veer e eee reeves Solutions Manual for The Analysis of Linear Circuits Charles M. Close RENSSELAER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE NITRO OF TECNOLOGIA TIVRO orge BOGUMENTACKO TINFORMAGHO| moat [OS 1 FUNTEC SBSEGT 14 4 [owes | S30 [BFR Ve | Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc. New York / Chicago / San Francisco / Atlanta‘Although curricula differ, cone instructors my find it helpful to know the class schedule of the twontenester eircults sequence at Rensselaer for which The Analysis of Line Cireults {s the textbook. In 1965-6, ve covered the first eleven chaptere with only ninor omissions and changes in ‘the omer of toptes. In the 1966-67 school year, all engineering students were required to take the first half of the sequence. In ay sections, we are covering in thie first seaester the first five chapters, Sections 12.2 and 12.2, and Chapter 8. In thé second semester, which is elective except for electrical engineering sajore, ve cover Chapters 6-7, Chapters 9-11, snd Section 12-4. Charles M. Close Troy, lew York « force of compression Length of the shaft symmetrical about the origin for [2] < fe, given byt} < te (CHAPTER 2 curve in Fig. 1-1-3 can te extended Into the fourth quadran elastic Lintt of the metal used are approximately the same and tension, and if the eross-secti 1 area of the shaft 1s by regarding fas a negative applied force and a contract von in the a negative elongation, If the extended curve ts Jen the range of Linearity is ais ie the case if the modulus of elasticity and the in compression ugh to prevent lateral deflection or buckling. However, for some common neterials, ouch as cast iron and conerete, the dehavier in compression ts conatderably different. Denote the responses to x,(t) and x,{ by y(t) and ¥,(t), ‘the first system ts Linear and time tavariant since vy tgs & Oy te) +2 (+x) y(t = ty) Fe fas _ af ax(t + ty) the second system Le Linear and time invar‘est since Gy +) > shat) ve = 6] = 3x(t = &) a a a. a ‘Tae third system Le nosLinear and time tnvariant since Gy ty) Fe Gy tH) Ft [a c tol] x(t = tg) fon desceited by the Aigferential equatic: fee. stay Wray = oy Bae trey dan) vat and in tension reepectvely.13 ab 1s CHAPTER 1 ts Linear if ond only tf the a's and bj's are not functions of x oF ye The systen is tine invartant if and only if the a,'s and pj's are Tt ss both Linear and time invariant if and not explicit functions of only if the coefficients are constants. the diode is a nonlinear device, because when the voltage {s miltiplieg by aL, the current 1s not multiplied by -1. For the given characteristics, tne aiode resesbles a finite, nonzero resistance if the voltage ic restricted| to positive values and resembles an open clreuit if the voltage is restricted to negative values. Toe net energy supplied to network K for O respec’ For respectively. ite) wit) he vavasiape of ‘The figure below shows Is unlty. As f.tecones sealler, the recten: sigher, bul apgolute value of the grea underseach eact of thes renair equal to L. As 4 approaches zero, the pulses become imp:lses of value as discussed in connection with Pig. 3-2-3.[HAPTER 1 4 HAPTER 1 ji The current dova through the center capacitance is \ Ged wore [bao af a 2 1(A) | sae + Hilt) t/a a A |» “ BH t | a(t) = a(t) + Glu + 5i(t) 4 7 | 4 “us i 10 For t > 0, e,(t) nee! R AG B44 ERO RENG) 1.22 the vavetorm for ep(t) = e(t) ~ i(t) te dravn ftrst. For t>2, f to(A) ar, o,(t) + 2 (2) + 0,(¢) fglt) = 6 (deg/at) = 0 and ig(t) =a, since ep(t) Le constant. Thus = 1M, and ip(t) = eg(t) for alt values of t. The waveform for Ga) Re al al “? | g(t) = 1(4) = tpt) te now drawn, and c+ 4S @¢) / Qo a Ey Ca eal coll be ae a cr ' 2 oes “a i 2 im 2 3 2ee re rr ak eq(e) = ML(t) + 20y{t, #0 ey(t)/4y(t) = -R. The ctreutt 1s a negative impedance converter, and the discussion 3 te pertinent to thie problem. By Kirchhoff's voltage Lew, : nisiengo af ender kf ey a Jacofa | 0. he energy atored in the inductance ts 2 11? = 25t2, unten ) relocate the time origin for the part of the problem for nich e(t equals 100 Joules when t = 2 sec. ) men <(t) = 0.632/5, as in Problem 1.20, snd the enerey dissipated a } | erm sate at gtel ete af AnD at weed in the res ts ° ’ || tron sl the foltoning cartes my be rat ) I ni? at = (0. i 2/5 at = 1.00 joute ) | | ef x(t) | 1.22 For simplicity, onit the £ in garentheaes after the current and voltage 4 ) symbols. Teen e) = St, "5, tp = ty + tg = 6, eg = ia 5 (oe ) lg = fp + ig = 8, © = 34g = 2h, and @ = ey + ep = 36 volts. The power 4 3 fat tg 3 = 33, 3 * 2 ae ° a ) supplied to the resistances te given by pp = 12) Py = 2, Hy * 4 ys ’ ng * th, for a total of 293 watts. ‘ue pover 6 pplied by the vollage soura , le ely + 288 vette and the eursent source Loo, #5 watts > fl 4 Sa ) the not energy supplied to the capacitance for O< t<2 is -3 Joules ) tho difference between the energy stored at t= 2 and t= 0. The ) energy supplied to the recistarce 1s 8 Joules for O) ‘the three right-cand resistances may be replaced bye 21 resistance, and fgg = 5 +2 + 7M. (e) Te four right. ea OOD « o/s. 4 reaistances are equivalent to tvo 2.0. (a) 12 ts conventent to temporarily omit the top resistance, as in the following figure. . 220 By the current-Atvider rule, 1 = (9/3)L. ‘Then tg = 3k go @ =~ Aly + ty = = (h/3)1 and Rgg = e/t 2.3 Ae suggested in the hint, at ETE, = e000. 10 2.4 By the voltage-divider rule, eg =~ eg/b and ey W344. The fined ‘CHAPTER 2 a simon fg = 0, the meter current 4s, by the currentaaivider rule, wR 0.002 = (a555-) (FH 50 Re/(R, + Rg) = Ob. since Ry = LOM, Ro = 20/3. Finally, dy the firet equation in this solution, Ry = 1996.0.. ja. Pron the problem statement, 20 ep = 16 and ey = - 4 volts. Se ta O fg 3a. 2.5 (a) ‘Te proof se given on page 49. cy 82.46, 8. = (c, + c5) 22 () tle) = cr BE + oy Be. = (0 + 6) 88 fe) ele) «ty Bho nA (y+ ty) a (a) If there 18 no stored energy at t= 0, ute) = foe) ant bf Seon an “bts en arena mm emeete sf | CHAPTER 2 B ) 1 ) ‘) ' ) ) ) ) y ’ ) ) 2 ‘cuAPTER 2 26 If ej = 3, then ty = 1, 15 = 3/4, tg Thy 0g = Th, ep © 19/%, by = 19/8, 5 1% 2 25/8: For the etven 25/104 = 1.20 amp. ig = 39/8, soe, ~e7 4 2ig= 13 and ty (5325/8) source voltage of 5 volts, |, Woen all three sources have their given values, 14 = 6 1 = 25/9, Ly = = 29/9, by + = 8/9, 06 te total pover diceipated in the restatannen 1 3(6)? + 6(25/9)° + 3(20/9)? = 108.0 + 46.3 + 3L.2 = 185.4 watts we vet power supplied by the sources Ls = 03/9) + &- 83/3) + 12(104/3) = = GHG = 166.0 + M16.0 + 105.4 watts 29 If e(t) Se replaced by @ short circu.t, then by the voltage-divider rile 25)2) e4(t) = 2 cos ioe volts 75 3 If e9(t) 15 replaced by # short circuit, et) By superposition, the desired ansver is eg(t) #2 +2 cos ot volts If the voltage souree 12 replaced by a short circult, then the current from the 6 amp source divides equally between the tvo 30. resistances, and the voltage of point A with respect to point Bis e,=9 volte, If the current source Le replaced by an open circuit, then by the voltage-divider 12/18)(36) - (3/6)(36) « 6 volts. The complete response, by rule ¢, superposition, 1s @, = 15 volts.ww eee ee w CHAPTER 2 210 Since eg = Ryeq/(R + R,) and ey = Rye,/(R, + ,), ¢, will be zero it R, . te Rr TR see = RR,- Notice that e, would remain zero even if an foes, 16 RR, = RR. Notice thet e, would rem it aaaitional resistance vere connected between the Junction of R, and Ry Trivial solutions are ¢ 0 and 1 and the Junction of Ry and Ry. Roe 5 Except for the addition of the lis ree stance, the © reuit 12 identical with the one in Fig. F210, w! = Lf, Ry = 32, Ry : Fig. F210, with R= Lu, Rp 31, R= 2M, R= 6M, and R, = 2.0.. Notice that RR, = eo the bridge Le “balanced” ani R= 20 ALR, = RRL, eo the bridge Ls "eatancea” ana no current flovs through the UO. resistance. Since thls reatatance aay bbe omitted, and since the parallel combination of hf and 80. ts 8/3.0, the desired voltage 10, by the voltage-divider rule, eg + (86115) = 35 vote 2+ 8/3 246 7 2:12 Excopt for the addition of Rand the deletion of R,, the given lattice network 1s Identical with the elreuit ta Fig. 72.10. Thu eg 01F AAR, = R,Ry- Whether or not the bridge 1s tala ed, all of the network except R, can be replaced by a Thévenin equivalent ctrcult, tn vhteh with the reetstance fy attached and vith Ry = R, and Ry = Ry, “ . ea 0 Ro(Ry > Ry) foe +R RL(Ry + R,) + ORR, “ Ry RMT RD RR Roe, 2.13 Notice that the left-hand resistance does not affect the ansver. If the current source ie replaced by an open cireuit, the voltage across the right-hand resistance is, from the results of Problem 2.12, eg If the voltage source {g replaced by a short circuit, the resistance seen by the current source (found by ccabining elements in series and in parallel) 1s ¥/7.., 90 ¢, © 40/T volts. By superposition, the total voltage across the current aource is eg = = 5/+ Wo/T = 5 volte 21h If the voltage scurce vere dead, e,, = (3)(5/9)(3) = 5 volte, by the current-divider rule. If the current source were dead, = (6/9)(6) = 4 volte, by the voltage-divider rule. By superposition, fog 7 9 vette tee equtvalent reatstance of the dead network ts Ay = (6)(3)/(6 + 3) = 24 1, = 2asp 2.15 From the results of Problen 2.9, everything except the 24. resistance can be replaced by a Thévs in equivalent elreult in whi ‘The equivalent resletance of the dead network Is : as 5/T volt.| ee CHAPTER 2 _ 2) BIG) aicleiiaies Sinise) me current through the 201, resistance is 15/(2 + 1/2) = 2 amp, so the pover dissipated in this resistance is 8 vatts. 2.16 Te pover delivered to R, ts =Ri2-—% 2 = BAe = e Poth Gee “ee ‘men 2 a, Gaya ‘te muimin pover occurs vhen this derivative is zero, {.e., vhen R, a ‘BiLT Froa Problem 2.6, tg © 125/104 aap. In the calculation of the open-elreult ‘voltage, the total resistance seen by the source is 2 + 6/7 +3 = M/TO. ue ‘the equivalent resistance of the dead network 15 Rog" eyq/tge * 104/416. men the 6 ba 3a & a Ste Yn 2a Zee(a) (e) «) cuaPreR 2 sre dual of Probida 1.11 4s to find the vaveshape of e(t) tn order to produce the vaveshape for ep(t) given belov. ‘The seluticn 1s the sane ag ,(¢) tn the anever to Problem 1.11, eft) ah athe feo! t a 23 For the duel of Problem 1-12, interchange the waveshapes of e(t) ‘and 1(t) and replace the ekreutt by the one shoun below. ‘The new problen is to find the values of Land Gy, which are 4 f and 2 ho, respectively te dual of Problen 1.13 1 to find 1y(t)/ey(t) for the etreutt shown below. ‘The solution is Ay(e)/e,(t) = = G, and the circuit enciosea by the dashed Lines 18 negative impedance converter (identical with the one in Fig. 1-10) 3a 3.2 33 CHAPDER 3 For t> 0, Ry and R, can be combined into @ single 1{. resistance, and ethan en ® fe for which the general solutton t¢ 1,(t) =2+ Ke" Lote 2 + Since 4, (0¥) = 2/2, for t > 0 From the recult of Bample 3. +/2y 2, elt) # (a. for 0. tea aie ete) -xe®, “May, ‘he general solution for t> roa the previous tien, ¢ . “le equation, the voltage at t = 1 see ts 2(1-€7/2), wnten must equan "2, ft) = afe¥2 2 aye! tore 2 ef) 2-€*) ol 7 a The ctreutt can be deecribed ty the note equation La eee BE (ee) +Soprse = 0 foray = Sh re ten ey(t) = 2, the gencrad solution 19 e(t) = 2/2 + Ke*/?, (a) Men eg(0r) = 0, e((04) = 1, 0,(0) «FOF tore 0, (0) shan of") = 2, (08) == 3, 9,00) «2 (236°) tore v0 28 ww 34 me 4 305 CHAPTER 3 ‘Te source voltage e(t) = 1(ai,/at) + Rt, {8 not affected by the cayecttance and {8 shovn beloy. The current to(t) = G(de/at) and the current dravn from the source, i(t) = ig(t) + y(t), contain inpulses because of the discontinuities in the waveforn of e(t)- The tapulses in the current i(t) represent s physically unrealizatle demand on the ete) 2 / ° + * For t > 0, the currents floving dovn through the inductance and down ‘through the capacitance are, respectively, 6a eR, 1fer- 60 4) Sa Rh), 1 (0) = 6 1 Aaso, 1,(8) = H(t) + to(t) and eg ) +R, A(t) - (1). For the nuserleal values given in gart (a) of the protlen statenent,, 1,(6) = 6 aap, e,(t) = 6-126" For part (0), 4(t) #3 #30 Ts elt (CHAPTER 3 » Por art (), s(t) © 6 = 6e“W2 + Gent, (ey = 6-607? . et Yotice that for parts (a) and (b), but aot for part (e), the tine constants for the RL and RC branches are equal. 