AT h4 aI ENA PN aGS. TSKH. PHAN ANH LY THUYED VA THUD ANNLi ndi Nhéan dip tai ban lan thie 5 Cuon “Ly thuyét va KY thudt Anten” di duge tai ban Un tht 4 vao nam 2002 tren cg sé cusn sch tdi bin Ldn thif nhét vao num 1996 vdi mot s6 sita chita va bS sung ahalt dinh & mdi Kan tai ban Trong nhiing nam vita qua, ed hai tinh vue Ly thnyét va KS thudt Anten déu phat trign rat manh va da dat duge nhiéu thanh tyu quan trong. y thuyét, phai ké dén vige phdt trign cdc phuong phép tinh todn méi cho phép phan tich cac anten rat higu qua, véi sir ug gidp cia méy tinh s6, trong 46 khong thé khong ndi dén 1a “Phuong phap moment”, Vé k¥ thuat, vige phat tidn ting dung cde phwong thitc xir ly tin higu ciing véi céc thanh tu d& dat duge trong linh vuc cong nghé vi dign tir va dién tif sigu cao tén cho phép thiéi lap cdc hé anten cé xit ly tn higu véi nbiéu tinh ning mdi, linh hoat, khién cho anten khéng chi cn 14 mot hé dign dong hoc thy déng ma cdn chi déng tham gia vio ciic khau ahim nang cao hicu qua cla he thong théng tin, D6 La cde hé anten thich nghi, anten thong minh. Viée phat trién phuong thie thong tin vo tuyén trong nhimg nam gan day véi su mo rong phd tan s6 dén ede dai GHz di nay sinh nhiéu loai anten méi phit hop va hieu qua. Dé dap ding nhu cau ném bit cdc kign thie mdi trong linh vye Ly thuyét va Ky thuat Anten cia cic déi tugng doc gid, trong Ian tdi ban nay chung 101 da dua them nhing chuong méi, déng thi bé sung thém nhiéu kién thife trong mot sé chuong. Theo yéu cau cla tic gia, TS. Trén Minh Tudn da tham gia bién soan chuong “Phuong php moment va ting dung trong cdc bai ton phan tich anten"(Chuong 5). TS Hoang Dinh Thuyén da tham gia bién soa thuyét Téng hgp anten™ (Chuong 9). Iai va bé sung them cho chuong “Ly TS Trin Xuan Viét da tham gia bien soan a sung thém cho chucng “Phuong phap diéu khién dé thi phuong husing anten” (Chung 13). Chuong “Phuong phap xt ty tin hig dyoe bien soan Jai va bé sung thém nl tin higu. Anton thong minh” (Chyong 12). “Anten mach dai” cling d& duge bién soan thanh mat chuomg riéng (chong 24). trong hé anten” cia cde Jin tai ban uude da noi dung, dugc d6i thanh “Hé anten c6 xt ly¥Trong lin t4i bin nay ching 16i da Luge bét mot s6 noi dung trong phan phy luc cit dé dua them vao cic noi dung madi, dac bigt IA & chuong 5, Do khuén khé in ain c6 han nén cae phu luc nay da duge sip xép trong mot dia CD dé phat hinh cing v6i cudn sich. Chiing 161 hy vong cub sich tii ban lan nay s€ dip img duoc phiin nao viée bé sung cae kign thite méi cho cae déi tuong doc gid 1A sinh vien, hoc vin cao hoc va nghién itu sinh. Tae gid chan thanh cam on sit cong the ciia cdc déng nghiép d& déng gdp cho viee b6 sung va hoan thign cuén séch tai bin Kin nay. TAC GIAPHAN I LY THUYET ANTEN NHAP MON §0.1. VI TRI CUA ANTEN TRONG KY THUAT VO TUYEN BIEN Vige truyén nang Iugng dign tir trong khong gian c6 thé duoc thyc hién theo hai c&ch: — Ding cac hé truyén dan, nghia 1 cde hé dan séng dign tit nhur duimg day song hanh, dudng truyén déng tryc, Sng din séng kim loai hoge dign moi v.v. Séng dién tir truyén lan trong cc hé théng ny thude loui séng dign tir ring bude. — Bite xa sng ra khong gian. Séng sé duge truyén di duéi dang séng dign tirty do Thiet bi ding dé bic xa s6ng dign tir hoac thu nhan sdng tir khong gian ben ngoai duge goi Bi anten. Anten 14 bé phdn quan trong khong thé thigu duge cila bat ky hé thong vo twyén dign nao, béi vi da 1a hé théng vo tuye’n nghiia 18 hé thong trong dé cé sit dung s6ng dién tir, thi khong thé khong ding dén thiét bi dé bite xa hode thu séng dien ww (thiet bi anten). Vi du, mot he théng fin lac vo tuygn den gién bao gém may phat, may thn, anten phiit vi anten thu, Théng thudng gitta may phat va anten phat cling nhur may thu va anten thu khong noi trye tiép voi nhau ma duge ghép véi nhau qua dudng truyén nang lweng dign tit, goi la fide, Trong hé théng nay, may phat c6 nhigm vu tao ra dao dong dign cao tin, Dao dong dign s@ duoc truyén di theo fide 1éi anten phat dudi dang séng dign tir rang bude. Anten phat c6 nhiém vu bign déi séng dign tir rang bude trong fide thanh séng dign tir ur do biic xa ra khong gian. Cau tgo cila anten sé quyét dinh dac tinh bién di nang long dign tit ndi d tren. An ten thu ¢6 nhiém vu nguoc véi anten phat. nghia 1a tiép nhan sng dién tit te do tir khOng gian ngoaé va bin déi ching thnh séng dign tir rang bude. Séng nay sé duce tuyén theo fide t6i may thu. Nhung can luu ¥ ring ning lugng dién tir ma anten thu tigp nhan tir khéng gian ngoai sé chi cd mot phan duce truyén téi may thu, con mét phan sé bite xa ué lai vio khéng gian (bite xa thit cap), Yeu cau cia thiét bi anten ~ fide 4& phai thue hign viée truyén va bién déi nang Iugng vdi higu suat cao nhat va khong gay ra méo dang tin higu.Anten duge tng dung trong cde hg théng thong tin v6 tuyén, vo tuyén truyén thanh, truyén hinh, v6 tuyén dao hing, vo tuyén thién van, v6 tuyén digu khién tit xa vv... Ngoai ra, dé kich thich séng s6ng, he cong huéng v. tir trong céc hg thong dinh hudng nhw éng dan ngubi ta cling ding cdc két cau tuong ur nhu anten. Anten duge sit dung véi cée mye dich khéc nhau cing 6 nhiing yéu edu khée nhau. Voi ede dai phat thanh va vo tuyén trayén hinh tht anten cin biic xa déng déu trong mat phing agang (mat dit), dé cho c&e may thu d3t 6 cdc hudmg bat KY déu co thé thu doe tin higu cha dai phit, Song, anten lai cin bite xa dinh huéng trong mat phing ditng, voi hucng. cue dai song song mit dat dé cae di thu trén mat dat 6 thé nhan due tin higu 16n nhat va dé gidtm nho nang lugng bite xa theo c&e hung khong cin thi Trong thong tin mat dal hod vi tru, thong tin truyén tiép, rada, vo tuyém diéu Khién vv... thi yeu cfu anten bie xa véi hudng tinh cao, nghia 1a sng bie xa chi tap Irung vio mot gée rat hep trong khong gian. Nhu vay nhigm vu ca anten khong phai chi don gidn la bién déi nang tuong dign tir a0 tn thank s6ng dien tir tr do, ma phi bie x4 séng dy theo nhiing hudng nha dinh, voi cic yéu cau ky thuat cho wud Negay nay, su phat trién cia ky thuat trong cdc finh vye thong tin, rada diéu khién ¥.¥.. cling doi héi anten khong chi don thudn Jam nhigm vu biic xa hay thu séng dién tir mi con tham gia vio qué (rinh gia céng tin higu. Trong truimg hap téng quit, anten cain duge higu Ia mot 6 hop bao gém nhigu he thong, trong dé chi: yeu nhat Hi he thong bite Xa, hoac cm thy séng bao gém céc phan tit anten (ding dé thu hode phat), hé thong cung cp tin higu dim bao viée phén phdi nang Iwgng cho cée phan tit biic xa v6i cée yeu cau khic nhau (irvng hgp anten phat), hoac hé thong gia cong tin hiéu (tru’ng hop anten thu). So'dé ca hé thong vo tuyén dign cling véi thiét bi anten duge vé 6 hinh 0.1 Y He théng . He thong) He theng |e] cung cap»! He neg: cdmthu |» gia cong tin higu Mic xa bite xa tin higu Anten phat An ten thu May Thigt bi Thiet bi phat [*—] diéu che’ xirly [+] May thu a. H@ thong phat b. HE thong thu Hinh 0.1§0.2. HE PHUONG TRINH MAXWELL VA NGHIEM Toan bé ly thuyet anten dug xay dung én co sé nhing phuong tinh eo ban cia dign dong luc hoc: cdc phuong trinh Maxwell. Ra doi hon 100 nam truée day (nam 1873) nhéing phuong irinh Maxwell di md ra Kh nang ¢6 thé tao duce séng dien tir trong khong gian, Den nim 1887 kha nang d6 di duge Hertz xéc nhan bing thuc nghigm, véi phan wt bue xa do Ong tgo a. Phin tit dipdl Hertz. sau duge mang tén dng, goi 1 ‘Trong ede phan trinh bay sau ta sé coi cae qua tinh dién tira cae qué trinh bien doi digu hoa theo thai gian, nghia fa theo quy Iuat sinwr, cose, hoe viet dudi dang phic s6 e"*. Neu biéu thi dudi dang, phic s6 thi vecto tic thai cia eutmg d6 dién Irving sé 18 phuin thye hoe phan do cla vecta tite thd phitc s6 cita rutmg: Re(Eei) Hcoswt hoa E = Im(Ee™) = Esinar, trong dé # 1A bien d6 phic cita trung. Dé don gian, vé sau ta sé bd déu cham & phia wen khi ky higu e: Doi vdi cde dao dong tir phuic tap, ta cd thé coi nd La téng cia v6 s diéu hda, nghia 14 c6 thé ap dung phép phan tich Fourier dé biéu thi. dai lugng phic. dao dong Trong quyén sich nay ching 1a sé sir dung he don vj hop ty héa thye dung: mét Kilogam, giay. culong, vi coi moi tutng khdo sat la déng nhat va ding hudng, Vi cde qui dinh tren, cde phuwng trinh Maxwell & dang vi phan sé dude viet dudi dang: rH =ioe,B +s = iow ay _~ of 1) divé = 2 am é divH =0 (vy trong dé, E —bien dé phite cia véctu cuimg do dign trrdng, XO (=): met H — bien dd phiic cia vecto cudmg do tir trun, oo (4 A }: mét_ im = of: - iS) ~ hé s6 ditn tham phic cia moi trudng; or © —hé s6 din thim tuyet dé cba moi truémg, Me () : métD6i véi moi trudng chan khong & 4 — he sé tirthim cia moi wudng, POT (2); me Doi véi chan khong p= y= 4.107 Ts ét \m " ty . sir i — dign din suit cha moi trr’mg, 22 Si), mét J*— bien do phic eda vécto mat d6 dong dien, —2™PE_( A. }: mét vudng \ m2 culéng ( c } mét khdi Um” p* — mat dé khdi ca dién tich, Biét ring nguén tao ra trudmg dign tir la dong dign va dién tich, Nhung trong mot s6 (rutng hop. dé dé dang gidi m9t s6 bai todn cia dién dong lye hoc, ngudi ta dua them vao hé phuong trinh Maxwell cdc dai lvong dong tit va tir tich. Khai niém dong tit tich chi c6 tinh chat tugng tung vi chting khong t6n tai trong thién nhién He phuong trinh Maxwell khi khong cé dong dién va dign tich ngo&i nhung c6 dong tir tich ngodi sé duge viet dudi dang : roth = ine ,E @ rotE=~iahH—3" ap (0.2) divE =0 amy divH (iv) a v J" bien do phite ci mat do dng tt, YO" _| Ke mérvuong \ m pl - mat dg knot eta ww tien, VEbE (VO mekhoi m3 So sinh hai hg phuong trinh (0.1) va (0.2) ta thay chiing c6 dang giéng nhau va thye chat chi Ii khée nhau vé vj tri clta cde vée to Eva H. RO rang 1A tit he (0.1) ta c6 thé nhan duge hé (0.2) hode ngugc lai, n€u ta thu hién phép bién di kan sau.(*) EoH; Ho-E Foss han (03) pop; p™ > 9°Do tinh chat tuong ty cita hé (0.1) va (0.2) c6 thé thay rang, néu da biét duge Idi gidi cia hé (0.1) , nghia la biét duoc wudng EH tao béi nguén dién , thi c6 thé dé dang tim ra Idi gidi ca hé (0.2) , nghia 14 tim wudng tao bdi nguén tir, bang cach thuc hién phép déi Jan (0.3) ( véi digu kién phan bé cita nguén dién va nguén tit trong khong gian giéng nhau). Diéu dé cho phép ta c6 thé don giin héa viée gidi nhiéu bai todn thuc t& cia dién dong luc hoc khi da biet lai gidi ctha he thong dien tir tuong wf véi ching. Cing voi khai niém vé vat dan dién 1y ting, 6 day ta ciing 6 thé dua vio khéi niém ye vat dan ti ly twéng, Néu trudng trén bé mat vat dan dién ly tuGng phai thoa man diéu kign bd: Tron g dé : E,— thanh phan tiép tuyén cita cudmg d6 dién trudng tron bé mat vat dan: H, -thanh phan phdp tuyén ctta eutmg d6 tir trudmg tran bE mat vat dn ; J - Vée to mat dQ dong dign mat ( A/m ) 5 n- Véc to phdp tuyén ngoai cia bé mat vat din. Thi theo nguyén ly déi kan (0.3) ta thay trudng tren bE mat cba vat din tir 1 tong phi théa man cae digu kign bd sau: H,=0.8,=0, 7” = 0.3) ‘Trong d6 J!" - véc to mat do dong tir mat (V/m).. Vé tri sd, mal do dong tr mat c6 gid wi bang thamh phan tigp tuyén cia dien trudng trén bé mat vat dan tir JD = E, Biét ring nguén tgo ra trubng c6 thé Ta ngudn dign (dong dign, dign tich), hoac ngudn tir (dong tit, tir tich), hode c6 thé bao gém cd nguén dien va tir. Vi vay phuong trinh Maxwell trong truimg hop tng quat duge viét dudi dang: (0.6)Truong hop ngudn tudng Ki nguén dign (J” = 0 ; p" = 0) thi (0.6) sé wo thanh (0.1), hoac néu chi bao gdm ngudn tir (J* = 0; p* = 0) thi (0.6) sé ted thinh (0.2). Loi giai cla (0.6) 06 thé nhan duge bang cach xép chéng cdc Ibi gidi ctza (0.1) va (0.2). Vi cdc phuong trinh IIL va TV cita hé phuong trinh Maxwell 06 thé suy duye tit céic Phuong trinh I, Il nén 6 day khi gidi céc he (0.1) va (0.2) chiing ta chi cdn tim Idi giai thda main hai phuong trinh dau. Dé pidi (0.1). ta dua ra mot véeto trung gian 1a vécte thé dign A‘. Theo (IV) trong he (0.1) ta o6 thé viet H = rot A (0.7) L0i gidi cita (0.1) ¢6 thé duge biéu thi qua vécio thé dign A” duci dang: fopa’ + grad div A" (0.8) ine, Be giai (0.2), ta dua ra véeto thé tir A”, Theo (ID cita he (0.2) ta c6: rota (0.9) Tuong ty, Wei gidi ciza (0.2) duge bigu thi qua vécto thé tie A” dudi dang: su 1 AU + fo graddiv A” (0.10) Tring hop ngusn trudng bao gém c nguén dign va nguén tit, sé nhan duge: iowa + graddiv A” — rot A" (11) ions ep jac, A" + ot graduivA” + ro1a® (0.12) io Thay c: nhan duge phuong trinh sdng cita céc vécto thé din va tit c lei gidi E,W nhan due 6 uén vio hai phuong tinh diu cha (0.6) ta sé a 4 ae LF AA +k°A =-sF (0.13) AA” 4 A" =-7 Gday, AA = graddivA — rotrotA © (la van tée pha ciia song trong moi ting). vCie bicu thite (0.13) Ki ce phuong trinh sng khong déng nha Lai gidi cita chting co dang thé cham‘? (Q.14) sem 1 prem A wal! r= khong cach tir diém xe dinh AY hoac A” dén diém nguén, nghia la dén diém od dong dign hode dong tir trong thé tich V; tty e — 36 hang biéw thi sur chain pha ca vécter thé A” va A” & kholing céch 1 doi véi ngugn. Trong dé Ar 18 géc cham pha, & goi Ta he s6 pha. Doi véi chan khong kak, -2.78 * d, 10° m/giay 1A van tée anh sang trong chan khong; Ag la bude séng trong chan khong, Néu dong dign hoae ding tit phan bé uén mat S thi céc thé cham sé duge tinh theo cong thie: (O.14a) Néu dong dign hoge dong tit phan bé theo dudng / thi: Doe wid can lou ¥; Trong mot s6 séch * “Ly thuyét irvine’, eée phutong tinh divergens cia be phume winh Maxwell khong viét véi ee vécio E, A ma viet véi D, B. Khi dy ode vécto thé dign va tir sé han duce tit ese hg thiic graddiv a” + rot 4 jwe,p u Rhi ay. fai gidt ca cde vécio the cham din va tir cng khic nhau Wii e&c he sé p vibe ant(0.14b) Sau khi thye hign céc tich phan (0.14) s& xde dinh duge céc vécto thé A. Thay cic ket qua ay vao (0.11), (0.12) sé xdc dinh duue cde vécto E, 1 cia trudng. §0.3. QUA TRINH VAT LY CUA SU BUC XA SONG BIEN TU Vé nguyen ly. bat ky hé théng dién tir no cé kha nang tao ra dign trubng hode tir truting bién thin déu cé bite xa sng dign ti. tuy nhign trong thye 1, sy bite xa chi xdy ra trong nhitng diéu kién ahét dinh. DE vi du ta xét mét mach dao dong thong sé ip tung, c6 kich thude rat nho so vai bude séng ¢hinh 0.2a). Néu dat vio mach mot sic dign dong bién ddi thi trong khong gian ciia tu dign sé phat sinh dién trudmg bién thién, cdn trong khong gian cia cugn cam sé phat sinh tir wudng bién thién, Nhung dién tir trudng nay hau abu khong bite xa ra ngodj ma bi ring bude yéi cdc phin tr cla mach. Dong dign dich chuyén qua tw dign thee dudng ngdn nhat trong khoang khong gian gitta hai mé tu dién nén nang lugng dign trudng bj gidi han trong khoang khong gian dy. Cdn nang Iuong tit truémg tp trung chit yéu trong mot thé tich nhé trong long cugn cdm. Nang long cita ca h théng bao toan néu khéng cé 16n hao nhigt wong cdc day din va dien mdi cia mach. Néu mé rong kich thude clia ty din (hinh 0.2) thi ddng dien dich (duoc wen hinh vé tring