www.kutub.info
%"#' $()
 "!  #$

  :  
      
 

  ! "
#$ 
 )
   &+#, + -1
.-  .$# +
Vowels : (a , e , I , o , u)
.    1  2,3  
+ -2
Consonants: all the rest of the letters
     
Singular (6) $,
door ( )< ....9
, ;
Plural ( 9) 2,
doors ( )< ...9
, ;
Pronouns (9) >,?
they, I , you ... B ,  : ;
Nouns ( ),6C
Ahmad , Sudan , ball... ,! 9  6 , !, : ;
Verbs (9 G) )C
is, drive , eat... JL , , I J) : ;
Adjectives ($#I3 )$M
nice , clean , dirty ... O# , N" , N- : ;

"#$ : ! 

)9 !+ P )The
), N)#
The car

9  ! + 6  !+( Certain car that I now )
.!+ S P )A I N)#
a car
6 ( Any car )
An  +# +9 !1 # , I J1T
!U#, I N)#
an apple
An is used before vowels (a ,e , I , o , u )

 *):' ! 
 XT Y $ P 6 This (W)
This house
(For singular things that are near to me)
 !)9 Y $ P 6 That ()
house That
(For singular things that are far from me)
 XT Y 2,3 P 6 These (W)
These houses
(For plural things that are near to me )
 !)9 Y 2,3 P 6 Those ([ )
Those houses
(For plural things that are far from me)

Part Of Speech (.//  -) :,-  

23
++&
,3 J,   ! # TC] I T
Pronouns
(in a place of subject) (J$ J+ J+ #)
I ( )_
We ( ) +
They ( )
You ( ) # B
She (P ) 
He (  )
It (( ) , ) 
Vocabulary : (- )
/* #!
Saturday (G6) (B1)
Sunday (G!6) (!C)
Monday (G! ) (`)
Tuesday (G!6) ();]`
Wednesday (G)( ) 9C)
Thursday (G( )`.,U)
Friday (G!)
( ),)
Verbs : 78 9:   $; $- < $ 
Infinitive (N#$!( )M J) ) present tense (. B9) (a J))

$=! <
Drink ([( )Y)
Drive (N)( )
Eat (B( )JL)
Give ( G3) (-))
Come (( )L)
Find (!) (!)

Verb to be : (- B D) # @$ :>? 

F G @$ 
In The Present Tense (. B9 ? ) , a+ 
Verb to be @$H I 
Affirmative case ( G N# G )1`c 

I-------(am)
(Im)
we , They , You ------- (are )
( were) (theyre) (youre)
She , He , It ------(is )
( shes) ( hes) (its)

Examples : (:/:J#! )

Im a student (B#6 ) Xe 
We are friends () !T!& +
They are teachers (Y#  ) 6 !
Your are kind ( !) N- Xe B
She is helpful ( $1  P)
)# 
He is Ali   
It is sunny today ( 6 ]   ()I ).,Y G

Verb to be  M :L 
Negative Case : ( G N) $ 

I (am not) (Im not)
we, They, You ( are not) (arent )
She , He , It (isnt) ( is not)
Examples
( G 9 J1 B ! ) T  1  + We are not football players

(. 9 B  ) e  pilots They are not

Ali you are his brother You are not

(9     B 
) g J9   B B
(#6 B  P)#g B  She is not my sister
( h B !) 9 J,)   He is not working hard
(  B B  [)J) !  . It is not right to do this
Verb to be : ! M
case Interrogative: ( G N3# )# 

Am I ? (  ) J
Are we ? ( )+ J
Are they ? (  )J
You Are ? ( )# J B J
Is she ? (P  )J
Is he ? ( )J
Is it ? (( ) ,  ) J  J
Examples
afraid of you Am I? ( < G [)  N>g  J
studying together Are we ? ( W3 h#6 ) k)9   !+ J
back Are they coming? ( 9 h,) ) 6 J
Are You the manager? (  !)  , B J
Is she your mother ? ( W  P  [ )J
Is he your doctor ? ( # )   #  J
Is it easy? () J6  J

,-L 
Months of the Year: (NL ))
January ------1 ---- 
February -----2 ---- 1
March ---------3-----
April ----------4------J9
May---------- 5------
June---------- 6----- 
July -----------7------
August--------8 ---.-S
September----9 ----1,#16
October ------10 ----9#
November ----11 -- 1,
December ----12 -- 1,
Seasons of the Year : (NL  O)
Winter ----- #Y
Summer ---NM
Autumn --- NU
Spring ------29
Oclock : (L )
L  O?-  

