8



)(




0


)( Hardware
Software

-:

1 ) ( -:Hardware

)(


0

10


1 -: Software




0



) (
0

] [1-1

-:

11

-1
-2
-3

-:

) (1-1
-:

Central Unit

12

Memory

Input Unit

Output Unit

Arithmetic Logic Unit

Central Processing Unit

) ( CPU
) ( 1-1

13

-:

Keyboard Terminals
Visual Display Unit

Media Unit


-:
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Keyboard

-2 0000000000000000000T
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Card Reader

14

-4 Optical Character 00
Reader
-5 Optical Mark 00000
Reader
-6 Magnetic Ink Character
Recognition

-7
Mouse 000000000000000000000000000

-:

Micro
Processor ) ( 0

15

-:

-1
)
( Memory








-:

Data Storage Area

16

Program Storage Area

0

storage Positions
Address

0


Micro Computers-:
; ( Read Only Memory
) ROM


Operating System

17

Random Access

)Memory (RAM

18

-2

19

-3

)

0000 (
) = 0000 > <
(

20




0














0

21

-:

Output Media

-:
-1 00000000000000

Monitor Screen
-2

Printers 000000000000000000000000
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Graphics Devices
-4 000000000000000000000

Microfilm

-:

22








) (




External Storage




-:
-1 000000000000000

Magnetic Tape

23

-2 0000000Magnetic
Hard Disk
-3 Magnetic 00000
Floppy Disk

] [1-2





0

-:
-1

System Software

-2 Application Software

-:

24

) ROM

(0

-:
-

Operating System

Compilers Language

- ) (

Programs Utilities

-
25

-



(

BASIC

26


( ) FORTRAN )
( COBOL ) ( Machine Language
Binary

) (1

-
-
) (

) (

0

- ]
[

27


) (



) (

0

-:

28



0

-:

-1 Word Processor

29



-:
Word Star, Word Perfect, Microsoft Word, Arab Write

-2 Spread
Sheets






Cell



-:

30

LOTUS 1-2-3 , EXCEL , QUATROPRO

-3 Graphics





-:

SPSS, SAS

-4 Data Base

31




-:

Microsoft ACCESS, dBase II, dBase III

] [1-3

-:
-

- 0
- 0

32







000





) (

33

-




Terminals

34





) (


0








0

35

-



)
(

) (



0

] [1-4

36











Generations



0


-:

-1 ) ( 1958 -1946

37











0


) ( 0,1


0

-2 ) ( 1964 -1959

38












0




0

39

-3 ) ( 1970 -1965




0








0

40

-4 ) -1971 (







Micro Processor

) (Micro Computer


0



Real Time

41




Terminals




0

] [1-5





-:
-1 )
(0

42


-2 )
(0
-3 ) (
0
-:

-:



0

-1 Digital Computers


)
(

43




0000 0

-2 Analog Computers



0000



0

-3 Mixed Computers

44

-:






0

-:

-1 Super Computers




10

45





0
-2 Mainframe Computers







0




0

46

-3

Mini Computers

0
-4 Micro Computers

Micro
Processor

Silicon

Micro Computers

47













Personal Computer ( P.C ) 0
Personal

) Computer ( P.C

48

-:

-:

-1

49



000
0

-2











000 0

] [1-6

50







)(

0




200

0

-:
-1 0
-2 0

51


-3 0




0




0

52










) (


0

-:

-1

) Binary (1

53

-:
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) (1

0
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54


) (1
0
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0
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0
-5

0

-:

55

-2



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-:
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56



0
-2
0
-3

0

-:
-1 0
-2
0
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57

-:
-1

0
-2
0

58


-3
0
-4
0
-5
0
-6
0
-7



0

59



0



- -

) (
) (




0
-:

Compiler

Object Program Source Program

60

-:

BASIC

61

FORTRAN

COBOL

ALGOL

PL1

] [1-7

62




-:
_ 0
_ 0
- 0
- Problem Analysis










0

63


- Flow Chart












0

-:
- 000000000

64


00000000000000000000
START

00000000000000000000
END

0000000000000
STOP

- 000000000000000

0000000000000000000

READ A,B

0000000000000000000

INPUT A,B

0000000000000000000
PRINT

A,B

65


- 000000000
0
00000000000000
C= A + B

-
000000000000000

IF

000

NO

I=N

YES
-
0000000000000000000000000

66

Program Writing

Programmer

67




)
000 (

0

68