véi khong khong gian gitra hy ic dutmg stic dign trutmg) sé khong chi dich chuyén trong ma ty dign m& mot bé phan sé kan toa ra moi trudag ngori va cé thé truyén téi nhtmg diém nim céch xa ngudn (ngudn dién trudng 1a cdc dién lich biGh déi trén fai ma tu dica), Néu mé rong hon nifa kich thude cia m dién (vi du, hinh 0.2c) thi dong dich sé lan tod ra cng nhiéu vi tao ra dién truing bign thin v6i bién do 1én hon trong khodng khéng gian bén ngoai. Dign trudng bign thién duoc truyén lan voi van te énh sang. Khi dat tdi mot khoang céch khd xa ngudn, chiing sé thodt Khéi sy ring budc véi nguén, nghia Hi khong edn fién hé véi ede dién tich trén hai md ty dign atta. That vay, néu ta quan sdt cdc dutmg site dién wudng ¢ gin tu din thi thay ring chting khong ty khép kin ma 6 diém bat nguén la cdc dién tich trén hai ma tu dién. Do dé gid tri cla dién truing Gnhing diém nam trén cdc dudng suc dy sé bien thién déng théi véi su bién thién cba dign tich tren w dién. Nhung néu xét mot diém M cach xa nguén thi co thé thay rang tai thoi diém nao d6, dién trudng tai M c6 thé dat ti mot gid tri nbat dinh trong hic dien tich tren hai ma tu dién lai bién déi qua gid ti khong. Khi ay cic dudng stie dign sé khong edn rang budc véi cde dign tich nifa ma chting phai ty khép kin trong khong gian, aghia Ja da hinh thinh mot dién trudging xody (hinh 0.2c). Theo qui luat cua dign trutmg, bién thien (duge biéu thi béi cde phuong trinh Maxwell) thi dign wudng xody sé to ra 12mOL Ur Leung bign déi tir trong bién di L hinh thank qué uinh séng dién tir. Ep tue tao ra dign trudng xod = af) nghia 1a da roe Minh 0.2 “ Phan nang lung dign tir thodt ra khoi nguén va truyén di trong khong gian ty do duce goi IA ndng hemng bite xa hay nang hvang hit cong Phin nang lugng dign tir rang bude véi ngudn sé dao dong 6 gin nguén, khong tham i€c tao thiinh song dién tir, dutoc goi IA. ndng hdcmg vd céng. Dé dang nhan thay ring hé thong bite xa din ti c6 higu qua sé IA hé théng mA trong 6 dign trutng hoac tit truémg bién thién o6 kha nang tham nbap duoe nhigu vio khong gian ngoai. Tu 46 thay ring hé théng dign ti bigu thi trén hinh (0.2c) sé baie xa 66 higu qué hon he théng trén hinh (0.2b). Dé tang cudng kha nang biic xa cha cc hé théng, can mé rong hon nia khong gian bao trim cia cdc dudng sitc dién trugng. Dipol Hertz (hinh 0.2d) la mot trong cdc caiu Inde bite xa o6 higu qua, N6 duge hinh thinh ti céc hé théng dign tir n6i ten voi su bién dang hai tam kim loai ca ty dign thanh hai doan day din man va hai qua cdu kim loai 6 hai dau. Dipol Hertz fa mot trong cde nguén bute xa don gidn nat, va Ia phan tir dé cau tric nhiing anten day phic tap. §0.4, NGUYEN LY HUYGENS. DONG BIEN MAT VA DONG TU MAT TUGNG DUONG Mot trong nhimg bai todn co ban cia ly thuyét anten la xéc dinh céc vécto E va H cia trong dién tir bic xa béi anten & mot diém nao d6, trong khong gian bao quanh anten.Dé gidi chinh xdc bai toan nay cn xée dinh chinh xéc phan b6 cia dong dién hodc ntich trén anten, nghia [a cén xée dinh duge phan bé thuc cia nguén trugng trong khong gian. Day [8 nhimg van dé ton thge rat phic tap. Chi trong mot s6 trudng hop that don gin ta méi 6 kha nang xéc dinh duge phan bé thuc cla ngudn truémg, va do dé méi c6 thé tim duge 10 giai chinh xdc ea bai toan bite xz. Trong nhigu truémg hop thue 18, bai todn bae xa cla anten chi duoc giai mot cach gin ding. Khi dé, c6 thé dura vaio 36 cg sé vat ly da biét dé suy ra quy luat phan bé bien dé va pha cla cde dong tren anten, sau d6 tién hah gidi bai todn bile xa véi qui luat pid dinh ay. Cling c6 thé giai bai todn tren theo caich khéc, nghia 1A khong can dia vao phan bé ciia nguén thue trong khong gian ma chi céin cam ctt vaio phan b6 bién do va pha cta cic thinh phan tiép tuyén ca dién vi ti trudng tren mot mat kin S ndo d6 bao quanh ngudn uring (hinh 0.3). d a) b) Hink 0.2 Phuong phap nay duye xay dung trén co sé cita nguyén ly Huygens. Theo nguyén ly tren, ta 6 thé coi mdi mat sng bat kP 1a Lap hgp cita v6 s thir cap (nguyen t6 Huygens). Cac nguyén 16 nay sé bute xa va hinh thanh nhing mat séng mdi Khi ay, trudng tao ra bai ngudén thyc 4 mot dicm nao dé trong khong gian 6 thé duge coi La tung giao thoa, wo bei céc nguén thi cap phan b6 trén mot mat kin S bao quanh ngudn thu. Nguyén ly Huygens duoc dé ra khong 300 nim truéc day. Nguyen ly nay duge Huygens dp dung diiu tien dé gidi thich hién tuong dnh sdng udn qua chucng ngai vat wen dudng truyén lan. Khi p dung cho tudng dién tir, nguyen ly Huygens due din th duéi mot hinh thie khéc, goi la nguyén ly tong duong cia dién dong hoc, hofic nguyen ly dong dien — dang ir wong duong. Sau day sé khdo sdt ngi dung tm tat cla nguyén ly nay. Gia sit mt nguén bite xa (anten) due dat trong khéng gian vé han. Cutmg dd tudng bite xa duoe biéu thi bai cde vecto E va 7. Ta lay mot mat kin 8 wy ¥ bao quanh anten (hinh 0,3), Céc vécto E va H trén mat S c6 thé duge phan tich 1am hai thanh phan: thanh phan tigp tuyén va thin phan phap tuych d6i véi $ E=Ep+En H=Fi, +H, 14Do tinh chat tuyén tinh cia céc phuomg tinh Maxwell, ta c6 thé khéo sit riéng bigt hai trugng hop tng voi hai cap vécto tren mat S, sau d6 xép ching cdc kei qua nhan duge. Trung hop I: M3 S, tren d6 66 cic thinh phn trutmg Hy va E,,. Céc thanh phan con lai bing khong (E, = 0, Hy, =0) Truéag hep 2: Mat S, tren 46 c6 cae thinh phan trudng E; va Hi, Cée thanh phan con lai bang khong (77; = 0, Ey =0). Trong tudng hop thit nhat, mat $ duge xem la mat din dign ly tong vi ten dé chi 6 thanh phin tiép tuyén cia tir trémg va thinh phan phép tuyén eta dién ining. Khi dy. 66 thé coi wen mat S 6 dong di¢n mat v6i mat do F5 (xée dinh theo 0.4). Trong truémg hop thit hai, mat S c6 thé duge xem JA mat dan tic ly twéng vi tren d6 chi c6 thanh phan tiep tuyén cia dign trudng va thanh phin phap tmyén cia tir trudmg. Tuong tu nhu tran, ¢6 thé coi trén mat S c6 dong tir mat voi mat do T1' (xde dinh theo 0.5). Cae dang dign mat va tir mat néi tren 1a cée déng mat trong duong. Khi da biét cdc dong mat tuong duong ta ¢6 thé xdc dinh trusmg bic xa theo phuong phép vécto thé (cong thite O.411 va 0.12). Nhu vay, vige xdc dinh trutng tao bai cde dong tren nguén thye duge thay thé béi viée xc dinh trudng tao béi céc ddng mat tuong duong trén mat S. 4p dung nguyen ly nay, trong nhiéu truing hgp 66 thé gidi quyét bai todn biic xa cia anten m@t cach don gian, nghia 1a ¢6 thé céc dinh trang bitc xa cia anten ma khong can bigt phan bé thyc cba dong din hode dién tich tren anten.Chuong I BUC XA CUA DONG DIEN VA DONG TU TRONG KHONG GIAN TU DO CAC DAC TRUNG CO BAN CUA TRUONG BUC XA §1.1. TRUGNG BUC XA CUA DONG DIEN VA DONG TU TRONG KHONG GIAN TU DO. Gid thiét co khong gian déng nhat rong v6 han, trong khodng khény ding (dién hodc 1i6 phan bé trong mot thé tich hitu han no 46. Vi du ian ay 06 cae dong phan bé trong thé tich V (hinh 1.1), vai mat do ki T hoxe J” Tame cha cdc dong nay e6 thé duge xde din qua vécto thé A” (bigu thiic 0.14) » zm T oo M aR V — thé tich, trong dé 6 cde dong phan be, vy y — khodng céch tinh wr diém tich phan (phan tir thé tich"dV) dén diém khao sat (diém can xc dinh vécto thé A” Hint 1.0 Néu phan bd cla cfc dong trong thé tich V IB ty ¥ thi & day ta cding chura 6 thé rit ra duoc kél Indn gi vé céu tric truding cita chiing ngoai digu di biel IA trudmg dé sé tha man cdc phuong tinh Maxwell. Tuy nhi¢n rong mot sé tnting hop dic biel, vi du khi cdc dong phan b6 trong mot thé tich c6 kich thude rat nhd so véi bude séng (tutmg hap én digm, dipdl Hertz v.v...) khién 06 thé bd qua su sai pha ciia irudmg tuo boi cde phin tir trong thé tich ay, hodc khi diém khdo sat 6 kha xa thé tich V khign c6 thé coi ede vécto ban kinh ¢ Wr ede diém wong thé tich dy dén diém Khio sdt déu song song, véi nhau, ching ta cing c6 thé rit ra mot Ai ket wan téng quat vé dic inh cita vécta trudng. Dé khio sit dic tinh trudng cia dong, thu’ng ta chia khong gian khdo sét [am hai Khu vue ehinh: bhi gcin va hu xa. 16,~ Khu gdn 1 mién khong gian bao quanh hé thong dng, c6 ban kinh + kha nho (<< A). Thita s6 pha cia tridng trong khu vuc nay duoc bigu thi bai ike e € =1 Khi dé 06 thé bd qua su cham pha ciia truimg 6 diém khdo sat. Trudmg & khu vuc nay mang tinh chat cha trudng cam ting, Vi vay khu gn cn duge go la kha ecm ting. ~ Kluexa la mnién Khong gian bao quanh hé thdng dong. ¢6 ban kink r kha Kin (7 << 2). Khi dy ta khong thé bo qua sy cham pha ciia trudng 6 diém khdo s vue nay ¢6 dac tinh séng lan truyén va vi vay khu xa con duge goi fi khu séng. hay kh bie 3a. ‘Trong phiin sau ta sé khdo sat bai todn xée dinh trading ca he thong dong phan bo tong mot thé lich ¢6 kich thude so sénh due voi bude séng, khi khong thé bd qua su khic nhau vé pha cita trvng tao béi cdc phiin ut dong phan bé wong thé tich dy. Chon diém O trong thé tich V lam géc cla hé toa dd vudng ede va hé toa do cdu (hinh Lb. Diém O sé duoc chon thé nao dé khodng cach eye dai tir diém ay dén mat bao cita thé lich V sé khong vuot qué mot ntta duéng kinh D cla thé tich (D 1a khoding cach eve dai gitta hai diém nam trén mat bao ctia thé tich). Ky higu R va p IA vécto bin kinh cia diém khdo sét M va cla diém tich phan, fa 6! (2) a — yée git vécta R va p Dé xac dink invémg cia dong 6 khu gin céin sp dung cong thtte chinh xie cia bin kinh + (cong thie 1.2) khi tinh vécto the A cia trutng Khi xée dinh trudng cia hé thong dong 6 khu xa, vi diéu kign p < R (véi moi gid ti ctta p), ta c6 thé Khai trién biéu thie citar thanh chudi fly thira déi vi p/P (theo cong thtfe chudi Teilor). 2 r=R\1-~2eosa + Po sinta a. (3) R 2R? Khi diém khao sat & khu xa, X kha 16n, khién c6 thé bd qua cc sé hang bac cao wong biéu thiie wen, va khi thay thé’ trong thita s6 pha cila trutmg (cong thiic 1.1) 66 thé dp dung (1.3) v6i hai s6 hang khai trign dau, nghia Ia: r= R= peosa (13a) 17Digu nay phit hop v6i gia thiet [a khi diém khdo sét & rat xa nguén thi cd thé coi céic vécto ban kinh + tir cde diéim tich phan cita thé tich ay dén diém khao sat déu song song véi nau Gia ti 1 6 quan hé déa bién do trudng trong biéu thite dudi dau tich phan (1.1). r Khi tinh todn c6 thé thay thé: That vay: rR Rr Hin nhién 18 khi p < R, thi higu s6 trén sé rit nhd va c6 thé bé gua voi moi gid tri cla p. Vige bo qua cae sf hang béc cao trong biéu thttc khai trign r sé khong gay ra sai sé dang ké vé bien do cia tudng nhung tat nhién sé gay sai s6 nbat dinh vé pha. Néu sai sd pha nhd hon 7/8 thi vige tinh toan gan diing theo (1.3a) ¢6 thé chip nhan duge. Tir day 6 thé rit ra diéu kign dé xée dinh gidi han 4p dung cong thife (1.3a) khi tinh todn trudng 6 khu xa: pO sin? as 2R = > 14 3 (1.4) Voi su chon g6e toa do di neu, sé c6 cue dai ca p bing 2. Déng thoi, khi thay gid wi cuc dai cia sinet = 1 sé nhan duge: D R>Q— 15. x (1.5) Khi kivio st ede bai todn bite xa thi trudmg ma chiing ta cén quan tam dén Ia trugng 6 khu xa. Vi vay sau day sé chi luu ¥ tim li gidi cda trudng & khu vuc nay. Ap dung cong thic (1.1) véi gid thiet (13a), ta cé: sem 1 BR eo orosee Aen a gene dV (1.6) a RY Néu dé ¥ rang w 1a géc hop bai vécto bin kinh R va p thi cosa. = ii, Cig. iy la cdc vécto don vi tren trudng R va p) Bigu thitc (1.6) ¢6 thé viet lai duéi dang: 18m1 @ BR pane av (16a) = a 4x RY Biéu thie tich phan trong (1.6) c6 quan he dén phan b6 dong trong thé tich V va husng ciia diém khiw sit d6i voi ngudn. Ta goi tich phan my 1a ham bite xa hay vécto bic xa va ky higu boi G"" (0, ¢). C"'0, @) = fren etorreay an v hoae FO. = fra i Trung hop nguén trutmg phan b6 tren mat S: G8, 9) = [7 5 ean ikpigh elt bas (7a) ‘Trudng hop nguén trutng phan bé theo dung |: "ee = fF" ' ethic (4.7) Trong cac cong thiic tren, tich pig.j, duge xéc dinh ahu sau: Play = Pig Neu goi toa do cita diém nguén 18 (x, y, 2) (node bigu thi theo he toa d6 cdu béi p, 0°. g'), cdn toa dé ci dim Khao suit 18 (R, 4, p), ta C6: xsinOcoso + ysinOsing + zcos0 hoac (1.8) plsinOsind'cos(o — ¢') +cos6cos0” Neu dua them ki higu: -ikR R) =, wR) R cing thite (1.6) sé duge biéu thi dudi dang: sem Sem AX ==— WRG” (8, 0) a9) 4n Bing cach 4p dung (0.11) va (0.12), ta ¢6 thé xéc dinh cde vécto trutng E, Hf trong trudng hop tdgn quét, khi nguén tring 18 hg thong dong dién, ding tir, hodc hén hgp 19dong dign va dong tir. Véi gid thiet moi truimg 1a diem moi Iy wéng (6, thie (0.11) va (0.12) sé c6 dang: EB =~ ipa’ + grad div A’) — roa” 1.10} los H = —iocd™ +. pradiaiv'a) + rota aap, fon Be xde dinh E77 can tinh cdc ham vecto grad(div A) va rot © Véi A xée dinh theo (1.9) ta c6: diva = qelendue + wdivG), «Ly (aR ce ye ad w = era ~J=-fie+t 113 arady = grad] ( + a 13) = &G, ave - | © (sin0Gq) + — «.14) RsinO| 2 op ‘Thay (1.13) (14) vao (1.12) va hu ¥ rang, vi diém khao sat 6 khu xa nén cé thé bo qua nhong s6 hang giim nhanh hon + nghia 1a nhitng s6 hang c6 chia = re vta = ik ae cé: div A = —~—wGi, 6: diva = ~EyGiy a) Rae grad (divA) = (Gin Jig = — Gp (15) an 4a Dé tinh rot A, ciing chil ¥ dén (1.9) sé c6 rot = —rot(yG) = + (gradw x G + wrot) (1.16) 4n dn Bday, grady x G (+f views uy) a 1 é Gi 1G =| 2 winog,) - C0 + ns malo 'e) 3o ki +f 1 Ge); (1.18) R\sind Ao ) Cac cong thie gli tich véctc ding & doan nay e6 thé than khio & phan phi uc. 20Thay (1.17), (1-18) vao (1.16) va ciing 66 qua cdc s6 hang gidm nhanh hon z khi Khao sat tru6ng ¢ khu xa, ta c6: rol, Ei “«G (19) 4a Bist ig < G = ig x (Gg + Gan G, éday G, 1 thanh phan ciia vécto G tren hudng vudng géc voi vécto ban kinh R 6, = Gy +G, (1.20) nén 5 otk ee tA =~ vig x G, a2n an Bay git chiing ta co thé dp dung cae cong thtic (1.15) va (1.21) dé tinh oudng & khu xa theo cde cong thie (1.10) va (1.11). Khi thay thé cac biéu thife trong (1.40) va 1-11) cin Lut ¥ a cde chi $6 (e, m) viet kem theo vécto thé CA ) 66 quan hé tuong ting voi cde chi s6 tia ham bite xa (G } trong ede biéu thie cua ching, nghia la: sean Ro Sem grad(divA)=~—wGR (1.22) rota" = ave «Gen Néu cha ¥ dén quan he on = kW eos k (1.23) a é day, W = i va dp dung (1.22), (1.23) cho (1.10) sé nhan duoc biéu thite déi véi e diga wing bae xa: ik eit g-=4s [» nF (24) Néu dé ¥ ring G-Gr=G. (1.25) ta 66 thé viel lai (1.24) dui dang: shes [wes + (a x in) (1.26) 4n R 21Twong ty nhu trén, dp dung (1.21), (1.22), (1.24) cho (1.11) sé nhan duge biéu thie ctia tir truémg bic xa ik ewMRE Pm foe = Gi +/Gixi 127; an le Te xin) (1.27) Phan tich (1.26) va (1.27) ta thay biéu thie déi voi dién trudmg va tir trudng bite xa cla hg thong dong tit o6 dang d0i xtmg nhau qua phép déi lin (0.3). Néu dp dung phép d6i lin cho (1.26) thi sé nhan duge (1.27) va ngugc bai. Tir (1.26) va (1.27) ta cing nit ra duge quan hé gita céc vécto F, AW ciia traing bite xa: He= px E) (1.28) Ww nghia la E, 77 co hudng vudng géc véi nhau va vubng doe véi ig. Neéu biéu thi (1.29) Go + Go Gi =Gb+G _ sau dé thay (1.29) vo (1.26), (1.27) va thye hign mét vai phép tinh vécto s8 nhan duge: hg ith = e an Se [oes + Gea + (WES - or li | (1.30) eM ow cele (Lem gee Er (Fos 3) os +S Jip aap Tir (1.30) va (1.31) ta thay dign tir truimg bute xa trong tniimg hap téng quat c6 céc ihanh phan theo 0 va theo @: Doi véi dién truong: = ik eR > Ey =~ —_ (was + Ge) an Re (1.32) E ike" e_ gm)\r Bo = - ES (wos - Gs Vi, Doi vii tir udng: Ho = (1.33) So sdnh (1.32) va (1.33) ta e6: 22Tio = Mien Ee) ye Hy = splin* Eo) (1.34) nghia [a ty s6 cita cdc thanh phan dién truging vA ti trudng vudng g6c véi nhau luén [a hing s6 va duge xac dinh boi xcde thong s6 cila mei trudng (W = fe duge goi Ia tre 8 khang séng cia moi trudng) Biét cdc vécto tutmg E, H sé xac dinh duge gid tri trang binh cla mat do cong suat bile xa dign tir Su = Re x i = [EH - Bgl Jie (1.35) ap dung (1.34) taco <_! 