,g (  ), )( ------To

l>T Y ( )) ( !  ) ,9 ------- past
nine Oclock = 9:00
ten Ten past nine / nine = 9:10
quarter past nine / nine fifteen = 9:15
past nine / nine thirty half = 9:30
forty-five quarter to ten / nine = 9:45
fifty ten to ten / nine = 9:50
Time : QR
BT MU9
, ,
16) ,9 ---------week
` ),9 ------- second

6 ),9 --------- year

T) ,9 ------- minute
T ),9 -------- century
6 ),9 ---------- hour
) ,9 ------------day

Maths Calculations : 7# -LS

Half ------- NM
Third ---------o `
Quarter ---------29
Plus ------- +
Minus--------- Divided by--------
Equals ------- =
Per cent ------- %
by Multiplied --------
----------Directions : JB
North ------ ,Y
East -------Y
West ------- 
South ------ 
9! 
Numbers : R=
Zero0 ------------ $&
1 One--------First ---
2 Two-----Second--- ;
3 Three------Third---o;
4 Four------Fourth---29
5Five-------Fifth---. U
..... WI
Six-------------------Sixth
Seven---------------Seventh
Eight-----------------Eighth
Nine------------------Ninth
Ten------------------Tenth
Eleven---------------Eleventh
Twelve----------------Twelfth
Thirteen-------------Thirteenth

Fourteen------------Fourteenth
Fifteen---------------Fifteenth
Sixteen--------------Sixteenth
Seventeen----------Seventeenth
Eighteen-------------Eighteenth
Nineteen------------Nineteenth
Twenty-------------Twentieth
Twenty-one----------Twenty-first
Twenty-two------Twenty-second
Thirty--------------Thirtieth
Forty---------------Fortieth
Fifty----------------Fiftieth
Sixty---------------Sixtieth
Seventy-----------Seventieth
Eighty--------------Eightieth
Ninety--------------Ninetieth
Hundred------------Hundredth
first Hundred and one----Hundred and
Two hundred-------Two hundredth
Thousand-----------Thousandth
Million---------------Millionth
Shapes : N )
Circle ----- >
Oval ---- ?9
Spiral ------ 
Triangle -----o ;
Rectangle ----- J-#
Square -----29
Cube ------ X)I

, 
Colours :  
White ---- k9 --- B
Black----- 6 --- ]9
Yellow----$& ----
Red------, --- 

Pink -----[9 ----
Orange- 9 -- h
Blue------ ----  9
Violet--- $9 ---B 
Brown---- 9 ---9
Green--- ?g ---3
Grey ---- ---
3
white Beige or off -- 
9
Turquoise------- 
Purple-- l  $1  XT 3 --J9
9
----------Fruits :  / >B
Banana------ ---- 9
Fig-----------  ---- h
Orange------ 9 -- h
Pear --;, 3 --- 
9
Peach ----------- u#9
Cherries------ --- Y
Apricot ----u,Y ---I9_
Apple -------$ ------J9_
Pineapple--- J9_ 9 --- 
Grapes -------X ---9
3
Mango --------------
Melon------- ,P ---- 
Water melon---- O-9 --  
Lemon --------------,
Coconut----! 3 ---B
Dates -------, -----

Strawberry ----
 --9 #6
Walnut -----3 -----.#
Pistachio------- l# ---P#9

:)$ 
Vegetables : 3U /:-J
Carrot----- 3 ----
Lettuce ----.g-----#
Tomato ------------ 
Spinach ----O16 ---u#16
Cucumber--- g ---1,
Onion -------JM9 ---- 
Peas -------- 9 ------9
Cabbage ----$ ----- h9
Broccoli ------------- 9
Celery ------. ----
6
Leek -------I -------[
Cauliflower --w1T ---  
Asparagus ---- ---.316
----------Food : $V / 
Milk ---- X  ---- [

Cheese--- 13-----Y
Bread -----1g ----
9
Eggs----- k9 ----3

Omelet--------- 

Jam--------9 -----3
Butter------ !9 -----9
Meat--------+ ---- B
Chicken----3 ----IY
Sausages --l ----h66
Fish--------[,6 -----u
Rice--------- ----.
Pasta ----(IP
I9
I, ) >
I,   J --- #69
Macaroni ---------
Coffee----- T ---- 
Tea -------P ------ 
Sugar----- I6 ----3P
Salt--------x ---B 6

