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 : Gene, (h g a n iw w e Ambienle
1998, by Gius. Laterza & Figli Spa,
Eulama, Roma, Italia
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15, .. 104 34
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e-mail: lexeme@hol.gr
: 2001
ISBN: 960-7578-28-7
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Richard C. Lewontin

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Richard C. Lewontin

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Richard C. Lewontin

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Richard C. Lewontin

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Richard C. Lewontin

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Richard C. Lewontin

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dE/dt = /( )
dO/dt = g(0,E )

( 1)
( 2)

(1)
127

Richard C. Lewontin

H TptnXtj EXiKa

neQipdXXovrog n e o a o ro xQdvo, ^ o n o ia ei'vai anoxXeiorixTi

auvdgrriaTi xcov neQiPaXXovrixcov |ieTaP>.T)Ti6v, x a i ri e|i'acoori
(2 ) 6riXx6vei dri 11 neTaPotai crtov o p y a via|id e iv a i o w d g n i(jr],
id a o rng TQe'xouoag xaTd o raarig ton ogyavioHO v d oo x a i tov
negipdXXovrog. Enei&rj t| ei'ococrr| ( 1) ei'vai ouvdgrr|cni novo
to v neQiPdXXovtog, imogei' v a eniXv 0ei [ie tqojio no v v a 6Cvei
ttiv

nXf)QT| xqovixti icrioQia tov negipdAXovrog. H Xvori a v n i,

d ra v eio a x 0ei |xe a vrixa T d o ra o ri cmiv elji'ococni ( 2), 0a dcooei

ttiv nXfjQT)

e^eXixriXTi icrtoQia tov o g y av io jio v, x a T e v 0w d nevri

evteXcog a n d Tig avrovofxeg neQiPaXXovtixe'g Sie gy a a i'e g. H

nQaynaTiXTi x a rd a ta a ii, dncog, ei'vai dri ti ee'Xit| ei'vai evyog
ov& vynivw v 6ia<poQixc6v e^iaakrecov:
dE/dt = f (0 , E )

(3 )

dO/dt = g (0 , E )

(4 )

ondr

loroQieg, Tdao tov neeipdXXovrog d ao x a i tov o g y a -

vio(iov, eiva i a v v a g n ia e ig x a i tov negiPaXXovrog x a i tov oq ya vio n o v. O i eJjiocooeig n g n e i v a eniXv 0o vv |iai cog cru^evyH^vo evyog no v nepiyodcpei tti oweik%ri OQ yavianav x a i neQiPdXXovrog crnjv o n o ia x a i Ta 6 vo ne'gri X e it o v g y o w x a i cog
a iT ia x a i cog an o reX io n aT a.

Y n a g x E i e'va TeXevrai'o egcorrma n o v e yeigeT ai oxeT ixa |ie Ta

a it ia , Tdoo an d Tig noXXanXe'g am ax e'g o 6 ovg d o o x a i an d tt]v
v Xixt]

ro v g cpvar] cog XeiTOvgyixd c twtovioh ^vcov cnjarrmaTcov.

A v rd aqpoga ott| 6idxQicrr| |ieTa^v aixiwv x a i fiiomv. H cruyxvor| neTav aiTicov x a i ne'aiov n o v0 ev a aXXov 6 ev ei'vai m o ejicpavrig an d d j i orryv laTQixfj emcmi|xr|. MiXd[ie crvyya. y ia a m a
0avdTOv x a onoi'a crtig Piopirixavix^g xoivcovi'eg e iv a i xvgi'cog
128