2 Se ~s7(iah +E, (1.354) NéUu biéu thj theo ham biic xg thi: - a | 2 fy Sm = ———— || wag + + |W a li (1.36) " wun ees ye Cong thite (1.26), (1.27) thode (1.32), (1.33)] 1a cde cong thite téng quat cho phép xde dinh trutmg bite x4 cla hé thong ngudn hén hgp (bao gém cdc dong dién, dong tir phan bd trong khong gian hitu han tay ¥). Trutng hop nguén tudng chi bao gém dong dign hodc dong tir thi trong cde cong thite trén sé chi gid tai G* hoac G" tay theo diéu kign cy thé cia bai todn. Cong thite (1.35a) hode (1.36) 1a cdc cong thite téng quat dé xac dinh mat do cong. suat bite xa. Trudng hop nguén tudng 1a nguén dién (G” = 0) thi (1.36) tré than: Sy = li «|g Ms (4nRy 24nRy 2— Gt ie (137) “| Trutng hop nguén tudng li nguén tir (G* = 0) thi 5 e aml? | qi? \z we Se = Serene + {a Vi -_# QW (4nRy aW (4nRy Cac cong thttc trinh bay 6 trén duoc biéu thi theo cdc thanh phén Ga va Gy cla ham biic xa trong hé toa d6 céu. Trung hop ham bifc xa duge xdc dinh theo cdc thanh phan trong hé toa do vudng géc G,, G,, G. thi dé Linh trudng theo cc cong thife di néu céin phai chuyén céc thanh phan nay sang Go Va Ge theo céc hé thie di (1.38) 23Go = (G, cose + G, sing)cos6 - G, sind . (1.39) G, = ~G, sing + G,cosp Cfc két qua tinh toan va phan tich & trén cho phép ching ta c6 thé rat ra cdc tinh chat ng quat nhat déi voi uvémg & khu xa, trong khong gian tu do cia mot hé thong nguén hén hop nhu sau: 1, Trudng bic xa 06 dang s6ng chay (biéu thi béi ham e*%), fan truyén tir nguén ra xa vO tin. Bién do cudng d6 trudng suy gidm ty lé ng h véi khoding cach 2. Vécts mat do cong suat c6 hudng phd hop véi hudng ban kinh ciia he toa do Chuéng 7) va phan bé trong khong gian theo him s6 2 WEG + Gey 2 +|WGs ~ Ge Do 46, huéng truyén lan cia séng bite xa sé duge xéc dinh béi hurting vécto ip. 3. Véeto dién trudng va tir truémg cé hudng vudng géc nhau va ca hai déu vudng gdc voi hung truyén lan. Séng bitc xa thudc loai séng didn nt ngany. 4. Su bién déi ca cudng do dién trating va tir trudng trong khong gian (khi & khong déi) duge xic dinh béi 16 hop edc ham bée xa G* @, @) va G"(0, @). Cac ham nay phu thudc vao phan bd dong dign va dong tr trong khéng gian cia hé théng bie xa. Trong trudng hop téng quat ching 1a cc ham vécto phite s6. § 1.2. BAC TINH DINH HUONG CUA TRUGNG BUC XA 1. 86 thi phugng huéng bién dé va pha Nhu trén da thay, trudng bite xa tao bdi hé théng dong dign va dong tit c6 cuting do phu thudc vao hudng khio sat. Ta goi ham s6 dac trmg cho su phy thude cia cuémg do trubng biic xa theo hudng khdo sal, ting voi khodng cach R khong déi 1a ham phuong huéng cla hé thong biic xa va ky hieu 1a F(0, @). Trong truéng hop téng quat, ham phuong hudng Hi ham vécto phic, bao gdm cae thanh phan theo @ va theo @. FB, 0) = fB, Og + fy. Oi, (1.40) Dé nhan duge biéu thie cia him phuong huéng, ta khao sat (1.30) va chi ¥ rang khi cho R khong dGi thi sy phy thudc cila cudng dé tung theo hudng khdo sat chi cé quan hé v6i cic sé hang trong dau ngodc. Céc hé s6 khong déi khong cain luu § tdi. Ta 06: J(0. 9) = (WOS + GE \i + (WOE + GE), aay 24}bén nhién 1a: Jy(0. 0) = WES + = a.42) fq. 0) = WE - GB Bay gid (1.30) c6 thé duge biéu i qua him phuong huéng duéi dang ik eit Ge Ri + Fal) (1.43) Cie him bie xa, trong tung we téng quat [a céc ham s6 phttc va 66 thé duge viet dudi dang: (1.44) G0. 9) = Gye" Gy. 0) = Go, e* ign Cae chi sé m & day ky higu bien dQ ciia ham bite xa. Do d6, ham phuong hung trong trudng hgp téng, quat cling I ham phic. Céc thanh phan ca né c6 thé duge bide thi dudi dang: 0.0) = figeit®> Lo 9) = fom | (1.45) F900) = Foye trong 46: fy, VA fon bien Ad cia cdc ham phuomg hudng phitc fo V8 fo. Ta c6 bigu thie téng quat cua ham phutemg hudmg phic: $8.9) = FO, ©) = lofage! + defo? ® (1.46) Bien do cla cae ham phuong hung ¢6 quan hé véi phan bo bién d6 ca cae think phan trudng, con argumen c6 quan hé véi phan bé pha cia trudng trén mot m: bin kinh R, tam dat Wi géc toa do. Trudng hop hé théng bitc xa chi bao gém dong dién hod dong tir (khi dé, hodc G" = 0, hoac G = 0) thi ham phuong hudng cé dang don gin va cé thé duge bigu thi Inge tiép boi ham bife xa. 2, Ham phudng huéng bién do Néu dinh nghia him phuong hudng bién do 1a him s6 bigu thi quan hé tuong déi cua bién do cutng dé trudng bite xa theo cde huéng khdo sit khi & khong déi, thi nd chinh 18 bien d@ cia ham phuong hudng phitc. Trong tru’ng hep téng quat, bin dQ ca ham phuong hudng cé thé [A cdc ham c6 dau bién di khi 6, @ thay déi (vi dy cde ham Tong gidc). Do dé him phuong huéng bien do duye dinh nghia cy thé hon 1a modun cha ham phuong hudng phic, Nhu vay, ham phuong hudng bien do cia trudng téng sé 1a”? © Can chi ¥ dé wénh abiim lan: Doi véi cdc ky higu eta him phuong hudng, t day «6 di ching ta sé qui ude nbur sau: 25WO, o = If, (8, ol, Cdn adi véi cdc thanh phan cia tring theo ip va ig sé c6 ham phuomg hudng bien do thanh phan YotO. C= a0. I, Yen(O, )! = Viors(s 9)! Dé thi khong gian biéu thi su bién déi (wong déi cia bien d6 cudmg dd trudng duoc goi 1a dé shi plurong huiny (hay gidn dé hong tink} khong gian. Co thé noi a6 thi phuong hudng khéng gian 1a mot mat dugc vé boi diu mut ciia vécto c6 do di bing gid tri ca ham 96 YB, p)l ting véi cae yée (O, —p) khée nhau. DE bigu thi dac Linh phuomg hudng khong gian cit uudng bic xa tren thé ding ban d6 hudng tinh, Ban dé hudmg tinh duge thiét lap bing cach mot mat cdu bao boc ngudn bie xa. Tam cia mat edu duge chon tring voi géc cita hé toa do cau (hinb 1.2a). Khi ay, mdi diém wen mat cdu sé mg véi mot cap gid ti nhat dinh ciia toa d6 géc 8, @p. Tuy theo dang ciiz dé thi phuong hung kh6ng gian ta 06 thé vé cic dung cong ding wi cla cudng do trudng trén mat cau di cho. Cac dudng cong ¢ dudng khép kin. Cuc dai cia dé thi phuong hudng va cia cdc mui phu duge biéu thi béi cdc dau cham wén mat ciu. Khi dem chigu phin mat cdu cé cdc dutmg ding tri n6i trén Jén mat phang ra s@ nhén dugc ban dé hwdng tinh khong gian cba tung bite xa. Hinh 1.2b bigu thj ban dé hudng tinh khong gian trong mat phang, theo tea do 0, @. v6i quan he Noi chung dang cla cde dé thi khong gian kha phic tap. Vi vay trong thuc 1€ ta thudng biéu thi dic tinh phuong hung bei, hi mat phing, nghia la boi thict dign, cia dé thi phtrong hudng khong gian trong cdc mat cat nao day. Cac mat cit nay sé duge chon suo cho né phan anh duge day di nhat dic tinh phuong hudng cla hé théng bite xa. ‘Vi du khi dé thi phuong hudng c6 dang mat vat tron xoay thi c6 thé chon mat cat La mat phing di qua wuc déi xting ciia dé thi. Khi dé thi phuong huéng 6 dang phiic tap hom thi mat cat thudng duge chon 1a hai mat phiing vung géc vi nhau va di qua huéng cue dai cua dé thi phuong hudng. Néu tring bite xa cia anten cé phan cyc thiing thi sé chon mét trong hai mat phang wen tring vdi vécto dién trudng (goi 1A mat phing £). Cdn mat phang thit hai chon tring véi vécto tir tung (goi 1a mat phiing H). Hudng true Bien do eda ham phuong hubag sé ky higu le f,(8. 9). Tyong Ut, sé ky biéu bign do cia ham phurong hung chudn héa la F,(8. 0 Modun cia bien 46 ham phitong hung sé ky higu [a |f,{9, ~) (hay IF,(8, 9} — doi véi fm chun hoa) — Ham phuong hudng bien dd sé ky hieu Ja 89. Chay LF(®, «ol dst voi hin chun boa). 26cita hg toa do cdu vé nguyén tic c6 thé chon tily ¥ nhug thudng duge chon sao cho thich hgp véi dang cha dé thi phuong huGng. Néu dé thi phuong hudng c6 truc déi xing thi (Or nhat 1A truc toa d6 sé chon tring véi truc ay. Trong cée trudng hop khac sé chon truc toa d6 uting véi hudng cue dai cata dé thi phyong hudng. Biéu thi dé thi phuong hung trong mat cat cla 46 thi khong gian nhu ndi dren tc 1a biéu thi trong he tga dd cuc. a) 6000 b) 40 gs ‘2 ob woos od BY 95 CB CED 1 ° rm pr 1.15] 30 50 70. 90 10130 woe O Hin 1.2. Ngoai ra, e6 thé biéu thi 46 thi phuong huéng mat phang theo hé toa do vuong géc Khi ay cdc gid tri cita fol va Ifel e6 thé duce bigu thi theo thang ty 1¢ thong thudng, hodc theo thang logarit. Trong thuc 1, dé thuan tién cho viée thiet lap va phan tich cdc dé thi phuong huéng ta thudng ding dé thi phuong huéng chudn hoa. Khi dy, ham phuong hudng chun héa duge qui ude 1a ham phyong hudng (theo dinh nghia) chia cho gid tri cuc dai cia modun lay vai gid tri tuyet doi. Néu ky higu ham nay 1a F@, g) thi: 5 FO.9) F(, 9) = —L2® _ CTE O nn ar‘Tuong tr. ta cé ham phyang hudng bien do 60° chuain héa d6i véi cde think phan duge qui uée nhur sau: ' fon.£O. 031 1 Fy(8. 9)! = 1 Ay, (0. @)1 = . . [Fan(s OY hnae (1.47) VF. 0) 21 Fg 6 9) omt®- lon m- C&ée vi du vé dé thi phuong hung trong hé toa i \ dé cuc va hé toa do vudng géc duge ve Ghiinh 13a, b, | De so sinh dé thi phuong hudng cia cde anten og! gq? 30" 9” 30" 60" 90" khdc nhau, ta dua ra khai niém do rong etia dé thi Hinh 1.3.98 thi phuong huéng exia anten phuong lung. Theo dinh nghi, 46 rong cia dé thi 2) trong ta 66 ove phuong hudng 1a géc gitta hai huéng, ma theo hai b) trong cdc toa 49 vuong gb huéng d6 cudng do trudng hode cong suat bic xa gidm di dén mot gid tri ahat dinh. Thuting 46 rong cla dé thi phuong hudng duoe xde dinh & hai aude: bite x4 khong va bite xy nira cong suat, Do rong cita dé thi phuong lning theo mite khong J gd gitta bai huéng ma theo dé cutng do truting bic xa bat dau gidm dén khong. Dé rong cite dé thi phitong hating theo mite nia céng sudt Vi ede gitta hai hudng ma theo dé cong suat bie xq gidm di mot nita so voi hung cuc dai (ting vdi cutting do tuimg gitim di V2 Lan). Bay gity ching ta khdo sat ede him s6 arg fi va arg fy la cdc ham c6 lign quan dén dae tinh phurong hiding pha cia anten. Can chi ¥ rang argfy va argf, chi biéu thi pha cla ham phwong hucng, cdn pha clia céc thanh phn vécto truding tai diém khao sat duge xde dinh béi: oat an (as) ©, = arg {, — &R ‘Thong thudng, vie chon vi tri clia géc toa do khdo sat khong cé ¥ nghia quan trong 46i Vdi vige tinh todn dé thi phuong huéng bién 46 nhung lai c6 quan he rat lon dén viée nghién citu dic tinh pha cua anten. Néu ta cé thé tim duoc vi tri géc toa dé sao cho khi dy cdc ham s6 dy, Dey khong phu thude vao cic adc 4 va «, hoac bién déi nhay vot mot dai luong bang z khi gdc khao sat bign déi qua cdc huéng ma 46 thi phurong huéng bién d c6 gid tri khong nghia la khi ddi hudng khédo sat tie bup s6ng nay sang buip séng Khe, thi ge toa dé ay duge goi la fam pha cia anten. Khi ay trong pham vi géc gidi han cla méi bap séng, mat 28du va co thé xem anten nhu La nguéa eda s6ng cu. Néu khong tim duge goe toa do thod main cic yeu célu trén, thi @y, Dy sé la cde ham sO cha 6. —y. Ta ndi anten khéng cé tam pha. séng c6 dang [A m: Bay gig ta tim diéu kign dé xée dinh mot hé thong bite xa c6 tam pha hay khong. Gia thiet O' la tam pha cita he théng bute xa (anten), p,, [a vécte bin kinh cita O' trong hé toa dé cil (hinh 1.4). Néu lay 0" Kim ade cho hé toa dd méi va ky higu A’ la vécto bin kinh cia diém khdo sat wong hé toa do aly this R=p,+R (49) MiG) Nhan v6 huéng dang thie (1.49) véi ie (vécter don vi theo huéng bin kinh ®) va coi R song Hah 14 song v6i R’ (nhu tude day da gid thiét khi diém khio sat nam khu xa) ta c6: R=p,in +R (soy Mat khic, néu x, y,. 2, 8 cae toa do cila O' trong hé toa dé ed thi: Ayix + Yyty + Zofs va = x, sinOcos@ + y, sinOsing + z,cos0 ‘Thay bidu thie ctia pig vao (1.50) va sau dé thay R biéu thi béi (1.50) vao (1.48) Ta sé co: P90, 9) = argfo - kCx,,sin® cose + y,sinO sing + z,cos0) ~ KR’ (1.51) Diém O" sé 1a tam pha cua anten khi vé phai cita (1.51) khong phy thudc vio 6 vag. Mudn vay, him argfy phai c6 dang: Arg fa = sinO cos + Bsind sing + ycos0 + 8 (1.52) trong d6 0, B. 7. Khi chon: 5 1a nhitng hing 6. (1.53) thi (1.51) s€ duoc don gidn cdn: by =5-kR. (1.54) nghia [i anten c6 tam pha v6i cdc toa do xe dinh béi (1.53). Néu diéu kién (1.52) khong thuc hign duge thi anten khong 6 tam pha. 29Hinh 1.5 1 mot vi du vé dé thi phuong hung pha (hay dac tinh pha) cita anten c6 tam pha ee) mt ma dé thi phuong huéng bien 6 eta nd duce vé é hinh 1.2. lo I |g ee ag Khi khéo sét bic xa cla hin 15 cdc anten, tir mot vai truéng hop cn thiét, thudng ta chi chi ¥ dén do thi phuong huéng bién do ma it quan tam dén dé thi phuong hudng pha. Ngoai dé thi phuong hung theo trumg, ngudi ta con ding 46 thi phwong hudng theo céng sudt. Biét vécto mat dd cong sual cila trudng bic xa ta sé xde dinh duge ham phuong hudng theo cong suit va tir dé thigy lap duoc a4 thi phuong hudng theo cong suat. Vécto mat do cong suat cua trudng bic xa due xd dinh bai (1.36). Ap dung cae hé thie (1.42), ta sé viet duge (1.36) dudi dang: Sin = swap (Me + fon) ig 55) Nhu vay, lam phuong huéng theo cong sudt duge dic tramg béi Fin * fon = fi, 8. ®) (1.56) nghia la bang binh phuong cia bién do ham phuong hudng phtic. Ham phuong hung theo cong suat cling duge chudn héa bang cach chia cho gid tri cue dai cla nd. Ta c6: fen * fon [ia + Fe F@, 0) = (37) me § 1.3. BAC TINH PHAN CUC. HAM PHUGNG HUGNG CUC TINH VA HAM PHUGNG HUGNG VECTO PHUC HOP ‘Trong phan trude ($1.2) chting ta da khdo sat de tinh phuong huéng bién dé va pha cita tring bite xa. Trong phiin ny sé khdo sat dae tinh phan cuc, ham phuong hudng cuc héa va ham phuong hudng vécio phic hop cha trudng. Biét ring bién do phic cha véeta dign trutmg dutoc xc dinh bai (1.43) foie + hi] ¢ 4n RR 30Gia thigt theo mot huGng nao diy him sé fy = 0, nghia la theo huéng dé vécto dign tung chi eo thanh phan duy hat hudng theo in. Ta néi, theo hudng nay dign trang phan cue thing, Néu theo mgt huéng khic 66 fo = O thi dign tudmg theo hudng dé cing phan cuc ting nine vécto dign ung huéng theo ip. Néu 6 hudng nao dé ma ca hai him s6 fo VA fy déu khdc khong, cdn argumen cia ching bing nhau (argfy = argfa) thi vécto Es 6 hai thin phan theo hutng fy va iy. Nhung vi hai thinh phin nay déng pha nhau nén huéng cia E trong khong gian sé khong 4Gi, ta cfing nhan duge trugng phan cue thing. Néu higu argumen cia hai thinh phin bang , nghia 1a c6 thé coi mot trong hai thin phan hysng cig chiéu véi vécto don vi, cd thinh phan thit hai huéng nguoe chiéu v6i vécte don vi nhung hai thanh phan nay déng pha nhau, Ta cé huting cla véeto E trong khong gian cing khéng