Pepper-----J$  ----9
9
Cumin--------, ----  
Ginger-------J1 ---3
Cardamom----  ----- J
Cinnamon--------
T --- 6
----------On the table :  W <
Knife---- I6 ----N
Spoon---
) ---16
Fork----
P----
Plate--- +& ---- G 9
Cup--Y ------X
Saucer --- Y  +& ----66
Glass--- 3 , L ---- ]3
X 8 
Family : 2$ /
Father ---- ---
Mother----- --- 
Brother---- ---9
Sister---- Bg -- #6
Son------- 9 -----6
Daughter --
9 --- <
Niece ---- BgC C
9 --- .
Nephew--- BgC C 9 ---$
Children------- 9C --- !Y
Grandchildren---- $C ---  !Y !3
Grandfather---- ! ---! 3
Grandmother---- !---! 3
Granddaughter--- !$+ ---  <! 3
Grandson---- !$+ ---- 6 !3
Husband----- ----- !16
Wife-------
3 ------ N

Son-in-law------- M
9c ---- <  6
Daughter-in-law------- 9c
3 / C
19
I----- < 

Mother-in-law------ ,+ ------< 

Father-in-law------ ,+ ------ < 
Sister-in-law----- <  #6
Bg
3 3
 19
 g gc
19 C
3

3
Brother-in-law-------- <  9

3  
BgC
Bg
3 Bg
Aunt----- U
) 3 /
U
,) ---- B
Uncle -------
U
,) U ) ----- JI
Cousin-------------- U ) B9  9 -----

X  ! 
Country- / -Nationality :! 1
3 ! 1
 Africa-------African
6 Asia-------Asian
> Algeria--------Algerian
I America---------American
#6 Australia----------Australian
, Austria---------Austrian
I 9 Belgium--------Belgian
-9 Britain---------British
!Canada---------Canadian
,! Denmark-----Dane
M Egypt---------Egyptian
#  England--------English

9 Europe---------European
 !Finland---------Finn
 France---------French
, Germany------German
Greece----------Greek
!Holland----------Dutch
 Hungary--------Hungarian
! India----------Indian
!Ireland--------Irish
- Italy-------Italian
9 Japan-------Japanese
C Jordan---------Jordanian
 Korea--------Korean
1 Lebanon----------Lebanese
[I, Mexico--------Mexican
, Morocco--------Moroccan
h Norway--------Norwegian
#9 Pakistan-------------Pakistani
6 Russia---------Russian

 )Saudi Arabia-------Saudi
! Sweden---------Swede
6 Switzerland--------Swiss
6 Syria---------Syrian
!  Thailand---------Thai
 Turkey-------Turk

Opposite I
$M Adjectives :X ' ! 
Narrow-----------------------------------Wide
{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{/ l{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{a ------------------------------ !{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{/2{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{6
Young-------------------------------------Old
h{{{{{{{{{{{{{ /{{{{{{{{{{{{{ &{{{{{{{{{{{{{ -------------------------!{{{{{{{{{{{{{ /{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{ 1
New----------------------------------------Old
{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{ /!{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{!3 -------------------------------!{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{ /!{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{T
Rough----------------------------------Smooth
/Y{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{g --------------------------- ,{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{6 /{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{
Strong-----------------------------------Weak
h#{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{6 /{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{T ---------------------------- [{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{ / N){{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{a
Tidy--------------------------------------Untidy
{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{!/X{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{ ------------------------ {{{{{{{{{{{{{{{!/ X{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{ {{{{{{{{{{{{{{{S
Good---------------------------------------Bad
{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{3 /!{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{3 ------------------------------{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{9 / {{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{6
Pretty/Beautiful--------------------------Ugly
{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{$9 {{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{#9/J{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{,3 --------------------- {{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{ T /x{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{1T
First----------------------------------------Last
B{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{6 G{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{/C ---------------------------- B{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{6 / {{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{gC
Light---------------------------------------Dark
B{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{/ {{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{?-------------------------------- / {{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{ "
Light--------------------------------------Heavy
B{{{{{{{{{{{{{{ / N{{{{{{{{{{{{{{$g -------------------------------- {{{{{{{{{{{{{{ G{{{{{{{{{{{{{{ / J{{{{{{{{{{{{{{`
Loud---------------------------------------Soft
(M{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{ ) {{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{ --------------------------- M{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{  / k{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{$g
Thick---------------------------------------Thin
G{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{` /[,{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{6 ---------------------------------- {{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{` / 2{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{

