS-DP vi k
thut truyn dn MBP theo IEC 1158-2 c v mt s qui nh chuyn bit (profile) v
thng s v c tnh ca cho cc thit b trng. Cc qui nh chuyn bit ny to iu
kin cho kh nng tng tc v thay th ln nhau gia cc thit b ca nhiu nh sn
xut khc nhau. Vic m t cc chc nng v c tnh hot ng ca cc thit b da m
hnh khi chc nng quen thuc. Xt v mt k thut, PROFIBUS-PA khng nhng
hon ton c th thay th cc phng php truyn tn hiu vi 4-20 mA hoc HART, m
cn em li nhiu u th ca mt h thng bus trng.
Vi kh nng ng ti ngun, PROFIBUS-PA cho php ni mng cc thit b o
lng v iu khin t ng trong cc ng dng cng nghip ch bin bng mt cp i
dy xon duy nht, s dng tc truyn c nh l 31.25 kbit/s. PROFIBUS-PA cng
cho php thc hin bo tr, bo dng cng nh thay th cc trm thit b trong khi vn
hnh. c bit, PRFIBUS-PA c pht trin thch hp s dng trong cc khu vc
nguy hi, d chy n thuc kiu bo v an ton ring4 (EEx ia/ib) hoc ng kn5
(EEx d).
Kin trc giao thc
Xt theo m hnh qui chiu OSI, PROFIBUS-PA ging hon ton PROFIBUS-DP t
lp lin kt d liu (FDL) tr ln. V vy vic ghp ni gia hai h thng c th thc
hin n gin qua cc b chuyn i (DP/PA-Link hoc DP/PA-Coupler), nh c
minh ha trn Hnh 4.8. Mi thit b trng PA cng c coi nh mt DP-Slave. Cc
gi tr o, gi tr iu khin v trng thi ca cc thit b trng PA trao i tun hon
vi DP-Master (DPM1) qua cc chc nng DP c s (DP-V0). Mt khc, cc d liu
khng tun hon nh tham s thit b, ch vn hnh, thng tin bo dng v chn
on c trao i vi cc cng c pht trin (DPM2) qua cc chc nng DP m rng
(DP-V1). Bn cnh cc chc nng DP chun, PA cn b sung mt hm qun tr h
thng c ng b ha thi gian.
Giao din bus an ton ring (EEx ia/ib)
Cc yu cu c th t ra cho mt giao din bus PROFIBUS-PA an ton ring bao
gm:
4
5
Mt on mng ch c php c mt ngun nui tch cc.
Mi trm tiu th mt dng c s c nh ( 10mA) trng thi xc lp.
Mi trm c coi nh mt ti tiu th dng th ng, in cm v in dung ni

b qua c.
Mi trm khi pht tn hiu i khng c php np thm ngun vo ng bus.
intrinsically safe
encapsulation
4.1 PROFIBUS
119
PLC
(DP-Master)
PC
(DP-Master)
PROFIBUS-DP
PROFIBUS-PA
I/O phn tn
(DP-Slave)
DP/PA-Link
(DP-Slave)
Hnh 4.8: Cu hnh ghp ni PROFIBUS-DP/PA
PA-Profile
PA-Profile h tr kh nng tng tc v thay th ln nhau gia cc thit b ca nhiu
nh sn xut khc nhau. Cc thit b trng PA c chia thnh hai loi, da theo cc
profile nh sau:
Profile cp A: Qui nh c tnh v chc nng cho cc thit b n gin nh cc

cm bin nhit , p sut, o mc hoc lu lng v cc c cu truyn ng.
Cc gi tr cng nh tham s c th truy nhp l gi tr v trng thi bin qu
trnh, n v o, phm vi lm vic, gii hn tr (hysteresis) v ngng cnh bo.
Profile cp B: Qui nh c tnh v chc nng cho cc thit b c chc nng phc
hp, hay cn gi l cc thit b trng thng minh. Bn cnh cc chc nng ca
cp A, cc chc nng ny bao hm kh nng gn a ch t ng, ng b ha
thi gian, c s d liu phn tn, t m t thit b qua ngn ng DDL (Device
Description Language) v lp lch khi chc nng.
Cc khi PA
PA-Profile s dng m hnh khi m t cc chc nng v tham s thit b. Mi
khi i din cho mt chc nng s dng, v d vo hoc ra tng t. Cc khi chc
nng c th c lin kt logic vi nhau qua cc u vo v u ra, to ra mt chng
trnh ng dng. Trn thc t, mt mi lin kt logic gia hai khi chc nng thuc hai
trm thit b s c thc hin bng mt mi lin kt truyn thng ca h thng bus.
Ba loi khi c th cho cc thit b PA l:
Khi vt l (physical block) cha cc thng tin chung ca mt thit b nh tn

thit b, nh sn xut, chng loi, m s serie.
Khi bin i (transducer block) cha cc tham s cn thit cho vic ghp ni
mt thit b trng vi qu trnh k thut, v d cc thng tin phc v chnh nh
(calibration) v chn on vo/ra.
4.1 PROFIBUS
120
Khi chc nng c trch nhim thc hin chc nng vo/ra (AI, AO, DI, DO)
nm trong mt sch lc iu khin.
Cc khi c cc nh sn xut thc hin v tch hp trong cc thit b trng. Cc

cng c pht trin c th truy nhp cc khi, t tham s v lin kt chng vi nhau to
nn cc chng trnh ng dng.

[1]
Chun DIN 19245: PROFIBUS-Norm. Beuth-Verlag, Berlin,1995.
[2]
Chun EN 50170 (Vol. 2): PROFIBUS Specification, Normative Parts. PROFIBUS

International, 1998.
[3]
Chun IEC 61158 (Part 2-6): Digital data communications for measurement and control Fieldbus for use in industrial control systems.
[4]
K. Bender: PROFIBUS - Der Feldbus fr die Automation. 2. Auflage, Hanser-Verlag,

Mnchen 1992.
[5]
PROFIBUS International: PROFIBUS Technical Overview. PROFIBUS International,

1999. www.profibus.com.
[6]
PROFIBUS International: PROFIBUS Technology and Application. PROFIBUS

International, 2003. www.profibus.com.
[7]
Jonas Berge: Fieldbuses for Process Control: Engineering, Operation and Maintenance.
ISA, 2002.
4.2 Modbus
121
4.2 Modbus
Modbus l mt giao thc do hng Modicon (sau ny thuc AEG v Schneider
Automation) pht trin. Theo m hnh ISO/OSI th Modbus thc cht l mt chun giao
thc v dch v thuc lp ng dng, v vy c th c thc hin trn cc c ch vn
chuyn cp thp nh TCP/IP, MAP (Manufacturing Message Protocol), Modbus Plus
v ngay c qua ng truyn ni tip RS-232.
Modbus nh ngha mt tp hp rng cc dch v phc v trao i d liu qu trnh,
d liu iu khin v d liu chn on. Tt c cc b iu khin ca Modicon u s
dng Modbus l ngn ng chung. Modbus m t qu trnh giao tip gia mt b iu
khin vi cc thit b khc thng qua c ch yu cu/p ng. V l do n gin nn
Modbus c nh hng tng i mnh i vi cc h PLC ca cc nh sn xut khc.
C th, trong mi PLC ngi ta cng c th tm thy mt tp hp con cc dch v
a ra trong Modbus. c bit trong cc h thng thu thp d liu v iu khin gim
st (SCADA), Modbus hay c s dng trn cc ng truyn RS-232 ghp ni gia
cc thit b d liu u cui (PLC, PC, RTU) vi thit b truyn d liu (Modem).
4.2.1 C ch giao tip

C ch giao tip Modbus ph thuc vo h thng truyn thng cp thp. C th, c
th phn chia ra hai loi l mng Modbus chun v Modbus trn cc mng khc (v d
TCP/IP, Modbus Plus, MAP).
Mng Modbus chun
Cc cng Modbus chun trn cc b iu khin ca Modicon cng nh mt s nh
sn xut khc s dng giao din ni tip RS-232C. Cc b iu khin ny c th c
ni mng trc tip hoc qua modem. Cc trm Modbus giao tip vi nhau qua c ch
ch/t (Master/Slave), trong ch mt thit b ch c th ch ng gi yu cu, cn
cc thit b t s p ng bng d liu tr li hoc thc hin mt hnh ng nht nh
theo nh yu cu. Cc thit b ch thng thng l cc my tnh iu khin trung tm v
cc thit b lp trnh, trong khi cc thit b t c th l PLC hoc cc b iu khin s
chuyn dng khc.
Mt trm ch c th gi thng bo yu cu ti ring mt trm t nht nh, hoc gi
thng bo ng lot (broadcast) ti tt c cc trm t. Ch trong trng hp nhn c
yu cu ring, cc trm t mi gi thng bo p ng tr li trm ch. Trong mt thng
bo yu cu c cha a ch trm nhn, m hm dch v bn nhn cn thc hin, d liu
i km v thng tin kim li.
Modbus trn cc mng khc
Vi mt s mng nh Modbus Plus v MAP s dng Modbus l giao thc cho lp
ng dng, cc thit b c th giao tip theo c ch ring ca mng . V d trong giao
tip tay i (Peer-to-Peer), mi b iu khin c th ng vai tr l ch hoc t trong
cc ln giao dch (mt chu k yu cu-p ng) khc nhau. Mt trm c th cng mt
4.2 Modbus
122
lc c quan h logic vi nhiu i tc, v vy n c th ng thi ng vai tr l ch v

t trong cc giao dch khc nhau.
Nhn nhn mc giao tip thng bo, giao thc Modbus vn tun theo nguyn tc
ch/t mc d phng php giao tip mng cp thp c th l tay i. Khi mt b iu
khin gi mt yu cu thng bo th n ng vai tr l ch v ch i p ng t mt
thit b t. Ngc li, mt b iu khin s ng vai tr l t nu n nhn c thng
bo yu cu t mt trm khc v phi gi tr li p ng.
Chu trnh yu cu-p ng
Giao thc Modbus nh ngha khun dng ca thng bo yu cu cng nh ca
thng bo p ng, nh c minh ha trn Hnh 4.9.
Mt thng bo yu cu bao gm cc phn sau:
a ch trm nhn yu cu (0-247), trong 0 l a ch gi ng lot.
M hm gi ch th hnh ng trm t cn thc hin theo yu cu. V d, m hm