KeipaXaio 3

Mtprj xai OX&njteq, A in a xai An<ne\ojiaia

ta xagSiaxd vocrrjnaTa, to ^[icpQayna xai o xapxivog. KaxapaXXovxai xegacmeg JiQcxmdSeieg yia va PpeOouv oi inixavio|ioi tcov aoGevEicov aurcov ne ttiv th iib a dxi Ei'vai Suvaxdv va
jiQoXr|Cp0ouv r\ va avxinExcojuoxouv |xe xqojio okrtE va ^ v jie0aivouv dv0Qcojioi cai6 auxg. Ag uno06ooune dncog dxi (utoQoO|iE va GeQOJteuaoune r\ va JigoXdpoune oXeg xig [xogcp^g xcov
xaQ6ioayyeiaxc6v jiaOrjoetov xai xcov xagxivcov. Aired cnificu'vei dxi 6ev 0a Jie0ai'voune;
Zxt] cmvtiOri aixiaxrj avaXuaT| 6iaxQi'vcn)(iE oe a v a y x a i'a x a i
ix a v a a ix ia. A v x a x i ei'vai a v a y x a i'o ai'xio Evog ajtoreXe'onaxog, a v xo cuioqpuyoune 0 a cuioqriryoune x a i xo cuioxe'X.eona.
A v u ' 0exa, |uto(xnj|ie v a eOaXeu|)oune xdrtoio ixa v d aixio /(OQig
v a JiaQenJio6ioounE xo cuiox^Xeona, ejtei6rj xcuioio dXko a i
xio njtoQEi v a Jia g e i xt| 0 e'crr| xou, aXka a v xo ixa v d aixio ei'vai
jta g d v , xo ajtoxXeona avajtocpeuxxa 0a axoX o u 0i]oei. S a u xnv dncog xt^v ajtXii avdXuar] x a x a Q S io a y y e ia x a vo arjn axa x a i
o x a g x tv o g 6 ev e iva i ouxe a v a y x a i'a ouxe ix a v d ai'xia 0 a v d xou. T o v a

x a ve ig n ia curd auxg xig a o 0veieg 6 e v a jioxe-

Xei eyyuriori dxi 0 a Jie0avei e^aixi'ag xoug, ouxe x a i r| cuxouoia

xoug o6r|yei' anyv a 0a va o i'a . A e v ei'vai ouxe a v a y x a i'a ouxe ix a
v d a ix ia 0ava x o u . E i'v a i 6uo a n d e'va neyaXuxepo auvoXo
evaXXaxxixcov eyyug aixi'cov 0a vaxo u . E i v a i m 0a v d v a ajiocpuyounE ojioioSfjnoxe a n d auxd x a evaX X axxixa a ix ia , a l i a 6ev
e iva i Suvaxd v v a x a ajiocpuyoune dXa. A v 6 e v jte 0a v e i xavei'g
and xo eva , 0a jteBdvei a n d xdbioio dXXo.
A X M yiaxi' v a e iva i e'xoi x a Jigd y n a x a; A v auxd x a a ix ia 0a vdxou eiva i Xeixougyixcog a ve|dptTixa, xdxe 0a ingene v a eivai
6uvaxdv v a x a ajiocpuyoune oX a x a i, Jigd ynaxi, o i lox^Qionoi
TT|g laxpixijg ujiovoouv xpv JiiOavdxrita airrrj, xtoQi'g v a 5t|XcovExai 0t|xd. O i eKicrninoveg yiaxgoC niXouv y i a xrjv Ji0dXrpjni
xcov 0avaxcov ne'oco xrjg Oepcuiei'ag ao0eveicov, aXXd x a 6e6one'va Xe've oxi ei'vai a&uvaxov v a enjto6icrrei' o 0 avaxo g , xo Jto129