Loose--------------------------------------Tight
{{{{{{{{{{{{{/(.{{{{{{{{{{{{{9],  )2{{{{{{{{{{{{{6 ---------------------------- B{{{{{{{{{{{{{/l{{{{{{{{{{{{{a
Fast----------------------------------------Slow
B{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{6 /2{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{6 ---------------------------------  {{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{6 /{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{-9
Fat------------------------------------------Thin
{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{/,{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{6 ------------------------------------ J{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{+ /{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{`
Happy--------------------------------------Sad
9{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{ /!){{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{6 ------------------------------- {{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{6 /{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{
Easy----------------------------Difficult/Hard
{{{{{{{{{{{{{{/J{{{{{{{{{{{{{{6 --------------------------- {{{{{{{{{{{{{{B{{{{{{{{{{{{{{ I$/X){{{{{{{{{{{{{{&
High----------------------------------------Low
{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{/{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{ ------------------------------- <{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{ /k$U{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{
Hot-----------------------------------------Cold
{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{/ {{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{--------------------------------- !{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{ /{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{9
Long---------------------------------------Short
h{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{ /J{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{e ------------------------------ {{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{P / M{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{T
Big/Large----------------------------------Little/Small
h{{{{{{{{{9 / k{{{{{{{{{1 ----------------- J{{{{{{{{{ T / {{{{{{{{{& / < ,{{{{{{{{{6 J{{{{{{{{{#
Clean---------------------------------------Dirty
{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{ / N{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{" ---------------------------- {{{{{{{{{{{{{{{ G{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{ / O{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{#
Closed/Shut-------------------------------Open
B{{{{{{{{{{{{{{P {{{{{{{{{{{{{{< / l{{{{{{{{{{{{{{  -------------------------- {{{{{{{{{{{{{{9 / {{{{{{{{{{{{{{#$
Shallow------------------------------------Deep
{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{P / J+{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{a ------------------------------ X{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{ / l{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{,
Wet------------------------------------------Dry
G{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{ / X{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{e ------------------------------- / N{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{P
Empty---------------------------------------Full
/ #1 ------------------------------------------------ /<

  X ,-
)#6  6W ! $M9
&U  T! !{3
, !{+  o{+
! !  # JIY9 J>W  , 3 &   W a, L9G{ ,
 I  !
{a{g LY{9{W { X{3 {#,{ { { {3
]I  X3 {g{ { ) 
{e {,
{9#{ <W{$M {, I {[ {3
!T [W9
&g L   , 
):
9
-A$M Adjective w
)W !$ "( N
This hotel is clean

,!$ { {6 (N{")
{,{ &{ NM{
${W {  ) {-) {I {6c
;  W 6cW   G  I#6 C U $M9 . w

-B$M  &
,
Comparative
)W !$ "  N !$(
This hotel is cleaner than the other hotel
  !U#6 )
," ( N   $M &
&{!U#{
$ {!  {
{P 9 M{UP{W  { G{  I#{6{ ;{ {U $M{9 { &{

,
P 9 .MUP
-C$M  &
$# Superlative
){{{{{{{W {{{{{{{ "{{{{{{{!{{{{{{{ N {{{{{{{ !{{{{{{{
{{{{{{{W {{{{{{{ {{{{{{{ N{{{{{{{"C!{{{{{{{
(
This is the cleanest hotel in the whole country
{{  !U#{{6 )
{{,"{{ N ( N{{"C{{ {{ {{ {{$M &{{
&{{!U#{{
$
!   P ,9 UP $# 9!<   
1  ) W G{  I#6
  ; oU $M9  &
$# ,
)
$M9  .

