Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CCPD Modern Ancient PDF
CCPD Modern Ancient PDF
MODEL
- RESEARCH
ARTICLE
Abstract
Contemporary Chinese Pulse Diagnosis (CCPD) is the system of pulse diagnosis utilized by
Dr John He Feng Shen, OMD, and documented by Dr Leon Hammer, MD, in the book
Chinese Pulse Diagnosis, A Contemporary Approach. It is the traditional method of the Ding
family medical lineage from the Shanghai region and dated to the 15th century in Chinese
language texts. The fundamentals of this system are, however, much older and can be
directly traced to one of the earliest classic texts of Chinese medicine, the Neijing Suwen.
Being passed from the last direct inheritor of Ding knowledge (Dr Shen) to modern practitioners of Chinese medicine by way of Dr Hammer and his students, it represents an important system of advanced diagnosis. Although modern diagnostic technology provides very
sophisticated diagnoses, for these instruments to be effective, the disease process must
already have a physical manifestation. CCPD on the other hand provides the earliest warnings of physiological processes, which if left unchecked, may result in the subsequent
appearance of a disease.
This article describes the derivation and principles of this system of pulse diagnosis, and
explores its successful integration into the modern practice of Chinese medicine.
1. Introduction
Patient evaluation within Oriental medicine incorporates
four traditional methods of inquiry - questioning, auscultation, observation and palpation. Assessment of the pulse
* Corresponding author. 581 Riley Street, Surry Hills, NSW 2010,
Australia.
E-mail: karenbilton@mac.com (K. Bilton).
Copyright 2013, International Pharmacopuncture Institute
pISSN 2005-2901 eISSN 2093-8152
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jams.2013.04.002
Please cite this article in press as: Bilton K, et al., Contemporary Chinese Pulse Diagnosis: A Modern Interpretation of an Ancient and
Traditional Method, Journal of Acupuncture and Meridian Studies (2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jams.2013.04.002
MODEL
2
potential to result in illness and disease. Originating from
the Chinese medical tradition, Contemporary Chinese Pulse
Diagnosis (CCPD) is one such method.
CCPD otherwise known as Shen-Hammer pulse diagnosis
is the system of pulse diagnosis utilized by Dr John He Feng
Shen, OMD [1] and documented by Dr Leon Hammer, MD, in
the book Chinese Pulse Diagnosis, A Contemporary
Approach [2]. This pulse system is founded in a long history
of Chinese medical knowledge that existed in China prior to
the Communist Revolution [2,3]. For reasons of success and
survival, the secrets prized by the historic family lineages
were closely guarded. Those without direct inheritance of
the oral tradition had little or no access to the information.
In the case of CCPD however, remarkable circumstances
occurring in recent history have allowed people outside the
lineage access to this knowledge.
This article aims to outline the origins and history of
CCPD and describes the fundamental principles of this
comprehensive system of pulse diagnosis.
2. Recent history
2.1. Dr John HF Shen, OMD
Dr Shen began his studies of Chinese medicine in the early
1930s, graduating from Shanghai College of Chinese Medicine
in 1935. Formerly the Shanghai Technical College, it was an
official school operated by the Ding family physicians, one
of four influential lineages in Menghe medicine [4]. On
completion of the program, he apprenticed with Ding Ji Wan,
the last inheritor of the Ding-Fei pulse system, a method of
pulse diagnosis dated to the 15th century and by custom
accessible only to those with birthright entitlements [3].
Several years after his graduation, the outbreak of the
Chinese War of Resistance against Japan (1937) saw thousands of refugees settle the foreign concessions of inner
Shanghai. Seeing an opportunity, Dr Shen together with 10
other doctors set up a hospital to provide low-cost medical
care for the people who lived in these crowded inner city
areas. At its busiest times, Dr Shen alone would reportedly
treat more than 200 people per day [5], providing him with
an enormous amount of clinical experience and empirical
knowledge from the very outset of his career.
