Chapter 1 Waves

2.1Understanding
Arah Mata Angin
1.1
Waves

ITeach Physics From 5

Chapter 1 Waves

Understanding Waves
The Nature Of Waves

Waves
Travelling disturbance through a medium from a vibrating or
oscillating source

The medium is a substance or material that transports

the wave from its source to another place

The particles to the medium only vibrate but do not

travel together with the wave

Medium

Transfers energy in the direction of its propagation but do not

transfers matter.

ITeach Physics Form 5

Chapter 1 Waves

Understanding Waves
The Nature Of Waves
Two types of waves

Transverse waves

Longitudinal waves

The particles of the medium

oscillate in the direction
perpendicular
to
the
direction of the propagation

The particles to the medium

oscillate in the direction
parallel to the direction of the
propagation

Examples
Water waves

Electromagnetic waves

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Example
Sound waves

Chapter 1 Waves

Understanding Waves
Wavefront

An imaginary line that

joins all the points on the
points on the crest of a
wave

Circular wavefronts

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The
direction
ot
wavefront
is
perpendicular
to
the
direction
ot
the
propagation of its wave

Plane wavefronts

Chapter 1 Waves

Understanding Waves
Oscillating System
An oscillating system is a system that undergoes a periodic toand-fro movement
Examples

A simple pendulum

A loaded spring

PQRQP
R

P
Q
a

Amplitud,
Period,
Frequency,

a = maximum displacement form its rest position (meter, m)

T = time for one complete oscillation / vibration (second, s)

f = number of complete oscillation / vibration in one second

(Hertz, Hz)
Wavelength, = distance between two successive crests (meter, m)
Wave speed, v = distance moved by a wave in one second (meter per
second, ms-1)
ITeach Physics Form 5

Chapter 1 Waves

Understanding Waves
Displacement-Time Graph

T
a
a
T

a = amplitude

ITeach Physics Form 5

T = Period

Chapter 1 Waves

Understanding Waves
Displacement-Distance Graph

a
a

a = amplitude

ITeach Physics Form 5

T = Period

Chapter 1 Waves

Understanding Waves
Speed Of Waves

v = wave speed

v = f
f = wave frequency
= wavelength

Example 1

The frequency of a wave moving to the

shore is 6 Hz and the length between two
waves trough is 3m. What is the speed of
the wave?

Example 2

ITeach Physics Form 5

v=f
=63
= 18 ms-1

Chapter 1 Waves

Understanding Waves
Damping In An Oscillating System
Oscillating System In
Vacuum
No energy loss (the system
oscillates forever)

Oscillating System In The

Air
Amplitude decreases
Energy loss to the surroundings due
to air resistance and friction
Damping is said to have occurred in an oscillating system when there is
a loss of energy to the surroundings.

ITeach Physics Form 5

Chapter 1 Waves

Understanding Waves
Resonance
An oscillating system is at resonance when it is driven at its natural
frequency by a periodic force.
At resonance, the amplitude of the ascillating system rises to
maxiumum.

Bartons Pendulum

Since the length of the pendulum B string = length of the pendulum string E,
both pendulums B and E have the same natural frequency.
Therefore, pendulum E is at resonance with pendulum B and will oscillate
with larger amplitude.
ITeach Physics Form 5

Bab 1 Gelombang

Memahami Gelombang
Sifat Semulajadi Gelombang

Gelombang
Gangguan yang bergerak melalui medium daripada suatu sumber
yang bergetar atau berayun.

Medium ialah bahan yang menghantar gelombang dari

sumbernya ke tempat lain.

Zarah-zarah pada medium hanya bergetar tetapi tidak

bergerak bersama gelombang.

Medium

Menghantar tenaga pada arah rambatan gelombang tetapi tidak

memindahkan jirim.

ITeach Fizik Tingkatan 5

Bab 1 Gelombang

Memahami Gelombang
Sifat Semulajadi Gelombang
Dua jenis gelombang

Gelombang Melintang

Gelombang Membujur

Zarah gelombang bergetar

pada
arah
berserenjang
dengan arah perambatan
gelombang.