3.6 Hor the cireuit in Fig. 3.3-1e, ae 4h feat ieee Cae For both the step and impulse responses, ai/at = 0 for t > 0 and et) = K, cos S— +k, sin + vir cea eo) = 0, tg(0+) = 0, So(0*) = 2, and For the unit step respor ae/at] 9, = a/c. tus K, = 0, K, = VIE, and [+=] 119% t x(t) = ag ule) eee ee ee ee (09 5 (t) = cos 2 Uy (t) a Te expressions in Fig. 3.3-1f nov follow immediately, because that elroult Le the dual of the one in Pig. 3.3-Le- 3: For both marta of the problem, g(t) = et) - tel) and y(t) = tC) + e(e)/i,, whore expreastons for 1g(t) are given in Fla. 3.3ele+ F part (a),5 » » cura >| carts x 2 : 2 cee HS) ute) 4 44) : 8 3a aon y yoy) 3a FU, 3a ; : 3a je 40) le) ’ RK SK > > s/o vetov when £,(e) = 0 y(t). «Uy be) 5 2Uc4)-+ auto} Le 2%, ) 4.8 tn tne Horton equlvatent cinoult shown below, the shortacireust current, rolts ) 2@) ) with e(t) = lt), 18 $n ni : i. o e ee -ce ) gle get) fo ym anrGeg a wy Pie sa, ; 7 ee wat} L 2 i(e)-foe #206)! oer ase™) uy 3 3 4 3 ee at, i 2 2b eg(t) "2 + hi =n ule) e= (2) Ue) 4A} () 30 eo 5 3 ov — In the original ctreult, notice that the currents through the inductances ao change instantaneously and that there i¢ an inpilse of voltage even ‘though the source current remains finite. ‘This 4¢ an paxple of the 3.9 The untt impulse of current flove through the center restatance, 0° & 2) rough a cs ‘the untt impulse of © (1), and 12(0%) = 3/5 amp. For t 70, the first situation described tn Lines 7 through 9 on page 145 y etroult shovn below applies and e¥(t) = - 3tp(t) =~ (9/5)¢ restatance, 80 {g(t) contains the term 3xh(¢), and e,(0#) = 3/5 volt. 66/5 a Por £0, o,(t) = (3/5) 787? and 1,(t) = = 3 a(t 6/5, complete solution 18 - 9 6/5 =- (o/s) . these Ul) eft) #310) = 2 ‘Te complete solution ts fed, the second clreult shown beloy applies. 6 ay Fig. 3-31, 1,00) = G/) C8? 4A) 25 eo(t) = 3UCE) = 3 He) WYK se Ue) If thévenin's theorem t=2 comrrer 3 615 4,00) = 30,08) + ve) mis probien oan also be solved by replacing the two Left-hand elements ty a Morton equivalent circuit and by using the exmressions in Fig, 3.3-18- otice that this problen 1s the dual of Froblen 3.9- 1 paz (a) x(t) = se BAC) i 2 nt) == u(t) - = 3° 3 @) xe) 2307 7o eo fe) = 30,(8) = (ey etry = (6-8) Ue) 2 the ne) = 2u,(e) + v(t) 3.13 The response toa unit impulse is (e) == (ey = (ee VET GAC) u(t) = = au,(t) = (E+E HAC! cand * me response to a untt ranp function te far [> = (erae™ saab yor 270, ith ene evs coed 4) # 8+ Sine 6(09 = By a(t) bes ee y(t) 4B “2b ee ana 5 for t i 4 ee O 4h CHAPTER 3 our 3 15 The circuit consists of the series combination of @ AC bran: 4 8 Rb branch, and a current source. From the expressions in Figs. 3.3-le and 3.3-14, 1 eg(t) = ae ve) + [aye “36 ae v0 | 3 te suese 04K .26 The current-Law equations at nodes 1 and o are yey) tM =O Fron the first equation, ¢, = (1, + ¢,)/3. With this result and the fact that 4, = 2e,, the second equation gives ae, 10 1 +e =--1, ae ‘an alternative nethol is to write @ voltaze-lav equation around tie Loop that does not contain @ current source. 1 Pou -araee Gy - sp rsa =e tated term ty tems to remove the integral sign,HAPTER 3 replaced on relating 0, the a poo» *) y since , = (3/2) 4, - 4,4, = (2/3)(e, + 4,) and the stove equation ) ‘°° 4 ecomes » #2 ,..1 hy at 5 2 3 ‘ ‘the sane result follows if everything except the capacitance is a ty a tévenin equivalent efreutt, tn which ee * ~ (1/20) 4, ae wl ea 7 3/10 - | equat “a hen 1, (t) , the general solution to the differential ea a (ty = = (rho) + Ke 2/3, since 0, (04) ? g(t) ana 4,(¢) 18 0,(¢) = . ) wo otep Fegponte 46, ) oe) He) eo Gate 6 ‘The unit ramp response 16 £ 7 el -10t/3 fm [ Bttagtes | ue) 3.17 ‘The power supplied by the source 1s cero for cag a, and for t we) = oe) ae) = RQ. =e 7!) & xa) | RC. The total energy supplied by the source is 8 oo) aes CO f : 2 | ve acs Re een ape i smears 78 tt a < a, the response to the triangular pulse te ee) [= +e (H/F 1). ante - 8) - ante (6/2 et/FC_ 4) tate aye rhe (ely | MA pee */RO(y _ ga/aney? ka _-t/Re te 2 2B pep g-t/RO a. 2 Bree (8 The last expression is valid for auio tte responce to the Liput in Pig. P3.dle ts oft) +0 for tex. For ) t Sx we can replace t by t= x in the above expression to obtain ‘ ete) 28 [- etn tv cos eet) nes ‘ ‘ t ‘ ‘i carrer 3 [ogaPTeR 3 a By superposition, the response to the input in Fig. P3.2le for t > x te a (+) «3 [sta e - cos tre wie scoot 9] 2 a a ehareyet he inpat in Fig. 23.22a fe the derivative of the one in Fig. P3210, so ‘the response is, ote) = dy [Keine - cos t+ eo) | = Xeor t + ata t - for t > 0. For t>-x/2, the response to the input shown below ean be found by replacing t by t~- a/2 tn the expression in the last brackets: b [eames ees c(t #7] A(t) : a] % x a “| 3 2 by suecyuition, the response te the input tn Fig. P3.c00 te eit) «3 (contr ott =e) for ote reel?) et tor th et) = ‘the application of @3. 3.5-2 to the input chom in Fig. P5.22a gives ° e6t) « feos 4) Nan « F (coo t+ sine - °For the input in Fig. P3.22b, L (cos t + ein t ott for t> ele) jaa (cos 0) € ° Joh by the definition of convolution and ty the sapling property sn Bay 32-8 a(t) # ue = a) = felt - A) Uo(A = 4) ad =f (t-a) 5.05 The untt otep response, the derivative of the unit rasp response, 4s 2 a(t) = 2 v(t) By Ba. 445-1, and with a separate term accounting for the effect of the Asscontdnutty tn 2(¢), xe) = mar 4.26 The relationship detveen x(t) and y{t) will not be changed by interchanging Wy and Wy Af the netvorks are {solated, The relational aces depend upon the order of the networks if they are nontsulutcd, becau of a difference in the loading effect. 21 By Bq. 3512, H(t) = Wy(t) * Het), where nt) fo dean GO 0 for ¢>0. Thus 39 x(t) « f (ee yy et -N Ha e ats [b= G8 so? ooo 3) ce] tor tao 528 Te A(t) = Uy(e), then a(t) = VS ue) re ay(2) = UyC), than a(t) = = (20/3) CMF v(t). By Bae 351, with the discontinuity in 4,(t) ecounted for by @ separate tem, the response to y(t) fs, for 6 >0) i ¢ sen ee Be 6 ff [eM] Bet ME] on 0 Ba-perl 4.89 the responses, which are zero except for O Tas eclOr) = Bey HELO) ss sb since eg(0+) = 2/6 volt and 4,(0r) = 0, the enerey stored tn the capacitance at t= Or 4s 1/24 Joule and the initial enoray 4m the 7 inductance 1s zero. a5 Stace e,(0+) =2 ond 0((0F) = 0) (0%) + 2 and 4(0%) = 0 How, yor) = 0 and (or) = 31,(0%)/2 = 3+ By Kiretnoft'e current law £y(08) = 4,(0%) + A(08) # 4,(04) + 4,(08) capacitance, £0 43 yields 4,(0F) = = 1 aap, 50 S004) = E 4g(or) = = 3 vott wer om Socop) 2B Aon) == vote ser se (Or) = eg(0*) = 0 (0) = Uq(t)y no tapatses are present aot eg 4,607) = 0 and S Sopor) = 0 4) Le) R R ect ctleate ¢ fece q(t) = uglt), a eurrant injlan of area 2/8 flows Into the First ex(0r) = 1/m0 ent e,0r) = 0+ Ten 1 (06) = eter) (0%) = and “= 0 7 ® PeCHAPTER 4 CHAPTER & i Now ee) = Uy(8), then Hy(0H) = eGf08) = COP) = OF 1,609) = 4efOF) = By aa, ay ent e,(0#) = e,(0") = R. FEO) = EO) - ae. 3 ae, Flor) = § lO) = Now at,/at = at,/at ~ a2,/at, mere W.E The initial value of every voltage and current is zero, except that a ay Sao eo emt XO) =Eefon +E (or) = A,(0%) «2 Soe eg(0r) = 0, FAOH) =F a,(or) = 0 zg z Now ai Jat = at,/at - at,/at, where my My 4 dey FAO) = GelOr) =O GOV) = ggELON) =O Lie) 20 = Pe au, Feo sg Rho) 0 FinaLiy, & te ae Stn =} [Exo - $09 a F 3 #4, re ay(e) = Gy(t), then o untt sayuise of current flows into the capacitance Seco) 2 Sit) «2 Q) «fy watt we seed and a voltage impulse of area R appears across the inductance, so eqg(0+) = 1/6 and 4,(0+) = R/t. Since 4(0F) * 0 cS : fey El) ége) “TO a ef) =e o a (or) = = B(OH) = salt Jas 4 a 7 ff () ta ee, (or) = = Alor) «= Fg TO) = tc a mw? aleCHAPTER 4 eR 4 fs av equation at the upper rightehand node gives rerentinting the current hig Digferentinting ‘As discussed in the solution to Problen 4.6, Be, My ae, ae, sagteeo tae Oo, FXor) = 2 ae at ‘he general solution, vhen e(t) = t 6°", te = Ky = 045, 80 for to Bt 2-eety eg(t) «(x cos t 4 sin t) = (28 +1) eet ft) = 0.5 Ce By the use of the initial conditions which agrees with the expression at the botton of page 161, but viich does not equal the impulse r a ae, sponte of the eireutt in Fig. 3. efor) = geXOr) = 0 se 4s found that Ky +K, 1) 80 for t>0 node equations sre : fog qeeBley-a)eey=0 : he first equation 4s solved for e, and is substituted into the second eg(t) = (cos # + ata t) = (2 +2) eae =e) #0 blo For the efreult in Fig. 3.5-To, the simplified equations at nodes 2 ant equation, and the second equation is differentiated twice to remove the integral signs. To find the unit step response, let e\(t) = 1 for &>0, so By solving the second equation for ©, and substituting the result into the First equation, ve obtata 4, (2), raz|eco For t >0, e(t) = 0 and aka 2edfavo 0.388 32.628 eg(t) = € KEHAPTER 4 HAPTER & e ° wo aa Finally, ae oy(t) = U(#s 2 (09) = 0a ee, .. el eg(24) = = 06323, F2H) = 16(24) = geo) = ECO) = gEtOr) = BION) = BO from vbten Kj = = 6.39, K=2 and nitial conditions, == 1/3, Ky => 2/3 and 7 ay the use of these Anitial conditions, Ky =~ 1/3, Ky => 2/3 eg(t) = (6.39 +20) °F tor toe xe) [2-He*M Hee) Ju fo alternative approach, based on the discussion in Section 3-4, ts ‘then notice that a not ct /2. ne) ede + etl*y y(t) eq(t) = Ug(t) - U(e) + UACe = 2) + ule - 2) ‘The unit step response 1s found to be 4 erentiating the current-Lov equation st the upper right-hand node y 112 pigferentiating 2 zs ejpecd Go a0 gives while the unit ramp response is _ tor 00 = 0 tor tae 0 ‘Tous f For 02 For t>2, al ae, 7 -(t-2) (t=2) ee ees eg(t) = (Le ae) chara (eae) ere (ee rye = (6.39 + 2t) e® fron vnich K, = 1, K, = 2) and ‘Tals problen 12 solved by the Laplace transform on page 511. e(t) = (2 #28) € ror 0 is the above since 4,(t) prt th fuse whieh yleld &e, de, Set (RRO = 2) EH (RH) Og RIE RT ‘expression minus the above expression with t replaced by pieferentiating the current-lev equation at the upper right-hand node ent ur replacing e,(t) by unity, ve obtain Me elrcuit is stable only 4¢ R2R, +R, and LE R,RC. fo prevent oscillations in the response, 200.9. ‘yand resistance, the cLreutt Te e(t) denotes the voltage across the 1ef' €é) can be described by the folloving note equations. cer ee, cod ae feast Sa tac the vtageaeace the euertone dae nt cane istntanoily, Solving these equations sisiultan- e,{0r) = 20 volts. Then nore Plz should be replaced by ously, ve find that = 10-3. ay 7 g(or) = 10 - $8 = 8 any Be, a, segeress s,(0+) + 2 volte per (ere) ae me circuit 1s unctable 4 and only if p< - 2+ The free response can never contain a constant-anpLitude simsoidal o¢ctliation, because the52 CHAPTER & al tie node equation for £20 te — legeare fagaee deeb le 20 Acter the equation 1s differentiated in order to resove the integral sien, wo tle) woffa eR, suse Hy(0) = foe) == 2, ae ne emation efor) #3 + 44(04) + BogCor) + [ag(or) -2] +0 gives o,(0+) = = 1/2) 60 A,(0r) = = /h ane a -t/2 a(t) =- $e for t>0 .(2t) bap. Fort >-0) the atererenistad loop om te : fb eiee sie) = 2 (a, ooo Bes om At t= 0+, the values of A(t) and di/at are 2 and 0, respectively, to Kp=2 ant K+ 2/\/F. 6 the two teigonaetric terms are conbtnedy WE + - 30°) z +12 cog eee 1) =F eR 4 Setting the derivative of i(t) equal to zero, ve obtain eae re v3 Vit/2 = 30° = 150°, 3: t= 2n/VG seo and ts and 12 0.054 amp. Lie, yee 4 The First minima occurs at 326 amp. The firet maxima ie at t= hx/VF see £2) 2 x “tk aoe 4.20 eft) = 7? (con t+ K, ln t) 62 Hos e(0r) + 0 (OF) = 1, 450+) = 2, 150) = a, antBy the use of these inttial conditions, K * - 27% =O, ant for ¢>0 ee cost gj Sc) een So) pe 7. t Lox First, notiee that £,(OF) = 4,(0-) = 20 and 2,(0F) = @,(0-) = 40, 60 10%) = 20 ent 1(0r) = 10 amp. Stree to(OF 1,{0r) = = 10, £,0F) = 1,(0") ~ ee, a Flor) == Fy z_elor) = - § amp ver see i & Since the voltage across the 3.1 res: and ey(0r) = e4(0-) = 4. Ten, 1,004) = (6 = Me = HH . Finatty, @,(0r) = €,(0*) + e,(0+) = 7/2 volts. cHaPreR 4 ‘GHAPTER 4 k.a3 Since £,(Or) = 4,(0-) = 1 and eg(0) = eg(0-) = 3, ey(0F) = 2, eg(0r) = 2, and e,(0r) = = e,(OF) + ef0F) - e,(Or) = 8 volts r eql0¥) = (06) = 0960) = 6 geXor) Since fg(OF) = 40+) = eg(04)/3 « OF ee, Im) = 0 Pinay, ae, ae, oo Teor) = ~ gH or) + GHor) - GAlor) = - 6 +0CHAPTER & In Probes 4.2h, the forced response of a circuit described by the equation 2, SEs yee byes ae to the input x(t) = st x x)= |= SELB eos n+ 5 ots 28) she ¥ | cso sin 2b is the dnaginary part of this ‘the forced response to x expression, nanely a yp(t) + =F cos 2t ‘the forced response in Problem l.2i 1s the above expression with 2¢ replaced by 2¢ = x/4. ‘The method of Bample 4.6-2 18 nov outtable for Proven 4.24, because the forcing function duplicates « term in the homogeneous solution. It 4,(t) denotes the current floving dow through the 3. resistance, ‘the voltage-law equation for the right-hand Loop 18 a, 38 r8a- since e,= 21, * tg)s ty can be replaced by 4) = ke =3ae 2 2 je 6 Ws) = 7 io zexe, Since _ilet + 8.29), Since H(-2) = 0, the forced re 38.29, ponse to 1-10 n(j2) «2-70 38°, the corced response to ant to sin 2t ts + 8°) 2.70 ota ( garree & 37 yi26 With K closed and for the loop currents shovn below, the voltage-Lay equation for the outside Loop $s Wty +34, + H(A) + 102) = 9 which, since 4, By, gives