Trng i hc S phm k thut TP.

HCM
Trung tm cng ngh cao

approved by : Dr HN Hong
written by : HDS Ton

CNC TURNING BASIS

Chng 1: Gii thiu v my CNC
1. Gii thiu
Nm 1949, John Parson bt u nghin cu my phay NC 3 trc ti phng th
nghim c in t ca hc vin cng ngh Masachusette
Nm 1954, my NC c ng dng vo sn xut. Tuy nhin, th h my NC u s
dng cc cp logic trong h thng. Phng php iu khin theo im v ng thng.
Vic iu khin mang tnh cng. Khng c quan h hm s gia chuyn ng v ta
. Do ch gia cng c cc chi tit n gin.
Vi s pht trin ca ngnh khoa hc my tnh, ngi ta tch hp b iu khin
my NC bng mt my tnh (computer), v mt th h my mi ra i ly tn l my
iu khin chng trnh s CNC. Vic iu khin tr nn mm ha. Phng php iu
khin theo ng bin c thc hin bng b ni suy. C quan h hm s gia
chuyn ng v ta . Chng trnh c son tho t m hn v c th gia cng c
cc chi tit phc tp.

My NC th h u

S h iu khin my CNC

Trng i hc S phm k thut TP.HCM

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approved by : Dr HN Hong
written by : HDS Ton

My tin 3 trc Concept TURN 250

2. Cc h thng iu khin trn my CNC

2.1 H iu khin h
S dng ng c bc to ra v tr. ng c bc quay mt bc khi
nhn c mt xung t b iu khin MCU. Vic iu khin n gin. Khng
c hi tip v tr t c thc t v b iu khin. chnh xc ph thuc vo
s bc ca ng c v vitme ai c bi.

Trng i hc S phm k thut TP.HCM

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approved by : Dr HN Hong
written by : HDS Ton

2.2 H iu khin kn
S dng ng c AC, DC hoc Servo thy lc to ra chuyn ng. Tc
ng c thay i v c iu khin bng dng in hay dng du thy lc.
V tr thc t ca bn my c hi tip v b iu khin MCU thng qua
Resolver hay Encoder.

3. Cc u im ca my CNC
My CNC s dng b ni suy bng phn mm, to ra cc ng chy dao linh hot
v chnh xc hn.
Chng trnh c m ha bng cc file, cha cc cu lnh iu khin my. Ngi
s dng d dng vit v chnh sa cc chng trnh dng m G-code. iu ny gip
tit kim thi gian chun b sn xut v d dng thay i cc chng loi chi tit.
Chng trnh c th c sa ngay trn my.
Kh nng lu tr cc file chng trnh trn my c tng ln rt nhiu.
H thng iu khin c th c nng cp nu cn.
Cc my CNC hin i h tr lp trnh giao din ha v m phng c chng
trnh gia cng.
Hin ti cc nh khoa hc ang nghin cu mt th h CNC mi c kh nng t lp
trnh t d liu hnh hc ca chi tit.
Ngy nay, cc my CNC s dng cc m lp trnh G-code nh mt ngn ng
tiu chun trn th gii. Tt c cc phn mm h tr gia cng u xut ra file m
G-code my hiu. Do ngi lp trnh gia cng CNC trc tin cn phi c
kin thc c bn v cc m lp trnh. T mi c th s dng cc phn mm
my tnh h tr lp trnh gia cng cc chi tit phc tp.

Trng i hc S phm k thut TP.HCM

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approved by : Dr HN Hong
written by : HDS Ton

4. Trc trn my tin CNC

Trng i hc S phm k thut TP.HCM

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approved by : Dr HN Hong
written by : HDS Ton

Chng 2: Chun trn my CNC

a. Chun my M = Machine zero point
Do nh sn xut quy nh.
L gc ta ca my t tnh ta ca dao.
Chun my l gc ta bit c phi nm u, dao nm u trong
khng gian lm vic ca my.
b. Chun tham kho R = Reference point
Do nh sn xut quy nh.
L im khi ta cho my v HOME.
c xc nh chnh xc bng cc cng tc hnh trnh (limit switches).
Thng l im nm xa chun my nht.
Cn phi c set khi c s c v in hoc li.
c. Chun dao N = Tool mount reference point
Do nh sn xut quy nh.
L im m t my hin ta trn mn hnh.
Chun dao l o dao trc khi gia cng. V bit c dao nm u
trong khng gian lm vic.
Cc offset dao s c so vi chun dao
d. Chun phi W = workpiece zero point
Chun phi do ngi lp trnh quy nh.
L gc ta ngi lp trnh thit k chi tit cn gia cng.