Zarah gelombang bergetar

pada arah berselari dengan
arah perambatan gelombang.

Contoh

Contoh
Gelombang air

Gelombang elektromagnetik

ITeach Fzik Tingkatan 5

Gelombang bunyi

Bab 1 Gelombang

Memahami Gelombang
Muka Gelombang

Satu
garisan
yang
menyambungkan semua
titik-titik pada puncak
gelombang.

Muka gelombang membulat

ITeach Fizik Tingkatan 5

Arah muka gelombang

ialah
berserenjang
dengan arah perambatan
gelombang.

Muka gelombang satah

Bab 1 Gelombang

Memahami Gelombang
Sistem Bergetar
Sistem bergetar ialah sistem yang mengalami gerakan berkala
ulang-alik .
Contoh

Bandul ringkas

Spring berbeban

PQRQP
R

P
Q
a

Amplitud,
Tempoh,
Frekuensi ,

a = Sesaran maksimum daripada kedudukan rehat (meter, m)

T = Masa bagi satu ayunan / getaran lengkap (saat, s)

f = Bilangan ayunan / getaran lengkap dalam masa satu saat

(Hertz, Hz)
Panjang gelombang, = Jarak antara dua puncak berturutan (meter, m)
Laju gelombang, v = Jarak yang dilalui gelombang dalam masa satu saat
(meter per saat, ms-1)
ITeach Fizik Tingkatan 5

Bab 1 Gelombang

Memahami Gelombang
Graf Sesaran - Masa

Sesaran

T
a
Masa

a
T

a = Amplitud

ITeach Fizik Tingkatan 5

T = Tempoh

Bab 1 Gelombang

Memahami Gelombang
Graf Sesaran - Jarak

Sesaran

a
Jarak
a

a = Amplitud

ITeach Fizik Tingkatan 5

T = Tempoh

Bab 1 Gelombang

Memahami Gelombang
Laju Gelombang

v = laju gelombang

v = f
f = frekuensi
gelombang
= panjang
gelombang

Contoh 1

Frekuensi bagi gelombang yang bergerak

ke pesisir pantai ialah 6 Hz dan panjang
di antara dua lembangan gelombang
ialah 3m. Berapakah laju gelombang itu?

Contoh 2

ITeach Fizik Tingkatan 5

v=f
=63
= 18 ms-1

Bab 1 Gelombang

Memahami Gelombang
Pelembapan dalam Sistem Bergetar
Sesaran

Sistem Bergetar dalam

Vakum
Tiada kehilangan tenaga
bergetar selamanya)

Amplitud malar
(sistem

Sistem Bergetar dalam

Udara
Amplitud berkurang
Tenaga hilang ke persekitaran
kerana rintangan udara dan geseran

Masa

Sesaran
Amplitud berkurang
Masa

Pelembapan berlaku dalam sistem bergetar apabila terdapat kehilangan

tenaga ke persekitaran.

ITeach Fizik Tingkatan 5

Bab 1 Gelombang

Memahami Gelombang
Resonans
Resonanas berlaku kepada sistem bergetar apabila sistem itu dipaksa
bergetar pada frekuensi aslinya oleh suatu daya.
Semasa resonans, amplitud bagi sistem bergetar bertambah sehingga
maksimum.
Dawai
Bandul Barton
Kaki retort
Berat

Panjang tali pada bandul B = Panjang tali bandul E, kedua-dua bandul B dan
E mempunyai frekuensi asli yang sama.
Maka, bandul E berada pada resonans dengan bandul B dan akan bergetar
dengan amplitud yang lebih besar.
ITeach Fizik Tingkatan5

Chapter 1 Waves

2.1 ArahReflection
Mata Angin
1.2 Analysing
Of Waves

ITeach Physics From 5

Chapter 1 Waves

Analysing Reflection Of Waves

Reflection Of Waves
When waves encounter an obstacle, part or all of the waves are returned.
Reflected wavefronts