y(t) 3 for t<0. The voltage acro: ‘the capacitance does not change instantaneously vhen the ewiteh opens, so 4,(0+) = 3. with K open, the voltage-Lav equation for the outside loop $s ni, +6 fs, ab + Sty + 5C2) +2102) = 9 or, with 4 == 8, a, ware + Tas, for t>0, A(t) =Ket and since (0+) = 3 * a(t) =3€ ‘he voltage across the 1 exp source for t>0 is egt) = 101) + 8(2) = 31, + 54, = 26 + 87 ct5a 5.2 5.3 504 sine aCe) = (4) + (4) # AC e Ay(t) = 2 cos 100 t + 2 ein 100+ and A(t) = = 5 sin 100 +, 4s cos 100 t = 3 sin 100 ¢ (200 t + 36.9). Notice that (a) (a) (e) a) (a) (v) (c) (a) (e) (e) (s) () (e) a [8 + 2VE [215° + 5/90 = 5 [36.5° SVE-95, (0) -3V3453,(e) -¥- 3 4VS, -0VF+J20V%, (e) 13 /122.6, (4) 20 /-36.5° » as /-93.8° , (a) 20 [2771°, (4) 20.2 [243° , V2 (135° , (x) 0.234 /-85.2° , (2) 82 (258°, (=) 1 [30° , 2 [250% , 2 /-90° g2 cos 1+ J stn L = 0.540 + J 0.581 (eivleyd orl? 30 2 eye ee y= RAE» aS) + GS) PE eer Pee ey tte region is the interior of a cfrcle of radius 2 and centered at xed ‘The region 1s the half-plane belov « horizontal Line drawn 4 units above the origin. Since, by rationalization, t 38 39 ve require seg > Ey tee, Ode wt? Pry or, by completing the equare on the right-hand aide of the inequality, bate are? wich describes the region inside a cizele of radius 2, centered at x=? and y=0 Ife, denotes the voltage across the capacitance, the efroutt may be described by two nate equations: Kee ey -ad eda a ° from whieh ae, bor be= (a) Tee form assumed for the steady-state solution is o,(t) = A cos 2 + Beta Ot. When this expression 1a substituted into the differential equation, it 1s found that A = 21/90, B = 3/20, and nglt) = 1.05 08 2b + O15 ain 2t = 1.06 cos (2t = 81°) (>) By Anapection of the differential equation, we) GEER from whieh (J and e,(t) # 1.06 cos (2t - 8.1°)6 5.6 (#) The voltege-lav equations for loops © snd 2 are +hi,+2t, 4 fag ae + aly - 4) voich yield of ) nee te Vig, = a/a¥" + (oc? ie men e,(t) = Acos (at + 6) end w= 10°) ic (N00) ow 1? since 3, 2 and r= 1 (0%, the ateady-ctate response ts o,{t) = 122 x 20? cos (10% - By the methods of Chapter It, the at (») ‘te tapedance seen by the source 13 2 , A(t) ts ee ee et Crap pre fe \ ek F Since 1, = 8/2, the network function t2 wt | 1, jor? ‘Te characteristic equation to fe + 10!?, co the free respon: yo) «2 «9 5 eaponse a wa + Be Sho ts eft Kt) response te t 10" 5.2) Te R denotes the resistance of +r, and Ml, in parallel, che currentela a(t) = (K+ yt) oH equation at node 0 in the aqc steady-state is3 wit I) => JL ant 1, =~ J3, the above equation gives. 1 B, + ah, + 1,) = 2VP/-235° and VE cos (2t - 135°) 9 45(4) = 0, 460% 3 Tow °,(0" a Flor) B=? e(t) 5 ‘| ith these initial conditions, 1t 1s found that K+ - 500, K = - 5 x id tnd for all &>0 bl, p20 6, eg(t) = = 500(2 + 208) «2 + 1.32 x 10 cos (0% - 63.57) reuit shomm below, the Loop equations are For the frequency-domain Q-ontIy a St #421491, ° JI) + (10+ J3) T= 0 from vhteh I, 8, = 101, = 2.66 [60 eg(t) © 2.68 eos (2t + 162°) == B/le5 + §28), where 8, = (a) (é) (») Tee current-Lav equation at node o in the frequency-domain efreust shown above is 2-3) =32 x1 10% + 2) final Ba iihiaan TO roa vnten 5, « 615 [-88° aoa ext) = 6.75 cos (208 = 88°) The node equation for the frequency-domain ctrewlt 1s B+ at, Ee {5.10 (a) me vottage-law equation for Loop 3 in the frequency-domain etroust shom below is whore 1, +2 (0° ond 1, =~ 8/(3 + Jb). We then obtain | Ge) R-O- RRA +06 CHAPTER 65 Since the angle of WRT PARE , TRY ORR 4 . ° geghgee Bo 051 (63.0 °) sg(4) = 0.357 eos (2b + 63.1 2 As alvays positive, e,(t), does not lag ey(t) for any value of o By the voltage-divider rule, Fy aye « aje 2-107) + je Bo yer ia ors aay S dos) + 330 G2) = tan? which 1s negative 4f and only if oP < 1/10. Tus, e,(t) Legs e(t) sor © <1/VI0 rad per ses. Phasor for the current floving dom through Ny ts I, 10 = 10 VE /-135° . men f, = 21, = 100% [15° ant ++ no. [2 G.2\ me current-iae equation at the upper right-hand node, in tere of shnors Be tans, 28/2, VF Lat 2 shag Te voltage at the dashed Line 1s gtven by = 223 [-56° , so the impedance Looking to the |: with ‘Tee voltage across the current source 4s bad gives 8 By By +B = 246 (54° | _ eg(t) = 20 cos (2¢ + 30°) . 46 eos (100% - 54°) +13 (a) In the expression 5.3 (a) & 2 mudt can be replaced by a 1A recictance at all frequencies, ; et eee A ERT Re Re TTT RTC ‘the angle of the denoatnator Ls greater than the angle of the nunerata| so e,(t) lass ey(t) for alt nonceFaaiaal Seapine t i Sx me. 66 6 For the second ctreuit, ys +e -o aa woore (rege 25g ‘the ctrouit my be replaced by a 3.f. resistance for @ = 0, tye 2A resistance for @ #1, and by an open cireuit for @—>eo . Oe nen w= 2, Z= (7+ J6)/5 ant ¥=2/Z = (7 ~ J6)/1T. The two express: by the currentedtvider rule. Since 2 grag a Ge) 1 +3 5/8 + 35/8) x, nave the form of 1/R+ Ju and 1/R - J/aL, respectively, and suggest following eireutts. a &g232, ee 245n3 Ooeeg (a) @) Jn order to mininize the angnttude of 24, + 8, = J(1/aC,), choose a let everything except the 3h inductance be replaced by a Taévenin fot, = 5/8, 4.04, 0, = 4/5 ¢. Yotlee that 1 1s not necessary to find equivalent etreult, Under open-circuit conditions, T, = 26, ast 1 Egg =~ 2 Ty (8/2) «(2+ $2) 8, = Hat (63.5% «For the dead net 33/2Y 1, 20 shovn below, I, =-E and B= (I~ 2r,)(-9/2) 39 (a) The d-c component of the stendy-state response 18 e,(t) = 2 volts. Yq = B/T = ~ 93/2 H+ The desired current te yor the c component, the node equation E egy = 2.98 L268, s(t) = 2.98 cow (t= 26.5°) th gives 2, SIV) L-82 , 20 the conplete steady-state response is eg(t) = 2 + (5/VB) eos (2 - 8°).ry 5.20 Haren ¥ (>) tue a-c component: of the steady-state response is e,(t) = 6 volte. For @=2 rad per sec, the impedance of the LC branch is zero, so e,(t) = 0. For the component at «= rad yer sec, the node equation Btn RB 3 te tye? 522 gives B, = 0.392 /-79° . By superposition, the complete steady-staty response is e,(t) = 6 + 0.392 cos (Ht - 79°). Tf the oviten fe opened at ¢ = 0, ve mist find the current through the Inductance at t= O-. With the syltch closed, the impedance seen by the source is 2 = 3V3/(2 + SVB) = (V2) (30% . re the steady-state cum through the switch has the form 1y(t) = 1, cos (t + 90°), which 1s zero at t= 0 as required, then e,(t) = 10 cos (¢ + 120°) and the current down through the inductance is 1,(t) = (10/Y3) cos (t + 30°), Since 410+) = 1,(0+) = (10/3) cos 30° = 5, the response with K open ts a(c)-5 WF tor too oft) 2-5 VF tor ero If the stealy-state current through the closed sviteh 1s assumed to be A(t) = 1, cos (t - 90%), then the unswer 15 changed by a mins sign. With the sxttch 4p position @ and with she etroutt operating in the ates state, the voltage across the capacitance 1 given by 3 = (eAeIa Lo?) 1 cos (2t = 45°) a(t) = 6 pegt) = 3 - KM, p°) = 1/2, Since @,(0+) = el O¥) = eg(O-) = (2/V2) cos (-1 a(t) =3-Ze%* tor ero eft) = 0 With the switch K closed, the d-e steady-state components are and i,(t) = 2. For the are cosponente, E, = 22, where Ty a Ligh Seeaue ies) so 2, +2 [290 and 2, =8/j2=-21/0°. By superposition, the entire stendy-state responses with K closed are given by e(t) = 2 cos (+ - 90°) At) = 2 = cost The evitch opens at t= 0, and e,(0+) = e(0-) = 0, 4,(0F) = (0+) #2, 4,(0*) = (0r) ~ 4,(or) = = 2. tus So, Flor) = BA (or) =~ 2 volts por see Ry # Joly) = ACR, + day)5.2 ‘ie two complex quantities axe equal, their real parts mist be equal and their imaginary parts mist also be equal. Henee RR, = ALR, and ORO Rely hey R= ARN and hy = Rts/- Yor the efreust in Fig. 35.2ha, (Hy = 9 GBM # Se) = Fs RAR, + by/ey = RR = Ryfely + RL, trom whch one disadvantage of this ctreust 4e that the balance equations contain @ (a disadvantage tlustratedby Problem 9.13). For the efreult in Fig. 75.2 Ry Ta REA, (My * daly) = RR ALA, defy = RyRy + MAAS, 20 RR, = RR and ohh, = aR, 1-0-9 RRR, by, = RAC n sme bridge is balanced vhen points B and C in the phasor dtagras coincide. Varying only R, and R, will not affect point Ce he folloving phasor diagram, in which points B and C mist coincide 4° the bridge 1s balanced, applies to Fig. P5.2ha, The diagran for Fig. P5.24b ts pimtlar, except that B and the tip of Bj are connected by only one voltage phasor. Ty RsTahvest— ire 5.21 [= 5040, and -2 = 3 20050~ By the properticn of an isosceles triangle, @ = 2 tan'(25/200) = 29°, so 2, = 100 /62° = \8.5 + 987.5... For an analytical solution, let 2, + Rt IX, ant 4 = RL + UH = 2100). ‘Then the magnitudes equared of these snpedances are 2 (200)? = a? + 3, 87.5 SL, which agree with the graphical solution. ‘The impedance of the RL branch is 10(1 + J 3) = 20/609 2 . ‘The phass diagram ven ‘he angle of Ey 4s essuned to be zero ie shom Delov. Si o Hel auc, tan 60° TET ME «reba s 1/(100 V3) £. Zi Zz 4 fe phe & £ 4 2] i} & ale fle @ &y 2 5.09 Ferhaps the simplest proof is based on the fact thet a right triangle can be Angoribed in @ sentectrele. (a) For the solid ctreles, cos @ = r/2a in part (a) and sin @ = r/2a tn part (b). For the dashed circles, the equations should be - cos @ = r/2a and sin (-6) = 1/20. $= tan (a/acr), T= (aca, stn #) /6. and 2 = (1/at sin 6) [2B = (R/cos $) [6 , vere c= [6 Te first form 1s useful vhen R de varied, and the second form when © or ¢ 4s varied.15 3 since % = (ab/sin 0) /@ = (R/cos 6) Jo and B= 3, 3, I [z aia cs] 18. = (GE cos 6) (6. le ace where f= -O- tan” (al/R), ‘The firet fora ts useful when Rts \ t varied, and the second form vhen @ or L is verted. 2 Ae I 1 é f £4/4£,20 I t$—> 7 Tar oly @) (© 5.32 te phasor 1, has a fixed value of 3/(2/2 + J2) = 2/5 = J ¥/5, whtle the docus of Tg 4s 8 senlctscle of radius 2, Me locus of T=, +I5 is shom below, from vileh {t 42 seen that B and I are in phase for two values of Ceeer aera eke eee of I is not cireular but has the shape show belo. In order to deter~ ‘mine the finite, nonzero value of @ for vhich E and I are in phase, note that by rationalization eo} ya te, Ma + al Teper ee ae 16 +a When the imaginary part of this expression 1s set equal to zero, 4 ibe, Lek +e 2 toa vnten af = b/5, 0 = 2//F vad yer soc. At this angular freqency, the above expression for I reduces to 2/3 + JO amp. HAPTER 5, (5.37 (a) 5.83 cos (3t - 148°) (2) 3.69 cos (t + 675°) (c) 6.77 eos (28 + 267°) ”CHAPTER 6 6.1 The differential equation that corresponds to the given transfer function te y= = 4 ax/at, 0 the output waveshape, containing an impulse of aren by 4s the one show below (a) since #0) = 0, y(t) = since H(-1) =~ 3, vp(t) == 3 6 (e) since M2 + $2) =3 VE [45% vglt) = 3 VEE cos (28 + 45°). (a) Since H(-2) is not finite, ve reconstruct the differential equation -t ay/at + oy = 3 ax/at. By the methods of Chapter 4, yp(t) = ~ 6te™'*. (e) From the aifterential equation dy/at + 2y = 3 ax/at, the forced resi to Xt) at te y(t) = 3/2 sme expressions in Fig. 6.2-2 follow directly from the folloving equations. (0) Mo) = aya 3 (v) Hls) «eb + R+ 1/sc) (c) Hla) = a/(ee + 3/R + 2/st) (hag + cae * Ov0te) Hs) = 16) « » [Fated = 8y(0)] + (agg * 028) & \PTER 6 a (2) 3f (5) and ay(o) represent the volsages across 20 ant /2, respectively, aoc + 6) By(s) = Bs) = 6 BCs) a(0 + 6) Ey(s) - 00 B,C) = 90 Cs) 6 2,{2) - 26 (2) + (20 +6) Bs) = 0 Te my be helpfia to note that if these equations are solved by determinant, both the numerator and denominator contain the factor c+. () Beda + 20 [Efs) - a0)] +e Ale GA (a) If o,f) denotes the voltage across the bt capacitance, the node equations (ha + 4) By(a) = 2 80) «2 0) = 2B(s) + (s+ 3) Bs) = (s +2) Bs) give Hs) = #(6)/Bj(s) = (6% + 26 + 2)/( + ke + 2). (©) te vottage-tav equation for toop 3 4s (6+ yrs) + (3 + 2)rs) - ens) = 0 Uotng the fact that 160) = 2 x(e) = 4 [1y(0) - i(2)] , we ootass Hs) = B(a)/ Cs) = 1,(0)/2y(s) = (53+ H/sh8 + 2).(CHAPTER tet eg(t) and €,(t) denote the voltages aeross the Lert-hand and center reststences, respectively. Then the current-lav equations at these nodes are (200 + 2) £,(5) ~ s08,(s) + sCE,(s) -s0n(s) + (e+ E+ aeya) Bs) =o trom whieh Bs) _ scx) z__ By ae RF 178 BS) (con)> + Gaon) + 500k + 2 6.5 By Anepecttion, Ty(s)/By(2) = /(2s +2) and ¥,(s)/8(8) = 26/(28 + 2)- Since the adaittance seen by the source is ae? + Bo +3 ve) 2+ hs 4 a fri” to other ansvers are I(2)/Ey(2) = 1/(8s + Bo + 3) and 2,(2)/(2) = 2o/{@e? + 82 + 3)e 6.6 By the voltage-diviier me, +s RL Be) = Eee 8) “ER oye A) Ble) oom - Ry) +2 to tranefer function has a zero An the right Malt plane if R, >A, =O and C>0. 6.7 The elven results can be proved by writing and solving two node equations. An alternative method is to note, almost by inspection, that in the Thévents| equivalent etreult for everything excep: PF CHAPTER 6 aa m(s) = 24(8) 2 (3) 24(8) Bylo) = Baye atay AO» 20) = EE ey Men #(8) = RE (s)/[R + 2.