bién déi v nhan duge tre@mg phan cue thang", Khi 6 tat ca cdc huémg déu nhin duge trudng phin cwe thing ta ndi anten bic xa séng phan cuc thing. Néu & hudng nao dé ¢6 fy va fy khde khong, déng thoi argfy va argiy €6 gid tri khde nhau tu ¥ thi trudng o hudng ay sé A true phan cue elip. That vay. néu goi ip va ig thE, vécto thinh phdn tren huéng ip va ig Bh Ey, E> va gid higu argumen cila chting bing 5 nghia IA argfy — argfiy = 5 ta c6 thé vigt bidu thic gia tri née thoi phic s6 céc thanh phén trudng (vét gid thiét uuimg bign thign diéu hda theo thdi gian) ahu sau: FE, = Ey = = Faye PR > tet) m (1.58) _HOIAR + nf) Né&w kf higu k a a ta = Fp fom Thue vay, gid sit cd arg/y = argf, + 1 ta nhan duge at - : “it f Saat M iy & fegelt is| Neu dé § e*=—1 thi his + fgg] ake aOR Diéu nay ching t thinh phan theo @ ¢6 hung nguce Wi vécto dem vi iy hung hai thanh phin jy va F,, 6 pha gidng nhau, 31m= ER bom va bidu thi eae gid tr] tie thdi cita tung theo him Iuong gide, déng thdi chi ¥ dén quan x he arafy —arafo = © ta 06 & Jin COstoot — KR + argfy — 7) = Ep, cost ~ kB ~ argfy) (1.59) = Ey = KR ares, - = -Ey, sin (or — kR + argfy) Cac véct Ey va Ey vudng géc ohau wong khéng gian. Néu tai diém khéo sat ta x lap hé toa d6 yudng gée sao cho truc ¥ tring } voi Fy, uc X tring voi 2 thi gid ti tie IE 2 5 2 4 “ thoi cita cde thanh phn uvdng hudng theo lel true Xva ¥ sé 1a: Ey = Eyy,costiat ~ KR | argf,) 1.60) Ey = Fs, sintot — AR = argf,){ Tir cde bigu thite (1.60) c6 thé nhan 0 y duge: 1 (61 (Bay) Ta thay (1.61) 1& dang chinh tic cua phucmng trinh clip trong hé toa dO vudng géc, véi ban truc 1A £),, va E,,, (hinh 1.6). Hinh 1.6. Khis bic Adi, véctor E sé quay cing hodc ngwtoe chigu kim déng hé voi chu ky Qn dau mut cla nd vach thinh dudng elip (phuong trinh 1.61). Chigu quay cha vécto o E scl fa chiéw quay vé phia thanh phan truéng cham pha hon. Khi E,,, = Fp, thi phan eye elip bigh thanh phan eue tron. Mat phing tao bai vécto dién truémg va hudng truyén séng duge goi 1a mat phing phan cue. Trudng hop higu s6 argumen ctia fy va fy Khao a phan cye cita dng van ¢6 dang, clip nhung truc lén va nhd cia elip sé khong wing voi ede vécto Ey va E2, That vay, khi ay gid tri tie thdi eta cdc thanh phiin theo true X va truc ¥ sé 1d: 32Ey = E,,,cos(ot — kR + argfy) ye Bonk | (1.62) Ex, = Ey,0os(ct ~ ER + argfy) Gidi hé phuong trinh (1.62) ta nhan duge: fy sin(arg f) ~ B sin(arg fy) sor = Et 2 COStyf = BL —_____~sm_. (1,63) sin(arg f, — arg fy) “Y sin(arg fi) ~ i cos(arg fiy) sin(arg fy ~ arg fp) Binh phuong hai vé cia cdc phuemg tinh (1.63) va lay téng sé nhan duoc: BS ff - Peony = sin? y (1.64) trong dé w=arg fe arg fo (1.65) ‘Ta nan thay (1.64) 1a phuong tinh cta elip dui dang khong chinh tic, nghia 1a cdc truc clia elip khéng tring véi cdc true toa dg. Dé c6 thé dua (1.64) vé dang chinh tac, ta thiét lap hé toa dd méi ma cc truc E, 4 ctia nd nghigng mot géc so vdi cde truc X, ¥ elia he tga 6 4 (hinh 1.7). Ta c6 quan hé gidfa cic thanh phin tring trong hé cil va méi Ki: (1.66) 4, cosy = fl E, = & siny ~ Eycosy ‘Thay (1.66) vao (1.64) sé nhan duge: 2 . ot 2 tial sowusin2y ) | pal sinty costy cos Fim Em Ei, Fan ne 02 sindy — 2eosy c0s2y | _ 2, 67) Em Elm Evin Ean Gée nghiéng 7 cn duoc chon thé mio dé trong phuong trinh khong cdn cdc $6 hang chifa tich E:6,, ngbia B can thue hién duge diéu kign: 33,sin2y L —_L.) _ 2e0sweos2y _ 5 in FinEm Ein Tir diéu kién trén ta xdc dinh duge ¥ d arctg Fim Fam cosy (1.68) 2 Blin > ES Dnt Voi géc y xdc dink nur tren, phuong trinh cila elip phan cuc bay gid sé c6 dang chinh tac, nghia a truc Ién va truc nhé ella elip sé trig véi cdc truc & va 1. Cée truc nay nghieng mot goc y so véi vécta Fy va Er 4. Ham phuong hudng vécts phic hgp Nhu vay. dé bigu thi rutmg bie xa & méi digm trong khong gian, ngoai dac wrung vé bien do va pha cdn c6 dic trung phan cuc. Khi thay déi diém khdo sat, bién do, pha va dic tinh phan cue cha truéng sé thay d6i. Dé biéu thi day du sur phan b6 Khong gian cia cdc dic tung bien do, pha, va phan cye cia trudmg ta dua ra Khai niém ham phuong huéng vécto phic hop. Biét ham phyong hudng cita trutmg téng ¢6 dang (1.40) FO, 0) = fl, ois + fo( Die O day fo(8, @) va fo(®, —p) la cde ham s6 phite Fo, 09 = Fi OE 5 L568, 0) = fgg Ham phuong hu6ng cia trubng téng c6 thé duge biéu thi qua mot trong hai thanh phan cue tinh ma ta chon lam thanh phén cuc tinh géc (f,5,). Vi du, néu chon think phéin cue tinh géc la fy(®, —p) va ky hiew fan(®s ®) 4,09) wong 46 /,(0,9)= fen + fey thi Son.) _ fy 2 Jn 9) Bay gid ta c6 thé viet Iai (1.40) dudi dang: FO, 0) = fn mer@o'la@, gig + Yl — 0? e0-p| 1.69) & day, ©(0, p) = arg fo 1A argumen cia thanh phan cue tinh gc. WO, 9) = arg fo— arg fo = a0. 9) 34‘Thits s6 thi nhdit trong (1.69) biéu thj dac tink phuong huéng bien dé cia tong tng thita s6 thir hai bigu thi dae tinh phuong huéng pha cita thinh phan cye tinh géc ‘Thia s6 cudi cing g6m téng cia hai thanh phan trong dau ngode vudng la mot véctd cd quan hé én dic tinh phan cuc cia trudmg, duge goi li ham phucomg luting cute tink ky hie 1a p(6, @) PLB, 9) = 00. OPig + y 2 tO. 0) ig (1.70) S6 hang thif nhat trong (1.70) la mot ham s6 thue bigu thi quan hé ca bién do thanh phin cue tinh gée theo cde toa do khéng gian cia diém khao sat, ky hi Pf, 0) = AO, @) So hang thit hai trong (1.70) [a mét ham s6 phic. Médun eta né bigu thi quan he cla bign do thanh phin cue tinh thif hai theo cée toa dé khong gian cia diém khao sat, con argumen biéu thi géc lech pha giita hai thanh phan phan cyc tinh, ky higu 1a Pon kB, 0). pal8, 9) = yl — 276, gy eM? PQ, 0) = Py lO. Pin + Py, i0 Nhu vay: Ta nhan thay médun cla p(6, 9) ludn ¢6 gid ti bang 1, khong phu thuge vao g6e (8. ). \2 (2 |pgl + [pol = Tuy nhién, modun va argumen ciia cée thanh phn py va pg lai 1 ham s6 theo (8, ©). Tai méi diém khao sét, quan he modun va argumen cita hai thanh phan nay sé x4 dinh dae tinh phan eve cla tudng. Biéu thie (1.69) bay gids c6 thé durge viet lai dusi dang: FO, 9) = fy (8, oe”) pO, 0). a7 Ham phuong huéng biéu thi theo (1.71) duge goi la hain phucng hudng vécto phic hop. Tit day c6 thé suy ra ham phuong luring véct phite hop chudn héa FB, 9) = FB Me™ RO, 0) (1.72) 2 2 oday: Fy(0.9) = fn) Win + Fim Fal ha Nis + fa (1.73) 2. Véctd phan cuc Ap dung (1.71) cho (1.43) ta sé biéu thi duge bien do phic ciia vécto cudmg dé dién truing qua ham phuong hudng bien do, ham phuong hudng pha, va ham phuong huding uc tinh 35ik PR Fen 00.0), 4a nl We! PB, @) (1.74) Doi v6i tudnyg bien thién diéu hoa, neu mhan (1.74) véi e"" va sau d6 lay phan thuc hoac phan do cla him phic theo théi gian ta sé nhdn duge vécte tite thei cha cutne do trudng bite xa — 7,0. oye", @) (1.75) trong d6, p,(O, @) = Ref 0, gel) Thay p(®, @) bdi (1.70) ta o6 ‘PB, 9) = acoserip + ya? costor — ia (1.76) Phan tich (1.75) thay sy biéh déi cia véeto tie thdi ca curing dd trudmg E hodn ton tuong ting vii su bién déi cua vécto p,(0. ). Do dé p,(9, p) con duge goi 1a véeto phan cure tte thai, Phan tich (1.76) sé dé dang thay ring, trong trudng hop téng quit, vécto p 66 huéng bien ddi theo théi gian, du miit cla né vach thank dudng stip va quay theo chu ky 1 = =, véi chiéu quay phu thude vio dau ca gée tech pha w.£ a Mot trong nhiing thong sé quan trong dac trumg cho elip phan cuc tai diém khao sat a hé 86 elip K,. Theo dinh nghia, hé sé elip la ty s6 cita hai ban true elip. Tir (1.67) ta nhan duge hé sé elfp bang: (1.77) & day m 1A ty sé bién do cia hai thanh phan truéng vueng géc: EL bPan! TFET TPom Khi K, = + | ta 6 phan cue tron. Khi K, = (0 hoc + &) ta c6 phan cuc thing. Cée thong 6 cila chip cing ¢6 thé duoc biéu thi theo a va y Ta cae dae trumg cia ham phuong hudng cuc tinh. Géc nghiéng cia truc in elip (cOng thitc 1.68) c6 thé dugc bigu thi theo @ va y duéi dang sau: “) Phan tich (1.76) sé nhan thay chiéu quay cia p 1 chiéu vé phfa thanh phan ed géc pha cham hon, Néu lai diém khdo sft, ngwi quan sét nhin theo hung séng tuyén di thi sé thay p quay thuan chiéu kim déng né khi y dvong va théy quay nguce chigu kim déng hé khi y am (voi x Sy 7), 361 2cosy cry! y= Saretg ‘ (1.78) 2 2a? = 1 He 56 elip (cong thiéc 1.77) ¢6 thé duge biéu thi duéi dang: §1.4, HE SG BINH HUONG VA HE SO TANG ICH Dé biéu thi hung tinh cla mdi anten, ngodi thong s6 vé sO rong cita dé thi phuong budng di tinh bay & §1.2, ngudi ta cdn sir dung mot vai thong sé khic, cho phép dé dang so sanh céc loai anten v6i nhau: hé s6 dinh huting va hé sO tang ich. Khi ay, hang tinh cia méi anten duge @énh gid bing c4ch so sénh anten dy vi mét anten chudn ma tinh clia né da biet mot cach 19 rang. 1. Hé sé dinh huéng (HDH) ciia anten 6 mot hung di cho 1a ty sé ciia mat do cong suat bic x4 béi anten chun cting tai hudng va khong cach nhw trén, khi cong suat bite xa cia hai anten gidng nhau. Anten chuiin 6 thé 1A mot nguén bic xa v6 hudng gid dinh, hodc mot nguén nguycn té nao dé da biét. Néu lay anten chudn la nguén v6 huGng thi HDH cé thé duoc dioh nghia nhw sau: Hé so dinh hudng la mot hu sé biéu thi mat dO cong suat bic xa cia anten 6 huéng va khodng cach di cho, lén hon bao nhiéu lin mat dO cong suat bite xa cling 8 khodng cach nhu trén khi gid thiet anten bite xa vo hudng, véi digu kign cong sudt bite xa gidng nhau trong hai tring hyp. $i.) D@;.0))= (4.79) trong d6, S(,, @,) 1a mat dd cong suat biic xa cia anten 8 hudng (8), |) di cho tai khodng cach Ry S, a mat do cong sual ciing tai huéng va khong céch nhu tren, v6i gid thiet anten bite xa déng déu theo cdc hudng. Nhu vay, he h hudng duge tinh bang ty sé vécto Poynting & hung di cho va gid tri trung binh cua vécto Poynting trén mat cu bao boc anten. 5(8,, @) €6 thé duge xdc dinh theo cong thde (1.35a): - [E@, on? QW 58.9, (1.79) 7S,, 06 thé duge xde dinh bang ty s6 cla cong suat buic xa Py tren dién tich mat cau ban kink R bao quanh anten Fe (1.80) 4nR? Thay cac gid tri cita S(8,, @,) va, vao (1.79) ta cé: [£@, gp 2ak* DB, p) = 181 8, p) WP: (1.81) Bien do cutmg dd trudng bic xa tai mot hung bat ky E(), ©,) co quan hé voi ham phuong hudng chun héa va gid tri cudng dé trudng & hudng biic xa cuc dai bai: [EQ ))] =| EmaxllFn@r 2) (1.82) Do d6, theo (1.81) va (1.82) sé c6: DO, 01) = Danax F2(8,, 0) (1.83) Dag — he 86 dinh huténg & hung bite xa cue dai. Mat khac, c6 thé nit ra cong thite dé x.ic dinh he so dinh hudng D néu trong biéu thie (1.81) ta thay thé £(8,, p,) bai (1.82), thay cong suat bic xa Ps biing tich phan cia mat d6 céng suat bifc xa theo mat kin 4 bao boc anten. Py = [S(6.)du ‘ [EQ oF aw Néu v1 mat cdu thi: trong dé, S(®, p) = 8 Pes ¥ Jag Emax’ FZ(8, o)R? sinddo oO oO 4G, 0) _o (1.84) J Fi, o)sinodedg 6 Do dé: DOG, 0) = oe Vi ham phuong huéng chuan héa F,,(6, @) c6 gid tri bang 1 & hudng cuc dai, nén tir (1.84) ta xéc dinh dugc hé s6 dinh huéng & huéng cuc dai: 4n Das = —-— > (1.85) J JRO. o)sinddbdo a0 382. Hé 86 tang ich cda anten cing duge xéc dinh bing cach so sdnh mat dQ cong swat bic xa cia anten thyc hucing khdo st va mat dO cong suat bite xa cla anten chudin (thuong [i anten vo huéng) 6 cing huéng va khong cdch ntur tren, voi gid thiet cong suai dit vao hai anten bing haw, con anten chudn cé higu suat bang 1. Higu sudt cia anten cling 1A mdt trong cdc thong sé quan trong dic trung cho mite do tén hao céng suat cia anten. No duge xc dinh béi ty sf cia céng suadt bie xa ren it vao anten. -& P Na (1.86) DOi vdi anten cé tén hao thi Py < P, > 1, < 1. con anten ly twong (khong tén hao) thing =1. Trutmg hop hai anten c6 cong suat dat yao nhu nhau, bang P,, thi anten thuc (higu suat ny < L) sé cO cong sudt bic xa nyP,. Nhu vay so véi khi cong sudt bitc xa bing nhau thi trong trudng hgp nay ty sé mat do cong suat sé gidm di, vdi hé so gid bang n 4. ‘Ta c6 biéu thitc hé s6 tang ich cha anten: nS, 0) S, £(8, 0) = = n4D@, 0) (1.87) Hg 86 tang ich ciia anten ki m6t thong sé u thj day di: hon cho dic tinh biic xa cia anten so véi hé sé dinh huéng vi n6 khong chi biéu thi don thudn dic tinh dinh hudng cita anten ma cén biéu thi sy tén hao trén anten. § 1.5. LY THUYET NHAN D6 TH] PHUONG HUGNG ‘Trong kf thuat anten, mudn tao ra céc dé thi phuong hudng hep thuéng khong thé diing mot phén ti dom gidn ma phai sir dung hé théng phitc tap g6m nhiéu anten don gidn (anten phéin tip). Cae anten don gidn & day ¢6 thé i cdc nguén bite xa cé hudng hay vO hudng va duge xép dat trong khong gian theo mot tat ty nhat dinh. Dé viée phan tich hudng tinh cia hé théng anten dvov thuan tign ta khdo sat ly thuyét vé nan 46 thi phuong hung. Biéu thutc téng quat, déi v6i trudng bite xa (6 khu xa) cha nguén bic xa bit ky duge xc dinh bi cong thie téng quat (1.43) i len E 4n day F(@, @) LA ham phuong husng vécto phic cha trudng tng, gid tri cia ham vécto nay phu thude vao phan bé ciia dang ngudn. 39Néu sé anten phan tir 1a thi trgng giao thoa tao béi hé thong & diém khao sat 9 due xée dinh béi: Wg iR, — ML Lig E=> Py = “ys "7.6, : x y qa RF Oo (1.88) at Ry R, ~ khoang caich tir tam pha ctia phan tir thit n dén diém khao sat; £8, 0) ~ hiun phucmg budng ita phiin tir thit 2, Néu gid thiét diém khdo sat 4 khu xa thi trong bigu thi tren 66 thé thay thé’ tot R, OR va thay R, & 56 mi cia thira s6 pha boi R, = R- 1,008, (1.89) trong 46, la khodng cach tir diém Khao sét dén géc toa d6 ciia hé thong: 1, 18 ban kinh cia tam pha phan tir thin, 0, 1a g6c gitia vécto bin kinh R va rv (hinh 1.8). “ik eo tR E= Aan R NX — Vesor” F,(0. 0) (1.90) i So sanh (1.90) va (1.43) c6 thé nit ra him phuong huéng cita hé théng Nphan us. Neéu ky higu ham nay bi fy(0, @) thi: N Fy, 9) = Ye 7,00, 9) aot) wl Gia thiét céc anten phan tir cita hé thong déu giéng nhau vé kich thuée, két cu, va cé hudng giéng nhau trong khong gian. Dong trong cde anten phan tit cé thé khée nhau vé bién dO cfing nh pha. Khi dy ham phuong huéng cila cée anten phan tir sé c6 dang gidng nhau, nhung gid wi cha chting khac nhau mot hé sé bing t¥ s6 cha dong trong cde anten fly. Hint 1.8. Ta c6 thé viet FO. 9) = a, F, 0) (1.92) 404, Ta h€ s6 bang tY s6 cita dong trong phan tir thi m va dong trong phan tit thit nha. Trong trutmg hop t6ng quét q,, ki mot sO phite vi dang trong cae anten phan tit 6 thé khac nhau vé pha: ae Thay (1.92) vio (1.91) va dua 7, (0, 9) ra ngoai dau Sta 06: _ _ ne F yO, 0) = F,0, OVS. ay ebtne, (1.93) ‘Trong céng thie trén, 86 hang the nhat f,(0, @) la ham phuong huéng cia phan vit w bite xa thit nhai. Sé hang J) dic trung cho trudng giao thoa cia cde anten phan ti tai T diém khio sat. Trong d6 a biéu thi quan hé bién dé va pha cita dong trong cdc phiin tit, con oM##r Higu thi gée sai pha cla trudng tao boi dong trong cde phin tit, do khodng céeh tis ching dén diém khio sat khic nhau, Néu cdc anten phan tir ca hé [a cde nguén bie xa vo hudng thi cde ham phuong hudng cia chiing sé c6 gid tri khong déi ing vi noi gid tri @, 9): J,(0, 9) = const (véi moi O, @) Khi ay, dac trung hwéng tinh ciia hé théng bite xa sé duoc xéc dinh chi béi sé hang tng 6 ong (1.93). S6 hang may e6 thé duge coi 18 ham phuong hudng cia hé gon N anten vo hudng va duge goi Ii kant biic xa 16 hop, ky higu [a f,(0. 