03 yu cu trm t c ni dung cc thanh ghi lu d v tr li kt qu.
D liu cha cc thng tin b sung m trm t cn cho vic thc hin hm c
gi. Trong trng hp c thanh ghi, d liu ny ch r thanh ghi u tin v s
lng cc thanh ghi cn c.
Thng tin kim li gip trm t kim tra vn ton ca ni dung thng bo
nhn c.
Thng bo yu cu t master
a ch thit b
a ch thit b
M hm
M hm
D liu
D liu
Kim sot li
Kim sot li
Thng bo p ng t slave
Hnh 4.9: Chu trnh yu cu-p ng Modbus
Thng bo p ng cng bao gm cc thnh phn ging nh thng bo yu cu. a

ch y l ca chnh trm t thc hin yu cu v gi li p ng. Trong trng
hp bnh thng, m hm c gi nguyn nh trong thng bo yu cu v d liu
cha kt qu thc hin hnh ng, v d ni dung hoc trng thi cc thanh ghi. Nu
4.2 Modbus
123
xy ra li, m hm quay li c sa ch th p ng l mt thng bo li, cn d

liu m t chi tit li xy ra. Phn kim li gip trm ch xc nh chnh xc ca
ni dung thng bo nhn c.
4.2.2 Ch truyn
Khi thc hin Modbus trn cc mng khc nh Modbus Plus hoc MAP, cc thng
bo Modbus c a vo cc khung theo giao thc vn chuyn/lin kt d liu c th.
V d, mt lnh yu cu c ni dung cc thanh ghi c th c thc hin gia hai b
iu khin ghp ni qua Mobus Plus.
i vi cc thit b ghp ni qua mng Modbus chun, c th s dng mt trong hai
ch truyn l ASCII hoc RTU. Ngi s dng la chn ch theo mun, cng
vi cc tham s truyn thng qua cng ni tip nh tc truyn, parity chn/l, v.v...
Ch truyn cng nh cc tham s phi ging nhau i vi tt c cc thnh vin ca
mt mng Modbus.
Ch ASCII
Khi cc thit b trong mt mng Modbus chun giao tip vi ch ASCII
(American Standard Code for Information Interchange), mi byte trong thng bo c
gi thnh hai k t ASCII 7 bit, trong mi k t biu din mt ch s hex. u im
ca ch truyn ny l n cho php mt khong thi gian trng ti a mt giy gia
hai k t m khng gy ra li. Cu trc mt k t khung gi i c th hin nh sau:
Start
Stop
Mi k t khung bao gm
1 bit khi u (Startbit)
7 bit biu din mt ch s hex ca byte cn gi di dng k t ASCII (0-9 v

A-F), trong bit thp nht c gi i trc
1 bit parity chn/l, nu s dng parity
1 bit kt thc (Stopbit) nu s dng parity hoc 2 bit kt thc nu khng s dng
parity
Ch RTU
Khi cc thit b trong mt mng Modbus chun c t ch RTU (Remote
Terminal Unit), mi byte trong thng bo c gi thnh mt k t 8 bit. u im
chnh ca ch truyn ny so vi ch ASCII l hiu sut cao hn. Tuy nhin, mi
thng bo phi c truyn thnh mt dng lin tc. Cu trc mt k t khung gi i
c th hin nh sau:
Start
Stop
Mi k t khung bao gm
4.2 Modbus
124
1 bit khi u (start bit)
8 bit ca byte thng bo cn gi, trong bit thp nht c gi i trc
1 bit parity chn/l nu s dng parity v
1 bit kt thc (stop bit) nu s dng parity hoc 2 bit kt thc nu khng s dng
parity.
4.2.3 Cu trc bc in
Mt thng bo Modbus bao gm nhiu thnh phn v c chiu di c th khc nhau.
Trong mt mng Modbus chun, nu mt trong hai ch truyn (ASCII hoc RTU)
c chn, mt thng bo s c ng khung. Mi khung bao gm nhiu k t khung
c cu trc nh c m t phn trn. Cc k t ny s c truyn i lin tc thnh
dng ch RTU, hoc c th gin on vi khong cch thi gian ti a mt giy
ch ASCII. Mc ch ca vic ng khung l nh du khi im v kt thc ca
mt thng bo, cng nh b sung thng tin kim li. Trng hp thng bo khng c
truyn trn vn c th pht hin c v bo li.
Hai ch truyn ASCII v RTU khng nhng ch khc nhau cch m ha thng
tin gi i v cu trc k t khung, m cn khc nhau cu trc mt bc in gi i hay ni cch khc l cu trc khung thng bo, cng nh bin php kim li.
Trong mt mng khc nh MAP hay Modbus Plus, giao thc mng c qui nh ring
v cu trc khung thng bo. Hnh thc nh a ch v phng thc truyn cng hon
ton do giao thc mng c th nh ngha, v vy phn a ch nm trong mt thng bo
Modbus c th tr nn khng cn thit trong qu trnh truyn dn. Tuy nhin, mt a
ch Modbus s c chuyn i thnh mt a ch trm tng ng ca mng pha di.
Khung ASCII
Trong ch ASCII, mt thng bo bt u vi du hai chm (:), tc k t ASCII
3A, v kt thc bng hai du quay li-xung dng (CRLF), tc hai k t ASCII 0D v
0A (Hnh 4.10). Mi byte trong thng bo c truyn i bng hai k t ASCII, v vy
cc k t c php xut hin trong cc phn cn li ca khung l 0-9 v A-F.
Khi u
a ch
M hm
D liu
M LCR
Kt thc
1 K t
2 K t
2 K t
n K t
2 K t
2 K t
CR + LF
Hnh 4.10: Khung thng bo Modbus ch ASCII
Mi thit b tham gia mng c trch nhim lin tc theo di ng truyn v pht
hin s xut hin ca du hai chm. Khi du hai chm nhn c th hai k t tip theo
s mang a ch ca thit b c yu cu nhn thng bo hoc thit b gi thng bo
p ng. Khong cch thi gian ti a cho php gia hai k t trong mt thng bo l
mt giy. Nu vt qu gi tr ny, bn nhn s coi l li.
4.2 Modbus
125
Khung ASCII s dng phng php LRC (Longitudinal Redundancy Check) cho
vic kim li. Chi tit v phng php ny s c m t trong chng mc tip theo
(Bo ton d liu).
Khung RTU
Trong ch RTU, mt thng bo bt u vi mt khong trng yn lng ti thiu l
3.5 thi gian k t. Thc t, ngi ta chn thi gian bng mt s nguyn ln thi
gian k t, nh c biu th bng dy (- - - -) trn Hnh 4.11. u tin c truyn s
l 8 bit a ch, sau n 8 bit m hm, mt s byte ty d liu v cui cng l thng
tin kim li CRC. Sau khi truyn k t cui ca m CRC, khung thng bo cng phi
c kt thc bng mt khong trng yn lng ti thiu l 3.5 thi gian k t, trc khi
bt u mt thng bo mi. Thc cht, khong trng kt thc ca mt thng bo cng
c th chnh l phn khi u bt buc ca thng bo tip theo.
Khi u
a ch
M hm
D liu
M CRC
Kt thc
(- - - -)
8 bit
8 bit
n x 8 bit
16 bit
(- - - -)
Hnh 4.11: Khung thng bo Modbus ch RTU
Khc vi ch ASCII, ton b khung thng bo RTU phi c truyn thnh mt

dng lin tc. Nu mt khong trng yn lng ln hn 1.5 thi gian k t xut hin
trc khi truyn xong ton b khung, thit b nhn s hy b thng bo cha y
v cho rng byte tip theo s l a ch ca mt thng bo mi.
a ch
Phn a ch trong mt khung thng bo bao gm hai k t (ASCII) hoc tm bit
(RTU). Cc gi tr a ch hp l nm trong khong 0-247, trong a ch 0 dnh ring
cho cc thng bo gi ng lot ti tt c cc trm t. Nu Modbus c s dng trn
mt mng khc, c th phng thc gi ng lot khng c h tr, hoc c thay
th bng mt phng php khc. V d, Modbus Plus s dng mt c s d liu ton
cc, c cp nht trong mi chu k quay vng token.
Mt thit b ch s dng a ch ch nh thit b t nhn thng bo yu cu. Sau
khi thc hin yu cu, thit b t a a ch ca mnh vo khung thng bo p ng,
nh vy thit b ch c th xc nh thit b t no tr li. Trong mt mng Modbus
chun ch c mt trm ch duy nht, v th a ch khng cn thit phi cha c a
ch trm gi v trm nhn.
M hm
Ging nh a ch, phn m hm trong mt khung thng bo bao gm hai k t
(ASCII) hoc tm bit (RTU). Cc gi tr hp l nm trong khong t 1-255, trong cc
m hm trong thng bo yu cu ch c php t 1-127. Tuy nhin, hu ht cc thit b
ch h tr mt phn nh s hm trn v mt s m hm c d tr cho sau ny. Mt s
hm tiu biu c lit k trong bng 4.8.
Khi mt thng bo gi t thit b ch ti mt thit b t, m hm ch n hnh ng
m thit b t cn thc hin. Khi thit b t tr li, n cng dng chnh m hm trong
4.2 Modbus
126
thng bo p ng bnh thng. Trong trng hp xy ra li, m hm tr li s l m

hm trong yu cu vi bit cao nht c t bng 1 v phn d liu s cha thng tin
chi tit v li xy ra.
D liu
Trong mt thng bo yu cu, ni dung phn d liu ni ln chi tit hnh ng m
bn nhn cn thc hin.V d trong mt yu cu c cc thanh ghi th phn d liu cha
thng tin v a ch thanh ghi u tin, s lng cc thanh ghi cn c v chiu di thc
t ca chnh phn d liu.
Trong trng hp bnh thng, phn d liu trong thng bo p ng s cha kt
qu ca hnh ng thc hin, v d ni dung cc thanh ghi c. Nu xy ra li,
phn d liu cha m ngoi l, nh m thit b ch xc nh hnh ng tip theo cn
thc hin. Lu rng, mt s hm khng i hi tham s, v vy phn d liu c th
trng.
4.2.4 Bo ton d liu

Mng Modbus chun s dng hai bin php bo ton d liu hai mc: kim sot
khung thng bo v kim sot k t khung. i vi hai ch truyn ASCII hay RTU,
c th la chn kim tra bit chn/l cho tng k t khung. Hn th na, c khung thng
bo li c kim sot mt ln na bng m LRC (ch ASCII) hoc m CRC (ch
RTU).
Khi t cu hnh cho mt thit b ch, c th chn mt khong thi gian timeout m
n c th ch i p ng t trm t. Khong thi gian ny cn phi ln bt c
thit b t no cng c th tr li trong iu kin bnh thng. Trng hp thit b t
pht hin li thng bo yu cu, n s khng tr li. V th thit b ch cng t ng
nhn bit li v chng trnh ch s c trch nhim thc hin cc hnh ng cn thit.
Lu rng, mt thng bo gi ti a ch mt trm khng tn ti cng s gy ra
timeout.
Cc mng khc nh MAP hoc Modbus Plus s dng bin php kim li ring cho
c khung (bao gm c ni dung thng bo Modbus), v vy cc CRC hoc LRC khng
c a vo trong khung thng bo Modbus nguyn bn. Trong trng hp xy ra li
truyn, giao thc mng c th s bo vi thit b gi v cho php thc hin gi li. Nu
thng bo c gi ti ch nhng trm t khng th tr li, li timeout cng s c
chng trnh ch pht hin.
Kim sot LRC
Trong ch ASCII, phn thng tin kim li ca khung thng bo da trn phng
php LRC (Longitudinal Redundancy Check). Dy bit ngun c p dng tnh m
LRC bao gm phn a ch, m hm v phn d liu. Cc khi u cng nh kt thc
khung khng tham gia vo tnh ton. M LRC y di 8 bit (truyn hai k t ASCII),
c tnh bng cch cng i s ton b cc byte ca dy bit ngun (khng ti
trn), sau ly phn b hai ca kt qu.
4.2 Modbus
127
Kim sot CRC

M CRC c p dng trong ch RTU di 16 bit. a thc pht c s dng G =
1010 0000 0000 0001. Khi a vo khung thng bo, byte thp ca m CRC c gi
i trc, tip sau l byte cao.

[1]
Modicon Modbus Protocol Reference Guide PI-MBUS-300, Rev. J. Modicon, Inc.