¢(2)] a whieh when 23(5) = 8°/2,(5) gives Bs) _B- %ls) Ue) FAG) In the original cireuit, the voltage across each impedance labelled Z,(s) is 2,(s) 3 fe 7 ae) Ago sien 1(6) = 84(0)/2¢2) + [(2) - By(2)]/ap(«), whten equate &()/8 Ee when %(8) = #/2,(8)- (a) In Fig. P6.7, let R= 1M, 24(s) = 3/s, which corresponds to a 1/3 f capacitance, ant %(2) = 2/3, vaich corresponts toa 1/3h induetanee. (bv) In Pig. 26.7, let R= 1M, 2(s) = 1/(e + 1/2), which corresponds to the parallel conbination of a 1f capacitance ania 1h inductance, and 2,(s) = 6 + 2/s, whieh corresponds toa 1h inductance end 1 f capacitance in series. (c) ‘Te etroutt shom belov can be used, because the input impedance of of the second constantere ance network provides the proper termin- ating resistance for the first netyork. Notice that the loading effect Ae not neglected, but contributes to the desired etrouit behavior. ew)lov follows fron Problen 6.00 and the fact that 6.9. The chreutt shown bel B(s)/ije) = 2a. since Bo) = #(0)/3, = M3. 6.10 the input tnpedance 24s) [29(s) + 8) (2) + lo) + 8 equals R if and only if 2(s) = R + H°/Zg(2). The general expression tor ¥,(s)/tj(s) follow fron the voltage-divider mule, In each of the etzeuste shom belov, R= 1, he ctreutt for part (c) aakes use of the results of Problen 6.80 and the fact that the injut iapatance of the second constant-reatstance network provides the proper terminating resistance for the fiot network. If At 49 not necessary that the impedance seen by the aoures be a constant restatance, then the firat shunt branch (vhieh does not affect the transfer function) should be omitted in the ctreuits show e(4)| jaZle@ 6a baz 83 It 1(s) * 6, #,(3), the node equation (3s + 3/s) [Bg(s) - a,(0)] = (6) +(e + 2) BCs) = 0 ives Ms) «HE Ws (Geer If g, "10, there are first-order poles at 6 = 1/2 and = 3/2 and firet-order zeros at s = +) 1, and the ctreult ts unstable, he ctreut de stable only if gee From Problem 6.4e, 2h fa) ___ wBZC8) (cor)? + 6(scr)* + 5(80R) + 2 Replacing 8,(2) by E(s) + £(s), we obtain Bs) 3 2) suey FAG)” Gy ay ee)? + Gaon)” + s(ecn) +2 Te denominator of this expression contains the factor s° + w,” (correspond- ing to constant-amplitude oscillation tn the free response) if and only if 29 and 0, =2/VECR, as can be found by Long division. An alternativera CHAPTER 6 nethod of finding the conditions under which H(s) has @ pole on the 4 imaginary axis is to eet the denominator equal to zero when = 3(2 + v)(o,oR)3 = 60,08) + J 5(o,0R) +1 = 0 ‘The real and imginary parts on the left-hand side of the equals sign IVE CR and w= 29. vanish if a, 6.13 From the results of Problem 6.be, BCs) -_—__+_,—__, 1+ 6/eeR + 5/(a0R)* + 1/{s0R)> 0 in the a-c steady state Bo | 3(6/aen) = 5/(e0R)* + s(a/esr)? For the angle of this expression to te zero, we require 6/(wCR) = 1/(ac8)3, \/29. Sine tie. @ © 1/VECR, at which angular frequency B/E, provided that w= 29. Hy By + By B= B, when By 6.1 Since #,(6) ant H(s) have second-order poles on the imaginary axis, table efreuit. Since onty %(s) can be the transfer funetion of a uiy(s) nas a toro in the right balf of the seplane, none of the functions can te the input impedance of @ tvo-terninal network that contains no 6.15 If eg(t) denotes the voltage across the RC branch, Po) Fee eo + RO) - Ale] -0 Solving this equation for E,(2) and using, the fact that 1,(s) = Bj(s) - | ah sy By(s), ve obtain 8s (s) fee 28) = oy ae nen connected to an external current source, the circuit is unstable for fan be replaced ty & 1M resistance if ae since W(s) = 1/(s +3) and W(-2 + $2) = (A/S) [-63.5° 2. cos (2t - 63.5°) V5 K + (/Y5) cos (-63.5°), so Re b= 0%) -2 = 6/5. (a) since (2) as poles at 14 $1 and etnee w(g1) = 10 [ats , y(t) = fF ain (= 5%) +t cos t +X, sin *) (K,, 000 t + x ein #) When the arbitrary constants of integration are evaluated, the response for t > 0 is y(t) = 10% ain (t - 45°) + 106"* cos t (v) The aitferential equation corresponding to the given network function ts @y 5 2B 6 oy = 10 + 30 ae’ Fae © F710 get 30% ty the methods of Chepter I the response for t>0 ta whe) = 5G = ht 1) + TPR, cos t+ Ky ota #) Where, In order to satisfy the given initial cunditions, # = - 5 and K, = 15.PTER 6 a7 response to x(t) = 10 + 5 08 (108 + 20°) + 2 cos (208 + 40%) ts 6.18 ‘The transfer function is £,() os A B MGs) = BG) “ETRE Gy ae y(t) = = 165 cos (1ot + 20°) + 2000 cos (Zot + 130°). 50 the free responce has the rom (Kk, + Kt)e*. (a) By snepection, the foreed response is sero ant «,(t) = (kK, + Kee", Since the values of e,(t) and de,/ae et are 0 and 20, respectively, eg(t) «20re"* fort > ) + =k, the complete response is e,(t) =- 4 e+ (2) since (x, 4 Xt) eo. the initial values of o,(t) and defat are 0 and 2, respectively, ant g(t) =-4 e+ at) et tor tO (e) since H(3 + 94) = (5/26) [-36.9° , the complete response s8 eq(t) = (5/2) e%* cos (ut + 23.29) + (Ky + Kt) €F. Using the tact that the values of o,(¢) and de/at at t= or are O ant 8, respectively, ve obtain for t > 0 g(t) = 2.50 <3 eos (it + 23.2°) + (2.7He = 2,30) «°* In order to shov clearly the significant features, the following curves fare not drava to scale, The curves that are not shown can be drawn easly hy noting that J 1(38) = FEI) 90%, FAC) =F AGCse), ant (00) [= 200. for ett o. ‘Te pamiviath (ca per gee) and selectivity 8 and 7.8 for fre 2 and 10 for part (a), 2 and 10 for part (b), and 1 part (f). The bandwidth for part (i) ts 19 5.1 rad per sec. If the transger function of @ cireuit iv given by t,(a), the forced88 6.20 (a) ‘The current-lev equation at the upper right-hand node te (s +2 + 4/s) Ble) - BCs g CHAPTER 6 89 (>) By combining elenents in series and in parallel, Hs) 30 w 50 es 0.0210) Sole" + 0.00 + 1 es Fe ones + which has zeros at s=- 0.024 J1 and poles st s=- 0.0L + j1. lages| ¥H (fu) 50 i o 7 w a 0 , ” (c) By writing © node equation at the left-hand side of the controlled source, we find that 1,(2) = - By(s)/202. Then, by the current @ivider rule, the current dova through the righthand resistance ts Is 9 E,(s) =o -[ pee | [22S] andPTE 6 9 inion fom page 251 also equals [By + When a= 1/VIE for the ctreutt 6.21 The input impedance 5 in Pig. 64-7, E = RI and Bee meme aero Ere * TESTE” Ey yee + ah) [ol -esenlzt = 8 1 wnteh also equals {I nore, as aiscussed on page 267, the poles and zeros correspond to the free response under open- end shortclreult conditions, respectively. gap (e) For the assumptions indicated in the probes statenent, end for 2 = 0) = ayy the following approxdimetion applies when # 1s tn +9) ‘the vicinity of J). a G@-ay me factor s° +4 4s expected in the numerator, because the first IC branch acts Like an open circuit vhen 5 = J2+ vero nye = 6 dy i matmin vei of | (Ja) cones at [z gual $ZGod) DAA. Ae o 2S ae tot tn M(UE). Ae the takE-pome rotate, [8 = ay] 15 AYE tines Lee anima value and _o - a, saVe £0.64 a, so the bandwidth 1s 1,28a. The angle of H( jm) decreases from 280° to OP at @ =a, to -180? for very large, end both the ragnitude and angle curves are included in the figures show below. lagedl (b) For aw fp, and vhen sts dn the vicinity of Jo,» Ms) were 6, 2 = UT day and og 7-2 t days EE the atetance betumen aes ‘these two poles 1s very small, we should expect the curve to still have only one peak, occurring at @ =). If, on the other hand, the 6.20 At the resonant angular frequency w + a = 1/VIE , for the cireult tn diotence between these tvo poles is quite large, we should expect ay and ‘the following Figures the magnitude curves have been normalized so that Fig. 6.heTa, I= 8/R and flee det etl separate peaks near a, ant avalley at @=o,. In in each case the maxtmin value 1¢ unity. The unnorasLized values st ag are Wha, K/saP, ¥/80P, ant 0.0245K/c? tor curves @) through @yrespoctively. tha peaks in curve © oceur at aw a, ¢ 2.29%CHAPTER 6 APTER 6 93 JAG on Inermalized (c) Te largest value of a, +a, for vhich the curve of |#(jo)| has a single peak is 20, This result follows from the fact that |i Jo)| 4n Rxample 6.146 has @ peak for @ 20 if the separation between the two goles 4s greater than 2a, Clreuits for which a = a = 0, 0< a, - 4 <2, @ - a, = 20, and ow - a > 20, respectively, are called synchonously tuned, understagsered, maximally flat (or Buttervorth), and overstaggerel filters, respectively. The bandisiath for the maxinally flat fitter ts 2\ ) a fact that follows fron Byample 6.466. (a) Probably the value of a, - a, vould be greater than 2a but significantly less than Sa. Among many ferences to fan staggered tuned efreuits ie E, J. Angelo, Jr., ELECTROMIC CIRCUITS, tym, tee to + BOC 2ad ed. (Hew York: MeGrautii11, 1964), Section 18.5. H6.2h (5) = (2° + 2)/a(s* + bs 625 Vagus)‘the angle curve are shown belov for each transfer function. ‘through (£), the deviation of the exact decibel curve fron the approxiaatiog Ae about 3 db at a simple break point and about 6 db at a double break potzt | cuaPren| 6.26 The straight-line approximation to the decibel curve and a rough sketch of In parts (a) the tranafer functions (2) through H(s) have complex poles oF zeros, land the exact curves may be drum by referring to the curves in Fig. 6.5-10 hen $= 0.2, 0.5, ané 0.2, respectively. [4a “ab 20 o o a7 (we KON A (0) h ra(y) ly . DAI 20 = * 20 db dec -40ob 20 dbfcke largely of ot ae 9 w 6 5A jad TER 6 95[44yGja)|y 4o ° aw lacr ou 1000. Vagual,, o [amt - “#0 rR 6 7 ot AG sHGu) | gf wo, 2006 carl 628 (a) Ho) « LOST 5 tee aces 4-miaE Aju, o Me wn w yz wt ae 0) Kua) ET %e ame oy eg raya te Gul 4 5a) of Me 4% o @ a 45) ay a a ° (e) ms) = Gt ) Fi (5o) fo alvays negative in part (a), never (o), negative tnand negative only for w < 1/\/T0 rad per see in part (c). lagen . 5H jes) % 6033 0. as | GOB Ob 6.29 he Bode dingrans for He) = 5/s(1 + 10s)(s +) are shown below and indicate that ¥ (Ju) ie approxtzately -135° vhen @ = 0.1, We there] fore wnt [r/o + $202)(J0 + 4)| to be aero when = Ont, 80 K = (0.1)(V2)(4) = 057. Hardly 20 Mdec HOU dec 6 alae 6.30 The bandwidth extends fren 2 to 200 Kitoradians per soc for one anplifie| For two amplifiers in cascade, 2 2 tye) = Uo)" + safe)? _ (2 + ga/2)"(2 + Ja/200)" eR 6 99 here @, refers to the unlabelled upper break point, The decibel cure now has three double break points and a maximum value of 40 ab. The break points no longer mark the Lite of the bandwidth, because the exict curve now deviates from the straight-line approximation by 6 db at these points. ‘The lover Limit to the bandwidth ts where 2 2 (4) er o = 0/Vel2 ~ 1 = 3.2 Ktloredions per sec. ‘The upper Hiait to the vanaviath de where 2 a + sa/2o0)* = VE ox = 200\/B~ a = 129 uitovatians per sec. In general, for x Adentical anplitiers in cagcale, the upper Limit to the bandwidth is a, VA" ~ 1, vnere ay, is the Lintt to the bandwidth for @ single emission (o) as) = Sol = ey 2 (o) Mls) = 25 3 = 20,000 5? (r+ s/2)(a + 9/20)" (s + 2s + 20)"TA If A(t) te reduced to zero vasle a(t) CHAPTER 7 iy ME AE Ae) te tn reload to zero) the soar chttoot fran the teaneforr te +2 2 Bees 2 Bua, by a dectvation sinilar to te one oh sage SOT. IF She urrente are sed to zero in the opposite omer, the energy obtained is (0) In Pig. P7.20, dots are placed at the top of the top and Dotton Wi and at the botton of the middle winding (or else the positions of all ‘three dots are reversed). In Pig. 77.24, Sf a dot is placed at the of the leftchand winding, dots are also placed at the left of the top vinding and at the bottom of the right- hnand winding. Ht 4a inposoible to place three polarity dots 20 that thoy will be consist vith the dot convention. A catiotactory systen of polarity markings 1¢ sho below. 00 ra (2) (>) (e) rot If 4(t) and 4,(t) denote the currents floving dow through ty and Ly in Pig. Pea, solving for ai,/at and 24,/ét, we find that the derivative of the totel current is 3 For the cireult in Fig. PT, replace M by -M in the above equation to obta‘a L ea Ugg * (2022-4) + 1+2)+ (hoe 2-h) = 84m103 (a) tet 4(t), A(t), and s() denote the current dom through the 20\Bi, sf 4,(t) denotes the current dow through the rightchand capacitance, the ) Anductance, the current down through the 30h inductance, and the loop equations for the complex-frequency-donain circuit are total current, respectively. If e(t) {s the terminal voltage, (20 +2) fs) « (28 +2) fe) = Ce) a, at, (25+ 2) 4s) + Ge + 9 12) = 0 Solving the equations simlteneously for Z,(s), we obtain ECs) oe y aoe2 48 222 + 1) oh ai/at = ai, /at + at,/at = (80/956) e and L,, = 956/80 = 2s) = apy = 28 tee + 8, 2s + ays + 4) a ® . Te) "5s + 68 3e(e? + 2) viseh agrees with the ansver to Example Totes 7.5 Tae straight-line approximation to the decibel curve is shown below for |zgell 4Z(ju) each of the four cases. The break pointe occur at 0.97 end 14 rad pe for curve (a), 0.67 and 2.0 rad per sec for curve (b), 0.91 rad per see for curve (e), and 0.50 rad por see for curve (a). Except for curve (b), tthe break pointe give a close approxization to the Linits of the banduidta, For curve (b), where the break points are fairly close together, a separate calculation shows that the bandwidth extends from 0.4 to 3.1 rad per sec. tie complexefrequency-donain circuit, vhen the polarity dots are at the top * of both colle, 12 shown below. ‘The Loop equations 2st(s) + st,(s) = B(s) ets) + (a+ WIAs) = bE) = 0 = BE (s) + (hs B)ECs) = BCs) sive 1,(6) he = 08 (a)/(s + 9 + 8), 1. 