0) we FB.) = Yay ener (1.94) ol Nhu vay, ham /(@, ~) dac tung cho hung tinh cla he N phan tit gidng nhau, ed cing hung trong khong gian sé bing tich cia him phuong hudng riéng f(®, @) (dic trung cho huéng tinh cita mot phan ti) va ham phuong hudng 16 hop f,(0, 0) (dac trung cho hung tinh cla hé NV phan tir vo hung, véi phan bé dong ging nh wong hé thong thye duye khao sit): FE, 0) = HB). FO, 9) (1.95) tir (1.95) ta ciing nhan duge biéu thie déi véi ham phuong hudng chudn héa F(8, 9) = FO, 9). F,8, 9) 1.96) F (0, 0) — ham phuong hudng chudn héa cia m6t anten phan tit (con goi 1A ham phuong huéng ring chwin héa); (0, ©) ~ ham phuong huéng té hap chudin héa. 41Cie cong thite (1.95) cling nhu (1.96) la cdc cong thitc téng quat cia ly thuyét nhan 6 thi phuong hudng. . Ly thuyét nay 6 thé dp dung dé tinh todin hé anten phitc tap gém cc anten don gin duge sap xép theo khong gian mot chiéu (hé théng thing), hodc theo khong gian hai chiéu (hé théng phiing), hoac theo khong gian ba chiéu (hé théng khéi). N6i chung, cdc ham phuong huéng siéng va t6 hop déu la cdc ham s6 phic. Bién do cia ching xac dinh dic tinh phuong huéng bien do ca anten. Trong wudng hop tong quat cdc biéu thie nay 06 dang céc ham lung gidc. Chiing khong chi biéu thi bien do ma con cd quan hé dén pha cila truémg. Dau ca cdc biéu thie bién 46 cing véi argumen cia him phuong huéng xac dinh dic tinh phuong hwténg cila anten. 42Chuong II CAC NGUGN BUC XA NGUYEN TO a §2.1. BIPOL DIEN Biét rang céc anten phiic tap 06 thé duge xem [a tap hgp cia cae nguén don gin. Vi vay khi nghién cifu ly thuyét anten ta sé bat dau tir viée khio sit cde ngudn nguyen t6, nghia la cée nguén cé kich thie himth hoc rat nhd so véi bude séng. Mot trong nhimg nguyén t bée xa don gian va quen thuge nhat la dipol Hertz. Day cting chinh la mot mé hinh thyc 1 cia dipél dién. 1. Truéng bic xa va dac tinh phuong huéng cia dipél dién Gia thiét c6 khéng gian déng nhdt, rong vo han va gid six trong thé tich V hiw han efla khong gian ay c6 dong dign phan bé vdi mat do khéi J*. Lai gid thiét thé tich hitw han néi trén 1a mot doan thang dan dign, rat manh, 06 46 dai / (voi 1 << A), duge dat tai lam cla hé toa dd vudng géc, doc theo truc z (hinh 2.1), Gia str dong din chay theo phuong tryc 2, c6 bién dé va pha déng déu trén doan thing dé. Nguyén té bite xa ndi trén duge goi 1 dipal dién. Dipol dién la phan we dén dién thing, rat mdnh, cé dé dai t rat nkd so véi biti sng, trén dé c6 dong dién ma bién dé va pha & moi diém déu nhw nhaw. DE tim’ trudng bic xa cia dipol dién cé thé ap dung cOng thitc Hinh 2.1, (1.32), (1.33) va lua § ring trong truding hgp nay céc thinh phan cia G" déu bing khong. Ham bite xa G* duge xc dinh theo (1.7). Khi chon hé toa dé nhu & hinh 2.1 ta c6: ip = hy 43do 46 ipiz = cod G0, gy = fF ermay 1) : Vi dong dién chay theo true z, nén trong trudng hop nay G*(0, @) sé chi 6 mot thanh phan theo z. Néu kich thude cia dipal dign rat nhd so véi bude séng thi p <<} va 66 thé siacn 1 Nhu da gid thiét, dang dién co bién do va pha phan bo déu theo dipal, ta 66 thé viet coi & Do ds @,0)= 2.25 Ap dung (1.39) ta xe dinft duge cdc thanh phéin cia ham bete xa trong hé toa do cu: Gh Gi sin® ao (23) GS =0 Thay (1.3) vao (1.32) va (1.33) ta nhan duge cde vécto dién truémg va tir truimg biic xa ciia dipél dign: 4) 2.5) 5 aséséne. bine 2% trong d6, k~ he s6 sng, bing =; W — wd khang séng cia mdi trudng. Déi voi khong gian ur do = 120n (om) 7 Wee ae Néu thay k= 3%, ta 06 thé viet ai 2.4), 2.5): _ . nik Eo = rT ino ip (a) or nie 1 ino i (0) 26) 44Tit cdc ket qua trén cé thé rit ra cdc nhan xét sau: — Trutmg bute xa cia dipol dign 1a tudng phan cue thang, Dien trudng bic xa cits dip6l chi cé thanh phiin Bp, cn tir uetng chi c6 thanh phén Hy. Mat phing £ IA céc mat phang chia tryc dipol, con mat phing H la cic mat phang vuéng géc véi truc dipol. — Tai mdi diém Khéo sat, cde vécta Ea va Hy déuc6 géc pha ging nhau nen nang lugng cla truéng bite xa 1a n’ing lugng thuc (nang luong hit cong). Vécto mat do cong sudt trung binh duge xac dinh bai (1.35a): 2 Sm = $Re(E x 7) = Bl, (2.7) ~ Ham phutong huGng cia dipél duge xac dinh theo (1.41), bing: FO, 0) = fo(8, 0) = WG = -WTTsin Dio Q.8) Tae6 ham phuong hung bien dé: Yol®, @)l = WET [sind] (2.9) Ta thay ham phuong hudng cia dipdl chi phy thuge géc © ma khong phu thudc @, nghia [a dip6l bitc xa cé hudng tinh trong mat phang E, vii vo hudng trong mat phang 7. Tir (2.9) ta cling c6 thé viet ham phuong hudng bién do chudn héaz WF (8)! = |sinO!| (véi @ = const) (2.10) Wo(ip)l = L (voi 8 = const) Dé thi phuong huéng bién dO trong khong gian vA trong mat phing (vé trong he toa d6 cuc va vuong géc) duge biéu thi hinh 2.2 va hinh 2.3. 9 = const: fa(O) = sind C48 °) Hinh 22, 45Dé xéc dinh ham phuong hung pha cia truimg buic xa, ta viet lai (2.8) dudi dang: £(8, 0) = WE sinde™in ‘Ta thay argumen cba ham phuong hudng 1a mét dai lugng khong ddi, khong phy thude vao 6, p. Nhu vay him phuong huéng pha trong mat phang H 1a mot king sé P(p) = const (voi A = const) Fog) 90 180-270-360" Hinh 23. Pha cia tudng trong mat phdng E duge xéc dinh khong chi béi argumen ca him phuong hudng ma con bai dau cia sind. Né bien déi nhay vot mot lugng bing 1m khi 8 bien déi qua géc 180°, DS thi phucng hudng pha irong mal phing E’ duoc vé o hinh 2.4. oe) w2 0 180, 360° Hinh 24. 2. Céng suat bic xa va dign trd bc xa ciia dipél dién Cong suat bite xa cita dip6l dign cé thé duge xdc dinh bing céich lay tich phan gid rj bung binh cia vécts mat do cong suat theo mot mat kin u (vi du mat cau) bao quanh dipol, khi ban kinh ctta mat cu rat 16n (R >> 2) va dipdl duoc dat 6 tarm mat cfiu ay. Ta e6: ap 2 Qe le fsa )y, _t Eg Peo 5Re [Ex Hi Jw Joe f ne awe (2) fin? oa0 = = ad 3 R? sin 8d8 = Ww ary (] Q1) i 4‘Triimg hop dipol duge dat trong khong gian ng do thi 2.12) trong d6 2, Fa bude séng trong khong gian ty do. Theo ly thuyét mach, cong, suat tieu hao tren mot dign tré R khi c6 dong dién bin thign v6i bién do 7 chai 2.13) Mot ciich hinh thie, ta ¢6 thé coi cong suit bic xa dipél dién gidng nhu cong suat ligu hao tren not dign tré tuong duong K nho d6, khi c6 dong dién véi bién do bing bien do dong dién cita dipol chdy qua, Khi ay biéu théte cong suat bite xa cia dipol cé thé duce viet duéi dang: 4 2.14) Dai hrong Rg. trong cong thie ten duge goi lA diga rd bite xa cia dlipol dién. Gin nho rang, khéi nigm dign wa bite xa chi cé tinh chat tuong trung Khai nign dink nghia thudn tity. Né cé thé duge xem Ti dai luong bigu thi cong suat bite xa vii bi¢n do dong di¢n trong dipdl, va. 8 mot mic nio dé, c6 thé ding dé dénh gid kh nang bic xa cita anten. So sdnh (2.11) va (2.14) ta nhan duge biéu thie dign trd bite xa cla dipdl dién: 2 e _2 é Rg = = | — 2.15 t= 2on(4) aus Nhu vay, dién tr bite xa phu thuge vao kich thude tuong d6i cia dipdl (ty s6 ~ va cdc théng s6 cla moi trrdng (W = & . Dé xdc dinh hé s6 dinh hung ta ap dung (1.81), mn 6 thay Pz bdi (2.11). Ta cé: 3 . == gins Paws = 55 DAO. p= 5 sin“ §2.2. DIPOL TU Tuong ty dip6l dién, ta dinh nghia dipol ti 14 mot phén tir dan tir thdng, rat manh, C6 46 dai rat nhd so v6i bude sng, men dé c6 dong tif véi bién dé va pha déng déu & Dé tim truémg bie xa cla dipdl tir, ta tinh him bic xa G’""(0, o). 47B"O.@) = {Feta ! Sny luan tong ty nhu mung hop dipol dign, ta ¢6: G"'0. 9) =G 1 (2.16) Cae thank phan cua ham bite xa tong he toa do cu duae xdc dinh béi: Git = -G" sind in (2.17) Go = 0 Hinh 2.5. Thay (2.17) vao (1.32) ta nhan duge: Ep =0 _ ~ikR (2.18) Ey = - Lp" tsind iy 4x (2.19) Hin 26 a) Truéng cla dipdl dién; b) Trudng oda dipdl tt.‘Theo nguyén If déi lan cita cdc phuong trinh Maxwell, Idi gidi cia bai ton bite xa doi véi ngudn tir e6 thé nhan duge tit {i gidi bai todn déi véi nguén dién co cau thie wong tu, bing cich ap dung phép déi Lin. That vay, néu dp dung (0.3) cho (2.4), (2.5) thi sé nhan duge (2.18), (2.19) hoae nguge lai. Digu nay céc dOc gid c6 thé ur kidm tra . Tuomg ty nhu d6i di dipol dién, dipol tir ciing bute xa séng cuc héa thing. Dé thi phuong hung ciia dipol tir cing ging dé thi phuong hudng cla dipol dign, nghia fa cé bic xa cue dai theo hung vudng géc véi true, bite xa bang khong theo hung truc. Trong trudng hop dipol dien mat phang chita tryc dipél 1a mat phing L con d6i voi dipol tir mat phang nay 1a mat phang #7. Nhu da néi trurée, thuc té khOng c6 dong tt ma chi c6 dang tir tung duong, nghia 18 c6 phan tir trén dé t6n tai thanh phin tiep tuyén cila dién tudng. Gia sit c6 phan tit véi ede kich thude bigu thi tren hin 2.7, tren bé mat cia nd 6 thanh phan dign trudg tip tuyén £,. Theo (0.5) ta c6 thé viet: Fg = —F? Sday J" a mac dg dong tir phin tir bé mat. Ta cé dong tir ciia dipol tir wong duong sé biing tich ea J” véi chu vi thiét dign ngang cia dipot. Néu bé qua dQ day cita dipol thi: Ma J" b= 2B (2.20) Trung bitc xq clia dipol tir tuong duong sé 1a: i, nghia 1A dong tir chay trén mot don vi bé rong cla E ge 22) . So sdnh (2.4) va (2.18) ta thay, khi din trong bic xa cia dipél dign c6 gid i bang dign trutng bic xa cita dipol tit thi dong tir cha dipol tir phi cO gid i gap W lin dong dién cia dipol dign Pewr, Néi cach khéc, dong di¢n bing 1 ampe sé tao ra dién trutmg bitc xa trong duong voi dong tir bing W von. E, — bisin® a Néu momen dién va momen tit cha hai dipél c6 gid tri bang nhau (/"/ = 1) thi dign Hoh 27. ining tao ra béi dipol tir sé nhd hon dign < truting #0 ra bai dipdl dién W kin [« = §| . nghia [a cong suat bite xa cita dipol tiv nhé hon cong sudt xa cia dip6l dign W? lin. 4gTaco thé suy ra bisu thite déi véi bite xa cita dipél tir: Re pe =e I =z Ey mS 2 Néu dé ¥ rany at £ la dién ué bite xa cia dipol dién thi: eG po (2.22) Vi dong tir c6 thi nguyen cia dién ap (von), nen cong suat buic xa cita dipol tir, i mot céch hinh thc, c6 thé biéu thi qua tich s6 cla 2 v6i mot dai Iueng tueng tng c6 thi nguyén — . Dai long nay duoe goi 18 dién dan bite xa ciia dipod tr. ém hay Cong thite (2.24) cho phép xde dinh dign dan bite xa ctla dipél tr khi biét dién tro bite xa ciia dipal dien c6 cing kich thuée. Khai nigm dipot tr wy khong c6 thuc, nhung sir dung khai niém nay trong nhiéu trudmg hop sé cho phép don gin viée phan tich mOt sO nguén bite xa nguyén 16 ma cau tric Urudng cla né twong ty nhu cau tric trutng cla dipdl ti, Vi du cé mét khe hep trén man dan dien ly tuéng rat méng va rong vo han, do dai cla khe rat nhé so vi bude séng, Gia st khe duge kich thich béi nguén ste dién dong, sao cho din tring & trong khe song song véi canh hep va phan bé déu theo canh dai. Khi ay, khe cé thé duge coi tong duong véi mot (2.23) (2.24) (2.24a) Binh 28. dipdl tir, véi dong ti tuong duong xac dinh theo (2.20). 50DE thay 15 tinh chat tong duong wen, ta so sinh cau tric uudng cila dipal tit va ci nguyen 16 khe. Hinh 2.8a vé clu tric truémg cia dipol tir (18 mot thanh det, rong 6. day 7), duge dat sao cho mat phang cla no tring véi mat phang cila tém kim loai din dién ly tung, rong v6 han. C6 thé nhan thay rang sy cé mat cla tm kim loai nay khong anh hudng gi dén cau trée ming cia dipdl tir vi céc duimg ste dign cia dipél ludn cat yuong g6¢ voi mat dn digm nén khong vi phar digu kign biy eda vat din IY twéing, Minh 2.8b 1a cau intic Irudng cla nguyén t6 khe. Su khdée nhau vé cdu tric cia trugng trong hai trudng hop nay la: trong trudmg hop dipol tir, vécto dién tueng trong hai nira khong gian (ngan cach béi mat kim toai) cé hudng nguge nhau, vécto tir (udmg cing chiéu nhau: con trong tung hop nguyen t6 khe thi vécto dign truémg trong hai néa khong gian ciing chiéu nau, vécto tit trudging ngwye chigu nhau. Tay vay, sur khde nay khong ¢6 ¥ nghia dang ké. That vay, tuging trong hai mia khong gian bi céch ly béi mgt phang dan dién nén c6 thé duge coi [a dde lap nhau, Do dé néu xét riéng 12 trong méi nita khong gian thi cu trée truéng cila hai nguyén t6 bic xq 1a wong dyong nhau, Doi vGi nguyén td khe, ta cd dong tir (tuong duong) cla khe bang: Tih = —DE bye =—U bee (2.25) oi véi dipol tit, dong tir e6 quan he véi thanh phiin ti¢p tuyén cla dign trudng tren bé mat bai (2.20). 1g —2Fgb Néu gid thigt tring cla khe va ciia dipol tit c6 gid tri bang nhau, nghia la Eye = Ey, thi (2.20) sé duve viet lai dusi dang: Ly DE yyy Ap dung (2.25) ta c6: Ty = Mike =— Wyre (2.26) Cong thie (2.26) ching 18 ring dong tit eta dip6l tr twong duong véi khe (khi cing tgo ra trutmg bic xa bing nhau) sé phai o6 gid ti ldn gap hai lin dong tr cua khe. Cutmg do bite xa cila khe c6 thé duge xc dinh theo cdc cong thife cita dipél ti, trong d6 cain thay thé /” = ~2U yo. Ta 06: Ente =! Vine! ing? a (2.27) Hoge = ~i Cong suat bie xa cla khe duge xie dinh theo cong thie (2.22). Khi thay the’ Hp = 20. 