Angle of reflection, r
Normal
Angle of incidence, i

Incident wavefronts

Characteristics of reflected wavefronts

Angle of incidence wavefronts

Angle of reflected wavefronts

Wavelength of incidence wavefronts

=
=
=

Wavelength of reflected wavefronts

Frequency of incidence wavefronts

Speed of incidence wavefronts
Direction of incidence wavefronts
ITeach Physics Form 5

Frequency of reflected wavefronts

Speed of reflected wavefronts
Direction of reflected wavefronts

Bab 1 Gelombang

Menganalisis Pantulan Gelombang

Pantulan Gelombang
Apabila gerakan elombang dihalang, sebahagian atau kesemua gelombang
dibalikkan.
Muka gelombang terpantul

Sudut pantulan, r
Normal
Sudut tuju i

Muka gelombang tuju

Ciri- ciri Muka Gelombang Terpantul

Sudut tuju muka gelombang

Sudut muka gelombang terpantul

Panjang gelombang muka gelombang

tuju
Frekuensi muka gelombang tuju

Panjang gelombang muka gelombang

terpantul
Frekuensi muka gelombang terpantul

Laju muka gelombang tuju

Arah muka gelombang tuju

ITeach Fizik Tingkatan 5

=
=

Laju muka gelombang terpantul

Arah muka gelombang terpantul

Chapter 1 Waves

2.1 ArahRefraction
Mata AnginOf Waves
1.3 Analysing

ITeach Physics From 5

Chapter 1 Waves

Analysing Refraction Of Waves

Refraction Of Waves
All waves can be refracted when they move from one medium to another
medium of different physical conditions.
Type Of Waves

Water waves

Travelling Direction

Wavelength

Speed
v

Frequency
f

Deep region
Shallow region

Reduces

Reduces

unchange

Shallow region
Deep region

Increases

Increases

unchange

Normal

Normal

v2

v1

V1

V2
2

Deep region
ITeach Physics Form 5

Deep region
1

Shallow region

Shallow region

Chapter 1 Waves

Analysing Refraction Of Waves

Refraction Of Light Waves
Type of Waves

Travelling Direction
Less dense medium
denser medium

Wavelength

Reduces

Speed
v
Reduces

Frequency
f

Change of
direction

unchange

Refracted
away from
normal

unchange

Refracted
towards
normal

Light waves
Denser medium
less dense medium

Increases

Increases

Refracted
angle

ITeach Physics Form 5

Chapter 1 Waves

Analysing Refraction Of Waves

Refraction Of Sound Waves

Travel faster in warm air

Travel slower in cool air

ITeach Physics Form 5

Bab 1 Gelombang

Menganalisis Pembiasan Gelombang

Pembiasan Gelombang
Semua gelombang boleh dibiaskan apabila gelombang bergerak dari satu
medium ke medium yang berlainan keadaan fizikal.
Jenis gelombang