(Schneider Automation), 1996.
128

S xut hin ca nhiu h bus trng khc nhau dn n vic ra i ca hai t chc
ISP v WorldFIP vo nm 1993, vi cng mc ch l xy dng mt chun bus trng
thng nht. Trong khi ISP v c bn da trn nn tng l PROFIBUS, WorldFIP i
din cho gii sn xut v s dng cc sn phm FIP. Cui nm 1994, cc thnh phn i
din pha Bc M trong hai t chc ny i ti thng nht thnh lp hip hi mang tn
Fieldbus Foundation (FF) nhm chm dt s phn nhnh trong vic xy dng chun.
Tuy nhin, cc t tng i din trong t chc mi ny khng da hn vo PROFIBUS
hay FIP, m hng ti mt h bus trng mi s dng lp vt l theo IEC 1158-2. iu
ny dn ti vic cc thnh phn i din chu u rt lui v quay tr li vi h thng
ca h trong khun kh PNO (PROFIBUS Nutzerorganisation) cng nh WorldFIP.
Hin nay Fieldbus Foundation c hn 130 cng ty thnh vin trn khp th gii,
chim i a s cc nh cung cp thit b o lng v iu khin. H thng bus trng
c pht trin trong khun kh ca FF c gi l Foundation Fieldbus. Trong d
nh pht trin, h bus ny s h tr 3 loi mng vi cc tc truyn 31,25 kbit/s, 1
Mbit/s v 2,5 Mbit/s. Tuy nhin, cho n nay ch loi mng 31,25 kbit/s - cn gi l H1
- mi c y cc c t v c chun ha trong IEC 61158. Cc phin bn tc
cao hn c thay th bng High-Speed Ethernet (HSE) cng c chun ha trong
IEC 61158. Tng t nh PROFIBUS-PA, phm vi ng dng tiu biu ca H1 l cc
ngnh cng nghip ch bin. Cc cng ty ln nh ABB, Fisher-Rosemount (Emerson
Process Management), Honeywell, National Instruments, Endress+Hauser v
Yokogawa u c hng lot sn phm h tr. Phn trnh by trong mc ny cng ch
cp ti mng H1, mng HSE s c ni ti trong mc 4.8.

Cng ngh Foundation Fieldbus bao gm lp vt l, ngn truyn thng
(Communication Stack) v cc chng trnh ng dng (User Application), trong
ngn truyn thng tng ng vi lp 2 v lp 7 theo m hnh OSI (Hnh 4.12). Cng
nh nhiu h bus trng khc, cc lp 3-6 khng c thc hin.
Chng trnh ng dng
Lp 7
FMS
FAS
Ngn truyn thng
Lp 3-6
Khng th hin
Lp 2
Lp lin kt d liu
Lp 1
Lp vt l
Hnh 4.12: Kin trc giao thc Foundation Fieldbus
129
Lp vt l c thc hin da theo chun IEC 1158-2 (nay l IEC 61158-2) v ISA
S50.02-1992. Lp lin kt d liu da trn chun IEC/ISA DLL. Lp ng dng thc
hin cc dch v Fieldbus Message Specification (FMS) ging nh PROFIBUS (xem
4.1.6). Lp con FAS (Fieldbus Access Sublayer) c chc nng lin kt FMS vi lp lin
kt d liu. Cc chng trnh ng dng nm ngoi phm vi ca m hnh OSI, c m
t di dng cc khi chc nng (Function Block, FB) v mt ngn ng m t thit b
(Device Description Language, DDL).

Hai phng tin truyn dn c s dng trong Foundation Fieldbus l cp in v
cp quang. Phn trnh by di y ch cp ti cu trc mng v k thut truyn dn
lin quan ti cp in.
Chiu di tng cng ti a cho php trong mt on mng ph thuc vo loi cp
truyn. C 4 loi cp truyn c t tn l A, B, C v D theo th t cht lng t cao
n thp. Bng 4.9 lit k kch c v chiu di tng cng ti a ca mt on mng i
vi tng loi cp. D l loi cp trn nhiu li c mt v bc chng nhiu bn ngoi, c
cht lng thp nht nn hu nh khng c s dng. C l loi cp i dy xon mt
hoc nhiu li khng c bc lt chng nhiu, c th s dng trong mt s lnh vc ng
dng t nhiu v khong cch truyn ngn. Loi B tng t nh C, nhng c bc lt
chng nhiu cho tng i dy. Loi A lng cao nht, chnh l i dy xon STP mt
li.
Bng 4.3: Cc loi cp in Foundation Fieldbus
Loi cp
M t
Kch c
Chiu di ti
a
i dy xon STP
#18 AWG (0,8 mm2)
1900 m
i dy xon nhiu li c bc lt
#22 AWG (0,32 mm2)
1200 m
i dy xon nhiu li khng bc lt
#26 AWG (0,13 mm2)
400 m
Cp trn nhiu li, mt lp bc lt
#16 AWG (1,25 mm2)
200 m
Foundation Fieldbus h tr cc cu trc mng khc nhau nh ng trc/ng

nhnh, daisy-chain v hnh sao (Hnh 4.13). Trong nhiu trng hp cng c th s
dng cch ghp ni im-im, tuy nhin cch ny khng mang nhiu li ch ca mt
h bus trng.
Trong cu trc ng trc/ng nhnh, ng nhnh (c gi l spur) c th c
chiu di t 1-120 mt, ty theo s lng thit b tham gia. V d, vi s trm t 1-12
th chiu di ng nhnh c th l 120 mt, nhng vi s trm t 25 tr ln ng
nhnh ch c php di ti a 1 mt.
S trm cho php trong mt on mng ph thuc vo cc yu t nh cng sut
ngun, tiu hao cng sut cc thit b v loi cp truyn, tuy nhin khng vt qu 32
130
nu khng s dng b lp. C th s dng ti a 4 b lp, cho php tng khong cch
truyn ti a ln tng cng 9500 mt v nng tng s trm trong ton mng ln 240.
Bus iu khin/
Bus h thng
Fieldbus I/O
hoc PLC
Hp chia
im-im
ng trc/
ng nhnh
Daisy-chain
Hnh sao
Hnh 4.13: Cc cu trc mng Foundation Fieldbus
thch hp vi cc ng dng trong cng nghip ch bin, c bit trong mi trng

d chy n, cc tn hiu truyn c m ha theo phng php Manchester. Bit 1 ng
vi sng xung v bit 0 ng vi sn ln ca tn hiu gia mt chu k bit. Bn gi
v bn nhn c th ng b nhp cho tng bc in da vo chnh tn hiu mang thng
tin, v th ch truyn y l ng b. Mt trm pht cng c th li dng c tnh
trit tiu dng mt chiu ca phng php m ha bit ny cung cp ngun nui cho
cc thit b khc trn cng ng truyn. in p ngun nui DC c th t 9-32 Volt,
nhng cng sut b hn ch trong cc ng dng yu cu an ton chy n. Vi dng u
ra ca b pht 10mA, mc tn hiu mang thng tin dao ng trong phm vi 0,75 - 1,0
V. Hnh 4.14 minh ha cc mc tn hiu trong mng Foundation Fieldbus.
131
15..20 mA
Thu
Tn hiu bus trng
Pht
in p
Dng thit b
Thit b bus trng
100 Ohm
Ngun
0,75..1 V
Ngun
9..32 V
100 Ohm
Thi gian
Mng bus trng
Hnh 4.14: Cc tn hiu trong mng Foundation Fieldbus
4.3.3 C ch giao tip

Phng php truy nhp bus Foundation Fieldbus l mt kt hp gia Master/Slave,
Token Passing v TDMA. Mt thit b vi vai tr trm ch - c gi l Link Active
Scheduler (LAS) c chc nng phn chia v kim sot quyn truy nhp cho ton b
mng. Tuy nhin, b LAS khng nht thit tham gia vo cc hot ng giao tip, trao
i d liu trong mng. Cc thit b mng Foundation Fieldbus c chia lm hai loi l
thit b c s (Basic Device) v trm ch lin kt (Link Master). Ch cc trm ch lin
kt mi c kh nng tr thnh b LAS (Link Active Scheduler).
132
Lp lin kt d liu ca Foundation Fieldbus qui nh hai c ch giao tip l lp lch

(scheduled communication) v khng lp lch (unscheduled communication). Giao tip
lp lch c trng cho trao i d liu tun hon, nh k gia cc thit b, trong khi
giao tip khng lp lch c s dng ch yu trong vic truyn tham s v gi cc
thng bo bo ng.
Hnh 4.15: Cc c ch giao tip trong Foundation Fieldbus
Hnh 4.15 minh ha hai c ch giao tip c bn ca Foundation Fieldbus. Trong c

ch giao tip lp lch (Hnh 4.15a), b LAS lu gi trong mt danh sch tt c cc b
nh m cha d liu tun hon ca cc thit b cng nh thi gian cn thit truyn
cc d liu . Khi n lt, mt trm s nhn c mt thng bo Compel Data (CD)
t b LAS. Sau khi nhn c CD, n s gi d liu trong vng nh m ti tt c cc
trm khc trong mng. Trm gi ng vai tr l publisher, cc trm mun c nhn l
subscriber. C ch ny tng t nh vic s dng mt vng nh chung trong mt s h
khc. Kiu d liu trao i y thng thng l gi tr cc bin qu trnh s dng
(a) Giao tip lp lch
LAS
Schedule
a
b
c
CD(a)
Thng bo
D liu a
publisher
D liu a
D liu a
subscriber
subscriber
(b) Giao tip khng lp lch
LAS
Live List
x
y
z
PT(x)
Thng bo
D liu
D liu
server x
client z
trong cc mch vng iu khin.

Xen gia cc hot ng trao i d liu mang tnh cht tun hon, mi thit b trn
bus cn c c hi gi cc thng bo khng lp lch (Hnh 4.15b). B LAS qun l tt c
cc trm tham gia vo mng thng qua mt Danh sch sng (Live List). B LAS ln
lt gi pass token (PT) ti tng thit b trong danh sch. Khi nhn c PT, mt thit
b c th gi thng bo n mt hoc nhiu trm khc. Nu khng c nhu cu gi na,
thit b gi tr li token cho b LAS. Thi gian ti a mt trm c gi token do LAS
hn ch v kim sot. C ch giao tip ny c s dng trong vic gi cc bn tin cnh
bo hoc thay i tham s.
133
4.3.4 Cu trc bc in
Qu trnh xy dng bc in qua tng lp giao thc ca Foundation Fieldbus c
minh ha trn Hnh 4.16. di mi trong bc in c tnh bng byte. D liu s
dng ti a l 251 byte trong mt bc in. Qua mi lp trong ngn giao thc, bc in
li c gn thm phn thng tin lin quan ti vic x l giao thc lp . V d,
phn FMS PCI m t kiu i tng VFD v dch v FMS c s dng, phn DLL
PCI mang thng tin v c ch giao tip v kiu lin kt. lp vt l, khung to ra t lp
lin kt d liu cn c gn thm khi u v cc ngn cch phc v mc ch
ng b ha nhp cng nh nhn bit u cui ca bc in.
Foundation Fieldbus s dng phng php m ha bit Manchester lng cc. Vic
ng b ha c thc hin cho tng bc in thng qua 8 bit 1 v 0 lun phin trong
nh du m u (Preamble). Trong trng hp s dng thm cc b lp th di
m u ny c th hn 1 byte. Ring cc ngn cch u (Start Delimiter) v ngn
cch cui (End Delimiter) c m ha theo mt s c bit.
CHNG TRNH
NG DNG
USER DATA
FMS
USER
PCI ENCODED DATA
FMS
4
FAS
DLL
PCI
LIN KT DL
5
LP VT L
PREAMBLE
STARTDELIMITER
1
( > 1 khi s dng
b lp)
0..251
FAS
PCI
FMS PDU
4..255
FAS PDU
5..256
FCS
2
FAS PDU
ENDDELIMITER
8..273
PCI:
PDU:
DLL:
FCS:
Protocol Control Information