88 nhan duge 51RE bin 2 Poe = Eh Tee 2RS, 2 oye Wine! (2.28) Néu bidu thj cong suat bite xq qua dign dn cia khe i 2 Peehe = Mere Gxthe thi ARE Ww Gxpne. (2.29) §2.3, VONG BIEN NGUYEN TO (ANTEN KHUNG NHO) Vong dign nguyén t6 1A mot vang day din dign ¢6 kich thude rat nhé so véi bude séng, trén dé c6 dong dign ma bién do va pha & moi diém déu nbu nhau. Gid str song dign hinh tron ban kinh a (a << A), duge dat trong khong gian déng nhat, rong vo han, Ta chon hé tga d6 sao cho géc toa 6 tring voi vam cla dudng tron, van true 7 vudng gée véi mat phing cia dudng tron (hinh 2.9). Nhu vay, néu xét trong hé toa do cau thi dong dién cha vong (ky hiéu 1a 7¢) sé chi cé thanh phan theo toa do @. ‘Ta c6 thé viet: Ty = [tx + Byiy Hinh 23. & day i : (2.30) 4 ¥6i @ la toa dé cia phiin tir day din trong mat phang xy Ta c6 cée thanh phin cia him bite xa (tinh theo (1.7) khi thay thé tich phan theo thé tich béi tich phan theo vong tron /) duge viet duéi dang: Ge =~ ie GF, singer - .,. os e3n Gy = iy f Keosge™"*al Hi 52a day = (iscos0 +2 sin) in = (icose sind + iysingsin® + #20088) (2.32) ipiz = sinO(cose cosd + sing sind) inOcos( — @) Ta cé bol gy eiterinBeonl-O ag = - 4 (2.33) Gy ial? f eitaninbeor-Weosbag 6 Tich cde tich phan (2.33) trong trudng hop téng quét 1A bai todn rat phile tap. Tuy nhitn, néu dé ¥ dén tinh doi ximg clia két cau ta cé thé di t6i nhan xét 12 trudng bic xa cia vong day sé khong phy thuge vao toa do @; vi vay c6 thé chon mat phng khdo sat fi mat phing bat ky chita truc 2 mA khong anh hudng (i tinh téng quat ciia bai todn. Dé don gidn, ta chon mat phiing khdo sat a mat xoz (mat phdng p = 0°). Khi ay, ¢hanh phan G, ca ham bile xa 8 diém khdo st sé bling khOng, cdn thanh phan sé bing Go: 2x 0 ioe, Jame cos6 dp (2.34) a Ap dung cong thie“) 2h Awe= = fel*eoso do (2.35) o G day J,(x) la ham Bessel bac 1, argumen x, ta nhan dugc: Go =ilf InJ, (kasinO)ig (2.36) Sit dung céc cOng thie (1.32), (1.33) va (2.36) ta tinh duge trudng bic xa cila vong dién: Eo =0 e aie | WIske 5 (kasind)®—ip 2 R (2.37) Ho ak J,(kasin®) " Theo cic “$6 tay toin hoc” (vi dy, xem BrOnstéin, Xemendiaep. $6 tay toin hoc gianh cho ky sit) 53Cong thife trén cho phép tinh cutmg dg tudng bite xa ctia anten khung cé bin kinh tiy ¥ (véi diéu kign dong di¢n phan bé déu theo khung day). Truéme hop khung 6 bin kinh rat nhé so vdi bude séng (ka << 1} thi 06 thé thay thé géin ding Jha sind) = shu sin6. Khi dy (2.37) sé cho ta: (2.38) Cong thiic (2.38) c6 thé duge sit dung dé tinh trutmg bite xa cia vong dién nguyén t6 '", Cau tréc trudng cia vong Hinh 2.10. dign nguyén t6 véi céc thanh phan dién trutng Ey va tir tung Ho duge vé & hinh 2.10. So sénh hinh 2.10 va hinh 2.6b ta nhan thay cAu triic trudng cita vong dién nguyen 16 va cua dipol tir c6 dang gidng nhau. Do dé c6 thé coi ving dign nguyen (6 tuong duong véi dipdl tir ma truc cia dipol vuong géc vi mat phing vong dign. Néu ban kinh cla vong dign rét nhd va tign dén khong thi ket luan tren 1 chinh xde va khong phu thude vio hinh dang vong Momen tit cia dipdl tit tuong duong cé thé dug xdc dinh bing cach so sinh (2.18) va (2.19) véi (2.38). Ta nhan duge: EI) = AW na" Goi na” = s (dién tich vong dién), ta c6: Plat Ws (2.39) Dé thi phuong hudng cla vong dién nguyén t6 trong hai mat phdng & va H duoc biéu thi trén hinh 2.11. Digén wé bite xa cia véng dién ciing cd thé duoc xdc dinh theo céng thie giéng nhu d6i véi dipél dién. Trong tung hgp nay: _ 2 PE RE, = (2.40) © Cling c6 thé nban durge (2.38) mot céch don gién hon néu ngay tir dau ta chi ¥ dén diéu kien ka << | cila vong dién nguyén 16. Khi dy, trong cdc tich phan (2.33) ta c6 thé thay thé gdn ding et" ae 1+ ikasinBeos(—9), va do do vige tinh e&e tieh phan nay sé «rd nén con gin, Cée buGe tinh trang gian de di tdi 2.38) exc doe gid o6 thé uy thye hin, 54Theo (2.39) ricita Jf vao (2.40) ta nhan dug. Pe RW 2s? Rey = ines Pr |r QAly b) Hinh 2.41. S6 hang dau ctia (2.41) chinh [a dign din bie xa cita dipol tit tuong durong (theo cong thife (2.23), do 46: pyr? 2 a, % s (2.42) Thay gid tri cia Gil, vao (2.42) s8 06: 22 Rs, = By ES (2.43) 3044 Cong thie nay cé thé ding dé tinh dién u6 bite xa cia anten khung. & day ta c6 nhan xét la déi vi dipél dién va tir thi din tr bie xa ty 18 nghich véi bink phuong bude sdng, con déi vai vong dign, dién tre bite xa ty 1é nghich véi lay thita bac 4 clla bude séng. §2.4. VONG TU NGUYEN TO. Tuong ty nhu dinh nghia cla vong dig nguyén t6, ta c6 vong tir nguyen t6 IA mot vong day dan tir c6 kich thuse rat nhd so véi bude séng, tren dG c6 dong tir ma bign dd va pha & moi diém déu nhut nhau. Dya theo nguyén ly Adi lin, ta 6 thé xde dinh cau tric trudng va viet biéu thie trudmg bite xq cila vong tir nguyen 16 khi biét cau trdc trudng va cic biéu thite truéng 55bic xa cia vong dién nguyén 16, véi diéu kign hai nguyén 16 bic xa ciing c6 dang hinh hoc nhu nhau. ap dung phép déi Lan (0.3) cho céc biéu thite (2.37), (2.38) ta c6: (2.44) Nhu vay trudng bite xa cia vong tit nguyén t6 bao gém dign truéng véi thanh phan Eo va tir trudng voi thanh phiin Hy. Ta thay cau tric trémg cia vong tir nguyén 16 cling gidng cau tric tring cha dipol dién. Do d6 c6 thé xem vong tit nguyén té tuong duong voi dipol dién ma truc cila dipo; vuéng géc véi mat phing cia vong tir, Momen dign cia dip6l dign tuong duongeé thé duge xdc dinh bang céch so sinh (2.44) véi (2.4), (2.5) riaants 2.45) Ww Dien dan biic xa cia vong tit nguyén t6, theo dinh nghia duge xe dinh Ge, (2.46) Rait | #2"| tir (2.45) va thay vao (2.46) ta duge: (2.47) (2.48) So sénh (2.48) véi (2.43) s@ nhan duge quan hé gia dign dn biic xa cha vong tir nguyén 16 va dign tré bite xg ca vong dign nguyén 16 cng kich thuée: H . , Ww? Vong tr nguyen 16, cing véi dipol ti, Ja nhing khai niém khong c6 thuc; nhung trong thyc té ta cfing cé thé tim thay nhiing mé hinh tuong dirong véi ching. Trudng hgp mot khe hep, quay tron trén mot mat kim loai dan dién ly wong cing co thé duge xem 14 mot vong tir. (4.49) 56§2.5. NGUYEN TO BUC XA HON HOP Neuyén t6 bic xa hén hop 1a phan tit bite xa bao gém mot dipol dién va mdt dipol ty dit vudng géc vdi nhau. Hinh 2.12 vé nguyén t6 hén hgp, trang dé dipol dign dat theo truc x. dong dign 1%, cbn dipol tir dat theo truc y, v6i doag tir 7”. Gi sit do dai cita hai dipol ging nhau (bing /) con quan hé bién do gitta chiing duge'xde dinh béi: m e =aW, (2.50) trong d6, a Ta hé 86, c6 thé 14 dai ling thuc hoae phitc, con W ft & Dé xéc dinh trémg bic xa cla nguyen (6 hén hop, cain tinh cc ham bite xa G va G”" . Tuong ty nhu trudng hop dipol dign va tl da khéo sat rude day, ta c6: @ -G =i (2.51) G" = GY Hit Ap dung (1.39) ta nhan duge cde thanh phan cia ham bitc xa trong hé toa do cau: Gf = G,coscos6 = [feos cos0 Gf = —G, sing = —Msing GY! = G,singcos8 | Gl" = G,cose = Ieosp (2.53) Ap dung (1.32), déng théi chi ¥ dén quan hé (2.50) ta nhan duge trutmg biic xa & khu xa: Hinh 2.12. kK Ep =—Lwrtcosplcost + a)2—ia (2.54) an R By = Ewigtsingtt + acos0) oi (2.55) 9 = ZW slsing Rie 53 Doi chigu (2.54), (2.55) véi (1.43) ta o6 thé nit ra bigu thitc déi véi cdc thanh phan cia him phyong hung 57FO. 0) = WE leos@(cos0 + ain (2.56) Fg(8. 9) = - WI sing (1 +acos0)ig (2.57) Dau ort (> trong bidu tite (2.57) ching 16 thanh phan 7, ciia ham phuong hnuing 6 chiéu nguge véi vécto don vi ig. Phan tich (2.56), (2.57) ta thily, néu a [2 sé thue thi argumen cila fy Vi fy sé 1a hang 86, khong phu thude vao hudng cua diém khao sat, Diéu 46 ching 16 nguyén t6 hén hop Ia phan tr bite xa 6 tam pha nhu da khdo sét & $14, trong truéng hop nay trudng btic xa cling [8 trudng phan cuc thing. Vi médun cia fy va fy 06 cue dai bing WISI. + a) nén ham phuong husing bién [Fo 0. 09] rated +o (2.58) (2.59) Véi a= | tac6: cos@(l + cos9)| 2 | |Foco, a Spett tees) | (2.59a) Ham phuung hung chudn héa theo cong suat dugc xac dinh theo (1.57) (v6i a = 1): Sion + fom {fim * Fut Hé 86 dinh huéng @ hung cuc dgi duge xéc dinh theo (1.85). Khi thay F2(0. ¢) biti (2.60) sé 6: F2(0, 9) = (2.60) yyy = ————18"____ 5 261) (1+ cost}? sinddd do Ta cé bidu thite cia he s6 din hudng viét theo (1.83) bing DO, 9) = ia + 0080)? (2.62) D6 thi phuong hudng cia nguyén 16 hén hop trong mat phdng @ = const (mat phang di qua truc 2) e6 dang duvmg cardidit v6i cuc dai theo hudng @ = 0, vi bing khong theo hung 0 = 7 (hinh 1.13a). Dé thi phuong hung khong gian cia nguyen 6 bute xa 1a mot hinh cardidit tron xoay. Hinh nay nhgn duge bing cach quay dé thi mat phing quanh truc ddi ximg = (hinh 2.13b). 58Hinh 2.13. Hinh 2.14. Tir gidn dé hung tinh vé & trén ta nhan thay nguyén té hén hop chi bite xa ning luong cyc dai vé mot phia. Huéng bie xa cue dai duge xéc dinh béi husng cita tich véets (Fx 1"), Nguyen 16 hén hop néi tren cdn duge goi 1a nguyen t6 bite xa don hudng. MOt trong cdc mé hinh thyc t€ cua nguyén t6 bdn hop [A té hop cia mot dipal dién va mot vong dién nguyen 16 duc sip xép nhu 6 hinh 2.14. That vay, nhu da ching minh 6 §2.3, vong dién nguyén (6 véi bin kinh rét nhd so véi bude séng c6 thé duge coi tong duong voi mot dipdl tir ma tryc dipdl vudng géc véi mat phing ving dién. Mot mo hinh thyc t€ khde cla nguyen 16 hén hop 1A nguyén t6 bite xa mat (con goi Ja nguyén (6 Huygens). Dé la phéin tir dién tich 06 kich thude rat nhé so véi bude séng, trén dé cde thinh phan 1iép tuyén ciia dién trudng va tir trudng vedng géc nhau va phan bd véi bién dé va pha déng déu (hinh 2.154). Theo nguyén ly tuong duong cla dang dign va dong tir mat (§0.4), ta c6 thé thay thé cae thanh phin tiép tuyén cita dién va tit trudng trén nguyén 16 bd cde dong dién va dong tir mat (hinh 2.15b) Ji = (nx Hy) = Hix Lo . (2.63) Jt = (nx E;) = E,iy z Zz 7/ 5 - — y - y ZL KE rk bf * x b) xo Hin 2.15. 59Khi 46, Nguyén t6 Huygens c6 thé duge thay thé béi mot cap dipol dién va dipol tir dat vuéng géc nhau (hinh 2.15c). Dipol dign e6 do dai dy va dong dién =H, dyis (2.64) Dipol tir cé do dai d« va dong wr: Ty = E,dxiy (2.65) §2.6. CAP DIPOL VUGNG GOC (NGUYEN TO TUANIKE) Nguyen 16 Tuanike 1a mot 16 hop cita hai dipdl (dién hode ti) dat vuong géc nhau trong khong gian, va duge tiép dign sao cho dong dign (hay dong ti) chay trong cap dipol Ay c6 bién do bing nhau, con géc pha léch nhau 90°. Vi du, cap dipal dign va he toa do duge chon nhu & hinh 2.16. Quan hé dong dién trong hai dipol theo gid thigt 18: Be 2 =-ilf 2.26) Ham bite xa trong trudng hop nay sé ¢6 hai thanh phiin theo i, Gy = Hliy (267 Gy = iliy Tir (2.67) ta xde dinh duge cic thanh phin cia ham bite xa trong hé toa do cdu bing cdéch 4p dung cong thtte chuyén déi (1.39) Hinh 2.16. Gi = IMcos@ — isinp)cos0 = Hfle? cos {o3) (2.68) Gs =-I{Msing + icos@) = ile»? Ap dung (2.68) cho (1.32) ta xdc dinh duge céc thanh phn cia dién trutmg bite xa: Eo = EE Tibco (2.69) 7 ® _ y —for®) aR - Eo WH yet Je ip (2.70) iz 60D6i chiéu (2.69), (2.70) véi (1.43) ta rit ra duge céc tinh phan cia ham phuong hung: Fol, 0) = Wiflcosbe ig (71) = -{o3), fg(O. 9) = Wifle ig (2.72) Theo (2.71), (2.72) modun cia céc him fo va fy 66 cuc dai bing WII. Do dé ham phuong hudng bien dé chudn héa sé cé cdc thanh phn bing: 1A ®. )| = cos (2.73) Fy (®, | =1 (2.74) Tir(2.71) ta ett ra duce argh = (2.75) va tir (2.72) ta 06: ately = {o3) (2.76) Argumen cia cfc him fy va fi, 1a céic ham s6 theo géc phuong vi cia diém khao sdt. Do 46 pha cita uudng tai diém khdo st (khi R khong déi) sé bién déi theo géc phyong vi. Nguyén t6 bite xa khdo sit 6 trén 1A phéin tir btic xa khong cé tam pha. So sdnh (2.75) va (2.76) ta thiy argumen cita cae thinh phiin him phuong huéng 6 gid ti khée nhau. Hie ita hai argumen c6 gid tri bang: y = argfs — argfy = + (2.77) Nhu di ching minh & §1.3, c6 thé két Iuan ring tudng bic xa cia nguyen Tuaniké la tung cue héa elip. Dé khdo sit dac tinh phuong hudng vé bien do, pha va cue héa cba nguyén 16 bic xa, ta thiét lap bigu thite cia him phuong hung vécto phic chudn héa theo céc he thite da biét 6 $1.3. ‘Néu chon fy 1a thanh phan phan cuc goc thi: (0, 0) = argfy = (e + 2) (2.78) Ta 66 céc thanh phan clta him phuong huding cue tinh: Se P, = a(0, 9) = = = ——__- (2.79) ° Wen + fen Vl = cos? 61(2.80) Ham phuong hugng cue tinh duge xéc dinh theo (1.71) c6 dang: cose 1 +7 Hy (281) Vis coe” yl + cos?@ Thay (2.73), (2.74) vio (1.73) ta tinh duge médun ca him phueng hime chudn héa 1 1+ cos” *y P(®, 9) = (2.82) r.0.n-| 2 Thay (2.78), (2.81) va (2.82) vao (1.72) ta sé nhan duge him phuong hudng vécto phiic hgp chudn héa cua nguyen t6 Tuanike: ay my ‘Tix (2.83) ta nhan thay ham phuong hudng bien dé cita nguyén té bic xa khong phu thudc toa do Pp. D6 thi phuong hudng bics doc F(, 9) -(" inten wong mat phang vi tuyén sé Ta duimg tron (hinh 2.174), con trong mat phang kinh tuygn duoc xée dinh bdi him o/\ +, va ws se , 2 —4— og! (=) (hinh 2.176) “ | Dé xdc dinh dac tinh phan cia anten ta khio sat tuong quan bien do va pha cia hai thinh phan Py va Po. a) My Hinh 2.17. Tyr (2.79) va (2.80) ta thay hai thinh phan nay e6 g6c lech pha e6 dinh bing &. Do dé phan cuc cia uudng, trong trudng hgp téng qual, sé 1A phan cuc elip. Cée truc cit clip tring véi cdc truc toa d6 tai diém khao sat Bien d6 cia hai thanh phan phan cue chi phy thudc 0; dé thi cita chiing duge vé & hinh 2.18 He 86 elip xac dinh theo (1.77), khi ap dung (2.79), (2.80) sé bang: (2.84) 62‘Tren hinh 2.18 cing bigu dign phan bé cita he sé clip theo 6. Tir hinh vé ta thay, khi 0 = 10°, 180°}, hg 6 clip 06 gid tri K, = (1, -1}, chimg 16 theo hai huding vudng gée véi mat phang cia hai dipol, phan cuc cia tudng FA phan cue tron, véi chiéu quay ngugc hau. Khi 6 = ; ta c6 K, 400, chimg (6 theo céc hudng nam trong mat phing cla hai dipdl, phan cue cua tugmg la phan cue thing. Voi cdc gid tri khéc céa 0, 1a cd wudmg phan cue elip, vdi hé s6 elip duve xdc dinh bdi (2.84). Poe) Ble 1 won Blip th{ng Flip bn Dang eye hos Hith 2.18. Hinh 2.19. ‘Tu (2.83) ta thay ham phitong hudng pha cla nguyen 6 bite xa khong phu thude toa do 8, Ham nay duge xéc dinh b6i argumen cia thanh phén phan cuc géc D0, 9) = arefa(, @) = iC + 4) Dé thi phvong huéng pha trong mat phing © = const cé dang duimg xoin de arsimet. Hinh 2.19 vé dé thi phuomg hutmg pha trong mat phing xy (2 = 3). Can liu ¥ ring, dé thi phuong huéng pha biéu thi su bign déi wong déi cia géc pha theo cdc huéng khdo sat chit khong biéu thi géc pha cia trudmg bite xa o ede hudng ay. Pha cita truéng bite xa tai mdi diém trong khOng gian duge xéc dinh béi gid tri cia ham 63phuong hudng pha tai diém khao sat, bai géc cham pha do khong cach (KR), va béi g6e pha ban dau (phu thudc vao dau cia biéu thie modun ham phuong hung bién do). Ham phicong huéng chudn héa theo cong sudt cha nguyen 16 tuanike duoc xée dinh theo (1.57). Khi ap dung (2.73), (2.74) sé nban duge: F2(, @) = s{coste + 1) (2.85) Ta thy nguyén 16 Tuaniké khéng cé hudng bic xa khong. Buc xa cyc dai sé nhan duge theo hudng @ = 0° va 0 = 180°. He s6 dinh hudng & huéng cuc dai, theo (1.85), c6 gid i bing: Drax = 3 br =15 (2.86) Fffeos? 0+ 1)sin@ dodge 30 Ta c6 biéu thife hé s6 dinh hudng cda nguyén 6 bitc xa, theo (1,83), duge viet duéi dang: qa cos"6) 2.87) 64Chuong III CAC NGUGN BUfc XA THANG —— SSS SS eee §3.1. TRUONG BUC XA CUA DAY DAN THANG CO DONG DIEN Nhu da biel, trutmg bite xa cla mot anten bat ky (trong dé ¢6 anten day) c6 thé xéc dinh duge khi biét phan bé dong dign trén anten. Nhung quy luat phan b6 dong dien trong céc digu kién thue thudng khong biét duge mot cach chinh xdc ma ta chi biét nhiing yéu tanh hudng tdi chting nhu hinh dang va kich thude hinh hoc cita anten, phuong phap kich thich dé tao ra dong dign trén anten ay (phutong phap tiép dign cho anten) v.v... V1 vay, 06 hai bai toan cain duge giai quyét doi véi Ly thuyét anten la: ~ Xéc dinh quy lugt phan bé dong dién trén anten. — Xe dinh trating brie xa cua dong dign tren anten theo qui luat phan bé da biel. Vite xc dinh quy luat phan 66 dong dign trén anten, trong phan ln cdc trating Ki nhing bai toan rat phitc tap. Di véi anten day ching ta sé dé cap t6i van dé nay trong cde chwtong sau. Tuy nhién, khi day dan anten ¢6 dudng kinh rat nhd so véi bude séng, ta c6 thé coi phan 66 dong dign tren anten tuan theo phuong trinh Télegraf, nghia [i coi dong dign én day dan anten 1a dong dién séng chay, hode dong din séng dig dang sin. Biét phan bO dong dign tren day dan sé xde dink duge wutng bic xa cla day din ay. Dé gidi bai todn tren, ta dang hé toa dg vudng géc (x, y, 2), trong dé true z duge chon tring véi truc day din, géc toa do & trung diém day dan, va hé toa do ciiu (R, 9, 9) 06 chung géc toa d6 nhu vé ¢ hinh 3.1. Dé xd dinh truing bic xa cia day dan theo cae cong thie (1.32), (1.33) edn tinh ham bite xa cla day dan theo (1.7). 