X >? 
A- Adjectivea : word that describes a noun
6c NM #
, I  : G$M ( N#I3)
Examples (J1 ) : ;
Cold (adjective only) w G$&  9
,
The weather is cold this day (G < ! W ) 9 
Comparative -B: ("B/ )D   YZ
To compare between two things or two nouns
It is followed by the word ( than)
( ) than
, I< W G, &
21# ,6 P 9 
Examples :
Colder than (adjective + er + than )
 9
( ! 9 W ) . <  9 .9  
The weather in Paris is colder than Cairo
C- Superlative: ("B-)
It is proceeded by (the)
 P , $
M! U# ) ( l- ( )G, I9
T1 I GM< W

1 9 #U
$M9 ) UP
Examples :
The coldest (The + adjective + est) 9C
The weather in Eskimo is the coldest on earth.

aC I x-6   9C  ,I6C 

X L 
HO - ZU R
:

For one syllable Adjectives
we use
( er )
for the Comparative
and
(est)
for the Superlative
{ 2{6 {),9 B{6 L -  ! G9 )Y ! 2-  I# #
$M 

,(  &
er)  g  N? $  !  2- 
{ Superlative \H &{
J,) (est)  g  N?
$& 
{)- { { !){6 {),9 9{
,   , . $  !  2-  , I 
{ 2e{ { { `{]J{,3 {),9 {$9
{, I[ W{ .{{ (9 & { )$ 
. ( &  & 9) l-
Superlative ----------> Comparative ----------> Adjectives
N{{{{{{{{{{{{{"Ccleanest---- {{{{{{{{{{{{{ N{{{{{{{{{{{{{" Cleaner ---- N{{{{{{{{{{{{{" Clean
B{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{ --------------{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{ -------------- {{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{
{{{{{{{{{{{{&C smallest---- {{{{{{{{{{{{ {{{{{{{{{{{{& Smaller ---- {{{{{{{{{{{{& Small
B{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{ <,{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{6 ------------ {{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{ <,{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{6 -----------< ,{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{6
{{{{{{{{{{{ C highest ---- {{{{{{{{{{{ {{{{{{{{{{{ Higher --- 2{{{{{{{{{{{$ {{{{{{{{{{{ High
B{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{ -------------{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{ ----------------{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{
{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{6C fastest ----- {{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{ {{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{6Faster ------2{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{6 Fast
B{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{#6 --------------#{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{6 ------------B{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{6

L{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{-9C slowest ----{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{ L{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{-9Slower ------- {{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{-9 Slow

B{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{6 6 --------------{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{ < 6 -------------< {{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{6
{{{{{{{{{{{{6C quickest---- {{{{{{{{{{{{ {{{{{{{{{{{{6Quicker ------- 2{{{{{{{{{{{{6Quick
B{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{I --------------I{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{--------------[{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{
M{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{TC shortest----  M{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{TShorter ------ M{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{T Short
B{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{P ------------{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{P--------------{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{P
{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{eC longest---- {{{{{{{{{{{{{{{ {{{{{{{{{{{{{{{eLonger -------J{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{e Long
B{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{ ------------{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{ ---------------h{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{
&C youngest----  &younger -----& Young
B{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{ -------------{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{ ---------------h{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{
{{{{{{{{{{{{TC strongest----{{{{{{{{{{{{ {{{{{{{{{{{{TStronger -----{{{{{{{{{{{{T Strong
B{{{{{{{{{{{{{{ <#{{{{{{{{{{{{{{6 ---------{{{{{{{{{{{{{{ <#{{{{{{{{{{{{{{6 -----------h{{{{{{{{{{{{{{ <#{{{{{{{{{{{{{{6
Examples :
Ahmad is shorter than Hassan .  MT! ,
This car is faster than that car .    [ 6<  W
This mountain is the highest mountain in the world .)

 J13    J1 W

Salma is the youngest girl in the class.JM$  # &  , 6

This is the longest road in the town .
!,  eC  l- W
This restaurant is cleaner than that coffee .{,

{ N")  -, W
shop

The lion is the strongest animal in the Forest

9   T!  6C

X ,-L 
:  M
For adjectives that end in
( e)
add ( r )
for the Comparative
and ( st )
for the Superlative
{ { N?{ ( e) {+9 # # Comparative
,  &
$M
w (r)
, I g
w{ (st) {
{, I{ g { { N? Superlative $#  &
$M
{3 { S{{<  { I {!X{3 W{ ( e) {+9 #M{ { J #c [
.G#a X3 #! >

Superlative ----------> Comparative ----------> Adjectives
{{C{{ 1CLargest ---{{ {{ {{1Larger ---k{{1 Large
B{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{3 -----------------{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{3 -------------
N{{{{{-C J{{{{{,3CNicest --- {{{{{ N{{{{{- J{{{{{,3Nicer--- N{{{{- J{{{{,3Nice
B{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{ -----------------{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{ -------------.{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{
{{{{{{{{{{{{{ CSafest ---- ---{{{{{{{{{{{{{ ;{{{{{{{{{{{{{ _ {{{{{{{{{{{{{Safer -------{{{{{{{{{{{{{ _Safe
B{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{ G{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{6 ---------------{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{ G{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{6 ------------ G{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{6
{{C 2{{6CWidest----{{ {{2{{6Wider ---k{{ 2{{6Wide
B6! ---------------- !--------------!