Trng i hc S phm k thut TP.HCM

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approved by : Dr HN Hong
written by : HDS Ton

Thc t, gia cng chi tit ta ch cn quan tm n chun my, chun dao v
chun lp trnh.

Chng 3: Cc lnh c bn ca my tin CNC

1. Tng quan
Tt c cc hot ng u c iu khin bng cc lnh trn my.
Mt lnh bao gm tp hp k t (mt a ch v cc con s). N cung cp cho my
CNC mt thng tin y thc hin mt chc nng.
Mt khi lnh l mt hoc mt nhm lnh thc hin cng lc c vit cng mt
hng trong chng trnh. N c th cha mt hoc nhiu chc nng. Mt chc nng c
th c mt hoc nhiu lnh. Khi lnh c kt thc bng k hiu EOB (end of block)
( h Fanuc l du chm phy ; cn h Sinumerik l LF ).
Cu trc mt khi lnh:
N..

G.. X.. Y.. Z.. F.. S.. T.. M.. ;

Trong , N.. l s th t khi lnh. Khng nht thit phi c trong chng trnh.
VD: N5 G54 G17 G80 G49 G40;
2. Nhm lnh
Cc nhm lnh bao gm:
- Lnh di chuyn dao: G00, G01, G02, G03
- Lnh v ta : G90, G91
- Lnh v n v: G70, G71
- Lnh v mt phng gia cng: G17, G18, G19
- Lnh v cc h ta lm vic (work offset): G54, G55 G59
- Lnh v tc chy dao: F.., G94, G95, G96
- Lnh v tc trc chnh: S.., G97, M3, M4, M5
6

Trng i hc S phm k thut TP.HCM

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approved by : Dr HN Hong
written by : HDS Ton

- Lnh gi chng trnh con: M98, M99, MCALL, M17

- Lnh kt thc chng trnh: M30
- Lnh v HOME thng qua im trung gian: G28 G91 Z0, X0
a. Lnh v chun phi v dao
a.1 Chun phi (Work offset)
Khi vo u chng trnh, trc tin ta phi gi work offset (chun phi m
ta lp trnh) t my so cc ta trong chng trnh vi n.
i vi my h Fanuc ta s nhp gi tr vo work shift (gi tr lun m).
* Ghi ch :
Cc work offset trong my tin ch khc nhau v gc trc Z so vi chun
my. Cn gc trc X th lun lun nm ng tm ca trc chnh.
a.2 Dao (Tool)
Sau khi gi work offset ta phi gi dao v offset ca mi dao so vi
chun dao.
Vi my h Fanuc ta nhp Txxxx. Trong , 2 ch s u l s th t dao,
hai ch s sau l s ca tool offset. Vd: T0505
b. Lnh v ch ct
Tc ct ta c hai la chn: m/min (mt/pht) hoc rev/min (vng/pht)
Chn m/min G96
Chn rev/min G97
VD: Mun chn vn tc ct 200 m/min ta g: G96 S200
Mun chn vn tc ct 1500 rev/min ta nhp: G97 S1500
Cng thc gia tc ct Vc v s vng quay trc chnh:
Vc = x D x n / 1000
Tc n dao (feedrate) ta cng c 2 la chn: mm/min hoc mm/rev
Chn mm/min G94 (thng dng cho phay)
Chn mm/rev G95 (thng dng cho tin)
Chiu quay trc chnh: (nhn t sau trc chnh ra trc)
Quay theo chiu kim ng h M3
Quay ngc chiu kim ng h M4
Ghi ch: Vo u chng trnh ta phi khai bo tc trc chnh, tc n dao v
chiu quay trc chnh
Vd1: G97 S1500 G95 F0.5 M3
Vd2: G96 S300 G95 F0.8 M4

Trng i hc S phm k thut TP.HCM

Trung tm cng ngh cao

approved by : Dr HN Hong
written by : HDS Ton

c. Lnh chy dao nhanh khng ct v ni suy ng thng

chy dao nhanh khng ct ta dng
lnh G0
CT: G0 X.. Z..
chy dao ct theo ng thng ta
dng lnh G1
CT: G1 X.. Z..