Gelombang air

Arah perambatan

Panjang
gelombang

Laju
v

Frekuensi
f

Kawasan air dalam

Kawasan air cetek

Berkurang

Berkurang

Tidak
berubah

Kawasan air cetek

Kawasan air dalam

Bertambah

Bertambah

Tidak
berubah

Normal

Normal

v2

v1

V1

V2
2

Kawasan dalam Kawasan cetek

ITeach Fizik Tingkatan 5

Kawasan
dalam
Kawasan cetek

Bab 1 Gelombang

Menganalisis Pembiasan Gelombang

Pembiasan Gelombang Cahaya
Jenis gelombang

Arah perambatan
Medium kurang tumpat
Medium lebih
tumpat

Panjang
gelombang

Berkurang

Laju
v

Frekuensi Perubahan
f
arah

Berkurang

Tidak
berubah

Dibiaskan
menjauhi
normal

Bertambah

Tidak
berubah

Dibiaskan
ke arah
normal

Gelombang cahaya
Medium lebih tumpat
Medium kurang
tumpat

Bertambah

Sinar tuju

Sinar tuju
Garis normal
Udara
Kaca
Sudut
pembiasan

ITeach Fizik Tingkatan 5

Sudut tuju

Garis normal
Kaca
Udara
Sudut
Refracted
pembiasan
angle

Bab 1 Gelombang

Menganalisis Pembiasan Gelombang

Pembiasan Gelombang Bunyi

Merambat lebih cepat dalam udara

panas

Merambat dengan perlahan dalam

udara sejuk

ITeach Fizik Tingkatan 5

Chapter 1 Waves

2.1 ArahDiffraction
Mata AnginOf Waves
1.4 Analysing

ITeach Physics From 5

Chapter 1 Waves

Analysing Diffraction Of Waves

Diffraction Of Water Waves
Diffraction is the spreading out of waves when the waves move through a
gap or around an obstacle.

Narrower gap

Wider gap

Characteristic of diffraction of water waves

Wavelength

Frequency

Speed

Direction

Shape

Same

Same

Same

Change

Change

ITeach Physics Form 5

Chapter 1 Waves

Analysing Diffraction Of Waves

Diffraction Of Light Waves

When a white light passes through a very narrow slit, a diffraction pattern
will be formed on photograph as below.

Light rays

Narrow slit

ITeach Physics Form 5

Bright fringes

Dark fringes

Bab 1 Gelombang

Menganalisis Belauan Gelombang

Belauan Gelombang Air
Belauan ialah penyebaran gelombang apabila gelombang merambat melalui
celah sempit atau penghalang.

Celah sempit

Celah lebar

Ciri-ciri belauan gelombang air

Panjang
gelombang

Frekuensi

Laju

Arah

Bentuk

Sama

Sama

Sama

Berubah

Berubah

ITeach Fizik Tingkatan 5

Bab 1 Gelombang

Menganalisis Belauan Gelombang

Belauan Gelombang Cahaya

Apabila cahaya putih melaui celah sempit, suatu corak pembelauan

cahaya akan terbentuk pada gambar fotograf seperti di bawah.

Sinar cahaya

Celah sempit

ITeach Fizik Tingkatan 5

Jalur terang

Jalur gelap

Chapter 1 Waves

2.1 ArahInterference
Mata AnginOf Waves
1.5 Analysing

ITeach Physics From 5

Chapter 1 Waves

Analysing Interference Of Waves

Interference Of Waves

Interference happens when two wavefronts meet or arrive at the

same place

The waves will interfere constructively or destructively

ITeach Physics Form 5

Chapter 1 Waves

Analysing Interference Of Waves

Principle Of Superposition
According to the principle of superposition, when two waves overlap, the
resultant displacement is equal to the sum of the displacements of the
individual wave.

Constructive Interference

Destructive Interference

ITeach Physics Form 5

Chapter 1 Waves

Analysing Interference Of Waves

Interference Of Water Waves
The image below shows the interference pattern formed by two sets
of continuous coherent water waves.

The thick and thin lines

represent wave crests and
wave troughs respectively.

Points P, R, S : constructive interference = antinodes

Points Q, T : destructive interference = nodes
ITeach Physics Form 5

Chapter 1 Waves

Analysing Interference Of Waves

Interference Of Light Waves
Inteference of light waves occurs when two sets of coherent waves
emerged from a double-slit, overlap and interfere with each other.
Youngs double-slit experiment

Interference pattern

Bright fringes

Dark fringes

The bright and dark fringes corresponds to the constructive and

destructive interference respectively.
ITeach Physics Form 5

Chapter 1 Waves

Analysing Interference Of Waves

Interference Of Sound Waves
Interference of sound waves occurs when two sets of coherent sound
waves (produced by a common audio generator), overlap and interfere with
each other.

Constructive interference

Destructive interference

The loud and soft sound at different locations corresponds to the

constructive and destructive interference respectively.

ITeach Physics Form 5

Chapter 1 Waves

Analysing Interference Of Waves

Formula For Interference

= wavelength
a = distance between two coherent sources
x = distance between two consecutive nodes/antinodes
D = perpendicular distance from the source to the position
where x is measured.