In 1949, Dr Shen settled in Taiwan, having fled the political conditions that swept China as a result of the
Communist Revolution. He practiced Chinese medicine
there for at least 12 years, endeavoring to improve the
diagnostic methods, particularly honing his skills in radial
artery pulse diagnosis. By 1964, his reputation was growing,
and the Malaysian Chinese Medical Trade Union invited Dr
Shen to travel Southeast Asia as a visiting medical consultant [5].
Following 7 years in this influential position, his sister
sponsored his immigration to the USA [3] where in 1974, he
first encountered Dr Hammer in a medical office in East
Hampton, NY. For the next 25 years, Dr Shen operated
clinics in the Chinatowns of both Manhattan, and Boston,
and continued to develop his methods of diagnosis and
treatment. By the 1980s, his skill as a practitioner was
world-renowned, and he lectured extensively in Australia,
the USA, and Europe between 1978 and 1995 [1,3]. Dr Shen
K. Bilton et al.
continued his practice of Chinese medicine in the USA until
2000, when he returned to his native city of Shanghai
shortly before his death [3].
Please cite this article in press as: Bilton K, et al., Contemporary Chinese Pulse Diagnosis: A Modern Interpretation of an Ancient and
Traditional Method, Journal of Acupuncture and Meridian Studies (2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jams.2013.04.002
MODEL
Please cite this article in press as: Bilton K, et al., Contemporary Chinese Pulse Diagnosis: A Modern Interpretation of an Ancient and
Traditional Method, Journal of Acupuncture and Meridian Studies (2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jams.2013.04.002
MODEL
K. Bilton et al.
Figure 1
Left
Position
Right
Heart
Liver
Kidney Yin
(and Yang)
Distal (cun)
Middle (guan)
Proximal (chi)
Lung
Stomach or Spleen
Kidney Yang
(and Yin)
Please cite this article in press as: Bilton K, et al., Contemporary Chinese Pulse Diagnosis: A Modern Interpretation of an Ancient and
Traditional Method, Journal of Acupuncture and Meridian Studies (2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jams.2013.04.002
MODEL
Figure 2
Please cite this article in press as: Bilton K, et al., Contemporary Chinese Pulse Diagnosis: A Modern Interpretation of an Ancient and
Traditional Method, Journal of Acupuncture and Meridian Studies (2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jams.2013.04.002
MODEL
K. Bilton et al.
4.3.5. Shape
These pulse qualities are recognized by shape and reflect
excesses or deficiencies of certain substances. Shape is
further divided into pulse qualities that are:
e Fluid (feel pliable and as though they move under the
fingers) and represent turbulent blood flow within the
vessel resulting from sources such decreased fluid
metabolism or pathogenic heat.
e Nonfluid (feel either hard and smooth, or hard and
coarse)
B Nonfluid, hard, smooth represent the process of qi
stagnation causing pathogenic heat, ultimately
damaging the yin.
B Nonfluid, hard, coarse indicate disruption to the
smooth flow of qi and blood and represent situations
such as blood stagnation.
e Miscellaneous (recognized by their shape but not
related by any defining characteristic) represent
various conditions in the position in which these qualities are found.
4.3.6. Modifiers
These qualities are used to clarify or better define the
primary pulse qualities.
4.3.7. Anomalous
The anomalous qualities are those that under normal
anatomical circumstances are not present on the radial
pulse and include anomalous vessels and anatomical
structures.
Please cite this article in press as: Bilton K, et al., Contemporary Chinese Pulse Diagnosis: A Modern Interpretation of an Ancient and
Traditional Method, Journal of Acupuncture and Meridian Studies (2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jams.2013.04.002
MODEL
References
1. Shen JHF. Chinese Medicine. New York: Educational Solutions
Inc.; 1980.
2. Hammer L. Chinese Pulse Diagnosis, A Contemporary
Approach: Revised Edition. Seattle: Eastland Press; 2005.
3. Hammer L, Rotte R. Chinese Herbal Medicine: The Formulas of
Dr. John H. F. Shen. Stuttgart/New York: Thieme; 2013.