Bi tp 1: Gia cng chi tit theo bn v

Cc bc cng ngh:
- Vt mt u
- Tin tr trn
* Hng dn:
Chn gc ta l im giao gia mt u chi v ng tm trc chnh.

Trng i hc S phm k thut TP.HCM

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approved by : Dr HN Hong
written by : HDS Ton

d. Lnh chy dao ni suy ng trn

chy ni suy ng trn theo
chiu kim ng h G3
CT: G3 X(U) Z(W) I.. K..
hoc G3 X(U) Z(W) R..
chy ni suy ng trn theo
chiu kim ng h G2
CT: G2 X(U) Z(W) I.. K..
hoc G2 X(U) Z(W) R..

e. Phng thc lp trnh tng i

- Tuyt i :
G0 X40 Z56
- Tng i :
G0 U-30 W-30.5
Khi gi lnh G91, tt c cc ta
sau u theo tng i
G91 G0 X-30 Z-30.5
Lnh G91 s b hy b khi gi G90, tt c cc ta sau u theo gi tr
tuyt i
Bi tp 2: Gia cng chi tit theo bn v
- Tin trn bin dng cong ca chi tit

Trng i hc S phm k thut TP.HCM

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approved by : Dr HN Hong
written by : HDS Ton

* Cc bc cng ngh
- t chun phi l im giao gia mt u chi tit v ng tm trc chnh.
- Vt mt u.
Chng 4: Cc lnh chu trnh gia cng
1. Gii thiu
Chu trnh l mt chng trnh con c vit sn trn my tin li cho ngi
s dng. Chu trnh s gip ngi lp trnh d dng gia cng cc bin dng cn phi
gia cng vi nhiu ng chy dao m khng cn phi tnh ta tng ng
chy.
Ngi lp trnh ch cn nhp cc tham s cn thit c trng cho tng chu trnh,
my s t ng tnh cc ng chy dao.
Cc chu trnh gm c:
- Chu trnh tin : bc v, ct rnh, ct lm, ct ren
- Chu trnh khoan : khoan, tar
Mi h iu khin khc nhau c cch gi chu trnh khc nhau:
- H Fanuc: G73, G76, G83, G84
- H Sinumerik: CYCLE95, CYCLE97, CYCLE83, CYCLE84
2. Cc chu trnh ca h FANUC
a. Lnh chu trnh tin h FANUC
a.1 Chu trnh bc v th v tinh theo trc Z
i. Chc nng
Tin chi tit tng lp theo trc Z c bin dng mong mun. Ngi
lp trnh ch cn nhp ta ca bin dng, my s t ng ct tng lp
c bin dng yu cu.
ii. Cu trc chu trnh

N..
N..

G73 U1 R
G73 P Q U2+/- W+/- F S T

Dng lnh u:
U1 chiu su mt lp ct (tnh theo bn knh), khng c du
R chiu cao li dao
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Trng i hc S phm k thut TP.HCM

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approved by : Dr HN Hong
written by : HDS Ton

Dng lnh sau:

P dng lnh u tin ca bin dng cn ct
Q dng lnh cui cng ca bin dng cn ct
U2 lng d theo trc X cho gia cng tinh
W lng d theo trc Z cho gia cng tinh
F, S, T tc n dao, tc ct v dao
a.2 Chu trnh tin ren
i. Chc nng
Tin ren trn mt tr mt hay nhiu mi
ii. Cu trc chu trnh

N..
N..

G78 P1 Q1 R1
G78 X(U) Z(W) R2 P2 Q2 F

Dng lnh u:
mt s c 6 ch s
P1xxxxxx
Hai ch s u l s ln ct tinh
Hai ch s tip theo l gi tr chamfer PF
Hai ch s cui l gc nh ren vi gi tr cho php: 29; 30; 56; 60; 80
Q1 Chiu su ct ti thiu (m) tnh tng i
R1 Lng d gia cng tinh (mm) tnh tng i
Dng lnh th hai:
X(U), Z(W) Gi tr ta ca im K
R2 (mm) Gi tr cn (tng i) c du (R2=0 l ren trn mt tr)
P2 (m) Chiu su rng (lun dng)
Q2 (m) Chiu su lp ct u tin
F (mm) Gi tr bc ren
Ghi ch: Trn hnh v l gi tr cn vi R m

11

Trng i hc S phm k thut TP.HCM

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approved by : Dr HN Hong
written by : HDS Ton

Bi tp chu trnh tin

Gia cng chi tit vi kch thc nh hnh sau (phi 30 x 65 mm)

Chng trnh
a.3 Chu trnh ct rnh
i. Chc nng
Tin rnh trn nm dc theo trc Z.
ii. Cu trc chu trnh
G77 R1
G77 X.. W.. P.. Q.. R2.. F..