0 day can luu ¥ 1a truc day dan tring véi truc toa doz nén ip.ip = cos0 va p =z. 65Ta cé: EF O,9)= [Feoray B.D 0 thé tich chon béi day dan. Vi dong dign chiy doc theo day din nén né chi cé thanh phan theo i; , ta ¢6 thé viet: v2 : j furestecore, “2s G0, 9) = G0, @) > 3.2) trong dé. / — do dai dan anten; s— thiét dién day dan. Vi day dan c6 ban kinh rat nhé so véi bude séng nén cé thé coi tich phan fias tai 5 thiét dién ting ydi toa do z nko dé chinh bing git wi dong dién /(z) tai thigi dien dy, ta c6: - 12 G28, ) = is J Meet ae G3) “17 Ap dung (1.39) ta xdc dinh duge céc thanh phiin cla him bite xa trong hé toa d6 cau. = a Rn GE(®, 0) = -G sind = —i sind [ Weeds (3.4) “2 G0. o) = 0 Ta 6 cde thanh phan dign tir trudng bite xa cita day din thing: ik —ikR V2 Ey = wike ej, — RW Ooi 3) gikzeon0 By = a WGbi0 wae ndle | Hee dz Eg =0 , G3) _ ik eR ik oR a 2 tect wik oti, - he He ell2@ oo eg Obie = sin ie J (zyell2% tz He =0 Nhu vay, trudng bie xa cla day din thing c6 ede thanh phin Eg, Hy. Phan b6 truémg trong khong gian phu thudc vao géc @, nghia Ia c6 tinh d6i xing truc. Dé thi phuong hudng cé dang ciia vat tron xoay ma truc Ia truc day din, Dé xée dinh trudng bite xa cita day din cén tinh cdc tich phan trong (3.5). Gid tri cita tich phan nay phy thuge vio do dai day din va ham phan b6 dong dign theo day din. Sau day sé khdo sit cé¢ uudng hgp cu thé khi dong dign uén day din phan b6 theo qui luat sng chay va qui luat song ding. 66§3.2, TRUONG BUC XA CUA DAY DAN CO DONG BIEN SONG CHAY Gia thigt c6 day dan thing, dai /, trén 46 ¢6 dong din séng chay véi van t6c pha duge dt theo truc z cia hé toa 46. Khi ay ham phan bé cita dong dign theo day dan sé cé dang sau: Key = t,o" 3.6) 1,— bién do dong dign img vi z = 0; f= © —he s6 pha cita séng chay uuyén lan doc theo day din. v Thay (3.6) vao (3.4) va lay tich phan sé nhan duoc him bite xa si SCE co) 24k 5 ; al Go, @) = = f,lsind iy (3.7) Dign trudng bite xa sé c6 thanh phan Lg [“( sin] 2 kw he =) Ey = sing bos’ 4d 4x KL ( " — cos alk Ham phuong huéng tong uvdng hgp nay cling chi c6 mot thinh phin theo io, bing: vn - coa)} co) “(i ~ con] 2kk Phan tich (3.9) ta thay s6 hang sin® chénh 1a ham phuong hudng cita dipol dien. New coi day dan [tap hop ciia céc dip8l dién thi theo Ly thuyét nhan dé thi phuong hung, sé hang thit hai ctia (3.9) chinh 1 ham phuong hudng (6 hop f,(6). ham phuong huéng 6 hop trong truémg hop nay c6 quan hé dén cde thong sé cia dong dign sdng chay (WF 6 (3.8) Fo(0, 0) = WGb = -WI,fsin® (3.9) t } va do dai day dan. N6 14 ham phuong huéng duge hinh thanh béi t4p hop céc phin tirday din sap xép theo dudng thing véi dong dign cé géc pha bien déi. Neu ki hieu x(t - cos = u(@) ta vigt due ham 16 hgp dudi dang: 0) = sin u(O} 3.10. Sy) “0 (3.10) 67Khi thiet lap 46 thi phuong huéng ctia anten, cain xdc dinh gidi han bién déi cua u(6). Dé don gin, ta khdo sét trugng hgp séng chay c6 van tée pha bang van tée anh sdng (v= c); khi dé A= k va u(Q) = ee) GAD Khi 6 bign déi tir (8 — 180°), (0) sé bien thién ti (0 — Kd), nghia La gi an bicn déi in “ cia # phy thude vao dg dai / cla day din. Hinh 3.2 v@ dé thi cita ham sé 22!" ket hop ae hc pa oe sini. so uta ti Voi dé thi ca him sé (0). Ham “"" pang 0 tai cic gid tri w= 2, 2, 3n,.. u Néu &/ = x thi theo hinh 3.2, d6 thi té hop sé chi c6 mét mui sng chinh. Néu &/ nam trong gidi han a < kf < 2x thi dé thi sé c6 mot mili chinh va hai mdi phy. Mui chinh ludn c6 hudng cue dai ing voi @ = O°, nghia IA theo huéng tuc day din. Cang tang 46 daj day dan thi sé mdi phy cling ting nhung bién d@ cia ching gidm rat nhanh. Hinh 3.2. Dé thj phuong huGng cita anten sé 1A tich cia dé thi phuong hudng rieng va dé thi 16 hop. Hinh 3.3 vé dé thi céia ham phucng hucng riéng va ham phuong hudng «6 hop theo 6. Trong truéng hop nay ham phwong bung riéng /,(0) chinh 1a ham phuong hudng cite dipal dign: JB) = sind 68Nhu da big, ham phuong husng riéng c6 cue dai theo hudng 6 = £90? (huéng vudng g6c véi true day din) va bang khong theo huéng © = 0° va 180°, Trong khi dé. ham té hgp lai ed cuc dai theo huéng O° (hung séng chay tren day din), Do dé cue dai cia dé thi phuong hudng cia day din, cing khong theo hung truc day, cling khong theo hugng vudng géc, ma nghiéng mét géc so véi truc day dan. Dé xée dinh gan ding huGng bite xa cue dai, e6 thé cho rang gid tri cla ham s6 sin® tai nhitng diém gin vi tri cuc dai cia né ral it bién déi. Do dé gée cuc dai cla ham phuong hudng sé nhan duge ing véi gée cla cuc dai phy thé nhat cia ham t6 hop, ngbfa Ja khi |sinul = 1. Ta c6: a x = - cost) == (3.12 2! cos) 2 § > 1,06)! Tir day rat ra duoc: 1 i costy= 1 = (3.13) - i B6 thi phuong hudng cita KIA day dan thing c6 dong dien . iV \ séng chay, véi dO dai khéc = —- '> Ee mo nhau duge vé 6 hinh 3.4. ° C6 thé gidi thich viée hinh Hinh 3.3. thanh cdc dé thi trén nhur sau: coi day din dong dién séng a? x chay nhu tap hgp ctia ede dipol c6 dong dign ging nhau vé bisn do nhung khéc nhau vé pha. Géc sai pha dang dién cita hai dipol ké nhau Ia kAz. Bie 180" xa cita day din sé 1a ap hop bic xa cita céc dipdt va trudng & mot diém mao d6 trong khong an gian sé 1A tng vécto trudng tao béi cdc dipol phan wh (ruéng giao thoa). aac ase Hinh 3.4, Bist ring gée pha cia tru’ng to béi méi dipdl tai diém khao sét duye xe dinh béi hai yéu 16: géc pha ciia ddng dign kich thich cho dipél (goi tt IA gée pha dong dien), va gc cham pha do séng truyén Ian qua khoang céch tir dip6l dén digm khao sat (goi tat la gc pha khodng cach) Néu digm khdo sat & khu xa nam trén hudng vudng géc véi day din (8 = £90"), thi theo hudng nay tuing bic x4 tao boi cdc dipol phdn tit sé c6 gée pha khodng cach gidng nhau (do khoing cach ti ede phin tit day din dén diém khdo sit bang nhan), 69nhung géc pha dong dign cla chiing khdc nhau. Vi vay trudng téng, bang téng vécto trung bic xa cita cic phan tir, sé nhd hon gid tri cue dai Néu dich chuyén diém khio sét khdi hung © = £90° thi trudng cla céc dipol & diém khao sét ngodi sy khdc nhau vé gc pha dong lai them su khdc nhau vé géc pha khodng cach, Sai pha khodng cach cita tring tao b6i 2 dipdl ké nhau bing KAR, trong 46 AR Ia sai sO khodng cach tir hai dipal dén diém khio sat. Digm khio sat cang dich chuyén ra xa hudng 0 = £90” thi sai pha khodng cach cang Ién, Gia sit c6 thé tim'duge huGng, ma theo huéng d6 sai pha khoang céch (kAR) bi duce cho sai pha dong dicn (cAz) thi trugng cla cac dip6l sé déng pha nhau. Khi ay, néu khong chit y dén hudng, tinh cua dipél (coi dipdl bite xa v6 huéng) thi truémg téng (bang téng dai s6 trudng cia cdc dipdl) sé nhan duce gid tri cue dai, ‘Theo cach phan tich trén trudng hgp day dan thing cé dong dign séng chay véi v = © sé e6 huéng bic xa cuc dai la huéng truc day dan, vé phia dich chuyén cita‘dong dign song chay. Diéu nay phi hgp véi két qué khao sét him phuong hung té hop f,(6). Tuy nhién, néu chi ¥ dén hydng tinh cila dipol thi bife xa cue dai cita day din sé khong theo hudng true ma nghiéng mot g6o, theo huéng ma @ dé tich cha ham phuong hudng riéng va ham t6 hop cé gid tri lén nat. §3.3. TRUONG BUC XA CUA DAY DAN CO DONG BIEN SONG BUNG Day dan cé dng dién séng dimg duge ting dung trong phan In ede trusng hop anten day. 6 c6 thé str dung nhur mot anten dgc lap. hoc duoc ding fam phan tir cho cde anten phic tap. Rp Mee Gia sit day din 06 do dai 1, duoc dat doc theo Ib truc z, trén day din cé dong dién séng dimg phan bé d6i xing voi diém gitta cla day (hinh & 3.5). Néu chon diém gitta diy Fim géc toa do thi ham phan bi dong dign theo day duc viét audi dang: tt rey = pasa 2 tat), (3.14) a | tong dé, /, la bien do dong dign tai diém bung séng ding. Néu goi J, 1a bién do dong dién ti z=Othi/, va Z, quan hé vi nhau boi “H I, =F sin 2 Kin 3.5, 70Thay (3.14) vao (3.4) va lay tich phan, s@ nhan due ham bite xa G5 cla day din cé dong dién séng dimg: 12 Go, 9) = -i9 sind J tysine| ~ lst) (3.15) AD 2 Dé tinh (3.15), ta tch tich phan d6 thinb hai tich phan: a - nD ; ° G0. @) = iol, wn {sne( - zeman +f sina( 4 + enn G.15a) 3 sin C6 thé tinh dé ding céc tich phan trong (3.15a) theo phuomg phap tich phan img phan fincas + bye“dy = [esin(ax + b) -acos(ax + 6)] Ta nhan duge: ki AL 8 | — cos-— Hc) os! ce 2h col G0.) = -2sino jo 6.16) sin? @ Ap dung (3.5) ta xée dink duge cutmg do trudng biic xa cia day din dong di¢n séng ding cost “cos | - cos! Wh, 2 2 Je te. Eo -i—2| 4 4 eye ar sind rR” Be=0 (G12) ford oa) om] ay, Ho~ 7 2n sin® R Hy =0 Ham phuong huéng cita anten trong trudng hop nay bing kL KE cos| — cos@ | — cos 2 2 |: 6) ———.*——— hin = ae 2WI, 8, ¢) = WG5(6, @) = sin foo ° E sin? 71Cue dai cia ham phuong hudng sé dat duge khi @ = 2 ©. Ta c6 tri tuyét déi cita cue dai nay bing: WI, KL 1, ran = wh - cos] Ham phuong hung chudn héa sé bing: KL kL _ cos| e088 | — cos Fo(@, p) = sind} sin? oft ~ cos M) 2 Tir day ta rit ra duoc him phuong hung t6 hgp chudn héa: KL 2 FAG, 0) = sin? 01 — cos ki cos) — cos® | — cos (3.18) 0 aaa o” “KS “ 270° 90" 180" o a) HA=0.5; 28), = 80” P 180° 270" oo" dy Maa 15 oe 180" b) A= 1.0; 20,, = 44° oe 270° oo 270" 90? 180” 180" ©) WAH 1.25; 20y. = 31° e) A= 2.0 Hinh 3.6. Digu nay ding khi 1/2 nhé hon mot gidi han nhat dinh, Van dé niy sB cbn dé cap din & phan sat 72Ta thay him phuong huéng anten cing chi phy thuge vao géc 0, nghia Ia bic xa cia anten c6 hudng tinh trong mat phang & va vO hudng trong mat phing H. D6 thi phutong hudng anten ting véi cdc truting hgp do dai day din khéc nhau duoc vé o hinh 3.6. Dé gidi thich sit khdc nhan cia cde dé thi phwong hudng anten khi chiéu dai day din thay déi, ta chia day anten ra nhigu phin nhé Az. Trén méi doan thang vi phan ay, bién do dng dign ¢6 thé duge coi Ii déng déu — bing Kz) vai z 18 toa dé cla tung diém doan thang vi phan (hinh 3.7) Khi dé, day luge xem Li tap hop cilia céc dipol dign ma quan hé bien do va pha ciia dong dign gta ede dipol phit hgp véi dang phan bé cita dong dién séng ding trén day. Bay gid ta khao sat dac diém cia cée dé thi phuong huéng vé 6 hinh 3.6 va gidi thich cdc dic diém ay. C6 thé rit ra cae nin xét sau tir caic 6 thi tren: — Day dan dong dien séng dimg khong bite xa theo hudng @ = 0° va 180° vi day dugc coi la tap hgp cia cae dipol dign, ma m4i dipal déu khong bite xa theo huéng truc. — Khi day din 6 do dai nhd, dé thi phyong huéng chudn héa c6 dang gan gidng dé thi phuong huéng cba dipol dién. Tuy nbien, néu xét ky thi do rong cia dé thi hep hon (hinh 3.6a). Biét rang trading bite xa cia day dan tai diém khdo sat bing téng vécta ctta tnitémg tgo béi céc dipol thanh phan. Khi do dai cha day rt nhd, dong dién & moi diém wen day sé déng pha ahau. Déng thdi vi cé thé coi khodng cach tr cae dipél dén dém khdo sét dai biing nhau (R = R,) nén trudng bite xa cla cdc dipol riéng ré sé déng pha va duge cong dai sé véi nhau. Bien do cutmg d6 trudng bic xa cita day din & céc diém trong khong gian déu tang lén mot sé lan gidng nhau so voi cudng dG trudng bite xa cla mOt dipdl riéng ré. Vi vay, dang cla 46 thi phuong hudng chudn ha cilia day dan, xé1 mot céch gan diving, sé khong khée v6i dé thi phuong hudng cita dipol. Néu xét ky hon, cé cha ¥ dén sai pha khodng cach es cila cdc dipol thanh phan, thi dé thi phuong = 12) NX huéng ela day din hep hon dé thi phyong hung cia dipol. ~ Khi tang din d6 dai day dan (trong 4 gidi han vdn dim bio phan déng pha cia one di ea L dong dign tren day, nghia 1a Khi 5 0,52) Mah 32. 73thi dé thi phuong huéng sé hep din lai. That vay, sit tang d0 dai day dan trong gidi han noi trén sé tuong duong vdi viée tang sé dipol déng pha sip xép theo dutmg thang. Cuting do trudng & khu xa, trén hudng vudng géc véi day dan sé bang tng dai sé cutng do ting clia céc dip6l riéng ré vi theo hudng nay khong cé sai pha khoding cach. Bric xa dude ting cuéng theo hung 9 = 490°. Khi dich chuyén diém khdo sat khdi hudng @ = +90" sé xuat hign sai pha Kho’ng cach. Theo hinh 3.7, g6c sai pha khodng céch cha trudng tao bdi dip6l d toa do z va dipdl & goe toa do sé IA: Ag = KAR = kecos0 (3.19) trong 46, 0 f hudng cla diém khdo sat so véi truc z. Cutng do trvdng tai diém khao sat trong tung hop nay sé nhé hon truimg & hudng @= +90°. Téng vécto sé gidm nhanh néu diém khao sat cang dich chuyén ra xa huong 9= +90°, hoac khi do dai day din ting (z tng > Ag tang). Diéu nay cho phép giai thich hién tung ting hung tinh anten khi ting chiéu dai day dan. — Khi ting d6 dai day din qua gidi han mot bude séng (1 > 2), vi du khi ; = 0,654, sé xuat hign khu vue dong dién nguge pha (hinh 3.8b). Bd thi phuong hudng c6 xu thé hep lai, nhimg déng thai sé xuat hign cdc cuc dai phu (hinh 3.60). oN / a) W2=0.52 eizsa b) 72 = 0.6254 Hinh 38, Vigc thu hep dé thi phurong hudng khi tang /c6 thé duoc gidi thich nhu da trinh bay 6 tren, con viée xuat hién cde cuc dai phu duge gidi thich nhw sau. Bite xa theo hung vuong a6e véi truc day dan ctia cde dipol thuge khu vuc dong dién nguge pha (vi du khu vue mang dau am tén hinh vé) sé bi trigt tieu boi bile xq ctia cae dipol thugc khu vuc dong dién mang dau dong, vi theo hudmg nay khOng 6 sai pha khong céch nhumg sai pha dong dign bang x. Néu dich chuyén diém khdo sit khdi hudng @ = +90° thi sé xuat hign gée sai pha khoang cach cia trudng tao bai céc dipdl thudc hai khu vue néi trén. Ta 6 thé tim duge huéng 0 ma theo hudng dé sai pha khoang céch cia truding tao béi hai Khu vyc dong dign sé bang x (Ao = 180°). Téng sai pha ciia trudng trong ining hop nay (bang sai pha dong dién cong sai pha khodng cach) sé bang 2n, nghia li tuéng bite xa tao béi cde dipol thudc hai khu vuc ding dien ngugc pha sé tr nén déng pha nhau, hutGng dé sé xuat hign cuc dai phu. 74Tiép tuc tang do dai day dan thi cudng d6 trubng theo hudng 0 = +90° s& gid (to anh hudng bic xa cia cac dipdl c6 dong dién nguye pha gay ra), déng thai bién do cue dai phu sé tang (hinh 3.64). Trutmg hi L = A (phan b6 dong dién duge vé 4 hinh 3.8c) 16 rang 1a truémg bute 'g hop 2 ie xa theo hung 6 = 90" sé hodin toan bi trict tigu, cdn cic cuc dai phy sé tréy thanh cue dai chinh cita anten. §3.4. BUC XA CUA KHE HEP TREN MAN DAN DIEN Trong chuong II chiing ta da khdo sat bai todn bite xa chia mot nguyén té khe (khe hep wen man din dign ly wring rong vo han, ¢6 chiéu dai rat hd so vai bude song). Trong thye té thug mg dung cdc khe bite xa c6 do dai so sdnh duge véi bude sing, duge kich thich béi nguén site dién dong (SPD) dat 6 tam khe (hinh 3.9). Dui tée dung cia SPD dai vao khe, trong khe sé xuat hign cdc dung stte dign truéng huéng vudng g6c vdi hai mép khe. Dign dp giita hai mép khe bing tich ca cudmg d> dign trudng véi do rong cla khe ( = Eb). Ta 06 thé coi gin ding méi nia cba khe giéng nhw mot doan day song hank ma hai nhinh day 1a hai mép khe duge néi tat ddu cudi (tai i cat 2 ). Khi ay phan b6 dien Ap doc theo khe sé tan theo quy luat sin, 6 ndt dién ap & cudi khe, va bung dién 4p 4 diém cach nit dién 4p mot phan tu bude song. Vi dign ap gitta hai mép khe ty le voi dign trudng trong khe nén cé thé thay ring phan bé cia dién trudng doc theo khe cing tuan theo qui luat séng dimg. Tuong tw nhu khi khdo sat khe nguyén t6, ta c6 thé coi khe tuong duong voi mot day dan tir ma dong tir cia day din c6 quan he véi dién dp trong khe theo cng thiic (2,26). Tpy (2) = ~2BE gy f2) = ~2U pyel) (3.20) Hinh 3.9, trong 46, Uyye(2) 18 dign ap sdng dimg, phan bé di xting déi vdi tam khe Uy = Ug - ' B21) Up ~ diem dp 5 diém bung séng ding, Do dé re 20s S - 1) (3.22) 7Tuong ty nhy trudng hop day din c6 dong dién séng diing, ta ciing cé thé xem khe nhu tap hop cilia cdc dipol tit, ma dong tir trén mdi dipdl cé gid tri xée dinh bdi (3.22), trong do = 1a toa dé cila trung diém dipal. Néu goi -2U ine = Hay [A bien dO dong te & diém bung thi (3.22) sé cd dang gidng (3.14). Dé xde dinh trudng bec xa cita khe cd thé dp dung nguyén ly d6i Lin (0.3) khi biet truding bite xa cia day dan dong dién séng img (cong thite 3.17). Thay If bOI Tay = —2U ppg ta SE nhgn duge ede vécto dign tir tutmg bie xa cla khe Hp va Ee (3.23) (f ) kl cos| = cos | ~ cos 2 2 Tie =~ Loe. - Wa sind ‘Theo nguyen ly ddi lan ca truding dién tir, vi can ctf vag cdc cOng thie (3.23) 6 thé nhan thay ring, truéng btic xa cia khe cé huéng tinh tong mat phang H (mat phing kinh tuyén) va vo hudng trong mat phang E (mat phing vi tyén), Dé thi phuong hung clla khe trong mat phing kinh tyén phu thude vio ‘ phi hgp v6i dé thi phuong hucng ciia day din dong dign s6ng ding e6 kich thuée gidng kich thuéc cita khe. So sénh 3.23) va (3.17) sé tim duge diéu kien dé day din song dmg va khe cé dién uurong bite xa bang nhau: wi Une = 3.24, tine = 5 (3.24) Dien dan bite xa cita khe c6 thé xde dinh duge khi bict dign wé bic xa ciia day din dong dign song ding (wong tu vdi n6 (giding abu khi tinh dign dan bite xa ella nguyen «6 khe, cong thiic (2.29). Trong thye 1, cde khe bie xa thubng duge dyc tren thanh Ong din séng hay hdc céng hudmg. Khi ay, khe chi biée x vio nia khong gian phia ngoai clia Gng dan séng hay hée cong hudng. Do dé truding bite xa s& cd gid tri Kin gp hai lin cde gid ti xe dinh béi (3.23). 