Protocol Data Unit
Data Link Layer
Frame Check Sequence
Hnh 4.16: Cu trc bc in trong Foundation Fieldbus
4.3.5 Dch v giao tip

Fieldbus Access Sublayer (FAS)
Lp con FAS s dng hai c ch giao tip lp 2 cung cp cc dch v cho lp
FMS. Kiu dch v FAS c m t bi cc quan h giao tip o VCR (Virtual
Communication Relationships). Ba kiu VCR c nh ngha nh sau:
Kiu Client/Server: Giao tip khng lp lch gia mt trm gi (server) v mt

trm nhn (client), cc thng bo c xp trong hng i theo th t c u tin.
Kiu VCR ny thng c s dng trong vic np chng trnh ln xung, thay
i cc tham s iu khin hoc xc nhn bo co.
134
Kiu phn phi bo co (Report Distribution): Giao tip khng lp lch gia mt
trm gi v mt nhm trm nhn, thng c s dng trong vic gi cc thng
bo bo ng.
Kiu Publisher/Subscriber: Giao tip lp lch gia mt trm gi (publisher) v

nhiu trm nhn (subscriber), d liu c cp nht mang tnh ton cc nh nm
trong mt vng nh chung cho ton b mng.
Fieldbus Message Specification (FMS)

Cc dch v FMS cho php cc chng trnh ng dng gi thng bo cho nhau trn
bus theo mt chun thng nht v tp dch v cng nh cu trc thng bo (xem chi tit
trong 4.1.6). Ngoi tr mt s dch v bo co thng tin v s kin, hu ht cc dch v
FMS khc u s dng kiu VCR Client/Server.
D liu cn trao i qua bus c biu din qua mt M t i tng (object
description). Cc m t i tng c tp hp thnh mt cu trc gi l danh mc i
tng (object dictionary, OD). Mi m t i tng c phn bit qua ch s trong
danh mc i tng. Ch s 0 c gi l u danh mc, cung cp phn m t cho bn
thn danh mc, cng nh nh ngha ch s u tin cho m t cc i tng ca
chng trnh ng dng. Mi i tng ca chng trnh ng dng c th bt u t mt
ch s bt k ln hn 255. Ch s 255 v cc ch s nh hn nh ngha cc kiu d liu
chun, v d kiu bool, kiu nguyn, kiu s thc, chui bt v cu trc d liu dng xy
dng tt c cc m t i tng khc.
Trong FMS, m hnh thit b trng o (Virtual Field Device, VFD) ng vai tr
trung tm. Mt VFD l mt i tng mang tnh cht logic, c s dng quan st
d liu t xa m t trong danh mc i tng. Mt thit b thng thng c t nht hai
VFD, nh minh ha trn Hnh 4.17.
Cc dch v FMS cung cp mt phng thc giao tip chun trn bus, v d thng
qua cc khi chc nng. i vi mi kiu i tng, FMS qui nh mt s dch v ring
bit, v d c/ghi d liu, thng bo/xc nhn s kin, np ln/np xung chng trnh,
v.v...
135
ng dng qun tr mng

v h thng
ng dng khi chc

nng
VFD qun tr mng v h thng
VFD ng dng
M t i
tng NMIB
M t i
tng SMIB
M t i
tng FBAP
D liu i
tng NMIB
D liu i
tng SMIB
D liu i
tng FBAP
FMS
FAS
DLL
PHY
Hnh 4.17: Cc thit b trng o tiu biu trong Foundation Fieldbus
4.3.6 Khi chc nng ng dng

Hip hi Fieldbus Foundation xy dng mt m hnh chng trnh ng dng da
trn c s cc khi (block). Mt chng trnh ng dng l mt t chc ca cc khi
c lin kt vi nhau, trong mi khi l mt i din cho mt chc nng ring. C
ba loi khi c bn l khi ti nguyn (Resource Block), khi chc nng (Function
Block) v khi bin i (Transducer Block).
Khi ti nguyn
Khi ti nguyn m t cc c tnh ca thit b bus trng nh tn thit b, nh sn
xut v m s. Trong mi thit b ch c mt khi ti nguyn duy nht. Mt khi ti
nguyn ch ng mt mnh, khng bao gi c lin kt vi cc khi khc.
Khi chc nng
Cc khi chc nng nh ngha chc nng v c tnh ca mt h thng iu khin.
Cc tham s u vo v u ra ca cc khi chc nng c th c lin kt vi nhau
qua bus, to ra cu trc ca chng trnh ng dng. Vic thc hin mi khi chc nng
c lp lch mt cch chnh xc. Mt chng trnh ng dng c th bao gm nhiu
khi chc nng. Hip hi FF nh ngha mt tp chun cc khi chc nng, trong cc
khi quan trng nht l:
AI (Analog Input): i din cho mt u vo tng t
AO (Analog Output): i din cho mt u ra tng t
136
B (Bias): Biu din dch
CS (Control Selector): Khi la chn iu khin
DI (Digital Input): i din cho mt u vo s
DO (Digital Output: i din cho mt u ra s
ML (Manual Loader): Khi np bng tay
PD (Proportional/Derivative): B iu chnh t l/vi phn
PID (Proportional/Integral/Derivative): B iu chnh PID
RA (Ratio): Khi t l.
T tng khc bit so vi cc h bus khc l y cc khi chc nng c tch hp

trong cc thit b bus trng cung cp chc nng c th ca thit b. V d, mt cm
bin nhit c th cha mt khi AI, mt van iu chnh c th cha mt khi PID v
mt khi AO. Nh vy, mt vng iu khin ch cn s dng ba khi chc nng trong
hai thit b ny, nh Hnh 4.18 m t.
Khi bin i
Cc khi bin i c chc nng tch bit cc khi chc nng khi s ph thuc vo
c ch vo/ra vt l c th. Thng thng, mi khi chc nng vo/ra c mt khi bin
i tng ng. Mt khi bin i cha cc thng tin chi tit nh ngy thng hiu chnh,
kiu cm bin hoc c cu chp hnh.
AI
AI
AI
PID
AO
AI
PID
AO
Hnh 4.18: V d cc khi chc nng trong mt vng kn iu khin
Bn cnh ba kiu khi c bn, cc i tng sau y cng c nh ngha:
Cc khi lin kt (Link Objects) nh ngha lin kt gia cc u vo/ra ca cc

khi chc nng, ni b trong mt thit b cng nh xuyn mng bus trng.
137
Cc i tng ghi th (Trend Objects) cho php ghi li d liu thi gian thc
ti ch cc tham s khi chc nng c th truy nhp t my ch hoc t cc
thit b khc.
Cc i tng cnh bo (Alert Objects) cho php gi cc bo ng, s kin trn

bus.
Cc i tng hin th (View Objects) l cc nhm cc tp tham s khi c

nh ngha trc c th s dng trn cc giao din ngi-my.
Chc nng ca mt thit b c xc nh bi s sp xp v lin kt gia cc khi.

Cc chc nng ny c m t ra bn ngoi thng qua thit b trng o VFD, nh
ni trn y.

[1]
Fieldbus Foundation: Foundation Fieldbus Specifications, Rev. 1.3, 1998.
[2]
Fieldbus Foundation: Foundation Fieldbus Technical Overview. Ti liu FD-043, Rev.

2.0, 1998.
[3]
Fieldbus Foundation: Foundation Fieldbus Application Guide 31,25 kbit/s Wiring and
Installation. Ti liu AG-140, Rev. 1.0, 1996.
[4]
Jonas Berge: Fieldbuses for Process Control: Engineering, Operation and Maintenance.
ISA, 2002.
4.8 Ethernet
138
4.4 Ethernet
Ethernet l kiu mng cc b (LAN) c s dng rng ri nht hin nay. Thc cht,
Ethernet ch l mng cp di (lp vt l v mt phn lp lin kt d liu), v vy c th
s dng cc giao thc khc nhau pha trn, trong TCP/IP l tp giao thc c s
dng ph bin nht. Tuy vy, mi nh cung cp sn phm c th thc hin giao thc
ring hoc theo mt chun quc t cho gii php ca mnh trn c s Ethernet. High
Speed Ethernet (HSE) ca Fieldbus Foundation chnh l mt trong tm h bus trng
c chun ha quc t theo IEC 61158.
Ethernet c xut x l tn gi mt sn phm ca cng ty Xerox, c s dng u
tin vo nm 1975 ni mng 100 trm my tnh vi cp ng trc di 1km, tc
truyn 2,94 Mbit/s v p dng phng php truy nhp bus CSMA/CD. T s thnh
cng ca sn phm ny, Xerox cng DEC v Intel xy dng mt chun 10 Mbit/sEthernet. Chun ny chnh l c s cho IEEE 802.3 sau ny. c bit, vi phin bn
100 Mbit/s (Fast Ethernet, IEEE 802.3u), Ethernet ngy cng ng mt vai tr quan
trng trong cc h thng cng nghip. Bn cnh vic s dng cp ng trc, i dy
xon v cp quang, gn y Ethernet khng dy (Wireless LAN, IEEE 802.11) cng
ang thu ht s quan tm ln.

Hnh 4.19 minh ha kin trc giao thc ca Ethernet/IEEE 802.3 trong tp chun
IEEE 802. Lp lin kt d liu c chia thnh 2 lp con l lp LLC (Logical Link
Control) v MAC (Medium Access Control). Nh vy, phm vi ca Ethernet/IEEE
802.3 ch bao gm lp vt l v lp MAC.
802.2
2b LLC
CSMA/
2a MAC
1 Vt l
CD
802.1
802.3
802.14
Hnh 4.19: Ethernet/IEEE 802.3 trong tp chun IEEE 802
im khc bit c bn so vi c t Ethernet lc u l chun 802.3 a ra mt

h cc h thng mng trn c s CSMA/CD, vi tc truyn t 1-10 Mbit/s cho nhiu
mi trng truyn dn khc nhau. Bn cnh , trong cu trc bc in cng c s khc
bit nh: cha chiu di bc in theo 802.3 ch nh kiu giao thc pha trn
Ethernet (xem mc M ha bit v cu trc bc in). Tuy nhin, ngy nay khi ta ni ti
Ethernet cng l ch mt loi sn phm thc hin theo chun IEEE 802.3.
4.8 Ethernet
139

V mt logic, Ethernet c cu trc bus. Cu trc mng vt l c th l ng thng
hoc hnh sao ty theo phng tin truyn dn. Bn loi cp thng dng nht cng cc
c tnh c lit k trong bng 4.10. Cc tn hiu 10BASE5, 10BASE2, 10BASE-T v
10BASE-F c s dng vi ngha nh sau:
10BASE5
Khong cch truyn (100m) vi cp ng trc
Tc truyn
T cho i dy xon, F cho cp quang
(Mbit/s)
Truyn di c s
(baseband)
Loi 10BASE5 cn c gi l cp dy (thick Ethernet), loi cp ng trc thng

c mu vng theo ngh trong 802.3. K kiu 10BASE5 c ngha l tc truyn ti
a 10 Mbit/s, phng php truyn ti di c s v chiu di mt on mng ti a 500
mt. Loi cp ng trc th hai c k hiu 10BASE2 c gi l cp mng (thin
Ethernet), r hn nhng hn ch mt on mng phm vi 200 mt v s lng 30
trm.
Bng 4.4: Mt s loi cp truyn Ethernet thng dng
Tn hiu
Loi cp
Chiu di on ti a
S trm ti a/on
10BASE5
Cp ng trc dy
500 m
100
10BASE2
Cp ng trc mng
200 m
30
10BASE-T
i dy xon
100 m
1024
10BASE-F
Cp quang
2000 m
1024
Ba kiu ni dy vi cp ng trc v i dy xon c minh ha trn Hnh 4.20.