4. Scheid V. Currents of Tradition in Chinese Medicine
1626e2006. Seattle: Eastland Press; 2007.
7
5. Shen JHF. Chinese Medicine and Life Experience. c; 1985.
6. Birch S, Felt R. Understanding Acupuncture. London: Harcourt
Brace; 1999.
7. Unschuld P. Nan-Ching: The Classic of Difficult Issues. Berkeley: University of California Press; 1986.
8. Yang S. The Pulse Classic: A Translation of the Mai Jing.
Boulder: Blue Poppy Press; 1997.
9. Ni MS. The Yellow Emperors Classic of Medicine. A New
Translation of the Neijing Suwen with Commentary. Boston
and London: Shambala Publications; 1995.
10. Unschuld P. Huang Di Nei Jing Su Wen: Nature, Knowledge,
Imagery in an Ancient Chinese Medical Text. Berkeley and Los
Angeles: University of California Press; 2003.
11. Huynh HK, Seifert G. Pulse Diagnosis: Li Shi Zhen. Brookline:
Paradigm Publications; 1981.
12. Hammer L. A Discussion on Wang Shu He Pulse Classic, Part
One, Issue 1, Spring, 1e6; and Part Two, Issue 2, Summer, 1e5.
Chin Med Tim. 2009;4.
13. Hammer L. Wang Shu-He revisited. Chin Med Tim. 2011;6(3):
1e8.
14. Morris W. Unraveling the Mysteries of the Nan Jing, Chapter
Five. Acup Today. 2004;5:1e4.
15. Cole P. Pulse Diagnosis and the Practice of Acupuncture in
Britain. Sussex: University of Sussex; 1977.
16. Kass R. Traditional Chinese Medicine and Pulse Diagnosis in
San Francisco Health Planning: Implications for a Pacific Rim
City. Berkeley: University of California; 1990.
17. Craddock D. Is Traditional Chinese Medical Pulse Reading a
Consistent Practice? A Comparative Pilot Study of Four Practitioners. Sydney: University of Technology; 1997.
18. Walsh S, Cobbin D, Bateman K, Zaslawski C. Feeling the pulse:
trial to assess agreement level among TCM students when
identifying basic pulse characteristics. Eur J Orient Med. 2001;
3:25e31.
19. King E, Cobbin D, Walsh S, Ryan D. The reliable measurement
of radial pulse characteristics. Acupunct Med. 2002;20:
150e159.
20. Bilton K. Investigating the Reliability of Contemporary Chinese Pulse Diagnosis as a Diagnostic Tool in Oriental Medicine.
[Ph.D. thesis]: Systematic Literature Review [Chapter 2].
Sydney, Australia: Faculty of Science, University of Technology; 2012. http://epress.lib.uts.edu.au/research/handle/
10453/20435.
21. Hammer L, Bilton K. Handbook of Contemporary Chinese Pulse
Diagnosis. Seattle: Eastland Press; 2012.
22. Bilton K, Smith N, Walsh S, Hammer L. Investigating the reliability of Contemporary Chinese Pulse Diagnosis. Aust J Acupunct Chin Med. 2010;5:3e13.
23. Beinfield H, Korngold E. Between Heaven and Earth: A Guide to
Cinese Medicine. San Fransisco: Ballantine; 1991.
24. Hammer L. Towards a unified theory of chronic disease: With
regard to the separation of Yin and Yang and the Qi is wild.
Orient Med. 1998;6:15e49.
25. Rosen R, Stickley B. The separation of Yin and Yang. Chin Med
Tim. 2008;3(2):1e4.
26. Hammer L, Rosen R. The pulse, the electronic age and radiation: early detection. Am Acup. 2009;47:32e39.
27. Stickley B, Rotte H. Environmental toxins. FL J Orient Med.
2003;19:1e2.
Please cite this article in press as: Bilton K, et al., Contemporary Chinese Pulse Diagnosis: A Modern Interpretation of an Ancient and
Traditional Method, Journal of Acupuncture and Meridian Studies (2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jams.2013.04.002