76§3.5. 80 DAI HIEU DUNG CUA ANTEN Mot trong nhimg thong s6 dac trumg cho cae nguén bite xa thing (vi dy anten day) Jad dai higu dung cita anten. Nhu di khéo sat 6 ten, doi véi day dan thing cé dong dign, ham bite xa duge xéc dinh trong hé toa d6 cau boi: 1 _ . 2 Gol, @) = -iosind [ 1(zye ade 7 2 Phan tich biéu thie trén ta thay c6 thé bigu thi him bite xa cua day din qua biéu thite ham phuong huéng chudn héa va bién dé dong dién tai mot ém chon bit ky trén anten: Gal8. ©) = —LylFy®. o)i8 (3.25) trong dé, F9(8. @) — ham phuong huéng chudn héa; 1, ~ bién dO dong dién tai diém chudn bat ky trén anten; Lyy~ hé 8619 18, c6 thie nguyen chiéu dai. Ta goi hé s6 nay 1A dé dai hie dung cia anten. . Viham phutong huéng chun héa (0, 9) hudng cuc dai 6 gid tri bing | nén tir (3.25) ta c6: {G0} | P= HLake (3.26) DO dai hieu dung cia anten duge xée dinh theo (3.26) bang: ~{G,0. Ly= TCO. hue 27) fc chuan duge chon trén anten sé 06 cac gid tri J, khac nhau, va do d6 ¢6 qui ude do dai hiéu dung khdc nhau. Thong thudng, diém chuan duoc chon 1a diém cp dign cia anten, Thay (3.25) vao (3.5) ta cé bidu thie cugng do trudng bie xa duge biéu thi qua do dai higu dung dudi dang: —ik ewe an R Déi vi cde anten khéc, bing cach phan tich tvong tu nhur trén chting ta cling co thé dua biéu thde cudng dO trudng bic xa vé dang (3.28), nghia la biéu thi cudng do trudng qua him phuong huéng chudn héa, qua dong dién tai mot diém chon muy ¥ wen anten, v2 MOT he $6 ty 1é ma ta goi 1a do dai higu dung: E- ike - Wht Fa. 0 (3.28) 117, ee (3.29) a OO * 7Nhu vay do dai higu dung L,, c6 thé duoc xée dinh bang cach so sanh (3.29) véi bidu thite da biét cba cutmg do trudng bite xa bai anten. Doi vai anten day, d6 dai higu dung cing ¢6 thé duge xdc dinh bing cdch tinh truc tiép theo (3.27). Ta hay khdo sat mot vi dy d6i véi trudng hop day dan thang cé dong dién song dime. Biéu thite (3.17) c6 thé duoe viét Iai duéi dang sau: cos{ cos | — cos!” = AW, ary 9 88 * 2 Eo = 1 = cos} 82 4nx Mt 2 Wf sin sin | 1 — cos 2 2 Néu chon diém cap dign ciia anten tai 3 = 0, ta 66 /, = 1, Dé § ring (‘ ) A cos| “ cos0 | - cos 2 sino - cond) 2 va doi chicu (3.17a) v6i (3.29) ta nit ra duoc: (3.87a) iy = FO, @) (3,30) Cling cé thé nhan duge biéu thitc (3.30) khi tinh todn true Gép theo (3.27). Nhu di Kinio sit 6 phan tren, bite x9 ce dai cia amten dat duge tak @-= +7. Ta 06: ID 6 0, = H(2)yde {ogc Ph dh (2) Vain chon diém cap dign 1a diém z = 0 (Z, = [,), theo (3.27) ta e6: 12 = J Ma)dz (3.31) 1, 2 Néu thay /(2) bat (3.14) vao (3.31) thi: ur tysink a Sau khi tinh todn sé nhan duge Al sin Wi sin 2 2 78Két qui nay pha hgp hon ton véi (3.30). Nhu vay, 46 dai higu dung tla anten c6 gid tri khée d6 dai hinh hoc, va phu thuge vito bude s6ng, oi véi day din €6 46 dai = =, theo (3.30), d0 dBi higu dung 66 gi wi bing /4,— %, nghia la chi bing 0,637 /. x ‘Tretmg hop day din c6 do dai rat nhd so voi bude séng (vi du dipol) khi dy kt . > << b, ta cd: 2 1 cos! we fA Ly = lim |*—2 ro) me AT 2 Ap dung qui tic Lopital, ta tinh duoc aK Ly ets! 3.32) aT . (3.32) nghia [a d6 dai higu dung tién ti gid tri bing do dai hinh hoc cilia anten. Tit cong thife (3.31), (3.32) ta thay ciing c6 thé dién ta khai nigm do dai higu dung theo quan diém vat ly nhur sau: biét ring tich phan xdc dinh trong (3.31) chinh a dign lich gidi han béi dudng cong phan bé ciia dong dign tren day dén va truc day din. Goi dign tich nay 1a S', ; theo (3.31) ta c6: Sys hLy (3.33) Nhu vay, 46 dai higu dung c6 thé duoe coi 18 chiéu dai cia mot canh hinh chi nat, 6 dien tich bang tich cla bién d6 dong dien tai dim cap dign va do dhi dy. Tir day ta 6 thé phat biéu: dé dai hi¢u dung cba anten li d6 dai cita mot anten day gid dinh c6 dong dign phan b6 déng déu véi bien d6 bing bién do dong dign tai diém cap dign cia anten khéo sat, hi thod man didu kién bing nhau vé cudng d6 trudmg 6 huGng bac xa cue dai. Quan hé cita dé dai hiéu dung v6i cde thong sé’ khée cia anten Dé khdo sat quan hé nay, chéing ta s€ tinh cong suat buc xa cla anten theo phuong phap vécto Poyting va theo dién tré bic xa cla anten. Theo phuong phép vécto Poynting: Ripe IEP Ref low® sin@dddp 809-0 Thay E bbi (3.29) ta c6: we et tel? i 4 £248, 9) sinOd0do (3.34) 809-0 79Ap dung (1.85) ta 0 thé thay thé tich phan keép trong (3.34) bai "Cong, thite (3.34) sé duge don gian thanh 2 mie ix) te? (3.35) 2Darax ® Mat khie, cong suat bite xa e6 thé tinh theo dien tr6 bite xa va ding dign trén anten. P= Al Ree (3.36) So sanh (3.35) va (3.36) ta ahan dude: 1 DyrasRre \2 Ly =k) Sma Bee 3.37 H { Wr } G37 Khi thay (3.37) vao (3.29) ta st nhan duge biéu thie lién hé gitta cuang dg trudng bie xa clit mot anten bat ky véi cae thong sé khde cia né dudi dang: WRs.Dasx ete E=il, ~ FO, : Ue dn (8, @) R day 1,1 dong dign 6 diém chun (duge chon wy ¥ tren anten), con Ry, [a dign 16 bite xa tinh theo ding din & diém ay. 80Chuong IV LY THUYET VE CHAN TU DOI XUNG ae §4.1. PHAN BO DONG DIEN TREN CHAN TU BOI XUNG Chain tir doi xting 1a mot trong nhdng nguén biic xa duge sit dung khé phd bién trong k¥ thuat anten. N6 c6 thé duge xem fa mot anten doe lap, hoan chinh (anten chin tir doi xting), déng thdi trong nhigu truimg hop n6 cing Ja phan tit dé két c&iy nhime anten phiic tap. ‘Theo dinh nghia, chan tir doi xing A mot cau tne gém hai doan vat din (hai doan nay je @ ym ny e6 thé c6 hinh dang tay y: hin try. chép, a = YY clipsoit v.v... 66 kich thuée gidng nhau, dit thang hang trong khong gian, va & gitia duge 1néi vdi nguéin dao dong cao tén (hinh 4.1). Trong mot sé 1ai ligu k¥ thuat , ngudi ta cling ding thuat ngi anten dipole ( anten ludng cyte) dé chi cho chan tir déi xting, con dipol di¢n duge khao sai & chuong 2 cia tai ligu nay thi chinh 1A mot truéng hop riéng cla chin tir doi xting . Hint 4.1, ‘MOt trong nhimg vain dé co bam khi khdo sét cac anten La xc dinh trudmg bite xa tao ra trong khong gian, xc dinh cdc thong s6 nh tra Khéng bite xa, tro khing vio clla anten. Dé tim tru@ng bie xa, nhu da biét, cén xde dinh ham phan bé dong dién trén anten. Day 1A mot bai todn phic tap, di o6 nhiéu cong tinh nghién cifu va gidi quyét Trong chutong ny sé tinh bay phuong phép gin ding dé xéc dinh phan b6 dong dién wen chin ti, Tron co sé d6 sé c6 Idi gidi gain ding bai todn xde dinh trong bite xa va cde thong s6 cia anten chain tit. Chuong tigp theo sé trinh bay phuong phip chinh xéc dé ade dinh phéin bé dong dién trén anten, trong d6 cé chan ti, nhér ing dung phuong php moment la phuong phap cd higu qua dé gidi cdc phuong tinh tich phan, Gia sit chan tir c6 dang nhur vé 6 hinh 4.1a, véi bn kinh a rat nhé (chain ti lam bang day din dign binh tra, rét minh). Phuong php gin ding xéc dinh phan b6 dong dign wen chin tr doi xing dua tren suy ludn vé suf tuong tw gitta chain tir d6i xing va dutmg 81day song hinh hé mach diu cudi khéng tén hao, duoc goi 1a phuong php 1¥ thuyét duémg day. ‘That vay. tir dung day song hanh (hinh 4.2a) 66 thé bién dang dé nhan duge chain tir déi xting (hinh 4.2b) bang cach mo rong dau cudi cia duimg day dén khi gée mé gitta hai nhanh bang 180°. Viée mé& rong nay sé Lam mat tinh d6i xing cla dudng day song hanh va tao diéu kién dé hé théng cé thé bifc xa s6ng dién tir nhu khdo sat & §0.3. Gia sir khi bign dang duémg day song hanh thanh chain vir doi xing thi qui luat phan bo dong dign ven hai nhénh van khong thay déi, nghia la van c6 dang séng ding. 1,6) Iysina[ 4 | cay J, — bién d6 dong dign & diém bung song ding; 37 do dai mot nhanh chan ta, Tuy nhién, nhing suy ludn vé su tung twonéu 6 uén chi cé tinh chat gan dting, vi wy ca hai hé thong (dudng day song hanh va chan tt) déu la cae hé théng dao dong véi thong sé phan b6 nhung giifa ching c6 nhing diém khéc nhau: — Cac thong sé phan bd cita dudng day (Ly, C,) khong bign déi doc theo day, con thong sé phan bé cia chan tir thi bién déi ting voi cdc vi tri Khdc nhau tén chan tir (hinh 4.2b). ~— Dung day song hanh thuc t€ 1a hé thdng dimg dé truyén din ning lugng chit khong phai hé thong bite xa, con chan tir 1a hé thong biic xa. — Trong dutmg day song hanh ho mach dau cudi, ding din chi adi theo qui luat sdng ding thudn ty (dang sin, cong thie 4.1) khi duimg day Tam tir vat dan ly wong khéng tén hao; cn déi v6i chan tt, ngay ca khi duge cau tao tir vat dan Ly tudng cing ludn lun e6 six mat mat nang lugng do brie xa (mat mat hitu ich), Do dd, ndi mot each chinh xéc thi phan bé dong dién trén chdin tir sé khong theo qui luat s6ng dig thudn Wy hinh sin. Tuy nhién, doi véi cdc chan tet rat manh, (duong kinh 2a < 0,012), khi tinh trutng d khu xa dya theo gid thiét phan bd dong dign hinh sin cing nhan duge két qua kha phir hop voi thye nghiém. Vi vay, trong phan Id ede tinh todn ky thuat 6 thé cho phép ap dung gia thiet gin ding vé phan bé dong dign séng ding hunh sin. V6i gid thiét tren, trréng biic xa cha chain ur sé duce xde dinh theo cong thie (3.17). ‘Trung hop chan tir duoc dat trong khong gian tu do, W = 120m, ta c6: Hith 42, 82coi(M cosa) cos = _ 1601, “it E Pty ikp OTR sind . hoac cos! # coso Ey = 100lo | 42 eike ° 1 sinO Rsin 2 — dong dign & dau vao chain tir (cai z = 0). KL 1, = Iysin' Biét qui luat phan bd cia dong dign ten chain tir sé xde dinh duge qui twat phan bé gin ding cia dign tich bing céch ép dung phuong trinh bio toan dign tich. C6 thé gid thiét dong dign trén chén tir chi cé thanh phan doc /., dign tich nim tren bé mat diy va £6 mat do dai Q. . Ta c6 phuong tinh bio toan dign tich duce viel dudi dang: dl, ab (4.2) 1, = 2aaJ.— bien dd dong dién tai toa dé 2 cla chan tir J, ~ mat do dong dién mat; Q. — dién tich mat trén mot don vi chiéu dai chan uit, Giai phuong trinh (4.2) 46i voi Q., trong dé thay /. bdi (4.1), ta c6: 0. Mrcosk S - | 220 (43) Qui luat phan bo dign tich trén chiin tit ddi ximg duoc biéu dign bing cée duemg nét vii trén hinh 4.3. Tir hinh 4.3 ta thay qui luat phan b6 dién Hes Lo “e aaa lich doc theo chain tir doi xing cling c6 dang gy yasos tuome. tu nhur quit Iuge phan bé cia higu thé wen dutmg day song hanh hé mach divs cudi, = khong t6n hao, 6) WA 1.25 Hinh 4.3. 83Tuy nhién, trong ly thuyét anten can chi y str dung khai niém dién thé rat than trong vi trutng cla anten thuc ra khong phai Ia ung thé. That vay, trong trudng thé thi dién 4p gitta hai diém bat ky (higu thé) sé chi c6 mot gid tri duy nhat, khong phy thude vio dudng di tir diém nay dén diém kia; con déi véi chain tit déi ximg, dign ap gitta hai diém trén chain tit sé phu thuée vao hinh dang va do dai cia don day do mic giita hai diém do va dung cy do, nghia 1 phy thudc vao dign tich duge khoanh béi day do va phin chain tir nim gitta hai digm do ay ¢hinh 4.4). Khai niem dign ap cé thé duge 4p dung gin ding cho ly thuyét anten chi khi nio khong cich giita hai diém rat nhd so véi bude séng. Vi du khi do dién dp gitta hai digm dau vao chan tit. Mat phiing ede ctia dign the § 4.2. TRG KHANG SONG CUA CHAN TU Tuong ty nhwr dudng day song hinh, 46i véi chin tir déi xing cling co thé dua vio khai nigm tra khéng sng. Theo ly thuyét duémg day thi wo khdng song cla dudng day song han khong t6n hao bing: 4 = 4.4) Pa C (44) L, ~ dign cdm phan bé clia during day: C, - dign dung phan b6 cia dudng day. Mat khéc ta 6: 1 _ 1 y tvan te song truyén ten duing day. fc, fue Néu duéng day duge dat trong khong gian ty do thi pt = }1,, ¢ = ¢,. Tré khdng song cilia dutng day cé thé duge biéu thi qua théng s6 cha moi truéng va mot trong hai thong sé phan bé L,, hoa C, eita duémg day: (4.5) q D6i véi dung day song hanh, C, li dai luong khong bign déi theo chigu dai day vi duge x4e dinh béi kich thude cia duéng day. Khi bigu thi a6 khéng séng qua cdc kich thuée hinh hoe clia dudng day, cong thite (4.5) sé c6 dang 84py= 276 1e2 (46) a D —khoting ciich gia hai day din (tinh tir ue day): a@~ ban kinh day din, Doi véi chain tir dei xing hod une Khning sng ci ic toa anten day khac, c6 thé ép dung (4.5) dé tinh anten nhung can chi y rang dign dung phan bé C, 4 day khong phai 1a hing s6 ma thay déi doc theo chiéu dai ctta chain tit. Vi vay. khi tinh C, céin lily gid ui trung binh cia né, nghia 1a lay dign dung tinh téng cong cua anten chia cho chiéu dai / cla chan tt. ‘Theo dinh nghia vat ly, gid wi cia dien dung bing ty so cia dién tich chia cho dign the C6 nhiéu phuong php dé xée dinh dai lrgng may. Mot trong nhiing phuong phap do duge gidi thigu trong bai ton sau day”, Tinh tré khang séng, cia mot day dan hinh tru c6 chigu dai, bain kinh a (hink 4.5), véi tich phan bd déu theo day din véi mat dO dai t. Khi ay Hinh 4.5. dién tich tren mot doan vi phan sé la tz. Thé cia dién tich ay tai diém O nam trén true day din duoc xde dinh boi: (4.7) trong a6 Vj tri cia diém O wen day din duge xdc dinh boi khong céch tir diém dé dén hai dau day din nh va (i — nh. ThE to boi cde dign tich phan bé ten day din tai diém O sé {7 amen - Nadignhenco. 85