Richard C. Lewontin

H TpuiXtj 'EXvta

Xu v a avapX t| 0ei cmiv xaXuxegri neginrcoari. Em nX ov, r| a v a PoXti aim i 6 ev e iva i xdao anoxeXeonaxixii d ao negixe'g cpoge'g
6 ia x rig u a o exa i x a x a x a xeXeuxai'a nevTivra xQ dvia xqg neyaXr|g ngod6ou cmi qpuaioXoyi'a, xr|v x u rra g ix ii pioXoyi'a x a i xr|v
laxpixfj. A n d xo 1947, xo n g o a S d x in o oJ1g x a x d xr| ye'wr|OT|
y i a e'va Xeuxd a v & g a crng H I 1A e'xei au^r| 0ei x a x d enxd xgd via , aXXd airco 6 ev ocpeiXexai m o oxi oi a v 0gconoi ouv oe jieyaXuxegr| riXixi'a. H 6 ia g x e ia t,ojfjg 6 ev e'xei aur| 0ei x a i o
agi0|Adg xcov excov negaixe'gco ^cofjg nou n g o o 5o x d o o u y y g a cpe'ag xou a v d x e ig a g PipXi'ou, e'vag ep8o|xr|vxdgr|g Xeuxdg d v6 g ag , e'xei aur|0ei' (idvo x a x d 6 uo neginou x g d v ia . 0 a nge'nei
v a ioxuei dxi, a v x a i x a eyyug a ix ia 0avdxou unogei' v a avxiliexconicrrouv, o C&iog o 0a va x o g 6 ev unogei'.
'E x o i, 0a nge'nei v a u n a g x e i x a n o io aixio 0a vaxo u , cog cpaivo|ie'vou, Sia xg ix d a n d x a emne'goug a ix ia , x a onoi'a ei'vai x a Xuxega v a x a 0ecogfjaou|ie cog ne'oa. T a |ie'oa ei'vai evaXXa
xxixe'g 0801' 5ia|ieooXdpr|or|g x a n o io u P ao ixo u aixi'ou, aixi'ou
nou Xeixcrugyei n a vx a , a v x a i jie'aco Siacpogexixcov o8cov. A v xo
aixio 8ev XeixougyeC (ie'oco evdg ne'oou, 0a nge'nei v a Xeixougyriaei ne'oco x ano io u dXXou. Y n d auxq xr| 0ec6gr|OTi, xo a ixio 0a vaxou ei'vai dxi oi ^covtavoi' o gyavio n o i' eiva i riXexxgo|ir|xavixoi' (xrixavionoi, cptiayne'voi a n d 5i a g 0gu>ne'va uX ixa |igr| xa
onoi'a, y i a aniycog 0 eg n o 6uva|Aixoug Xdyoug, avandqpeuxxa
cp0ei'go vrai x a i n a u o u v v a X eixougyouv. T a 6 iacp o ga ne'gr|
cp0etgovxai oe Siaqpogexixoug x go vo ug crra Siacp o ga a x o n a,
x a i ogio|x^va |ie'gr| e iva i m o em ggenfj cmi cp0o g a a n d aXXa, rj
pgi'crxovxai oe m o xgi'oijni 8ecrr| cmi Xeixougyixri 6id g 0gcocrri.
T o auxoxi'vTixd nou 0a n a e i xeX ixa o x a n a X io o i'6 ega, eneidtj
eixe t| |iTixavri, eixe xo xipcoxio raxuxfjTcov eixe xo riXexxgixo xou
auorrina 0a cp0a g e i x a i 0a ndipet v a Xeixougyeu <I>uoixd, 0a
nno go uo a v a xo Siaxtigiioco y i a n a v r a avrixa 0ia rc6 vra g xaxxixd x a 0e i|irjna xou, aXXa d xav 0a e'xouv avxixaxaoxaO ei' oXa
130

KexpdXato 3

M ipn teat 0X6tijtc<;, A m a teat AnoieX^aftara

xov Ta T|irj(iaTa 5ev e iv a i aacpg a v 0 a n g dxe ixai y ia

to i'& io

avT 0 xm |T 0 . 2 to Begndvr Xe'yetai n ia larogi'a y ia vav a v 6 g a

jio v

loxvQi^drav dri ei'xe va oixoyevEiaxd

vcdv. 'O rav

oixoy^veia

to exo vq i

QCDrrjOpxe ncog r\xav S w a t o v x a u

tov to

te' to io ,

150 %q6-

eine driri

cpgdvti^e noXv xaXa aXXa^ovrag ejrtd ve'eg

ktp^g x a i TQeig veg XEcpaAig.

H 6idxQior| aiTi'cov x a i n^ocov |inogei' v a e'xei arumvrixeg av-

vneieg orig 6g d o eig jiov acpogovv t o av0gc6m va ^TT^a-ra.

Kara t o 19o aitova o i xvgieg aiTi'eg 0avaTOv cmiv Evgcomi

6ev t]Tav Ta xa g 6 io a y y e ia x d voarin ata fj o x agxivog,

aXkaoi

Xoi|ic66eig vdooi. O i oraTicrcix^g 0vr|oindTT|Tag Sei'xvouv dri oi

m o OT](iavrixoi' cpovia&eg tjiav t] 6 u p 0egm 6a, r) euXoyia, t] qpvHaTi'coor|,