Vi 10BASE5, b ni c gi l vi ht (vampire tap), ng vai tr mt b thu pht
(transceiver). B thu pht cha vi mch in t thc hin chc nng nghe ngng ng
truyn v nhn bit xung t. Trong trng hp xung t c pht hin, b thu pht
gi mt tn hiu khng hp l tt c cc b thu pht khc cng c bit rng xung
t xy ra. Nh vy, chc nng ca module giao din mng c gim nh. Cp ni
gia b thu pht v card giao din mng c gi l cp thu pht, c th di ti 50 mt
v cha ti nm i dy xon bc lt ring bit (STP). Hai i dy cn cho trao i d
liu, hai i cho truyn tn hiu iu khin, cn i dy th nm c th s dng cung
cp ngun cho b thu pht. Mt s b thu pht cho php ni ti tm trm qua cc cng
khc nhau, nh vy tit kim c s lng b ni cng nh cng lp t.
Vi 10BASE2, card giao din mng c ni vi cp ng trc thng qua b ni th
ng BNC hnh ch T. B thu pht c tch hp trong bng mch in t ca module
giao din mng bn trong my tnh. Nh vy, mi trm c mt b thu pht ring bit.
4.8 Ethernet
Tap
Li
140
i dy xon
Cp thu pht
B thu pht
(a) 10BASE5
B ni
(b) 10BASE2
Hub
(c) 10BASE-T
Hnh 4.20: Ba kiu mng Ethernet vi cp ng trc v i dy xon
V bn cht, c hai kiu dy vi cp ng trc nh ni trn u thc hin cu trc

bus (vt l cng nh logic), v th c u im l tit kim dy dn. Tuy nhin, cc li
phn cng nh t cp, lng b ni rt kh pht hin trc tuyn. Mc d c mt s
bin php khc phc, phng php tin cy hn l s dng cu trc hnh sao vi mt b
chia (hub) hoc mt b chuyn mch (switch, xem 3.5). Cu trc ny thng thng
c p dng vi i dy xon, nhng cng c th p dng c vi cp ng trc (v
d Industrial Ethernet).
Vi 10BASE-T, cc trm c ni vi nhau qua mt b chia ging nh cch ni cc
my in thoi. Trong cu trc ny, vic b sung hoc tch mt trm ra khi mng cng
nh vic pht hin li cp truyn rt n gin. Bn cnh nhc im l tn dy dn v
cng i dy th chi ph cho b chia cht lng cao cng l mt vn . Bn cnh ,
khong cch ti a cho php t mt trm ti b chia thng b hn ch trong vng 100150 mt.
Bn cnh cp ng trc v i dy xon th cp quang cng c s dng nhiu
trong Ethernet, trong c bit ph bin l 10BASE-F. Vi cch ghp ni duy nht l
im-im, cu trc mng c th l daisy-chain, hnh sao hoc hnh cy. Thng thng,
chi ph cho cc b ni v chn u cui rt ln nhng kh nng khng nhiu tt v tc
truyn cao l cc yu t quyt nh trong nhiu phm vi ng dng.
Trong nhiu trng hp, ta c th s dng phi hp nhiu loi trong mt mng
Ethernet. V d, cp quang hoc cp ng trc dy c th s dng l ng trc chnh
hay xng sng (backbone) trong cu trc cy, vi cc ng nhnh l cp mng hoc
i dy xon. i vi mng qui m ln, c th s dng cc b lp. Mt h thng khng
hn ch s lng cc on mng cng nh s lng cc b lp, nhng ng dn gia
hai b thu pht khng c php di qu 2,5km cng nh khng c i qua qu bn
b lp.
Ton b cc h thng theo chun 802.3 s dng ch truyn ng b vi m
Manchester (xem 2.7). Bit 0 tng ng vi sn ln v bit 1 ng vi sn xung ca
xung gia mt chu k bit. Mc tn hiu i vi mi trng cp in l +0,85V v
0,85V, to mc trung ha l 0V.
4.8 Ethernet
141
4.4.3 C ch giao tip

S ph bin ca Ethernet c c l nh tnh nng m. Th nht, Ethernet ch qui
nh lp vt l v lp MAC, cho php cc h thng khc nhau ty thc hin cc giao
thc v dch v pha trn. Th hai, phng php truy nhp bus ngu nhin CSMA/CD
(xem 2.5) khng yu cu cc trm tham gia phi bit cu hnh mng, v vy c th b
sung hay tch mt trm ra khi mng m khng nh hng ti phn mng cn li. Th
ba, vic chun ha sm trong IEEE 802.3 gip cho cc nh cung cp sn phm thc
hin d dng hn.
Trong mt mng Ethernet, khng k ti b chia hoc b chuyn mch th tt c cc
trm u c vai tr bnh ng nh nhau. Mi trm (hay ni cch khc l mi module
giao din mng, mi card mng) c mt a ch Ethernet ring bit, thng nht ton cu.
Vic giao tip gia cc trm c thc hin thng qua cc giao thc pha trn, v d
NetBUI, IPX/SPX hoc TCP/IP. Ty theo giao thc c th, cn cc (tn, m s hoc
a ch) ca bn gi v bn nhn trong mt bc in ca lp pha trn (v d lp mng)
s c dch sang a ch Ethernet trc khi c chuyn xung lp MAC.
Bn cnh c ch giao tip tay i, Ethernet cn h tr phng php gi thng bo
ng lot (multicast v broadcast). Mt thng bo multicast gi ti mt nhm cc trm,
trong khi mt thng bo broadcast gi ti tt c cc trm. Cc loi thng bo ny c
phn bit bi kiu a ch, nh c trnh by trong mc sau.
4.4.4 Cu trc bc in
IEEE 802.3/Ethernet ch qui nh lp MAC v lp vt l, v vy mt bc in cn
c gi l khung MAC. Cu trc mt khung MAC c minh ha trn Hnh 4.21.
7 byte
1 byte
2/6 byte
2/6 byte
2 byte
M u
SFD
a ch
a ch
di/
(555..5H)
(D5H)
ch
ngun
Kiu gi
46-1500 byte
D liu
4 byte
PAD
FCS
Hnh 4.21: Cu trc khung MAC theo IEEE 802.3/Ethernet
M u mt khung MAC l 56 bit 0 v 1 lun phin, tc 7 byte ging nhau c gi tr

55H. Vi m Manchester, tn hiu tng ng s c dng tun hon, c bn nhn s
dng ng b nhp vi bn gi. Nh vy, vic ng b ha ch c thc hin mt
ln cho c bc in. tc truyn 10 Mbit/s, khong thi gian ng b ha l 5,6s.
Tip sau l mt byte SFD (Start of Frame Delimiter) cha dy bit 10101011, nh du
khi u khung MAC. ng ra, dy bt m u v byte SFD khng thc s thuc vo
khung MAC.
Theo 802.3, a ch ch v a ch ngun c th l 2 hoc 6 byte, nhng chun qui
nh cho truyn di c s 10 Mbit/s (tc 10BASEx) ch s dng a ch 6 byte. Bit cao
nht trong a ch ch c gi tr 0 cho cc a ch thng thng v gi tr 1 cho cc a
ch nhm. i vi cc thng bo gi cho tt c cc trm (broadcast), tt c cc bit trong
a ch ch s l 1.
4.8 Ethernet
142
C hai loi a ch Ethernet l cc a ch cc b v cc a ch ton cu, c phn

bit bi bit 46 (bit gn cao nht). Cc a ch cc b c th cng hoc t bng phn
mm v khng c ngha ngoi mng cc b. Ngc li, mt a ch ton cu c
IEEE cp pht, lun c cng trong vi mch m bo s thng nht trn ton th
gii. Vi 46 bit, c th c tng cng 7*1013 a ch ton cu, cng nh 7*1013 a ch
cc b. Tuy nhin, s lng cc trm cho php trong mt h thng mng cng nghip
cn ph thuc vo kiu cp truyn, giao thc pha trn cng nh c tnh ca cc thit
b tham gia mng.
Mt s khc nhau gia Ethernet v IEEE 802.3 l ngha tip sau phn a ch.
Theo c t Ethernet, hai byte ny cha m giao thc chuyn gi pha trn. C th, m
0800H ch giao thc IP (Internet Protocol) v 0806H ch giao thc ARP (Address
Resolution Protocol). Theo 802.3, ny cha s byte d liu (t 0 ti 1500). Vi iu
kin rng buc gia tc truyn v (tnh bng bit/s), chiu di bc in n v khong
cch truyn l (tnh bng mt) ca phng php CSMA/CD (xem 2.5.5)
lv < 100.000.000n,
m bo tc truyn 10 Mbit/s v khong cch 2.500m th mt bc in phi
di hn 250 bit hay 32 byte. Xt ti c thi gian tr qua bn b lp, chun 802.3 qui
nh chiu di khung ti thiu l 64 byte (51,2s), khng k phn m u v byte SFD.
Nh vy, d liu phi c chiu di ti thiu l 46 byte. Trong trng hp d liu thc
ngn hn 46 byte, PAD (padding) c s dng lp y.
cui cng trong khung MAC cha m CRC 32 bit vi a thc pht
G(x) = x32+x26+x23+x22+x16+x12+x11+x10+x8+x7+x5+x4+x2+x+1
Phn thng tin c kim sot li bao gm cc a ch, chiu di v d liu.
4.4.5 Truy nhp bus

Mt vn ln thng gy lo ngi trong vic s dng Ethernet cp trng l
phng php truy nhp bus ngu nhin CSMA/CD v s nh hng ti hiu sut cng
nh tnh nng thi gian thc ca h thng. y, mt trong nhng yu t quyt nh ti
hiu sut ca h thng l thut ton tnh thi gian ch truy nhp li cho cc trm trong
trng hp xy ra xung t.
Thi gian lan truyn tn hiu mt ln qua li ng truyn c gi l khe thi gian.
Gi tr ny c tnh cho ti a 2,5km ng truyn v bn b lp l 512 thi gian bit
hay 51,2 s. Sau ln xy ra xung t u tin , mi trm s chn ngu nhin 0 hoc 1
ln khe thi gian ch trc khi th gi li. Nu hai trm ngu nhin cng chn mt
khong thi gian, hoc c s xung t mi vi mt trm th ba, th s khe thi gian la
chn ch s l 0, 1, 2 hoc 3. Sau ln xung t th i, s khe thi gian chn ngu nhin
nm trong khong t 0 ti 2 i 1 . Tuy nhin, sau mi ln xung t, s khe thi gian
ch ti a s c gi li con s 1023. Sau 16 ln xung t lin tip, cc trm s coi
l li h thng v bo tr li lp giao thc pha trn. Thut ton ni ting ny c gi
l Binary Exponential Backoff (BEB).
4.8 Ethernet
143
4.4.6 Hiu sut ng truyn v tnh nng thi gian thc