8) = (s? + ha)ey(s)/(4s + 5 + 8),19 1e A(t) and 3,(2) denote the cuments 1A resistance and dom through the capeeitance, respectively, the chreust can be deserted by the folloving loop equations. (252 + Jo.tlo) 1, + Jat, = 250 2, 6 = Jat, + (Jo + 10 + 10°/ja)t, = 0 Selving for T, and noting that #, = (10°/Ja)Z,, we obtain entero x 265 tao 1000 rad per sec, E/T, = 25aH/( + 0.0025), wnten maximum when M = 0,05 he In the vicinity of @ = 1000, the term 250(10° = a) changes much nore rapidly than the other terns, and sat i 25010 = wr) + 32.5 + 10°F ac” z, aL 108 ‘Tue Linits to the banduidth are given ty + wh2) 108 For M= 0.05 h, this equation gives 250(a0® - a) | = (2.5 so the bandwidth is 20 red per seo. se at 995 and 1005 rad per see and the bandwidth is 10 rad pers Hotice that the values of M_ that correspor if to unity coughing (4 = 0.2 h), saximus response at reso (= 0.05 hn), end mint=u bandwidth (M<<0.2 h) are all different. ‘The dea network, when w = 100 rad per sec, is shown belov. The loop equations $201, + 20 T=0 $201 + 507 zg sve 2,4 = B/I = 3300. give 2,4 a let overything except the 2/5. resistance be replaced by a Téventn equivalent eireult. Under open-eireutt conditions, vith @ = 2 ant 1/35 and BL, = (2 + 43), = 3/5 - 42/5. The equati Jrand Loop in the dead network shovn below te S51, +237 so Ty = -(/5)T. Then B= (2493) 1+ (6 42) T + a)1/5 Zag 2 B/E eq M54 IAS Ls Ten108 TAL Tet i,(t) and A,(t) denote the clockwise loop currents for the left eR 7 107 which can be solved for p(s). Then Hs) n(s0/B(5) = = R I3(0)/R (0), fant the denominator of the transfer function 1s found to be the expression siven in the protien statement. A choice of Ip =My,=2 and My = jot correspond to a physical transformer. In general, the permissible values of the mutual inductances in a three-vinding transformer cannot be found a2 easily as for a twowwinding transformer. ie 4, and i,(t) denote the loop current flowing down through the 2 left-nand resistance and down through the right-hand capacttance, respectively, (ob «w+ 5) tpl0) = at 2,0) = 25 (0) ct rehtchand loope, respectively. In the a-e etenly state, the 1oop equation =m Ifo) + (ob +R + As) Tle) «0 Solving for I,(s) and noting that E,(s) = (1/s¢) T,(s) and M= kL, ve (6 + 932) 1, - (+ gah) 2, v obtain 2. Hs) = = (Fate +0 PY (4 +N) 1 + (6 + 95) 3, = 0 where Ej = 12/309. Golving for Ty and noting that E,=~- J Ip, ve obtain Ps Py eae ta + es8)(5? + aos sae ae Bas tag? + ks )(a" + ans +0,” - ke! B, = 0.551 /-133° eq(t) » 0.557 eos (ae - 133°) . mse? do (1 WL = 3 ~ 8 Me = Oy" e = Ble = 05") is 111 three Loop currents are acouned to enter the dotted end of the where transformer vindings, (ojo,)” 1 TTF (5 #8) 166) + athy $l) + aly (0) = (2) sy T1(2) + (6 + 8) 1462) + ahs Ife) = 0 (aja)? ee Tek M3 Tyls) + MysTpla) + (2 +8) Hyls) = 0(CHAPTER 7 <0 vhen k0 are CHAPTER 7 (®) ( 109 Noe 4,(o+) = 0 and 4,(0+) = 2. Inserting original loop equations, ve find that ain/at at €=0F ts -8/3. Fron these initial conditions, aM eg(t) = 2tg(t) = 2% 6 2 7/3 y Tet A(t) and {,(t) denote the clockwise loop currents for the lett and rit hand loops, respectively, and let e)(+) denote the source voltage. WIth the svitch closed, (26 +2) 166) + eta) = 20) sty(s) + (6 + 308) = 0 rox which Be) _31,(2) 4 on Me) =< Dy * HUY "Bea. G ql The forced response for t>0 ON6e She eft) 2K, OME LK We next find that e (0+) «0, [ae /a Besse 2 [eee] Ky == 3.9 ant for t>0 ght) = = 3.95 (en OSE . 6-54) The circuit ts solved by the Laplace transform In Example 20. let 6 down through the , t), and i,(t) denote the currer 2hy Lh, and 1 elenents, respectively, on! e,(t) dencte the source voltage. With the cviteh eljosed, the Loop equation(25 +3) Ts) + (5 +2) 26s) + 1,66) = BCs) ts) (#2) TC) + (54.2) 268) + 18 Ble) #1460) + 4 TC) = 22) tron vhich £,(s)/2;(s) = 3 I,(9)/8(s) = 32/Ma + 3/4). For t > 0, cearotare, 0) = Eo, ta ie ale eqn ef08) = 2 44608) 6 (09) + Begor) «0 we inow that (0+) = 4 and 4,(0+) = 0) 0 eg(0F) = 6 ant for tod eft) 26 a0 Te reason vty Ty(s)/8(2) = 0, Lies, vay S(t) for t>0 te inden pendent of e;(t) for t>0, becomes clear hen the transformer se replaced by ite T equivalent cireuit, as ie done in Problem 7.21. 1m the Taévonin equivalent cizoutt, e,g(+) = 9 con ot and Ry = 10.0. Tuerefore, choose R,=10A., in viich case the power delivered to R, is |: Het) = § cos? at and the average pover delivered 1s 5/16 watt. fon pf Wa jn . anne 1008, = . doce le? few Mon, Wad\G wells m1 ‘The current lav equations at noes 2 and 3 are (0.2 = $0.1) B = 0.1 8, = 100 + ont Bp + (0.2 + epg) B «0 from wnieh By = 212 '28.4° and 10 ®*I0= 510 q(t) = 149 cos (20t + 63.4°) = lp [63 For the eireutt in Fig. PT.17a, Jolly + hy +2) I, = Jolly +H) Ey > jolt #) , + (dab +R) 1, from whieh, with Ep = Rij, BWR thy + aM) - oy A Hy Rly +) Rly thy + 2M) + Juklyhy =) Jeg +) ee When M = \YEigy 2, det +7) ine Jy eto. + VOTE) Deva’ he(CHAPTER 7 Ie the inductances nov becene indefinitely Large, /T gfe = 1s, and T/t = a, vere 8 suggest the following equivalent etreust he (rf) . + These expressions Tafey + These exp (ideal) For the eireuit in Fig. PT.17b, Jil Ty ~ salty +H) Ty = dally © N) Ty + Joly + by + 2M) Ty + RE, = 0 ‘roa whiten nae 2 By ube, = Ugh, =) 37 WE Ty a) (1, ©) R, LR + Jubb, = #) Jott, +H) hen ail gig) + a8 ng RT u Ig a=1+\/t/y » and if the inductances becose indefinitely large, 2 By/t, = R/e®, B/E, = oy 1,/t, = Was the corresponding equivalent cdreutt 4 the sane as the one above, except that the tums ratio of the idee) trans- former is 1:(1 +\/Ty/iy). It ts interesting to draw the equivalent efreuit hen the inductances do not becoue indefinitely large. For the given eixeutt, (1a) & Re job = Mac ‘The output and input voltages will be in phase when ul = 17/ao, L.e., when w= oPtc. ‘Te quantity Blo ee Bl) Re (a - he will be a maximin when the derivative with respect to i° 4s zero, Lie.) ween sac \/R? + (ab)? . This ansver agrees with the result of Example 8.5-3. Te dee ateady-ctate component of 1,(t) 1s 1 enp, Replacing the Left-hand part of the etreuit by its Thévenin equivalent, and using the properties of an ideal transformer, ve find that the a-c steady- Le - ayer te output phasor te By superposition, the complete steady-state responce 43 £,(4) = 1 = (VB/10) coe (z00t ~ 5%) rrae 1.20 Tat ak volt| ccHaPreR, se eg(t) denotes the voltage sorces the center capacitance Sn Pig, PT.208, the nade equation 8 . 2 (a+ at Pag) Ble) = BO) from wich #Es) afe_) BAl2) Ete) * Fe 37a) Ey) ‘his is also the transfer function for the eireutt in Fig. P7-20>. In order we gerd ‘to approxiaate the pole-zero pattern for the eireutt in Fig. 3.5-7a, the prinary to secondary turns ratio of the transformer vould have to be small (which vould also reduce the size of the output voltage)« ‘the equivalent etrcutts for Flgs. P7.20, PT-lha, and P7-1lb are shown below. thet use leads to the same equations as in Problens 7.10 and 7.14 and docs rot result n an easter solution. k,lt)= 240) moa 4 rn ik 1K, evs gels 74 2a. fe 4 woth Onrcusr roe Fre, P2IO ASeecuir Foe Fig. Pitta. K ta 3k 2k 4 Wk sagletn wife fa an few Crcuir ror Fig. PINGS Crrcuir FoR fig. P7 Me eR 7 a When the T equivalent circuit ts used for the transformer in Fig. PT.le, hovever, it 1s seen that for t>O the RyL, branch is shorted out and that the circuit can be described by the folloving note equation. e+ feeds =0 as, eg(t) = Ke, Since ig(0+) =, e(or) = 22 + 4+ Fefor) = 0 and e,(0+) For t >o, e(t) = 6 30 ‘The given expression for (2) 1s easily verified by writing and solving ‘evo Loop equations. If K closes at t= 0 in the first efreust shown below, (0+) = 0 and 4,(0+) = 4/5 amp ‘Ten, as in Example 7.2-7, 4,(0+) = 2t,(0+) - 2 = = 2/5 amp. In the second ctreutt show below, the teanafomner has been replaced by a T equivalent etreutt. If 4,(0+) = 4/5, 4,(0+) = impulses with arens of -0.8, -0.8, and 0.8, respectively. 2/5, and 14(0+) = 2/5, then e4(t), e(t), and ex(t) contain1.23 They paraneters are found by using Eqs. Tele] and Tale by using Bas. 7.42 end 7. 3. For networks that do not contain controlled sources and that are also symmetrical, to), ccuarreR 7 5 the zeparancters, CHAPTER 7 4 Lyi (2) yyy =O Typ = Vy * + Voy + an ae an eo? Meo BE ‘The 2 paraneters do not exist, d.e., they are not all finite, 7.0% he & and y paraneters for the ideal transformer do not exist. (The velues of all the controlled sources in Figs TeJ-Kb or 7. ye cannot be expressed in tems of the node voltages, in contrast to the assumption ss 5) derivation of Bas. 7: 13 1-9, the circuit may be replaced by the one show bel: 2 ML, 285+ Je A, amd Z2-2- 53. then, by the mules for ceriec~parallel combinations, we can show that the impedance is j= J 7.5 a hk "OG Z; with3 oO RR LSS a us OT ab In the original circuit, the voltages of Lines a, b, and ¢ vith respect to the terminal that 1s common to the three impedances ere Ey =a,= (20/73) 130°, 5 = at, = (20/3) (150° , ana 2, = 22, = 00) [50 | 3 ‘This problem 1s an example of three-phase ctreuite, which are discussed in detail in Section 8.6. A For the eireult dn Fig. P7.2Ta, replace I,(s) by -£,(s)/8 in the second of Eye. TobeL to obtain Bs) hon the equivalent cireuit dn Fig. T.li-5a do teminated vith the resistance R, the above result follows by the voltage-divider mule. For the efreust tn Fig. P7.27, replace I,(c) by -E,(2)/R sn the second of Eas. 7.45 to obtain IN a Be) ar “Ft TR This result also follovs by the use of Fig. Ta-10. up through the 2 £1. resistance, respectively, als) 1,(+) + 36 1s) nn Rls) + 2p Is) + top Ifa) + (39 #2) T(8) = B(s) = Hs T1(s) + 38 T() 0+ 25 14s) + (58 + 2) £5) fron vhich #,(6)/B(s) = ~ 2 £,(5)/8(s) = 2/(s + 4). 22 0 (tee, Jet 259 tty The cireult, vhich 4s the first one shown belo, is similar to the = %5;) 1m ali parts of this problem. If Lt a and 44) = 10+ t/a, then Ze =, = 2 99 one in Fig. P5.230. f tas 4 leo eh el 4, ) (é) ee) cial120 (2) If 2,214 20/5 andy, aL 2, = 9/6, and the edzeutt 42 natively, by rewriting the given transfer function as Bo) a HG) Eis ra we my let Zp = tay =, ayy 9Ms +1) = 1/(s/9 + 2/9). ‘the etreuit 45 the thind of those shomn above, and is sinter to the one in Pig. E5413. (e) If we choose 24) = (57 + 3s + 1)/a(108 +2) and 2) = (04 1)/s, ‘then 25 as the driving-point impedance of a pe 4 right-half-plane zero. given transfer function by (1/10), whieh does not change the pole~ vero pattem, then we may let Zp = zp, = (= + 2)/i08 = 2/10 + 2/108 and suggested in Problem 10.15 and Section 10.2). the complete circuit te the first one show belovs seh Fa 7 a 20,9 0. o9 207 2, & | st0el ~ Tale #14 Ys, then y 21+ 2/6 and ‘the second of those akon above. Alter (-96 + 20)/(20e + 1), whieh de not realizable XE, however, we are willing to miltiply the lew cl + 20)/{s +1), and 2 lat Be Ay Yaq (28° + 2)/ sive subnetwork because it has a ie setve subnetwork (by the method 2 Te TROD Tt de interesting to notice that if the given transfer function 1s changed to Bs) (e+ aust) (w ¢a)/e ED "hos + gue +2” (tos? + ais + 2)/s(208 + 2) then ve may choose % * tp) "(8 + 2)/s = 2+ Tay 100% + 51s + 2)/a(60 + 2), and z, = 20/(208 + 2) = 1/(s/2 + 1/20). a The eircutt ts the Inst one shown above and (except for the fact that ‘the inpedance of every element ie miltiplied by 2) is the sane as the one in Pig. 75.130. 228 Then ¥; = 26 and ¥, = 2/8. Since the transfer function ie independent of yyy» ve Say 25+ 2/2, wd ~ enoose yy £0 that ¥, = 0 (corresponding to an open ctrouit). 