PgoyxiTi5a, 11 jtvev(iovi'a xa i, y ia Ta nai&ia, o i (ia-

yovM 6eg. Tiiv enox>i nov y ia ngcorri cpoga xaTaygdqnixav ovcnninaTixd airre'g oi nTyy^g OvTiaindnrrag, tti SexaeTia to v 1830,
t o noaocrrd Oavdrov a nd airre'g Tig aa 0veieg neicovovrav, x a i
to 90% TT)g nei'coarig ei'xe fj6ii ovuPei xaTd to v A ' n a y x d o |iio
noXeno. n o i a Tyrav r| a m a avrrig TT|g cnmavrixTig aXXayrig; Aev
TjTav r| avaxaXin|)r| tcdv naOoydvcov, enei6ii nera ttiv avaxoi'vcocni TT|g (iixgopiaxTig Oecogi'ag negi' aaOeveiiov and to v Kox
to 1876 8ev vnrjg^e x a ju a e|i(paviig Em'5gaor| o ra n o a o a td 0 avaTov. Aev T]tav ti Eiaaycoyri avyxgovcov cpagiaaxtov, enEidTi to
90 e'cug 95% TT|g (xei'ioorig tcdv noooorcov 0avdTOv and Tig aiTi'eg avre'g Ei'xe rj6r| o v|ip ef dravT a avtiP ioxixd xgr|oi|ionoiTi0Tixav (.lETa t o B' n a y x d o |iio IldXeno. Aev fjrav T| PeXucooti
orig aw0TixEg vyiEivrig, acpov oXoi aircoi' o i Paoixoi' cpovia&eg
HETa6C5ovrai neaco to v ae'ga x a i dxi to v vegov. O vte x a i 0 a
nnogovoE ti (iei'cdot] avrri v a e'xei ngoxXr|0i' anoxX eiarixd and
ne'tga o x e6 ia o |i^ v a v a enno6i'oovv tt|v e^dnXcoari tcdv a o 0 eveiidv. O i (iayovXdSEg TjTav r| x v g ia 0avaTT|(pdgog vdoog tcdv
nai8iciiv t o 19o auova, aXXd drav iftio w n a i6 i xave'vag 6ev ne'0avE an d nayovXd5eg, a v x a i oXa xa n a i6 ia Tig nE'gaoav.
131

Richard C. Lewontin

H TpinXrj EXttca

H m o euXoyri eg|iT]vei'a nou 6ia0e'Toune ei'vai <5ti x a x d t o

19o aicova aimeic60rixe yevixT] Tdari a u ^ a i^ g tou ngaynaTixou
e io o 6 iin a T o g , peXTuoan trig 6 iaTQOcpixfjg xaTdaraarig tcov euQconaixoiv nXT}0uoncov x a i newoari tcov cogcov egyao ia g. Ka0cog
o i av0gconoi TQ^qpovrav x a i vru vovrav xaX urega x a i eixa v neg io a d re g o x g d v o y ia v a auve'XSouv an d ttiv e^avrXriTixTi egy a o ia , Ta acoiuxcd Toug, P gio x d jie va oe cpuaioXoyixti xaT da raor| nixQoregrig m'earig, rjrav as xaXuregn 0ot| v a avri|XTconioouv to enuiX 6o v cngeg trig |idXuvar|g. 'E to i, a v x a i nnogei' x a i
naXi v a aggcoaraivav, empCcovav. O i Xoi|u65eig v o a o i 6 ev rjrav
Ta aixia, aXXd ndvo Ta noa. T a a ix ia 0avdTOu a n iv Eugconri
naXaidregcov enoxcov undgxouv axd|ir| x a i arjjiega arov T g ft o
K oa n o: u n e ge gya o i'a x a i unooiTiondg. T o o u n n gao n a nou
nge'nei v a e^aydyoun e an d aurri ttiv anori'nr|(Tri e iv a i dxi xa
enine 6a OvriaindrriTag cmiv AcpgixTi 6 ev eOagrcovrai xaT a xug io Xoyo an d tr|v xaT ao ra an trig la igixrjg, aXXd an d tr|v xaTdaraar| tr|g 5ie0voug nagaycoyTjg x a i tcov avraXXaycov, ixoXovdt i 0 a T^Tav avdr|TO v a noune o ti r| laTgixfj cpgovu'Sa 6 ev t%ei
ax^ar).
H i'6 ia 5idxgioT| nexa^u aiTi'cov x a i ne'acov acpogd Ta n go pXTinaTa TT|g gu navan g x a i xr|g S iaxei'giang tcov anopXTjTcov.
'O xa v o i Xaixe'g x a i 6 ixaarixe'g S gaa eig neruxai'vauv v a a v a araXei' |ua PionTixavixfj XeiTougyia jiou 6r|Xr]TTigid^ei Toug egya^o|i'voug t] xaracrrge'cpei Toug n dgou g i\ ouoacogeuei iati
a n o ix o 6 onrjai|ia andpXriTa, r\ Pio|iT|xavi'a orge'cperai oe 5 ia(pogeTixrj XeiTougyia ri o n o ia n a g a y e i dXXa 6 r|Xr|TrjQia, andpXriTa fj xaTavaXcovei aXXoug ndgoug. O i Pionrixavi'eg xagxiou
xaxavaXcovouv Se'vrga x a i e ia a y ou v oxo v e g d x a i tov ae'gd
0 eu xd n agdycoya. H a vrixaT d oraari tou xagxiou an d nXaarix o e'xei cog an oreX ean a ttiv xaTavaXaxrn neTgeXai'ou x a i 6ri|nougyei' (4.r| a n o ix o 6 o n fjo in a TeXixd n g o io v ra . Z r a av0gaxcoguxei'a o i nETaXXcoguxoi 6 ev neSai'vouv n ia an d n veunovoxo132