Vi gi thit ti tng i ln v khng thay i, hiu sut ng truyn ti u trong
mng Ethernet c xc nh theo cng thc ([1])
Hiu sut ti u =
1
,
1 + 2 evl / cn
vi e l gi tr ti u cho s khe thi gian tranh chp trn mt khung, v l tc

truyn, l l chiu di dy dn, c l tc lan truyn tn hiu v n l chiu di trung bnh
ca mt khung tnh bng bit. Hiu sut ti u l mt gi tr l tng, ch t c khi
ng truyn c s dng lin tc v hu nh khng c xung t trn ng truyn.
Khi s lng trm tng ln, nu khng c s iu khin lp giao thc pha trn th
hiu sut s gim i ng k. Trn Hnh 4.22 l th m t quan h gia hiu sut
ng truyn v s lng trung bnh cc trm ng thi ch gi thng tin. Lu , s
trm ghi trn trc honh khng phi l s trm trong mng. Hiu sut thc t rt kh c
th xc nh mt cch chnh xc cho mt cu hnh mng.
Hiu sut ng truyn
1,0
0,9
khung 1024 byte
0,8
0,7
khung 512 byte
0,6
khung 256 byte
0,5
0,4
khung 128 byte
0,3
khung 64 byte
0,2
0,1
0,0
16
128
256
S trm ng thi mun gi
Hnh 4.22: Hiu sut ng truyn Ethernet 10 Mbit/s
Bn cnh vn bt nh trong truy nhp bus, cn phi xt ti tin cy ca mng

Ethernet. Mc d Ethernet c kh nng pht hin li xung t v cc li khung, cc trm
khng h c xc nhn v trng thi cc bc in nhn c. Nh vy, vic trao i
thng tin mt cch tin cy nht thit phi nh vo mt giao thc thch hp pha trn.
Trong cc h thng mng cc b vn phng cng nh cc mng cng nghip da trn
Ethernet, tp giao thc TCP/IP c s dng rng ri nht. Thng qua cc c ch xc
nhn thng bo, gi li d liu v kim sot lung giao thng, tin cy cng nh tnh
nng thi gian thc ca h thng c ci thin ng k.
4.4.7 Mng LAN 802.3 chuyn mch

Khi s trm tham gia tng ln nhiu, hot ng giao tip trong mng s b tc ngn
mt mt do tc truyn hn ch, mt khc c ch truy nhp bus khng cn m bo
c hiu sut nh trong iu kin bnh thng. khc phc ta c th s dng mng
Ethernet tc cao hoc/v s dng c ch chuyn mch. Mng LAN 802.3 chuyn
4.8 Ethernet
144
mch c xy dng trn c s 10BASE-T vi tc truyn 10 Mbit/s thng thng.

Mc ch ca vic s dng cc b chuyn mch l phn vng xung t v v th hn
ch xung t.
Hnh 4.23: S dng b lp trong mng LAN 802.3 chuyn mch
Hnh 4.23 minh ha cu trc ghp ni mng LAN 802.3 vi mt b chuyn mch
SWITCH
HUB
(switch, xem 3.4). Mt b chuyn mch tc cao thng gm 4 n 32 module, mi

module c 1 n 8 cng ni. Cc trm c th ni trc tip vo mt cng ca b chuyn
mch, hoc qua mt b chia.
C hai kiu phn vng xung t (collision domain) l theo tng module hoc theo
tng cng. Mt b lp h tr phn vng xung t theo module cho khng cho php cc
trm ni chung mt module cng gi tn hiu, nhng cho php cc module hot ng
song song, c lp. Nu trm ch nm mt module khc, b chuyn mch s sao
chp bc in v gi ti module tng ng. Mt b lp phn vng xung t theo tng
cng khng nhng cho php cc module hot ng song song, m cn cho php tt c
cc cng trn mt module ng thi tip nhn tn hiu gi. Cng vi c ch sao chp
vo b m, mi bc in s ch c gi ra cng tng ng vi trm ch.
Nguyn tc hot ng ca LAN 802.3 chuyn mch c ng dng rng ri trong h
thng mng cng nghip. Vi k thut chuyn mch hin i, khng nhng bng thng
tng th ca h thng c nng cao, m tnh nng thi gian thc cng c ci thin
ng k.
4.4.8 Fast Ethernet

Fast Ethernet l s pht trin tip theo ca Ethernet, c chun ha trong IEEE
802.3u. Fast Ethernet cho php truyn vi tc 100 Mbit/s. m bo tng thch
vi Ethernet, ton b c ch giao tip v kin trc giao thc c gi nguyn, duy ch
c thi gian bit c gim t 100ns xung 10ns. V mt k thut, cp ng trc loi
10BASE5 v 10BASE2 vn c th s dng cho Fast Ethernet vi chiu di ti a gim
xung mi ln. Tuy nhin, phng php ni mng s dng i dy xon v b chia c
u th vt tri, v vy tt c cc h Fast Ethernet u khng h tr cp ng trc. Ba
loi cp chun cho Fast Ethernet c lit k trong bng 4.11.
Bng 4.5: Mt s loi cp truyn Fast Ethernet thng dng
Tn hiu
Loi cp
100BASE-T4
i dy xon hng 3
Chiu di on ti a
100 m
4.8 Ethernet
145
100BASE-TX
i dy xon hng 5
100 m
100BASE-FX
Cp quang
2000 m
Loi 100BASE-T4 s dng bn i dy xon UTP hng 3. Di tn ca hng cp ny

b gii hn 25MHz, trong khi m Manchester s dng trong Ethernet thng thng
to tn s tn hiu cao gp i so vi tn s nhp, tc truyn trn mi i dy l ra ch
l 12,5 Mbit/s. t c tc truyn 100 Mbit/s, mt phng php m ha bit vi
tn hiu ba mc thay v hai mc c s dng y. ng thi, 100BASE-T4 phi
dng ti bn i dy xon (v th c k hiu T4), trong mt i lun truyn tn hiu
vo b chia, mt i lun truyn ra v hai i cn li c s dng linh hot theo chiu
ang truyn. Vi ba i dy v ba mc tn hiu, trong mt nhp c th truyn c 4 bit,
nng tc truyn tng cng ln 100 Mbit/s.
Vi 100BASE-TX, i dy xon hng 5 c s dng c kh nng lm vic tn s
nhp 125MHz v cao hn na. Vic s dng hai i dy xon to kh nng truyn hai
chiu ng thi. Khc vi 100BASE-T4, mt phng php m ha bit c tn l 4B5B
c s dng y. Dy bit t khung MAC c m ha li thnh cc t hp 5 bit trn
ng truyn. Ch c 16 trong 32 t hp biu din d liu, cc t hp cn li c s
dng cho nh du, iu khin v tn hiu phn cng.
i vi mi loi mng trn, vic ni dy c th thng qua mt b chia hoc mt b
chuyn mch. Mt b chuyn mch c chi ph cao hn nhiu so vi mt b chia, nhng
nng cao hiu sut ca h thng mt cch ng k nh chc nng phn vng xung t.
Loi 100BASE-FX cng cho php truyn hai chiu ton phn, s dng hai si quang
a ch cho hai chiu. i vi cc ng dng i hi khong cch truyn ln hoc kh
nng khng nhiu cao th y l gii php thch hp.
4.4.9 High Speed Ethernet

High Speed Ethernet (HSE) l mt cng ngh bus do Fieldbus Foundation (FF) pht
trin trn c s Fast Ethernet v cng l mt trong tm h bus c chun ha trong
IEC 61158 vo cui nm 1999. Vi tc truyn 100 Mbit/s, HSE c thit k cho
vic ni mng trn cp iu khin v iu khin gim st, b sung cho mng H1 cp
thp (xem 4.7). HSE s dng a ch 48-bit v 64-byte khung MAC ti thiu nh
Ethernet chun, trong khi c th ng thi truyn cc thng bo dch v H1 cng nh
cc thng bo ring ca HSE. Bn cnh , HSE h tr rt tt vic d phng, ng b
thi gian cng lin kt nhiu giao thc.
Kin trc giao thc
Hnh 4.24 m t kin trc giao thc HSE. Pha di, HSE s dng hon ton lp vt
l v lp MAC theo IEEE 802.3. Cng nh nhiu h thng da trn Ethernet khc, lp
mng s dng giao thc IP (Internet Protocol) v lp vn chuyn s dng TCP
(Transmission Control Protocol) hoc UDP (User Datagram Protocol). c bit, HSE
b sung mi mt c t, trong hu ht thuc lp ng dng nh qui nh v cc
khi chc nng ng dng, cc dch v qun tr mng, qun l h thng, c ch d
phng, truy nhp thit b trng...
4.8 Ethernet
146
Cp pht a ch ng
High Speed Ethernet s dng cc giao thc chun DHCP (Dynamic Host Control
Protocol) v IP (Internet Protocol) cng nh chc nng qun l h thng cp pht
ng a ch cho cc trm. Sau khi nhn c yu cu cp a ch t mt thit b, DHCP
Server s tm mt a ch IP cn trng v cp pht cho thit b yu cu. Tip theo,
thit b thng bo cho phn qun l h thng (System Manager) v c cp pht mt
nhn thit b vt l (Physical Device Tag). Mt khi a ch v mi lin kt c thit
lp, phn qun l h thng c th np cu hnh xung thit b.
NMA: Network Management Agent (ip vin qun tr mng)
VFD: Virtual Field Device (Thit b trng o)
OD:
Object Directory (Th mc i tng)
SMIB: System Management Information Base (C s thng tin qun l h thng)

NMIB: Network Management Information Base (C s thng tin qun tr mng)
SMK: System Management Kernel (Nhn qun tr h thng)
NMA
VFD
OD
HSE
SMK
HSE
LRE
Bridge
H1
H1
Interface
Interface
1
N
FBAP
VFD
1
FBAP
VFD
n
OD
OD
HSE Management
Agent
SMIB
NMIB
DHCP, SNTP
SNMP
Field Device Access Agent

TCP
UDP
HSE
MIB
IP
IEEE 802.3 (lp Vt l + MAC)
LRE: LAN Redundancy Entity

DHCP: Dynamic Host Control Protocol (Giao thc iu khin cp pht a ch ng)
SNTP: Simple Network Time Protocol (Giao thc thi gian mng n gin)
SNMP:Simple Network Management Protocol (Giao thc qun tr mng n gin)
FBFA: Function Block Application (ng dng khi chc nng)
Hnh 4.24: Kin trc giao thc HSE
Cu trc d phng
V c bn, gii php d phng HSE da vo cc cu trc v thnh phn Ethernet
thng dng. C hai dng d phng - d phng mng v d phng thit b - u c h
tr. Mt v d cu hnh d phng tiu biu c minh ha trn Hnh 4.25.
Khi chc nng linh hot
Khi chc nng (Function Block, FB) l mt khi nim trng tm trong Foundation
Fieldbus H1 v HSE. M rng m hnh khi chc nng cho cc ng dng sn xut gin
on, cc khi chc nng linh hot (Flexible Function Block, FFB) c coi nh phn
mm bao bc, i din cho cc thut ton ng dng c bit hoc cc cng vo/ra tng
t cng nh s. Cc ngn ng chun c nh ngha trong IEC 61131-3 c th s dng
4.8 Ethernet
147
to cc khi chc nng linh hot, tng t nh vi cc khi chc nng thng thng.
Cng thng qua cc khi chc nng linh hot ny, vic lin kt vi H1 cng nh vi cc
h thng s dng giao thc khc c thc hin mt cch thng nht.
Hnh 4.25: Mt cu hnh d phng HSE tiu biu
Thit b ch
d phng
Switch B
Switch A
Thit b
lin kt A
PLC
Thit b
lin kt B
Phng tin
d phng
Thit b d
phng
Cc thit b H1
4.4.10 Industrial Ethernet

Ti thi im tc gi bin son bi ging ny, Industrial Ethernet (IE) cha phi l
mt chun quc t, m ch l tn ca mt lot cc dng sn phm do mt s nh sn
xut (trong c Synergetic, Siemens) a ra. Thc cht, IE ch l Ethernet vi cc
thnh phn mng thch hp trong mi trng cng nghip. V d, loi cp ng trc bc
lt kp hoc cp i dy xon STP c s dng thay cho cc loi cp thng thng.
Cc phn cng mng nh module giao din, b chia hoc router c thit k vi kiu
dng cng nghip, c tin cy cao, chu c trong iu kin lm vic khc khe hn
so vi mng Ethernet vn phng. c bit, cc b chuyn mch v cc b chia thng
c trang b tnh nng d phng.