6 coh ‘me circuit shown below 4s deseribed by three Loop equations in the ace stealy state. gabt + Jak, Jotey (2 + ¥E,) 2 2 MB, + Jakt = ¥) LE, ir ve lot 1 =\fig/iy ant substitute the second ewuation into the 8 fone, ve obtain1 4 -y, Pal pyy U-Mla Elt () Ce) = 2/2,(2)- (e) one. \ dual. CHAPTER 8 Hp. (8) Ting 22 amp (2) Tyg = 23 (ec) Tyg, 7 V2 emp (2) yyy 7 OP (e) yng = VG OE = 2/3 = 2.63 amp In each part, Pave = Epge” where e(t) = e,(t) + €,(t). According to the Atscusston on page 389, hovever, the average pover may be found by super position 4f e,(t) 1s constant and ¢,(t) can be represented by a Fourier series with no constant tera (1.e+, no dee component) or if @)(t) and e(t) are two simusoldal voltages with different frequencies. af aifterent, (0) (Bema? = 1/32 Pyye =i + 1/3 = 4/3 wats (>) ‘Tals de the sane ae the previous part except that the total d-c component 42 2 voLtS, £9 Pyyg "4+ 1/3 = 13/3 vatts. (e) Pyye = IVEY + (5/V2)? = 25 watts. (a) since 10 £02 + 10 La120° = 10/260? , Pyyq = (LOM Z)® = 50 watts, (9) Pave * ena? # H/3 watts (bo) TE 1(t) #2, Pyye = 35 AF Ht) = (2/a) on ty ggg 2/7 AE A(t) = = (/s) stn 2b, Pyye = W275 Af At) = (2/34) sin 3t, Pave 7 2/987. The sun of these four avernge powers 1s 1.28 watts to 3 olgattioant Figures.ay 1 Bk 85 Tt should be noted that ali except the D'Arsonval meter have the sane reading 4f s(t) is a sine wave. (a) ‘the thernocouple meter reads I... = 2 sup; the D'Arsonval meter, igye 7 + 2/3 amps the fuli-vave rectifier meter, (1.11)(2) = 2.22 aap; ‘the half-wave rectifier neter, (2.22)(2/3) © 1.48 amp. () ANT» byye = 2/3) (Le11)(2/3) = O-TH, The four readings are I, ana (2.22)(2/3) = 1648 anp. are Tay = 2.83 amp. (e) Te four readings 27, (LanXLen) = 1.4] and (2-22)(1.27) (a) 6, (1.22)( 0.636) The four readings 1, and (2-22)(0,636) = 1.41 sap. The four readings are, (2s21)(4 + 2)/4 = 1,66, and (2.22)(4/4) = 2.22 amp. If the input voltage phasor is £, = A (0°, then by Example 7.2-3 . Jai ‘ 0 Thay aR ; 2 2 ol on Re gy + tp oF + (RP \ Te ts eastty shor that for AP = tygy Ue dagut cucrent pasor te (R, + du.) & TEER ERE Perhaps the easiest vay to calculate tho input pover is to note fro Bq. 8.31 that Pde the real part of 81)", Les, Py = A(R Tj) ory by rationalizing the expression f a eng = V8 + OS) # 2.63, Syyg = (2) = Ye lant + efor, +1? a] (igh + Ro + (RR as expected; othervise, P,< Fy. He ROP =R ‘the second ameter reads 208) - er + gro] * Mt amp Bach vattneter reads 3(208)(Hik.1)(cos W5°) watts = 19.5 mw. The first 8.6 ameter reads 3(W4.1) = 132 amp. let %=R+ 4X, where X= ab, When w= 2x(60), [2] = 25/5=5 0, R= 100/(5)° = 4 A, so X= 3 M1. When the angular frequency 4s changed to 2x(0o), R= 4 ML and X= 20 M, so |Z] = 20.4 ML. Then the pover consused 48 P= (25/20-6)*(b) = 6 atts. (a) If Ry ts the resistance shom in the figure, R, = Ho/2 = 20 AL. Since the d-c steady-state current is zero, the netvork must contain a resistence Ry and capacitance Cy in ceries. The power to R ss 80 watts, 0 the pover to Ry Ls 200-80 = 120 watts, and Ry = 220/(2)? « 30 FL. since | Ay = s2/ae,)| = 100/2 = 50 A, Aeby = 40 OL. and Cy = 1/(2R)(6OMHO) or 66 ue (e) ‘Te magnitude of the input impedance 15 [m+ Roo [50 - 340 | = x | so the voltmeter Vj reads 2(6H) = 120 volte. F'89 For the circuit in Fig. 8. 20, Pe jae et = (a+ 8, (+e) QQ)126 8.10 an For the eireult in Fig. 8.3.20, RPP eG 6 4G) AC! OT) + BAL + BE + BMI" + 2,") =r = P+ se Ie ve can find the reactive pover @, supplied to Z,, the ansver may be found fro the equation @, = (15)°K,- he pover supplied to Z is - 12 br. By the pover triangle, the total reactive pover and the reactive power supplied to 2, are Q = - \/(37.5)° = (20)* = - 3167 Hvar and & = - V5)? = (12)? « = 10.2 kvar, respectively, Tms, @ =~ 37 + 10.2 = = 21.5 War, and X= + 95.5 SL. Tt may be helpful to construct a table Like those 4n Figs. 8.3+3 and 8.3-4 in order to alsplay the difter- ent quantities. Tote that the magnitude of the voltage across 2, is not tthe digzerence of the two voltmeter readings. or the eapacttance, [3] |7, | = 6, 80 Since @ = 10, C = 0,003 f in the table belov, the entries are obtained from the given information, the power triangle, and the conservation Lavs. to a resistance 1s zero, @ = 16.07 krar for the overall cosbination and, for a 0.9 Isgging power factor, P = 33.1 kv. ‘The resistance should there~ fore take Liy-T ke and AT bra. 15)%(4o) = 9000 watts, so the power supplied to 2, ts P= 20-9e Sinee the reactive pover supplied 127 yest. 2 2 el: Je sco} x . ting 7 ig Tet gt "810 this 10, of eauree, a very poor way to tnprove the pover factor, beemuse of the attstionad pover contused in the resistance, m1 a 3 fo] var 7.50 8.57 25.07 10.00 8.40 18.40 15 Bach of she two Loads takes 5 ha, the current asore are Saab. ’ = BOOS 236.99 = 5.4 [226.9 Sats [6.58 = 95-4 [360° $000 gg 4 53° ° ny = BR [50° + 53° = + 3504 [26.9 . 20ohfe ren (4a) +0 ‘The first wattmeter reads (200)(35.4)(cos 6.1°) = 7000 watts, and the second vattneter reads zero. Notice that the sun of the vattneter readings equals the total load pover.129 8.1b The input adnittance is ao soa = 1, sete + 02 us) = WT" Fy on20 + 300 E Mare are poles ate 5 = OL $10, the bandviden 16 0.2 rad per 200, and ‘the resonant angular frequency 1s 10 rad per sec. By Ea. 6.45, Q = 10/(0.2) = 50, vnich agrees vith the ansver to Bxample 8.3. since the imaginary part of 2, +R, + Jul, cannot be nade enuel to zero, 6.15 (a) If i{t) to the current through the inductance, the stored enerey is st vould appear that the best choices for the varisble elenents are = 0 (Dane * Hipgs?+ The power dissipated in the resistance 1s Ta. R, ‘end (ao in Example 8.5-2) R = VI7/T = 0459 OL. Hovever, a more care 2 Qn age. sha exanination of the complete circuit under these conditions indicates (b) By the properties of the ideal transformer and the results of part (. that 1 is unstable and will supply an indefinitely large enount of pover Q = (ophP)/(R, + RYIP) = at/PR, +R). (c) The resonant angular frequency ts ay = 1/VEE = 10 rad per eee. ‘A posoible modification of this problem 4s to reverse the polarity of the If 1(t) 4s the current through the indugtance, the stored eneray ts (ane = ems” controlted source, in vhich case the circuit is stable and 2, = (4 = ai)/9 A. The pover dissipated in the 0.1 A and ‘gen, as in Example 8.5-1, the variable elenents are chosen to be R= 4/9 0 ‘The magnitude of the voltage across 2 NL reatstances 1s | 0.2 A resistances is 0.3 Ta. ead ah, = 2/9 0, Sees, By = Wi be the cagacitance is |f,| 5 20|Z|, 90 the pover dissipated in the Lowa i If the part of the cireutt to the left of the transformer 1s replaced by its reststance Ls (10 Ta, Finally, ae (20), mévenin equivalent, E,, = 0-56 /18.4° volts ms and Zq = Ueiy [2562 OL "Ob Tena” As in Bample 85-3, we romuire RP = |2pq|y Sees ua aay 19 8.16 Let everything except R, and L, be replaced by a Thévenin equivalent el ‘me pover gupplied to the priaary of the transformer and heace to R, ts For the dead network show below, 18) = 32) and + TE/(4 = jh). Ten8.28 (a) (>) (e) CHAPTER When the elesents to the left of the transformer are transferred to the right, the 8 OL resistance becones 2 OL and the voltage sou, pecones ey(t) = (3/2) sin 2b. As in Beample 8.5-2, choose R=|2+ 396] -Vio a ‘Te power supplied to the fixed resistance R, vill be @ mactmn ‘when the magnitude of the impedance seen by the voltage source 12 a minimn, If it) and 4,(t) denote the clockwise currents in the right- end left-hand loops, respectively, and if e,(t) denotes the voltege at the right of ¢,, then Rt +8 2+ (2+ gh 36) 1, =0 (2+ se), froa vhtch E/T, = 3+ J3 £L, so the total input inpedance 1s 3+ 43 1/204). choose 2/20, 3, tees, C= 1/6 Fe Authough the answers are evident by inspection, ve may also let e,(t) denote the voltage across C, ant vrite a current-lav equation at this node. When all elements are moved to the left-hand side of the tran former, we obtain HOA yet eso i TTT ES GE 1 To make |B, | and the pover supplied to R, a muximia,choose R= 0 and let Cy have any finite value (e) (a) (v) (s) (a) wa For the transformer, JuM'= J6 SL. If the part of the cireutt to the Left of the impedance Z 4s replaced by a Thévenin equivalent ctreuit, we find that the impedance of the dead network is 2,,= 33. We = 53-1, so that maxims current flovs through ‘therefore choose Z ‘An alternative solution 4s to write two loop equations, with 2 =R+ St, and to shov that the current dom through R, is given by ba 3° QI A+ TT which leads to the choice R=0,X=-3, 2-53 1. Let e(t) denote the voltage across the B,C branch and note that the ednittance of this branch is, by rationalization, 2 wes The node equation ts oh - ge Bg 3 4p) Be - Tray * 33 * 4 20 5] a eaximin, let A,—poo (an open ciroult) and 1, = 2b. . InP 6 ee ro Bray Tr 0, = Ky and Dy = HO, the derivative of the above denontnator vith respect to the real constant K ts13 2 oe He? +942) + a0) + 02, ere only the last term can possibly be negative for passive network TE 6G) + >)By BO, Ses, Uf Gy +B, ten f, > 0, then the proper enoice of K 4s oro and network My is replaced by an open cireut, =~ (a0 + 2 an Tf G+ By tan fy < 0, then choose K =~ (46, + bB,)Mey® + 65%, hey Gy + By tan A ge a me ddentities z 1+ tao : coo (x4 y) = 008 x cos y F sin x siny 12 o,(t) denotes the voltage across Ryy the cireust may te described ae “1 ot) a vF v o A cos ut + B sin at = \ a? + B cos (ut ~ tan? B/A) the folloving note equation. te con be used for a otraightforvart proof of the given expressions. ope t G+ see) 8, <0 By tatdonalization, 1/(1 + J1) = 3/2 J 1/2, 20 By use of the wye-delta transformation, the original circuit may be replaced ‘by the one shown below, where ae = ye Bo < 320.1, %=20% 3200, a ie ae 20- OA, 2a 804s 4 Maximin pover is delivered to the fixed restotance | tse , saximin, £0 choose ¢ = 1/t f. ee [os 4 eee total real and renctive pover ts 225 (co) + AL) C20) + (5)%C40) ‘Ten Ftthin elide-sule accuracy. The calculation of the wattmeter readings 1s the jane os in the example.8.25 bre L a.2h tet to = 100 (0% 135 A Sequence a,b,c Sequence ac 042 seb point a is located at the center of the voltage triangle, so the impedance between points ¢ and a ts 2= 50 (60% = 25+ 433 ML. Tus Ro O51 15 hs 220° , and B, = 100-1209. Then end L = 43.3/(2x)(60) = Bee 20 /70®, 1, = 10/90 , and 3, 90° . the Line currents are ar tne reference phasor is By, = 200 (0° , then in the figure show below, 200/73) [=30° , 8, = (200/V3) /-250°, ana B, = (200/73) [90° « 63 3, #1; - 1, = 12.9 [-abo? ‘Te first vattueter rends (100)(15.3) cos 30° = 1327 watts, while the second vattaeter reads (100)(12.9) cos 60° = 22h watts. ‘The sum of the vattmeter realings (and the total load pover) 4s 1552 vatts, as in Example 8,6-2. In general, reversing the phace sequence will change the sndtvidual wattmeter readings but not the total power. ‘The total real ana reactive yower Ly ghven by eve choowe By, = 200 [62 as the reference pimsor, then the phasor tte (8.16)(20) + (22.54)2(20) + (8.26)"(10) = 2.67 bev ‘the current down through R has an angle between 0° and -90°, the to > . @ = (8.16)°(-20) + 0 + (8.26)°(20) = 0 figures belo indicate typteal phasor dtagrans before considering the voltage measurenents to point d. the second dingram is not consistent wit fig The first wattncter reads (200)(8.16) eos 15° = O42 Ins, while the secont these measurements, so the phase sequence mist be a, ¢, D: watteeter reads (2001.54) cos 307 = 2.00 tv Tue sun of these readings 4a 21ho bw, which does not equal the total pover since there are nov four and not three current-carrying wires between the source and the Load.136 8.27 (2) Because the Load and [] reads zero. The total load pover is 4s balanced, no current flows through the neutral vin, 3(10) = 30 64, whden a 0 137 ‘The second wattneter sees the voltage By, 4, = 1, Azc?- 0 ont rents Eh, cos (30° = 6) 8, (90° ant the current At this point, it is clear that ell the other results of Example 8.6-4 are velia for the phase sequence a, ¢, b if the roles of P, and P, are snterchanged. must also be the sun of readings of [Wg] and [Wj], 20 5] reade 28 kor. (>) Prom the results of Example 8.6-4, tan @ = Phase sequence 4s not given. i From the firat of & 8.603, 30,000 ¥ (200) eos 19.15 and [2] * 8 /V3 2, = 1.26 9. thus z=126/ 192° a. 8.28 The phasor Glagran for the sequence a, ¢, & ¥hen &, reference phasor, 1¢ chown below. =, GE ant the current 1, = 1, [-8 ant reat Py = BLE, coe (30° + 0) VB (28-12)/(2812) and @= KZ=419.1%. the sign of the angle 12 not now, since the is again taken as the The first vattmeter sees the voltage 8.29 Let a, b, and ¢ denote the top, middle, and bottom terminals of the source, 00/73) [250° , respectively. ‘the three-phase load 1s balanced, 3, and B,, = 100 /-120°. i Tus 1, - Za, , 1200/0.8 aoe ET /'* Bye ~ c00F0.8 12% (awa? +5 [assaf «a fut ; For a balanced load, the magnitudes of the three Line currents vill be equal fand wil not depend on the phase sequence or on the chotee of @ reference phasor. If the phace sequence is a, c, b, and if the reference phasor 1sana B, = (208/V3) /-30° . A vars 0,9 leasing, the total reactive pover mist be 3 tan (cos! 0.9) = 1.k5 I! 8.31 (a) Te motor takes 5 kva and @ kvar, Therefore, the capacitors mist take 1 (b) Since the motor takes 5 kva and B, = (120/V3) /30° , = 3000/3. /30° - cos"? 