Worked Example
ITeach Physics Form 5

ax

Bab 1 Gelombang

Menganalisis Interferens Gelombang

Interferens Gelombang

Interferens berlaku apabila dua muka gelombang bertemu atau tiba

di tempat yang sama.

Gelombang akan mengganggu secara membina atau memusnah.

ITeach Fizik Tingkatan 5

Bab 1 Gelombang

Menganalisis Interferens Gelombang

Prinsip Superposisi

Mengikut prinsip superposisi, apabila dua gelombang bertindih, sesaran

paduan adalah sama dengan jumlah sesaran setiap gelombang individu.
Sebelum
superposisi

Selepas
superposisi

Interferens membina

Sebelum
superposisi

Selepas
superposisi
Sebelum
superposisi

Interferens memusnah

ITeach Fizik Tingkatan 5

Selepas
superposisi

Bab 1 Gelombang

Menganalisis Interferens Gelombang

Interferens Gelombang Air
Imej di bawah menunjukkan corak interferens yang dibentuk oleh dua
set gelombang air yang koheran secara berterusan.

Garis tebal dan garis nipis

mewakili
puncak
dan
lembangan gelombang.

Titik P, R, S : interferens membina = antinod

Titik Q, T : interferens memusnah = nod
ITeach Fizik Tingkatan 5

Bab 1 Gelombang

Menganalisis Interferens Gelombang

Interferens Gelombang Cahaya
Interferens gelombang cahaya berlaku apabila dua set gelombang yang
koheran muncul daripada dwicelah, bertindih antara satu sama lain.
Eksperimen dwicelah Young

Corak interferens

Jalur cerah

Jalur gelap

Jalur cerah dan jalur gelap berpadanan dengan interferens membina dan
memusnah.
ITeach Fizik Tingkatan 5

Bab 1 Gelombang

Menganalisis Interferens Gelombang

Interferens Gelombang Bunyi
Interferens gelombang bunyi berlaku apabila dua set gelombang bunyi
yang koheran (dihasilkan oleh penjana audio yang sama) saling
mengganggu dan bertindih antara satu sama lain.

Interferens membina

Interferens memusnah
Gelombang
Gelombang
bunyi
Bunyi
koheran
koheran

Bunyi yang kuat dan perlahan di lokasi yang berlainan berpadanan

dengan interferens membina dan memusnah.

ITeach Fizik Tingkatan 5

Bab 1 Gelombang

Menganalisis Interferens Gelombang

Formula Interferens
Sumber A

Sumber A

Sumber B
Sumber B

Interferens membina
Interferens memusnah

= panjang gelombang
a = jarak antara dua sumber koheran
x = jarak antara dua nod / antinod berturutan
D = jarak berserenjang daripada sumber ke kedudukan
dimana x diukur

Contoh Pengiraan
ITeach Fizik Tingkatan 5

ax

Chapter 1 Waves

Arah Mata
Angin
1.62.1
Analysing
Sound
Waves

ITeach Physics From 5

Chapter 1 Waves

Analysing Sound Waves

The Nature Of Sound Waves

Sound waves > 20 kHz cannot be heard by human ear

Sound waves need a medium to travel

Sound waves are transmitted through the vibration of molecules of medium

In outer space, sound cannot be heard because it is a vacuum

When diaphragm moves outwards, it causes high pressure (compression)

When diaphragm moves inwards, it causes low pressure (rare faction)

As the diaphragm vibrate, the resulting compression and rare factions

constitutes the sound waves.
ITeach Physics Form 5

Chapter 1 Waves

Analysing Sound Waves

Amplitude And Frequency Of Sound Waves

Loudness

Sound Waves

Amplitude

Pitch

Frequency
ITeach Physics Form 5

Chapter 1 Waves

Analysing Sound Waves

Application Of Sound Waves

Ultrasonic
ruler

Ultrasound
scanning
To
monitor
development
foetuses

To measure the depth

of sea

Transmitter
Ultrasonic
Pulse

Receiver

Application
Of Sound
Waves

Sonar

To carry out
floor mapping

ITeach Physics Form 5

ocean

the
of

Bab 1 Gelombang

Menganalisis Gelombang Bunyi

Sifat Semulajadi Gelombang Bunyi

Gelombang bunyi > 20 kHz tidak boleh didengari oleh telinga manusia

Gelombang bunyi memerlukan medium untuk bergerak

Gelombang bunyi dipindahkan melalui getaran molekul-molekul medium

Bunyi tidak boleh didengari di angkasa lepas kerana angkasa lepas berada
dalam keadaan vakum.