Ti liu tham kho
[1]
Andrew S. Tanenbaum: Computer Networks. 3th Edition, Prentice-Hall, 1998.
[2]
H.W. Johnson: Fast Ethernet Dawn of New Network, Englewood Cliff, NJ.
[3]
Fieldbus Foundation, www.fieldbus.org.
[4]
Industrial Ethernet Association, www.industrialethernet.com.
Chng 5:
Thit k h thng mng
Chng ny cp ti mt s vn lin quan ti bi ton tch hp h thng s

dng mng truyn thng cng nghip. Bn cnh cc vn v thit k h thng mng,
vic nh gi v la chn gii php mng cng c bn ti. Cui cng, cc vn lin
quan ti chun cng nghip c vai tr quan trng trong vic tch hp h thng s c
tho lun.

5.1.1 Phn tch yu cu
Cc yu t k thut
Khi thit k mt h thng mng ta cn quan tm ti hng lot cc yu t nh cu trc
mng, khong cch truyn, chng nhiu, kiu thng tin cn trao i, kch c bc in,
tc h thng, tr truyn thng, s lng v mt cc im vo/ra, chng loi thit
b iu khin, sch lc iu khin, kh nng tng thch, bin php an ton h thng,
o to nhn lc, kh nng bo tr v m rng trong tng lai. Cc yu t lin quan ti
mi trng lm vic nh nhiu in t, cp an ton in, rung, cht n mn, khng
gian v v tr lp t cng cn c lu .
Thit k mi, nng cp hoc thay th
Vi mt h thng c xy dng mi hon ton, nh tch hp h thng c nhiu s
la chn hn trong thit k mi. Vn cn bn su hn l i vi cc h thng v
ang hot ng. Khi cc yu t k thut c kho st, nh tch hp h thng cn
nghin cu v trao i vi ch u t v s la chn gii php nng cp hoc thay th.
Mt gii php nng cp c th ch l tm cch ni mng cc thit b c, hoc nng
cp mt h thng mng c lc hu trong khi s dng ti a cc thnh phn c sn. Gii
php nng cp c th tit kim cho u t, tuy nhin c th s khng tha mn c mt
s chc nng theo yu cu t ra v c th gy ra cc vn trong s khng tng thch
gia cc thnh phn mi v c.
Mt gii php thay th a ra mt thit k hon ton mi cho mt h thng lc hu.
Bn cnh b sung cc thnh phn h thng mng mi th y vic thay mi cc thit
b v l iu kh trnh khi. Thit k mi c th a ra mt gii php nht qun, tuy
nhin u t cao c th lm gim tnh thuyt phc ca d n.
Gi thnh, tnh sn sng v kh nng h tr
Nu so snh ti u t tng th cho thi gian 15-20 nm k c chi ph cho pht trin,
lp t, a vo vn hnh v bo tr, gi mua mt h thng iu khin thng thng ch
149
chim khong 20%. Hn na, tin cy v tnh sn sng ca h thng cng l cc yu

t then cht quyt nh ti li nhun ca mt d n u t. V vy, vic nh gi li th
lu di do s dng bus trng em li l mt iu rt quan trng, nh hng ti quyt
nh u t v quyt nh gii php.
Tuy nhin, trong thc t nhiu nh tch hp h thng cng nh nhiu nh u t e
ngi vic a vo s dng cng ngh bus trng bi l do v hiu bit cng nh l do
bo th. p dng cng ngh mi i hi phi u t cho tm hiu v nghin cu th
nghim, trong khi vn tn ti mt s mo him trong u t. Cng phi ni rng, nu
nh mt gii php c in vn hot ng hiu qu c v mt k thut cng nh v mt
kinh t th t c l do phi t b. Song vi mt tnh th cnh tranh v ton cu ha nh
hin nay, ngay c cc tp on cng ngh t ng ha c tn tui nht cng phi t tin
ha v thay i t duy v gii php tch hp h thng.
5.1.2 Cc bc tin hnh

Da vo cc yu cu c th nh nu, qu trnh thit k v a vo vn hnh mt
h thng mng c th tin hnh theo cc bc sau y:
La chn kin trc iu khin: iu khin tp trung, iu khin phn tn kiu

DCS hoc iu khin phn tn trng.
La chn gii php mng: Gii php mng nhiu khi cng ph thuc vo gii
php h thng, song trong thc t vn c th c mt vi s la chn. Thng
thng ta c th la chn mt t hp gii php bus h thng v bus trng n
vi nhau, nh s trnh by chi tit trong mc 5.2.
La chn c ch giao tip: C ch hi p tun t, vo/ra tun hon hay khng

tun hon, cho hng/t hng, lp lch hoc khng lp lch, vo/ra theo s kin
hoc thng bo theo yu cu.
La chn thit b: nh gi hiu sut lm vic ca cc thit b trn c s thi

gian cp nht d liu vo/ra, rung ca chu k iu khin v hiu sut thc hin
thut ton iu khin. Kho st cc c tnh truyn thng ca cc thit b nh tc
truyn, c ch giao tip, kiu giao tip, chng ch tng thch giao thc.
Thit k cu trc mng: S dng cu trc mng thch hp nh ng trc/ng

nhnh, mch vng, hnh sao hoc cy, m bo c cc yu cu v s trm, tc
truyn v khong cch truyn.
Chn cu hnh cc b ngun cho mng: nh gi v tnh ton cng sut cc b

ngun cp sao cho ph hp vi s trm, kiu thit b v cp ni/b ni cng nh
tha mn cc yu cu v chng nhiu, chng chy n.
t cu hnh mng: S dng cc my tnh vi phn mm cu hnh mng, cc

cng c cu hnh chuyn dng, cc cng tc v cht ti thit b t a ch, tc
truyn, quan h giao tip,... i vi nhiu h thng, vic t cu hnh mng
lin quan trc tip ti lp trnh ng dng.
150
Tip t: Ni cc ng dy trung tnh ca ngun DC cng nh v bc vi t

c tr khng thp. Nu s dng nhiu ngun cp, ch s dng ng tip t ti
mt ngun, tt nht l gn vi trung tm ca mng.
Chy th: Kim tra hot ng truyn thng vi nhiu sch lc th khc nhau, c
th vi mt s hoc ton b cc thit b bt ngun. Lu rng hu ht cc li
truyn thng lin quan ti cp truyn, tr u cui, tip t, ngun cho mng, a
ch v tc truyn.
Chn on li: Li thit b, li h mch, nhiu in t, tn hiu mo hoc suy

gim c th nhn bit bng nhiu phng php. Mt s li c th pht hin bng
cch tch mt phn mng ra v quan st phn cn li. C th s dng cc cng c
chuyn dng nh bus monitor hoc cc my lp trnh vi cc phn mm cu hnh
mng chn on. Phn trnh by trong chng 2 chnh l cc kin thc c s
quan trng gip ch cho vic phn tch v chn on li.
151

T nhiu nm nay, cc ch bn ci trong vic tch hp h thng da trn c s
mng truyn thng cng nghip khng cn l vn nn hay khng nn, m
thng xoay quanh cu hi mng g?. S hin din ca hng lot cc h thng truyn
thng cng nghip khc nhau trong k thut t ng ha mang n cho ngi s dng
nhiu c hi la chn, nhng cng khng t thch thc. Vn mu cht khi nh gi,
la chn mt gii php khng ch nm yu cu v cc c tnh k thut, m cn lin
quan ti linh hot, kh nng m rng v gi thnh tng th ca h thng.
Mi h thng truyn thng cng nghip c nhng th mnh ring v c trng dng
trong mt s lnh vc nht nh. Trong mt tng lai gn, kh c mt loi no c th
chim c u th tuyt i. Cng chnh v vy, c gng chun ha mt h bus trng
thng nht trong khun kh IEC 61158 khng thnh nh mc ch t ra ban u.
Thay vo , cc thnh vin trong ban xy dng chun v cc i gia t ng ha
phi ngi li vi nhau nhiu ln v vo cui nm 1999 a ra mt gii php tha hip
gm nhiu h bus thng dng. Bn cnh chun IEC 1158-2 c th PROFIBUS, P-Net,
WorldFIP, INTERBUS, ControlNet, SwiftNet v Foundation Fieldbuss HSE c
a vo. Chun mi ny vn ang tip tc c pht trin v cho n nay cng bao
gm c Foundation Fieldbus H1, Ethernet/IP v PROFInet.
i vi cc nh lm cng vic thit k v tch hp h thng, vic nh gi gii php
khng phi bao gi cng l iu d dng. c mt quyt nh ng n trong vic
chn la mt h thng bus, hoc cng c khi phi kt hp mt vi h thng cho mt gii
php t ng ha, ta phi ch ti khng t nhng kha cnh k thut cng nh c
im ng dng c th. Di y, tc gi a ra mt qui trnh la chn gii php mng
ln lt da theo 4 tiu ch: c th ca cp ng dng, c th ca lnh vc ng dng,
yu cu k thut chi tit v yu cu kinh t.
5.2.1 c th ca cp ng dng
Ngay trong chng m u, phn 1.3 phn tch rt r c th ca cc cp ng
dng v yu cu i vi cc h thng mng truyn thng cng nghip tng ng. Trong
thc t ngy nay, chng ta ch cn tp trung vo hai cp l bus h thng (bus iu khin)
v bus trng (bus thit b). S khc nhau v yu cu gia hai cp ny th hin cc
im sau y:
Bus h thng yu cu tc truyn cao hn nhiu so vi bus trng.
S lng trm ghp ni vi bus h thng thng t hn hn bus trng, chng

loi thit b ghp ni vi bus h thng cng ng nht hn.
Bus h thng i hi tnh nng thi gian thc t ngt ngho hn bus trng.
C th ni, vic la chn bus h thng ngy nay gn nh xoay quanh mt s khng
nhiu h da trn nn Ethernet, trong khi s la chn i vi bus trng ln hn nhiu.
Gn y c xu hng xut hin mt s t hp cng ngh nh HSE vi Foundation
Fieldbus H1, PROFInet vi PROFIBUS v AS-i, Ethernet/IP vi ControlNet v
152
DeviceNet. y chnh l mt yu t tip th quan trng, c li cho cc nh sn xut

nhng ng thi cng d cho ngi s dng khi phi ng trc mt s la chn.
5.2.2 c th ca lnh vc ng dng