0.6 = 24.0 /-23.1° ey 8 0.6 = 24.0 /-23.1 ‘The conbination of the motor and capacitors takes = BBL [30° - coat © : [30° = cos" 0.9 = 16.0 [2.2 2203 h z cuarreg| = 20.8 3/(0.9) ia, 50 = 208 [0% (ac in the mrasor Atagren show delov Lse Le Phasor diagram shovn below), then Ey, = 208 /-60 53, ‘To make the overall pover factor (2.55 war, Lee., 2.55 kere, (CHAPTER 9 Authough the equations in Section 9.1 may be used, the easiest vay to find the Fourier series for e,(t) is to use the appropriate trigonometric Adentities. tice that in this problem, the series contain a finite ‘number of terms. (a) ) 2 (a) Since the (2/2)(2 = cos 2). Le branch acts Like a short cireult for w= 2 red yer sec, the only ‘The input voltage 1s @)(t) = sin steady-state componfnt in the output is the é-c conponent, so e(e) = Gg) =F vont ‘me input voltage 1 @)(t) = sin t cos at = (1/2)(- sin t + in 3t). ‘tie ac steniy-state transfer function ts By Ye = a + 30 vintch retuces to 0.728 [28° tor @=1 and to 04604 /24.2° ‘Therefore, for @= 3. eg(t) = = 0.364 sin (t = 149) + 0,382 ain (3t + 24,29) ‘The coefficients in the series for f,(t) are independent of 1, a0 teaporarily assuse T= 2x. By inspection, the average value 1s ap * Wh. By Bas. 9-1-6, 2 (a6 coo at ae which 1s zero if n= 2,4, 6, se. and which ts o/(na) 42 1,3, Also, Sree} 140 BC ae Danae which de -1/nx for all integral values of n. Thus Tera 2 a ye) = B+ Ss (eos ugh + § cos augt + Bs eos Sagt + z = Eoin ogt + ata ange + atm 3apt 6 oe) (®) By Anspection, a5 = 1/2. Since the Sunction of tim 43 even, v, = 0 and fi 8h = 2) cos mage at © which, by Eqs 32-8, equals (2/0) coe (ragi/2) or (2/P) cos nae mus tft) 2-2 (cos agt = co8 nyt + 08 nyt = (e) By Inspection, a9 By using Eqs. 9.1-15 and by teaporartly letting T= 2x, we 3/% and, since the function of time ts even, b, #0. ovtain 2) cos at at + ("cos nt «| fn which for integral values of n reduces to - M2 - cos n1/2)/(nx)®. mus \ (coo ge + oe 2 estes teeta ts) 1) tf 1 5 608 Sagt + D5 608 Saye 9.3 ‘The sum of the first two and the sum of the first four noneero terms in the series for Fig. 9.Ie1a are shown by the solid and dashed curves, respectively, in the firet figure below. he cum of the first tvo nonzero 5. nat tems in the series for Fig. 9.1-Ha io given in the second figure below. ‘The sua of the firet four nonzero terms is not shown, because for the scale used it cannot be Atstinguished from the exact curve (except near 0.03). ‘the comers, vhere there 1s @ deviation of about The first of the tvo Fourier series considered converges more slovly than the second, because there is a discontinuity in the first function of tine. r f(t) can be found from Eyes 9el-15. Matice & 7 £ cos at - Ecos tt + & cos 6 - alt =) = $ (2 - Seon t + S005 at - & cos be + & cos 6 since eft) = (t) + le a), ft) = 5 Wen t ie replaced by T= t12 cuarreg f(t) = ag + < [: 1 608 (an = nage) +B, stn (en ~ gt) | a ot D, (By 808 Hagt = Behn nage) Est For a periodic function, replacing t by T= t the curve about ite vertical axis. The function f(t) in Pig. P9.5 can be obtained in this way fron the function f(t) in Fig. 9.2, if 1s replaced by @x and a, vo Feplaced by 2s + By cos st + os) Hd (eos t + $ cos 3¢ +2 (sine e Bain ot Leos st + £,(¢) = 22) + 2300) cos 3¢ + Be cos St +. 5 4 1 Ay leon to As expected, thie de the sare as the series for Fig. 9-l-ha, except that + 4a replaced by t - x because of the difference in the tine origins. For the odd function f(t) show below, a «a, = 0 and we 2 2 et (2+ 2) ota nt at © 2 (ae & tn Bt e€e) = 2 [2 +) otm age -F otn ange = 4. + $2) tn sage = (2) 8 [a= 2) coe age +B atm age Ha Ly coe agt - 4s equivalent to folding 34 the gtven enprosatons for £,(¢) and f,(e) wa LE + +N sy x For the even function f(t), by = 0, 5 = 1/4, end ape viich reduces to h/(na)® 1 = BE) con nt ae = (1 - cop a-%) pO for n= 2, 3,5, ve, to O/nx)® for B92, 6,20, vs, andto 0 for nel, 8. + us a(t) de (008 agt + eo ange + 2 cos sagt + By coe sagt + Pus, £42) «= Blain age + atn ange 6 Bata ant « £,(t) = 2+ 2 (cos agt + atn aagt 2 not > ¥ 208 Sage + whore ay = #/2 Follow by adding ani sub tracting the equationsms 9.8 a(t) = £42) + £,(¢) aot) = £,(t) = £54) the Fourier series can be written ‘the expressions for the coefficients in (tora f 0) 8 © [rated + #,(e0)] 08 mage ae af £44) 205 mage a ‘the general expression for a, may de written ae ale s(t) cos mage at + ie A(t) 008 nage «| 0 ae When the dumy variable t ts ty A+ 1/2, the second integrat replaced vecones m/e J 4 fe) 200 (wag + 0) 2 a since (+ 2/2) =~ o(X) dy the problem statesent and since 05 (by + na) = (-2)" cos nag » sy 6p aes a2 fo $09) 08 mgt de for = 8s 3, 5) one ° ‘te statenents about », and ay can be proved in a similar way, and fare consistent with the discussion of half-wave symmetry on page M5. ° [efe) + #(0)] ote gt at ae £(+) stn nog all! ° .9 The response of the cireult to U(t) is 1-€ for t>0. For O< C1, the response to i(t) depends only upon those components occurring before t= 1 and is et) ae eC) Lg OD since (2 + 2) ror 1et = (con agt + 008 Sagt + 08 Sunt + ++ Ef NG + 2 e088) coe mt as tor nfo ) 5 : fy) Bor the equare wave shown below, ¢, = (2/diig) tes the previous eaetttee raluating this imtegee, ve obtain a, = (1/3) - (\/3/2") ana 4 tents, tes, ¢, = 0 for n even and i/jnx for n odd. tg = 1/6x. ‘The ratio of the magnitude of the First to the magnitude ) ps of the second harmonic in eft) is /on)( 1000) Oe eye pee) « 15.3 L 5 (sto ogt + $ sin 3ugt + F otn sagt + sna f ae SF ge i Wich, as expected, does not dister greatly fron the ansver to part (a). ' r dy ‘The analysis of part (b) might apply to lass C" amplifier. ) = Z 7 22 Roveite Ba. 9.3 a2 ata) = f* [rx+) cos wt = se(e) cin at | ae 2 (a) ‘The Fourier series for the impulse train in Pig. PD. Ir f(t) ts even, r(t) cos ot ts even and f(t) sin at is oft, so (0) #8 + B (cos age + con Bayt + +++) oa} 22 fo cos at at where ay vy = 1000 vad per sec. The input impedancewich 4s Bq, 94-6. If f(t) is odd, f(t) cos at 4s odd and f(t) sin ut is even, 0 eo) 2 [PeC0) win a a ° which is Bq. 9! 9:23 The Fourier transform is ie jae L ae) = f (aA) H* ae ° Ls coe ub + J cin ab _ gin at - 4(1 ~ cos at) cra - at iow, by the use of the appropriate trigonometric identities, foto) |= 3p Coin any? = (2 = con at? = 5 at 1 = cos ut Sin al ole) sin tele) Lele ‘the sane ansver follows directly fron Example 9.t-L and Eqs 94-13. tan? Fo(w) [9-2 By Bas 94-3, ' alet]- iia ot ae pe “I ae alto] [lel (cos we = 4 etm ot) at HAPTER ‘The last expression follows fron a standard table of definite intezrals, 2 While the previous step 1s based upon the fact that <(9t) at)? cos at is an even function and <“(*)” cin wt ie an ofa function. In both parts of ‘the problem, Eq. 9.%-6 could have been used. Motice that 1f a is increased ‘the function of time becomes narrover and the frequency spectrum spreads cout along the @ axis, which 1s consistent vith the discussion on page 470. since s(t) = (2/2) <"*l*! ss on even Ainction, the area underneath {ts curve is 2 [ror ett at which 4s independent of a. As a—poo, M(t) decones the unit impulse. From Problem 9.2h, F [tery eal] which becomes unity as a —peo. ar x(t) for |t]a, then Jot ge. Zein aw a By Bq. Qch-Lk, the Fourter transform of the SuLiun in Ue problem state ment is oe) = ae = 2) , sinafo + 2 Sketches of Gn) versus @ are sho beloy for a= x and for a= 24. Tt to airricult to chow the curve for 20x to the ene scale, because st has mich higher and narrover peaks in the vicinity of a= +2. This \ ts expected, sine the sinusoldal turst lasts longer if a ts dncres:cuaPreR, ase 2 tt a poo, f(t) decenes a continuous cosine wave ant G(s) contatng impulses at © = 41+ Glw) 9:27 By Bas Gabel a(t) oh fo file-ep ruler ap Jom © sy L Fy a} coe et OM) Deco ge here the sampling property of By. 3.2-8 hus been used. This problem 4s related to the discussion of Problen 9.26 and 1s an example of the fect that the Fourier transform of @ periolic function contains impulses. 155 8 BY Eas Jule, eye fon A an 2) 8 [7 ou) eM a where } and u are independent dumy variables, so 2 2 p00 2) JOYE ay au £00) 460) LE [28 oc ara We may now make the substitutions u-=@-A and du- ds, since is treated ae @ constant when integrating with respect to u. ‘Then (DG (lao ofe- ) a] 8 a The quantity in the brackets mist be the Fourter transform of 1y(t)f,(t). (4) £00) If G(a) = 1/Jo, then by Bq. Qbeh [LESH + HEB og Since (cos wt)/jo 1s an odd function and (cin at)/o 4s an even function of oy AP tor 840 gare { where tho Last integral may be found in standard tables. a(t) for |t>0 Tats problem ts related to Example 904-3. Since f(t} 1/2 + UC), eo gut156 cuaPte § end the unit step function cannot be completely described by @ Fourier tranefora of 1/Jo 9.30 The Fourier tranefora of the input voltage 4s aga) = [Pet oI a eh 0 For the efreult in Fig. P9.30a, Ho) =p» Glo) = (+ 50)* For the cireuit in Fig. P9.30, Hijo) «>, le. woly, ‘ | » =2041/ dee [Gy (urls o c w = 40 db/dee Foe Car m Fip P1300 93h x 2240), foe eneurr Fey ‘The Fourier transfora of the given input is 2 “0 fo) = f° ee"H* at = ats cl 5 @ ly Anapection of the a ferential equation, H(jo) = 2220, 10+ go wt jot. (1+ Joe Finally, 6,(0) = 6,(w) (30) By letting x(t) = U,(t) and O,(o) <1 tn Ba. 9.5-3, we see that (ju) = Fr Me] + [re 0 ae xt) = ot Ut), ont onde ap £ ae G,(0) = 6,(0) (3a) (G+ 9)‘hn alternative solution 1s to use Eq. 3.542 to find that y(t) = (1/2! for t>0. Then ¢s)2) 2 ajo = f (ye) ¢ a For CHAPTER 10 £>0, R, and Ry can de combined into e single 1A. resistance, and a4, ® a(t) + 2g a2 ae) +2 [on (0) - (00) «3 Since 4,(0+) = 1/2, 12 Although all the anovers may be obtained from Eq. 10.1-1, some may alco be found by use of the properties in Table 10.1 (a) ) (e) (a) (e) «) Ws) = 12/(s +1) + W/s Hs) = o/(2° - 6°) £(t) = c00 Bt cot = sin pt ein f, Xs) = (= cos f - 8 sin f)fe" + 8°) Hs) = 2ps/(s? + 6°)? we) = f= et Yaa vay Re) = [p-cO (ea) 159ob (a) or the expression Ha) = fe" «TF dey use the integration-by -parta 161 (0) = 0 g(2) = UD) + 0 (O2) = UC) # ey ufos], oo Bs) = G/0- € discussed more fully in Probien 20. (a) 8,(t) = (sin 8) UC) + ata (FD UE = Dy Ble) TY vay, (eo) ty{2) = (ota 8) UAE) = ats (© = 2) HACE = 20D, Ble) = Ce MKF, Pi y0.5. By the devtnttton of the Lariace transfor tn Ba, 10-1-2, flamer] « 2 fred ota Xe 0] oe ze e]-% which can algo be obtained from Table 10-1-1 and Ey, 101-5. Also (2) fv) = atm Ce = 2) Ugo = ade Fela) = MMS? #2). forma fru . wif gu, vere us tT and v= - 8/5. Gea? ste wer Lattin the uv ten ean be som to vanish by the repeated application of {'H@pital'e nile. By successive steps of integration (m) By dotting ue 2 and v= sv Use aosused result de Justified by an Anduction proof, as decorthod in forma, fe]. prvene-| Problem 10.4. 10.6 By the detinition of the Laplace transform In By. 10.1-1, ot ae [Oran = pre eM at an 2 0 pee «-t[]20.7 10.8 By the use of this property, z[ ]- [eerie > [ees since 30.9 (a) for O>0 Me last step makes use of the Maclaurin series i/(1-2)=2+292%4., io for |2| <1. Since the transform of the function shom in Fig. FLO3d ts (1+ €%)/(e2 + 2), the transfor of the rectified sine vave in Fig. PlOWTe ase Hs) = +S (Fena-e*) Among the other functions that can be handled by this nethod are those 4n (e) Pigs. 10.5-30 and PLO.3¢~ ‘Te differensial and transformed equations are opccers a 20 + regis date) Be aso) +e [one) - e,(or)] » since ¢,(01) = 0 IE Bq. 10.110 4e used to find the inverse transform, for t>0 v3 +e) tor to 22. ah. wee te et) 2B EC + oH) oF (2 - cos at) tor tO as) = hg ee ley et ee ile) # offs), ze anya) = 2609 + [52] (0) = £,(0) Ute) + ae, 2 £40) = £2604) Uglt) + HE = Uglt) + oF - Het 20 FA 163 ae) =20 f(A) ad = 50. + 8 =e" °164 * doa (a) 2 () () @ @ (ey (e) 3) Le | (2) oo) a 165 He) = AE MD yw 2eYooe at «2 win 20) (e+ ayes @ (ee ay cay cuarrm, soft) = A(t) = fy(t3) 0 y(e-3) at gat sete c® tor occ 3 pas (2) a) = 8 -——S etey we eH ata he wena 2-8) eye tor 3 () Ho) = B+ $28, (2) 21+ 6 coe ot = 8 ain 2t Ho) o 45-2435, Ht) ete 2+ get He) aie ‘aS fe = Fete ~ cos at + ¥ tn 32) Re) = phy - Pgs, ey seh 2 9 ah Let als) = (8 = 6s = 83)eoe(s = 4), 90 Gs) = (2 = 5) als) and He) 2+ Pg - Br HO © us) = 20°F ont = [etevtei] . men Ho) = 2 - BE ME, a(t) = u(t) - 8 (et + */?) Bria afa._ a L x0) +3 [ seta arb ay] 0) =F cos 20 LE LSE, oe) oR (e - B otn 22) begets ge? eRe Be Rede LeLUe, oie) eo e206 2 con teat sla, In Problen 10.118, He) = —2t4 wa) =, Ue, oft) ot 000 at (+ RP (e- 2? we) = S46 ag Begg the) 2 B= eM tn te een TB tarp? 5 -[e] s(t) = 37 a ws) 342 U5 (a) Te following expansion describes the first of the three etreults shom below. A(t) = 1+ 6 cos 2 = Bein Ot = 1 + 10 cos (2t + 53.1°) Me) = - 2. ae ¢ tap bet = u/s 3+ j1)/s! Teas? sete 33 (et +2 cos 3+ Fate 38) [eee = 1.05 coe (3¢ + 18.4°)]‘CHAPTER Melaae gy (>) the expansion (>) show below. Aeseribes the second etreu: (0) the expansion ve) «bo + 28 ole 3 s oe + 5/3 tom F UoiRYs * TesTas + CTSTENTTRY *| describes the last of the three circuits chon belo. 10.16 (4) Representing the initial stored energy by adled sources, we obtain the folloving complex-frequency-donain circuit. ee t-O7 [ew PIER 10 167 The loop equations are (s+ 20s) - 14s) = ota) + (2+ Be) «2 froe vhich Bs) =1,(2) = 2/(s +2)? and e(t) = 2te* ror t >0. ‘Me problen may also be solved by using the superposition theoren. Me proble 4 simplified if tt 1s recognized that the four right-hand eleaents are equivalent toa single 2 OL resistance, for vnteh the external voltage 1s e)(t)/2. If this tact 4s not noticed, the follow- sing complex-frequency-dousin clrcult may be used, vhere Ey(s) = (s/s) - As #2). 