Examples :
The living room is wider than the dinning room .
)-
S  26<  W
Y),
S
He is the nicest person in the whole family.
 ,L9
>)  UP N-
country in the world Our country is the safest.
);    C ! 1]  9
Our country is the safest country in the world
);    C ! 1]  9

X 9! 
: ! M
If there is a vowel letter like
a , e , o, I, u
before the last letter in the adjective
then you should double the last letter
and add (er) for the comparative
and (est) for the superlative
!{{{ 2{{{-,
$M{{{{{{ {{{ gC{{{ + J{{{1T
{{{  {{{ +# {{{ {{{ {{{
:# N? ` g  gC + I !
er
, &
J,)
est $# &
J,)
Superlative ----------> Comparative ----------> Adjectives
{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{1Cbiggest --------{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{ {{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{1Bigger ------{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{1Big
B{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{9 ----------- {{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{9 ------------h{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{9
,{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{6Cfattest------- {{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{ ,{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{6Fatter ------,{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{6Fat
B{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{------------ {{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{ ------------{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{
J{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{+Cthinnest------- {{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{ J{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{+Thinner------J{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{+Thin
B{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{ G{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{` ------------{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{ G{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{`------------ G{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{`
G{{{{{{{{{{{9e;{{{{{{{{{{{ CWettest-----{{{{{{{{{{{ X{{{{{{{{{{{eWetter ------J{{{{{{{{{{{ 1 X{{{{{{{{{{{eWet
B{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{ G{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{-----------{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{ G{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{ ---------- G{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{
{{{{{{{{{{{{{{ {{{{{{{{{{{{{{{;CSaddest-----{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{ {{{{{{{{{{{{{{{Sadder ----------{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{Sad
B{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{6 G{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{6 -----------{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{< 6--------------{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{6
{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{Chottest-------{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{ {{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{Hotter -----------{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{Hot
B{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{ <{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{ -----------{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{ < {{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{ --------------{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{<
Examples :
He is short. MT 
His shirt is wet. J 1 GM,T
His house is big . 1 G#9
Majid is taller than his father. G9  e! 3
Today is hotter than yesterday . . C ;  
Hind is thinner than her sister. #g 
+ ;!
This is the saddest day in her life .   .)  W
The elephant is fatter than the mouse . L$  ,6 J$

X , 
: $-
For the adjectives that have two syllables and that end in(y)

you should change the ( y ) into ( I )

and then add (er) for the comparative
and (est) for the superlative

({ {y) { { {X{ ( y) {+9 {# {#) -, $M 

: ac)! 9 N? ` (I)
er
, &
J,)
est $# &
J,)
Superlative ----------> Comparative ----------> Adjectives

!){{{{{{{{{{{{{6Chappiest-------{{{{{{{{{{{{{ !){{{{{{{{{{{{{6Happier------!){{{{{{{{{{{{{6happy
B{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{ 9{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{--------------{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{9---------------9{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{
J{{{{{{{{{{{{{{,3Cprettiest-------{{{{{{{{{{{{{{ J{{{{{{{{{{{{{{,3Prettier-----J{{{{{{{{{{{{{{,3pretty
B{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{ {{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{#9 ------------{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{#9 --------------{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{#9
J{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{6Ceasiest ------{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{ J{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{6 easier --------J{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{6Easy
B{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{ {{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{--------------- {{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{--------------{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{
;{{{{{{{{ CFriendliest---{{{{{{{{ ;{{{{{{{{ Friendlier------friendly
B{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{ !{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{ ------------- {{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{!-------------!{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{
G  ;  CFunniest--- G  ;  Funnier----  Funny

B  ---------------------------------
J6Cearliest------------ J6Earlier ---------- J6Early
B G------------------ G -------------- G

Examples :
He is very friendly with us. ) !3 
Im happy to meet you. [# 9,9 !)6 
She is pretty.
,3 
Faisal Fahad comes to school earlier than.

6!,  JM  I9 L !