* Gii thch:
A im u rnh
K im cui rnh
R1 (mm) Khong li dao thot phoi
X,W ta im K y rnh
P (m) Chiu su mi ln ct theo trc X
Q (m) Khong dch dao theo trc Z (lun nh hn b rng dao)
R2 khong dch dao v sau mi ln ct
F tc n dao

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approved by : Dr HN Hong
written by : HDS Ton

b. Lnh chu trnh khoan h FANUC

b1. Chu trnh khoan l
Cu trc chu trnh
N.. G98(G99) G83 X0 Z(W) (R) Q P F M
G98(G99) Tr v mt phng ban
u hoc mt phng li dao
Z(W) Chiu su ct
R(mm) Gi tr tng i ca mt
phng li dao so vi im bt u
theo phng Z (c du)
Q(m) Chiu su mi lp ct
P(ms) thi gian dng y l
F tc n dao
M chiu quay trc chnh
Ghi ch:
Nu G99 c lp trnh, phi nh ngha gi tr R. Vi G98 c th b
gi tr R.
Nu Q khng c nh ngha, chu trnh s khoan 1 ln ti y l.
b2. Chu trnh tar
Cu trc chu trnh
N.. G98(G99) G84 X0 Z(W)
(R) F M
F Bc ren

b.3 Bi tp chu trnh khoan

Gia cng chi tit theo hnh v sau: (phi 30 x 50 mm)

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Trng i hc S phm k thut TP.HCM

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approved by : Dr HN Hong
written by : HDS Ton

Chng 5: Cc lnh lp trnh trn trc C v driven tool

1. Gii thiu trc C
Trc C l trc quay quanh trc Z vi mi gc v chiu. Trc C kt hp vi
driven tool v trc X, Z gia cng phay cc bin dng phc tp nh: lc gic, rnh
trn mt tr.
2. Cc lnh lp trnh di chuyn trn trc C
a. Lnh khi ng v di chuyn trc
Lnh khi ng trc : M52
Lnh tt trc: M53
Vd: M52
G0 C0
G0 C120
M53
M30
b. Lnh khi ng driven tool
Quay theo chiu kim ng h: M13
Quay ngc chiu kim ng h: M14
Tt driven tool: M15
3. Cc lnh lp trnh gia cng trn trc C
a. Lnh gia cng vi dao hng trc
a.1 Lnh khoan l
Cu trc:
N.. G83 Z.. Q.. F..
Q (m) chiu su mt lp ct
F tc n dao
a.2 Lnh tar
Cu trc:

N.. G84 Z.. F.. M..

F bc ren
M3 hoc M4

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approved by : Dr HN Hong
written by : HDS Ton

a.3 Bi tp khoan l v tar vi dao hng trc

b. Lnh gia cng vi dao hng tm

b.1 Lnh khoan l
Cu trc:
N.. G77 R1
N.. G77 X-4 P.. F..
R1 Khong cch li dao ( y l 1mm)
X-4 Chiu su ct ( y l 4mm)
P (m) Chiu su mt lp ct
F Tc n dao
b.2 Lnh tar
Cu trc:
N.. G33 X2 F.. M13
N.. G33 X24 F.. M14
X2 (mm) Chiu su ren (tuyt i)
X24 (mm) im bt u
F bc ren
M13 khoan xung
M14 rt lui

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b.3 Bi tp khoan l v tar vi dao hng tm

4. Lnh ni suy hai trc C v X

a. Gia cng vi dao hng trc
Cu trc:
N.. G12.1 (start)
N.. G13.1 (stop)
G12.1 bt u ni suy
G13.1 Kt thc ni suy

16

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approved by : Dr HN Hong
written by : HDS Ton

Bi tp
Gia cng hexagon c chiu rng 17mm

Tnh ta cc im ta c bng di y

Chng trnh:
b. Lnh gia cng vi dao hng tm
Cu trc:
N.. G7.1 C
N.. G7.1 C0
C nhp bn knh ni suy

17

Trng i hc S phm k thut TP.HCM

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approved by : Dr HN Hong
written by : HDS Ton

Bi tp
Gia cng chi tit sau, c 38.2

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