2h veers 22 Be 4A A W 200 =o ($) gol Jzvours 2 bls 20 ‘The node equation 22) = So yletds £,(s) = 4 8,(s), as expected. ‘Then, by the voltage-divider rule, ee) = [a2] [to - 2] eft) sHt-2) eo tor tro (ony?168 cory (ec) Notice that the 1 AL resistance and the 3h inductance do not attegy o,{2) and can be omitted. Att = On, by doe steady-state ctroute tneory, (ep = 5/3 + e,/2 = 0+ Since eft) = 6 eft), 0,(0+) = ef0-) «2/2 volts ‘The node equation for the comlex-frequency-deanis etroult show below 2 (2) = (0 BOBO) ay [ted - from which, vith Bj(e) = 1s and #,(8) = 6 B(8), eo) 2 | soo) ABER, 0.6 Pv 0c) tor er 0 $i ) = ) at fs Lato = SEs) La Ee) 40 zap |i ) [yews = 66 ’ ) ) 10.17 (a) For the complex-frequency-doasin cireult show below, B,(0) = (W/s + 2/2) ea [zt - 2] +246) = 6 from watch 15(4) = eft) = 2 + e® (eos 2t = sin at) = 2 +B €* cos (2b + HF As) a A. tea UAL 1 Sy dsa ye [a0 a tt vols eR 10 169 (p) For the conplex-trequency-domain circuit shown below, s) Jl agare £o(s) 30.18 (a) Te quantities £,(0+) = amp and ep(Or) = 2 volts are represented by added sources in the complex-frequency-domain circuit. The loop ‘equations, (25+ ¥)E(s) - 2 1(8) = 2 = 23s) + (3 +2) 16 tea a+ Wa oe 20 + M3 260)m 10 'b) The Loop equations for ¢>0 are o ae ‘The node equation is au, eure gto : 27], Bs) +3 nee § wo -2 +a at au, age s+ 6Re+ a0 "0 fe) = EEE, 0,(0) = PVE (2 cos EE wr gee 6 Since 4,(0+) = 20 enp and 4,(O+) = 5 amp, the transformed equations (s + 4) 1(5) + (25 + 3) 1s) = 20 joa9 If there is no initial stored enerey, i : . eee ees H (20+ 1) [i,Cs) = ay(e)] + (45 +) a aa fron vit H _ i Bo) = etsaey A) i Aecune that aay tnpulses occur Just after += 0 and let 2(s)=2/s tn ee anat equation, men fort >0 i LP oe +2 2325 8/9 of) = C7 Lattin] -#-b« Hone Ce i fp.co (a) Ae t= Oy the currents through the 2h ant 1 sntuctances are ox) = 6 ap ant (0) = 9 apy cegectivey. ten the eth (o) Wath ett tool athe steeitopreting inte iaiy state te(0) = Samp amt sy(0) = 3 ey esetivey, en Oe a : sn epee valtegs inane eget wo Yth esata cane Ye the current dow through L 4 4,(t) = VB eos (3t - 45°), 0 aa aa — : 4,(0F) = 4,(0-) = 2 amp and ¢,(0+) = eg(0-) = 2 voLts, In the follow Ang complex-frequency-domain cizcult with K open, the initial stored 5 amp. ‘Tuo approaches, analogais to those in Example 10.6-2, can be used in the solution of the problea. In the first method, the yee voltage inpulses are ascuned to occur just after t = 0, so that TT 1,(0+) = 6 amp and 4,(0+) = 3 amp. Prom the complex-frequenc; elreust shown below, So £(s) ves} $ voucurren 1g she) = (36 207/38), ole) = age) + (6 + 8 3 (4) 2s a 2vars iF Hy If the voltage impulses are assumed to occur Just before t that 4,(0) = 1y(0r) = 5 amp, the final result is found to be 0) = + ce ugly, eft) «(6+ SEMEL LY ‘The RO branch that has been placed in parallel vith the RL branch tn Fig. 710.000 allows this cosbination of four elexents to be replaced by a single 2 0. resistance. (The added branch eliminates arcing when Ks opened, and it does not change the d-c steady-state be- havior of the ctrouit.) From the complex-frequency-doaain ctreutt shom below, wicg) 8 B 6 Ala) = 02 + Dt +h + eit) = 6246) tor t>0 (2 vos Gey Zs 0 sat fee eR 10 vs 21 As discussed in Protlen 5.22) ¢,(0+) = 0 and 1,(Or) «2 amp. From the complex-frequency~domain ekreust shown belov, : zfs) +2 28) +B BT (a) 2 te-d o ey (ea) Bf) =268 48-0), oft) a(t-2) aint for t>0 a (e+ a ah 46s) StH ane By the initial value theorem, e(or) = aim 2, yao er ee ee 2 volts per sec which ogree vith the answers to Problen 5.22. ot (a) Tn By. 10.0, 8 cos at and X= 6%" cin wt, The Cauchy- Ricnann conditions, Eqs. 10.3, are atiefied for all finite values s, and Ws) de analytic for ald finite values of a. >) te) Ra D,x 12, and the Cauchy-Rienann conditions are never satisfied. Re Os u%, X= 0, and the Cauchy-Réenann conditions are satisfied only at 5 = 0. However, Hs) 1s not analytic even at the origin, since @ unique derivative does not exist throushout a neighborhood that ineludes the origin.jam (a) 10.23 (a) (>) (e) (a) CHAPTER 1g 1 two analytic functions 4s analytic 4f the denoninator = (2ee1)(/2), Ha) = Te quotie is not zero. Since cos s fs zero only (cin e)/(cos s) 4s analytic exept et these points. By Long atvision, bts ebedar hte. tor flee were hie | HayeWedederin tor o<|slee ant the residue at s=0 is 1/4, Also, 2293.2.) e ble 2h ren and the residue ot te -a/h, ‘The Taylor series for <%%/(s +1) about 2 =0 and for M/s abot == 21 canbe found from By. 20,48. Then Ha) ede (ea) eR (= 2042) for O<|sf<2. fer D dC eaeauern en] tor o<|enfea ‘The residues at s =O and a= -1 are 1 and -<*, respectively. tere are no singuaritive for ary finite value of s+ The ceriee Hs) #1 = (2/2)2 + (2/6)3" = written about ¢=0 ts Te series 15 tase for sf0 reeidue is zero. Ps) has a second-order pole at s = 0, bu 15 10.2h By long division, _ Flag) +PagMs = 89) + FPMagMs ~ 56) + oe Hs) Fags P+ Zags = ag)P + woe EH) aM 50 + 259) a'*"(59) 3 [2'*(s9) ]* 7 0 the residue ts GP*(26) QC) = 2646) @*( 69) 3 [eo] Since C{s) has a first-order zero at 0 Os) = G(s) (8 = 5) E6454) (s - By Long division, G59) Re) = age ayes TET PUGTE ETT * PENT * TTecag] 80 the restiue is 1/6%(39). The answers given for Problem 10.11 are obtained by the use of Eas. 10.5-3 through 10.5-7. The results of Problens 10.2% and 10.25 eay also be used. (a) te nunetion Ms) = 1/(2 + £ Jns/2, vhere n 5) has ‘order poles at 5 Ly 3,5, + The residue of at 5 = 0 ts unity, and, by Ba. 10.5-6, the residue at176 CHAPTER 10 For t >0, ate) 22 F(A 2 Ae 6 oy Berdnb/2 2 cdsnt/2 - 2 3 a 4 (cos St - 2 cos St + 2 cos SHE at (cos - ¥ cos St + b con 5H The quantity folloving the first minus sign in the last expression is ‘the Fourier series for the square vave in the first figure shom below, so et) hae the vaveshape shown in the second figure. Blow - fem Me) fe 2 Z£ ose As an alternative solution, M{s) can be rewritten es As) =— 2 «8 ae sfeta. which converges for Be £0. By the se of By. 101-6 and the fact = woot 7 [ors] ate) 92 [i g(eay - 0 y(e-3) + (t5) » vst) vhieh deseribes the function shown above. (») me function Hs) Aa sian s) has first-order poles at = = Jnty where nis a nonzero integer, and hac a gecond-order pole ats CHAPTER 10 wm ‘The residue of F(s) <** at the second-order pole can be found by the results of Problen 10.2 and is t. The residue at s = Jnx is, by Ea. 105-6, edt nn y{eos na) 80 for t >0 a(t) = t= (le A 2 2 cin et +3 cin ant - 2 sin at + ae 2 3 ain ont - 2 sin gut The quantity following the t is the Fourier series gor the savtooth wave in the first figure belov, so #(t) has the waveshape shown in the second figure. fe ‘ Pain WE op andthe ~ 4 2 ’ Ky t or z afeatiae (arenes feel eect neha eats tee nat £7 [tey/a] = f° aA) ad «me statzease runctton 13 obtained directiy by integrating the function shom in Fig. 10.53. the problem may algo be solved by the infinite series approach that was used as an alternative solution to part (a178 CHAPTER 19 10.28 (a) tn Problem 6.20e, the transfer function for the cireuit in Fig. PL0.20q wae found to be Bs) Me) + gay * the unit impulse and step responses are xe) X7 [cay] * He) =f MA) ad £0.09 [1 = ¢ ° — Se ee+ico (e+ ae + (Go 9 */? ain 0 */2(cos 108 + 4g sin 102)] (>) Tf 4,(t) and 4,(+) are the currents (drain elociorise) through ‘the prinary and secondary windings, respectively, the loop equations (e414) 4) - 038) FA) oe fron which wt cog (E + 45) "The pro 20. 0,{0¥) = 0 egt(Or) #2, et(0r) = = 2, and eg **(0F) = cedure in Exanple 10.6-1 can also be 1-30 0.32 (a) @) Inttial value is 7, final value is 0, Initial value de 1, final value te 3/8. Initial value i 0, the final value theorem te not applicable. Initial value 1 3, the Final value theorem {2 not applicable. Initial and final values are 1. F(s) = 8s) = 1/(s + a) sn By. 10.648 to obtain Chg] france fave a) 0 5 Mo prove Bq, 201-6, tet 7,(2) and ¥(0) = Re) An Bq. 10.6-8 to obtain 7 [ere bey] = f° usa oad ee dIU glee 9) aA « eben, 0 o prove Hy. 10.1-10, let Fy(s) = Hs) and Hy(s) = 2/2 to obtain 2° G2]- foo nena= fi owar ° 0 yor a ctreutt with no initial stored exerey, ve) 27 [os Med] The inverse transform of (s)/a 1s the untt atep response x(t). According to Bq. 10.1-8, the inverse transform of at(s) 1s ax/dt, provided that 20+) In th by Ba. 10.6-8, we) = f° QI ace =) ar 0 which agrees vith Eq. 3.5-1 for a etzeult that {s unexcited for eo. In180 CHAPTER 19 ‘the event that x(O+) # 0, the input can be decosposed into tvo components; xe) = y(t) + Ct) xt xw ne) ie on} —_—_—— + 3 £ 3 vt Since dx/at = ax/it for > 0, the resyonse can be written ‘ He) = hor) x2) +f SHAD af =) ad or ‘hie approch agrees with the @iscussion on page 159- mis problen can be solved by noting vhere the poles or F(s) Lie in the complex plane and by using the initiel value theorem. The ten functions of time, in their proper onder, are numbered 14, 7, 5, 12, 11, 1, 13, 26, 18, and 9 CHAPTER 12 ron Branple 43-6, the response of the original circuit for t > 0, when 2,(0-) = 1 volt, is t) = 20 (ert — ride ent) = 32 ) Tt may be helpful to cone students to note that if the initial enersy in the capacitance is represented by the added voltage source Ey(s) = e\(0V/s, a8 Sn Pig. 10.3+62, Ble) 10s, Ee) * Payee rao) ‘To make the free response occur 10° tines faster than before, divide the value of every inductance and capacitance by 103, then, to make ‘the largest capacitance 1 uf, multiply the value of evezy resistance end Anduetance by 10? and divide the value of every capacitance ty 103, 80 thet 10, = O.Lue, Ly = 1h, Ly = 02h, RR = 1000 1 {To make the multiplying factor in o,(t) ve 10%, change the initial voltage on ¢, to 900 voli choose the bottom line An the Figure ao the reference note and Let e,(+) and 0,(t) denote the voltages across the 100 AL and 0.1 AL seatstances, respectively. The node equations are Gas + 1.01) 8 3) = (1005 + 1) B(s) = 1,(s) = (2005 + 2) By + (2008 + 11) £,(=) = 49r, 2) ele) - 2) = 108,(¢), ve obtain Solving for where £,(5) 5) and noting that lat182 curren at Is) Me) = Foy = hte The straight-Line approximation to the decibel curve is shown below. The sealing process des: bed in the problen statenent corresponds to increas ing the inpedance level of the circuit by a factor of 1000 (whch does not affect the transfer function) and then replacing s by 3/107 in the tranefer function. The decibel curve is unchanged, except that the values of @ are now in gigaraiiens per sec instead of radians per eee. HG, 33. =20904 A Choose the botten Line in the figure as the reference nole and let ¢,(t) Genote the voltage across the left-hand capacitance. The node equations (oer dy als) - Eafe) «(od +a Ble) + (ere x trom which (3) (8) +2) ana |(jay|® = G/)/G + 0°). te upper Linke to the bandwidth to 1 rad por ove, but this can be changed to 1000 rad per ace by dividing the values of the inductances and capacitances by 1000. Than, use Table 111-2 with sy = 10° rad per eee to ovtain m bandcpace Filter vith the desired reconest frequency and bandwidth. Finally, i 1 make the largest capacitance 28 1 b to ne, mutssty the value of every resistance and industasce By 50, and vite te vatue of every capeitance ty 50. ‘the final cireutt te show velo gO cosh 200° JC. (4 ef) o) Bob Te o)=1, replace 4 by 2/e tn the traneter function and replace every capacitance by an intuctance and every inductance by a capacitance. If op # 1, we can use the above procedure with afdstional steps of trea Uency scaling. We find that s is replaced by a,*/e, an inductance of value Lis replaced by a capcitance of value /o,’b, and a capacitance of value G 4 replaced by an inductance of value 1/a,%c. the nigh-p fAlter obtained from the cireuit in Fig. Lutele (with oy = VE x 10% rad per sec) 1s show below. ete 5 (a) xf Vy(0) and V(t) denote the volocttios at which Mand M, sha. Ohuge ee 5 mb Jew move to the right,