The English exam is easier than the science exam .
 ) +#  J6  c +#
This film is the funniest film in the cinema.
,  G  ;C   $ W

X$ 
: LU
For adjectives that have two syllables or more
you should use the word (more)
(for the comparative you put it before the adjective and
then you put the word than) after the adjective
and the word (The most) for the superlative you put
before the adjective it
:
, ! U# 2-  ;) -, $M 
{),9 {
$M{{
, J{1T [{ more ({
) { < , N?{
{, &{
J,)
{$# &{
J{,) 9\ {),9 { than () N?{ {$
$M{
, )! 9 ` ;
;C) ,9  The most (B6 < 
)$M
, J1T N?

Superlative ----------> Comparative ----------> Adjectives

{;CThe most Beautiful--{ 
{,3 {;more Beautiful--J{,3 Beautiful

,3
{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{$9 B{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{6 <{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{ -----{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{$9 {{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{< -------------{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{$9
{;CThe most Important-{ G{,;{ more Important- Important
G,
B{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{1, B{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{6 <{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{ ----B{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{1, {{{{{{{{{{{{{{{< ----------B{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{1,
;C The most Dangerous- -gmore Dangerous--g Dangerous
<-g
{{{{{{{{{{G{{{{{{{{{{ B{{{{{{{{{{6 <{{{{{{{{{{ ----- {{{{{{{{{{G{{{{{{{{{{ {{{{{{{{{{< -------- {{{{{{{{{{G{{{{{{{{{{
interesting-2{{{#, interesting
# ; Cinteresting
h#{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{# B{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{6 <{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{ ------h#{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{# {{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{< ---------h#{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{#
The

most

{{{ G{{{)# {{{;more

] S{;C The most expensive-  Smore expensive-S expensive

N{{{{{{{{{{{{{{1I B{{{{{{{{{{{{{{6 <{{{{{{{{{{{{{{ ---------N{{{{{{{{{{{{{{1I {{{{{{{{{{{{{{< ----------N{{{{{{{{{{{{{{1I

Examples
It is a Beautiful painting.
,3
 
It is an important map.

-g 
This shop is expensive. S J+, W
Japan is the most expensive country in the world .
)  
 S  9
Swimming is more interesting than playing tennis.
.#)
 # ;
1
The copra snake is the most dangerous snake in the world .

)  -g
 ; 9I

X$  S  
: 
Some adjectives have irregular forms.
. ," $+ ,< W 
T ! T 21#  $& 

Superlative ----------> Comparative ----------> Adjectives

J?{C{ CBest--{ J?{ { better -----{ !{3Good / well

B{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{6 G{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{9-------------{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{#9-------------{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{< 3 / G{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{
{{{{{{{{{{{{{6C Worst ------- {{{{{{{{{{{{{ {{{{{{{{{{{{{6 worse----------- {{{{{{{{{{{{{6Bad
B{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{6< -------------< ------------------{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{9
!{{{{{{{{{{{{{)9C furthest---------- {{{{{{{{{{{{{ !{{{{{{{{{{{{{)9 further--------- !{{{{{{{{{{{{{)9 Far
B{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{6 G{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{-------------- G{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{-------------------{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{
Examples:
He is well today. U9 
It is too far from here. !  3 !)9 G
It is a bad weather. 6 .e G
The war is the worst thing in the world .)  P 6  +

The museum is further than the bank from the station .

-+,[  1)!  9 N+#,

He is the best student in the school.
6!,  Xe J?
Listening is better than speaking. ]I  J? ,#6c

X$  ! 
J+  >,?   I# # C ! C C
 ! ,I !) !W
.>,?9
&U
! 9 2
-1 C  < W  1 P  J$
  L PC UPC ,6 I J+ ]I T   3 >,?
J)$9 W UY J$ J+  I  + B 
 W ! W)    #6 ! U#6  S G9 )$, J+ J+ !T

 >  ,?9 l )#  J W C MU W9 g P   G  N?