Apabila diafragma bergerak ke luar, ia menyebabkan tekanan tinggi

(mampatan)
Apabila diafragma bergerak ke dalam, ia menyebabkan tekanan rendah
(ragangan)

Apabila diafragma bergetar, gelombang bunyi yang terhasil terdiri daripada

suatu siri mampatan dan regangan .
ITeach Fizik Tingkatan 5

Bab 1 Gelombang

Menganalisis Gelombang Bunyi

Amplitud dan Frekuensi Gelombang Bunyi

Kenyaringan

Gelombang bunyi

Amplitud

Kelangsingan

Frekuensi
ITeach Fizik Tingkatan 5

Bab 1 Gelombang

Menganalisis Gelombang Bunyi

Aplikasi Gelombang Bunyi

Pembaris
Ultrasonik

Imbasan
ultrabunyi
Untuk
mengetahui
perkembangan fetus

Untuk
mengukur
kedalaman laut

Pemancar
Denyut
untrasonik

Penerima

Aplikasi
Gelombang
Bunyi

Sonar

Menentukan
kedudukan dan jarak
kumpulan ikan
ITeach Fizik Tingkatan5

Chapter 1 Waves

2.1 Arah
Mata Angin
7.1 Analysing
Electromagnetic
Waves

ITeach Physics From 5

Chapter 1 Waves

Analysing Electromagnetic Waves

Electromagnetic Spectrum

ITeach Physics Form 5

Chapter 1 Waves

Analysing Electromagnetic Waves

Properties Of Electromagnetic Waves

Undergoes reflection, refraction, interference.

Travel through vacuum with speed 3 to 108ms-1

Transverse wave

Transfer energy from one place to another

Consists of oscillating electric and magnetic fields perpendicular to each

other

ITeach Physics Form 5

Chapter 1 Waves

Analysing Electromagnetic Waves

Applications Of Electromagnetic Waves
Visible light

Camera
photography

Radio waves
/

Infrared rays

TV remote control
Night
vision
binoculars

Gamma rays

Medical
(treat
cancer)
Food
packaging
(sterilisation)

ITeach Physics Form 5

Broadcasting
Communication

Microwave

Ultraviolet rays

Fluorescent lamp

Microwave oven
Radar

X- rays

Medical
(X-ray
photography)

Bab 1 Gelombang

Menganalisis Gelombang Elektromagnet

Spektrum Gelombang Elektromagnet

ITeach Fizik Tingkatan 5

Bab 1 Gelombang

Menganalisis Gelombang Elektromagnet

Ciri ciri Gelombang Elektromagnet

Mengalami pentulan, pembiasan dan interferens.

Merambat melalui vakum dengan kelajuan 3 hingga 108ms-1

Gelombang melintang.

Memindahkan tenaga dari satu tempat ke tempat tempat lain.

Terdiri daripada ayunan elektrik dan medan magnet yang berserenjang

antara satu sama lain.

ITeach Fizik Tingkatan5

Bab 1 Gelombang

Menganalisis Gelombang Elektromagnet

Aplikasi Gelombang Elektromagnet
Cahaya nampak

Kamera / Fotografi

Gelombang radio

Sinar infra merah

Kawalan jauh TV
Penglihatan malam
binokular

Sinar Gama

Perubatan
(merawat kanser)
Pembungkusan
makanan
(pensterilan)

ITeach Fizik Tingkatan 5

Penyiaran
Komunikasi

Sinar ultra ungu

Lampu pendarflour

Gelombang mikro
Ketuhar gelombang
mikro
Radar
Sinar - X

Perubatan (Gambar
X-ray)

The End

i - Teach