Khi xy dng mt gii php ng dng mng truyn thng cng nghip, ta phi quan
tm ti qui m v c th ca lnh vc ng dng. C th k ra mt s cc lnh vc ng
dng tiu biu nh:
T ng ha cc thit b v my mc n l
T ng ha qu trnh
T ng ha x nghip
T ng ha ta nh
iu khin v gim st cc h thng giao thng-vn ti
iu phi v gim st cc h thng phn phi nng lng.
T ng ha cc thit b v my mc n l
T ng ha cc thit b v my mc n l bao gm cc lnh vc iu khin cn
cu, iu khin thang my, iu khin my cng c, iu khin robot, iu khin
phng tin giao thng. y hu nh ngi ta ch quan tm ti nhim v iu khin
t ng, cn phn iu khin gim st nu c th cng ch dng li chc nng giao
din ngi-my n gin. Cc bi ton iu khin c th rt khc nhau, t iu khin
logic ti iu khin qu trnh v iu khin chuyn ng. c th ca cc ng dng ny
l yu cu rt cao v tnh nng thi gian thc, trong khi lng d liu trao i khng
ln. Cc my mc, thit b c sn xut hng lot, v vy u t cho gii php iu
khin trn mt thnh phm phi tht tit kim. Cc yu cu ny dn n phi s dng
cc gii php bus thit b vi kin trc giao thc n gin, ph hp cho ghp ni trc
tip cc cm bin v c cu chp hnh, c tnh tin nh v gi thnh thp. Mt vi v d
tiu biu l CAN, AS-i, SwiftNet v Sercos.
T ng ha qu trnh
T ng ha cng nghip thng c chia thnh hai mng l t ng ha qu trnh
(process automation) v t ng ha x nghip (factory automation), tng ng vi hai
lnh vc ng dng c bn l cng nghip ch bin, khai thc (process industry) v cng
nghip ch to, lp rp (manufacturing). Cng nghip ch bin v khai thc bao gm
cc ngnh du kh, than, ha du, ha cht, thc phm, dc phm, in lc, xi mng,
giy, ... Cc ngnh cn li nh xe hi, ch to my cng c, luyn kim, cn thp, in t
c xp vo cng nghip ch to, lp rp.
c th ca cc ngnh cng nghip khai thc v ch bin l cc qu trnh lin tc
din bin chm. V vy tn sut trao i d liu thp, tuy nhin bc in thng di
cha thng tin v cc bin tng t. Cng ngh bus trng y khng i hi tc
cao, nhng ph mng ln, phi c tnh tin nh v c s la chn cho ph hp
trong mi trng d chy n. Khng nghi ng g, hai cng ngh bus trng i u trong
lnh vc ny l Foundation Fieldbus H1 v PROFIBUS-PA.
153
T ng ha x nghip
Trong cc ngnh cng nghip ch to v lp rp, bi ton iu khin logic v iu
khin trnh t ng vai tr trung tm, nu khng k ti bi ton iu khin my mc v
thit b n l, iu khin chuyn ng. Cc h thng iu khin v gim st y
thng c qui m nh hn so vi trong cng nghip ch bin, lng d liu cn trao i
thng t hn nhng c yu cu cao hn v thi gian phn ng. Cc gii php mng tiu
biu l INTERBUS, DeviceNet, PROFIBUS-DP v AS-i.
T ng ha ta nh
T ng ha ta nh l mt lnh vc ng dng c nhiu tim nng, c bit ti cc
khu vc ang pht trin xy dng mnh nh Vit Nam. Cc ta nh cng s, cc
khch sn, cc sn bay v ngay c cc nh chung c cng c nhu cu t ng ha cao.
Cc h thng l si, iu ha nhit , h thng ng m ca, h thng thang my, h
thng chiu sng, h thng cnh bo chy,... u l cc i tng cn iu khin v
gim st t trung tm. Tuy cc bi ton iu khin khng phi qu phc tp, nhng s
lng cc thit b th rt ln v chng loi th a dng. Mt s cng ngh bus c u th
trong lnh vc ny l LON, EIB v gn y l truyn thng qua ng in lc.
Cc h thng giao thng-vn ti
Cc h thng iu khin v gim st trong lnh vc giao thng, v d iu khin giao
thng th, ng st, hng hi hoc hng khng l cc h thng c cu trc phn tn
mt cch t nhin. Cc bi ton tiu biu trong lnh vc ny iu khin tn hiu cc
nt giao thng, iu khin phn lung giao thng, iu ng phng tin giao thng v
trong tng lai l cc h thng xe t hnh. Vic ni mng c th thc hin qua nhiu
phng thc khc nhau, v d qua ng in lc, qua sng v tuyn, qua ng in
thoi. n nay, hu ht cc ng dng ny u da trn cc gii php c bit, ng kn.
Tuy nhin, y ta cng c th ngh ti p dng mt s h thng mng cng nghip
chun nh INTERBUS hoc PROFIBUS-DP kt hp vi s dng cp quang, hoc giao
thc Modbus kt hp qua ng in lc hoc in thoi cng cng.
Cc h thng phn phi nng lng
Tng t nh cc h thng giao thng, cc mng li phn phi nng lng nh
cung cp in, nc, ga u c bn cht lai v phn tn mt cch t nhin. c bit,
iu phi v gim st cc mng in lc quc gia l mt bi ton tng i phc tp bi
mc tri rng v phn tn cao, m hnh bt nh, tnh nng thi gian thc ngt
ngho. Vic s dng cc cng ngh truyn thng qua ng in lc, hoc ng cp
quang kt hp vi mt s giao thc chun nh MODBUS c th l mt gii php hp
l.
5.2.3 Yu cu k thut chi tit

Mt phng php c p dng ph bin khi la chn mt h thng bus l phng
php loi tr dn da trn c s cc tiu chun k thut nh sau:
Cu trc: Topology, chiu di ti a ca mng, s trm ti a trong mt on

(segment).
154
c tnh thi gian: Tnh nng thi gian thc ( nhanh, kp thi, d on c),
thi gian phn ng tiu biu.
Kh nng truyn ti d liu: Tc ti a v di d liu hu ch ti a trong

mt bc in (telegram).
ng ti ngun: Kh nng cung cp ngun ca bus cho cc thit b tham gia

(trm).
linh hot: Kh nng lp t v thay th cc trm trong khi vn hnh, kh nng

m rng h thng (v d khi m rng sn xut).
an ton: Loi tr kh nng gy chy n, gy cc nh hng xu ti mi

trng xung quanh.
bn vng, tin cy: Hot ng n nh trong khi c nh hng, nhiu t mi

trng xung quanh.
Chun ha: iu kin cho kh nng tng tc, tnh nng m ca h thng, trnh
lc hu trong tng lai.
Cng c h tr: Phn mm qun tr mng, h tr gim st, chn on s c.
i vi mt ng dng c th, c th c nhiu gii php t ra thch hp m ch khc

nhau mt s im nh. Trong nhng trng hp nh vy, cn phn tch v nh gi
mt cch thn trng, k lng. Ngay c trong cc thng s k thut tng chng tng
ng, nhng li khc nhau mt cch c bn, v th i hi phi cn nhc thn trng. V
d, khng phi trong mt lnh vc ng dng no cng cn mt h thng bus c tc
truyn ti d liu tht cao m yu t quan trng hn l thi gian phn ng phi nh v
d on trc c.
5.2.4 Yu cu kinh t
Trong yu cu mang tnh cht kinh t ta cn xt hai yu t chnh:
Gi thnh tng th: Tng hp gi thnh trang thit b, cng thit k, lp t v

bo tr
Hin trng th trng: C hi mua sm thit b v dch v.
Kinh nghim thc t cho thy, ngi s dng thng hay coi nh vic hch ton gi
thnh tng th trong khi qu tp trung vo cc c tnh k thut v gi c trang thit b
phn cng. V d, trnh v kinh nghim sn c cng nh gi dch v thit k, lp t
v bo tr ng vai tr rt quan trng trong u t tng th v lu di.
Trong hon cnh Vit nam, vic mua sm cc thit b, cng c phn mm cng nh
cc dch v h tr c nhiu hn ch, v vy yu t hin trng th trng, kin thc v
kinh nghim sn c nh hng ln ti mt quyt nh. Tuy nhin, ta cng cn thn
trng vi thi quen v s nh hng ca nhn mc, cng nh khng nn c gi nhng
mc cm, nh kin v mt h thng no. Cng nh bt c lnh vc no trong in t,
tin hc, cc cng ngh bus trng c nhng i mi, tin b khng ngng. Xu hng
thm nhp ca Ethernet vo cp iu khin v cp chp hnh l mt v d tiu biu.

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MNG TRUYN THNG

PGS.TS Hong Minh Sn

Chng 3: Cc thnh phn h thng mng

Chng 4: Cc h thng bus tiu biu

1.1 Mng truyn thng cng nghip l g?

Mng vin thng c phm vi a l v s lng thnh vin tham gia ln hn rt

Mng my tnh c phm vi tri rng rt khc nhau, v d c th nh nh mng

S khc nhau trong phm vi v mc ch s dng gia cc h thng mng truyn

1.2 Vai tr ca mng truyn thng cng nghip

n gin ha cu trc lin kt gia cc thit b cng nghip: Mt s lng ln

Tit kim dy ni v cng thit k, lp t h thng: Nh cu trc n gin, vic

n gin ha/tin li ha vic tham s ha, chn on, nh v li, s c ca cc

M ra nhiu chc nng v kh nng ng dng mi ca h thng: S dng mng

1.3 Phn loi v c trng cc h thng MCN

Tng ng vi nm cp chc nng l bn cp ca h thng truyn thng. T cp

Do nhim v ca bus trng l chuyn d liu qu trnh ln cp iu khin x l

1.4 Ti liu tham kho

2.1 Cc khi nim c bn

Hnh 2.1: Vai tr ca thng tin trong cc h thng k thut

Thng tin l thc o mc nhn thc, s hiu bit v mt vn , mt s kin hoc

Bin (in p, dng,...)

Tn s, nhp xung, rng ca xung, sn xung

Tng t: Tham s thng tin c th c mt gi tr bt k trong mt khong no

Ri rc: Tham s thng tin ch c th c mt s gi tr (ri rc) nht nh.

Lin tc: Tn hiu c ngha ti bt k thi im no trong mt khong thi gian

Gin on: Tn hiu ch c ngha ti nhng thi im nht nh.

Dng tn hiu: tng t, lin tc

Dng tn hiu: ri rc, lin tc

Dng tn hiu: ri rc (s), gin on

Hnh 2.2: Mt s dng tn hiu thng dng

Khi cc gi tr tham s thng tin ca mt tn hiu c biu din bng m nh phn,

2.1.2 Truyn thng, truyn d liu v truyn tn hiu

H thng truyn dn tn hiu

Hnh 2.3: Nguyn tc c bn ca truyn thng

Trong truyn thng cng nghip, m ha ng truyn ng ngha vi m ha bit,

Qu trnh ngc li vi m ha l gii m, tc l chuyn i cc tn hiu nhn c

l thi gian lan truyn tn hiu,

i vi cc loi cp c lp bc cch ly l Polyethylen vi hng s in mi = 2.3,

Truyn bit song song hoc truyn bit ni tip

Truyn ng b hoc khng ng b

Truyn ti di c s, truyn ti di mang v truyn ti di rng.

2.2.1 Truyn bit song song v truyn bit ni tip

(a) Truyn bit song song

(b) Truyn bit ni tip

2.2.2 Truyn ng b v khng ng b

nhn d liu, tc l vn lm th no bn nhn bit khi no mt tn hiu trn ng

2.2.3 Truyn mt chiu v truyn hai chiu

Hnh 2.6: Truyn simplex, half-duplex v duplex

Vi ch truyn hai chiu ton phn mi trm u c th gi v nhn thng tin

2.2.4 Truyn ti di c s, di mang v di rng

2.3 Cu trc mng

2.3 Cu trc mng - Topology

2.3.1 Cu trc bus

Mt tn hiu gi i c th ti tt c cc trm v theo mt trnh t khng kim sot

Tt c cc trm u c kh nng pht v phi lun lun nghe ng dn

2.3 Cu trc mng

drop-line drop-line drop-line

c) mch vng khng tch cc

Hnh 2.7: Cc cu trc dng bus

Chiu di dy dn thng tng i di, v vy i vi cu trc ng thng xy

Trng hp ng dn b t, hoc do ngn mch trong phn kt ni bus ca

Cu trc ng thng, lin kt a im gy kh khn trong vic p dng cc

Mt s v d mng cng nghip tiu biu c cu trc bus l PROFIBUS, CAN,