.
 c
Pronouns 23
Pronouns are words like
he she it .... and the rest
and we use them in place of a noun when it is clear
about who or what we are talking

 !,   , o 

 !#>,?!  U#6)   #6

; C JM$#9 
, ) )  I ! U#6c , J) ,9 !,
!X .$9   ! I J J,>  ,?< W 
A
Subject Pronouns
I _
You 
We
They
He 
She P
It
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

B
Object Pronouns
Me 
you 
Us
Them
Him 
Her G
It
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------C
Adjectives Possessive
My 
Your 
Our
Their G
His G
Her
Its 
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------D
Possessive Pronouns
Mine 
Yours 
Ours
Theirs G
His
Hers G
Its
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

E
Pronouns Reflexive
Myself N 6 
Yourself
Ourselves
Themselves
Himself
Herself
Itself

X$  ! '
A- Subject Pronouns : @H @ 8  23
We put them before the.J)$ J1T
,!
9  >,?< W 2?
verbs
I watched a film yesterday. -1
. C9  $! P ) ,9 J J+  
,!
9  I  ,?;  ,
J)$ W9 T W J$ 
Salma speaks French. She speaks it well. -2
They are students. -3
He went to Paris. -4
Look at the car. It is damaged. -5
home We are going. -6
-------------------------------------------------------------B- Object Pronouns : D- $H @ 8  23
We put them after verbs . J)$)! 9 )?
I know Khalid. I see him everyday. -1
 ! Y J) !)9 3 I ,?  J! g
;
 ,;   ,
I [! g   C
,!  g
, J+ J+  3 G9 )$ J+
.!g
,  I 
We gave her the book . - 2
They saw me there. -3
I saw them running in the street . -4
Ali likes us . -5
--------------------------------------------------------------------

C- Possessive Adjectives:   HZ @8  23

We use them before nouns . 6c J1T )?
He is my friend. -1
  6c W NM I 6
&!  , J1T 3 He ,? &!
g UP l!& .)  &! ,9
I ,  1)  BT .$ 
Ahmad left his bag at school . -2
The children love their school. -3
Whats your phone number ? -4
They took our luggage. -5
My feet hurt . -6
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------D- Possessive Pronouns :   27
them in place of nouns We use. 6c J+  >,?< W J+
The idea was mine.-1
6 1#) # I
, J+ J+ I 3 mine ,?  I    I$
g! C B  I$) ,9
I ,  1)  I# 2, [
It is yours, isnt it ? -2
The ring is hers. -3
These cars are ours . -4
It belongs to me. Its mine. -5
This is their house; is round the corner ours -6
This is red; mine is green. -7
We went on a holiday with some friends of ours. -8
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

E- Reflexive Pronouns
PC c .$  
I),>,? J+ 
!U#,>,?
ourselves We use them when we do something to.
$    )Y W P J,)  !  !U#
Have you hurt yourself?-1
) J, B , B) ,9 yourself [$
,   ,?[  $ B3 J
 S $9  $9 , ! U#6 [$   ! .I) J,) W
$< W a  W
9Y, M
I can do it myself. -2
They cannot help themselves . -3
She only loves herself. -4
He enjoyed himself at the party . -5
This machine works by itself. -6
We saw ourselves on TV . -7
The dog hit itself. -8

X$ ,-  
Exercises: choose the right Pronoun
, + X+   TC 9 
93c  #U GP l16   , <W
(
eg gC
++&  !TC 9 93c ,#   )G$
She came with (I / me). -1
( He / him) saw you in the street. -2
The cat ran across the garden to ( she / him ). -3
(They / they) asked (we / us) to wait . -4
I used (hers / her) bicycle; (mine / my) is broken . -5
( Your / yours) suitcase is bigger than (our / ours). -6
His homework wasnt bad:(her / hers) was excellent ) . -7

The old car is (me / mine). -8

Can you tell (me / my) the way, please ? -9
( Theirs / their) copybooks are the worst in the class. -10

Who broke the window? It wasnt (me / my). . -11

I found (she / her) bag yesterday . -12
Would you like to come with (us / we). -13
(Them / their) children are very young. -14
(It / its ) fell on the floor and broke . -15

Fill in the blanks with the right Reflexive Pronouns :

  !, g>  ,?9 w

&g  G$9 ,# X+ , , W
$  G1#I
 ,  X6, #U
I),> ,?
Dont blame----------.it wasnt your fault . -1
I saw --------------in the mirror. -2
They washed----------carefully . -3
She hurts-------------. -4
I made salad for----------. -5
He cooked ----------breakfast. -6
Did you enjoy ------------ at the theater? -7
We decorated the house by--------. -8
Ahmad went to Spain by ---------. -9
She made---------- a delicious omelette . -10
I repaired the car---------- . -11
She found ----------a job in a big company . -12
Do you need my help, or can you do it by --------- . -13
I bought------------ very useful books . -14

9)] 
6c
C!
g J16 
 P !, + 2

+&