Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • Lecture17 Carbohydrates Preview-Keywords

    Uploaded by

    thedeciever
    22 views5 pages
    This lecture discusses carbohydrates and their importance as an energy source and structural component. Carbohydrates have a general formula involving carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They are made of monomers like glucose that are linked through glycosidic bonds to form oligosaccharides and polysaccharides. Examples of important polysaccharides are starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin, and peptidoglycans. The lecture emphasizes carbohydrates that serve as an energy source, such as starch, and examines the molecular structures of various carbohydrates.

    Original Description:

    easy to follow guide to carbohydrates

    Original Title

    Lecture17 Carbohydrates Preview-keywords

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    RTF, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document
    This lecture discusses carbohydrates and their importance as an energy source and structural component. Carbohydrates have a general formula involving carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They are made of monomers like glucose that are linked through glycosidic bonds to form oligosaccharides and polysaccharides. Examples of important polysaccharides are starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin, and peptidoglycans. The lecture emphasizes carbohydrates that serve as an energy source, such as starch, and examines the molecular structures of various carbohydrates.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as RTF, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    22 views5 pages

    Lecture17 Carbohydrates Preview-Keywords

    Uploaded by

    thedeciever
    This lecture discusses carbohydrates and their importance as an energy source and structural component. Carbohydrates have a general formula involving carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They are made of monomers like glucose that are linked through glycosidic bonds to form oligosaccharides and polysaccharides. Examples of important polysaccharides are starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin, and peptidoglycans. The lecture emphasizes carbohydrates that serve as an energy source, such as starch, and examines the molecular structures of various carbohydrates.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as RTF, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 5

    Lecture17.

    Carbohydrates
    Metabolic importance
    Precursor of glucose and other monomeric sugars

    Fun facts
    Composition of human body
    Food materials with carbohydrates - Starch

    Carbohydrates - Overview
    General chemical formula
    Importance
    Single most abundant class of organic molecules in nature
    Major form of stored energy
    Structural roles
    Covalent connection with proteins and lipids

    Emphasis for lecture


    carbohydrates that are important energy source

    Starch
    Molecular structure

    Chemical Features of Carbohydrates


    Structural features
    Asymmetric (Chiral) centers

    Monomer
    D vs L
    D is predominant in nature

    Polymer

    Linear vs ring structures


    Aldo/Keto group
    hydroxy group
    Ring formation
    Six-membered
    Five-membered
    additional asymmetric center
    alpha isomer
    beta isomer

    3D: Chair vs Boat

    glycosidic bonds
    hydrogen bonds

    Monosaccharides
    Aldose
    Ketose
    3-7 carbons
    derivatives

    sugar acids
    sugar alcohols
    deoxy sugars
    sugar esters
    amino sugars
    phospho sugars
    Example: ATP

    Oligosaccharides
    Formation from monosaccharides
    two hydroxylic groups
    removal of water
    glycosidic bond

    Examples
    Lactose
    hydrolysis of glycosidic bond by lactase
    Lactose intolerance

    Sucrose
    Maltose
    Cellobiose

    Polysaccharides
    Starch

    Amylose
    linear chain

    Amylopectin
    branched chain

    monomeric units= glucose


    starch phosphorylase
    releases glucose phosphate
    substrate of glycolysis

    amylase
    alpha(1,6) glucosidase

    Glycogen
    Cellulose
    Compare with Amylose

    Chitin
    Examples
    Fungi (cell walls)
    Crustacea and insects (exoskeletons)

    Compare with cellulose

    Peptidoglycans
    Polysaccharides linked to peptides
    Bacterial cell walls

    Gram-positive bacteria
    Thick cell wall (25 nm)
    Multiple layers of peptidoglycans

    Gram-negative bacteria
    Thin cell wall (2-3 nm)
    Single layer of peptidoglycans
    inner and outer lipid bilayer membranes

    molecular units of peptidoglycans


    N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)
    N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)

    molecular composition
    Compare with Chitin
    Tetrapeptide: Ala-isoglutamate-Lys-Ala
    Linkages
    NAM (lactate moiety) - Ala
    Lys to Ala in adjacent peptide
    Direct
    Gram-negative
    through pentaglycine chain
    Gram-positive

    You might also like