KetpdXaw 3

M6pi\ ttat OX&npet;, A in a koi AnoieXiaftaia

viaori coid d vS ga x a , xa0cog o xeXeurai'og avrixaG i'axaTai and

to jiETQ^Xaio. A v u G e ia , n e0 aivou v an d x a g x iv o nou endyeTai an d Ta n g o id v ra tcov SiuXioniQi'cov. T a 0 e u x a aXaxa, o i
ano6aoco|Aveg fSouvonXayie'g, Ta |j.ti anoixoSoM -fjaina u y ga
andpXt)Ta, 6ev Ei'vai t o a i'n a TT|g unofJd0nicnig tcov auv0r|xcov
nig av00comvrig coijg, ei'vai anXcog Ta |ie'oa. T o ai'Tio ei'vai r)
arevq Xoyixt] tou a v a g xo u o x ^ c iT o g nagaycoyng nou avenru^e o Piofitixavixd g xaniTaXio|idg x a i uio0rriae o pion iixavixdg aooiaXio|idg. T auxd, dncog x a i oe dXa Ta aXXa, t| ouyxuot) (xe'ocov x a i am cov enno6iei tt| pea X ia rixfj avrineTconiar]
tcov cnrv0T|xc6v n ig avOgcomvrig tcorjg.

133

4
KaxevOvvoetq arri jieXerri

BioXoyiaq

^ T A nPO H rO YM E N A XEqpaXaia to u PiPXiou autou,

^

nou aqpogouoav cmg eQnr|V i'eg to u tq o jio u (i to v

onoi'o r| avaycoyicm xii nQoae'yyi<Tri cmi HeXetti tcov e'h-

Picov o yavio|io)v i^noQei' v a nag o&Tiyriaei os Siaruncocni o te -

hj)v anavTqoEcov oe EQcorrjfiaTa y ia tti pioXoyi'a, q v a nag xav e i v a xaoou|iE t o ouoic

66

ri xagaxTriQ iaTixd tcov PioXoyixcov

Xeitouqyicov, q v a Se'touhe E^aoxqg Xa og EgconiOEig, unt^Qxe

Hia oacpcog aQvtyuxti anoxQcoai. Ei'vai euxoXo v a xavEi xavEi'g
x qitixt]. T o ^dvo nou XQEid^ETai e iv a i v a oxEcptEi' noXu navco

oe o n o ia fjnoTE noXunXoxr| ntuxn tou xoo|iou x a i ouvron a yiVEtai cpavEQO yiaTi' ri jn'a ij ti aXXti n goaeyyiari orr| heXe'tti trig
Ei'vai x a r a x a n o io v TQono ngopXrinaTixii. Ei'vai noXu m o

u-

oxoX o v a ngoTEi'vEi xavEi'g ncog nnoQounE cmiv npa^ri v a x avoujie xaTi nEQiaoc5rEQO. To v a nQoocpeuyei xavEi'g oe ye vixoug ogoug y ia x d n o ia m o ouvS etixii ngooE'yyicrn, rj v a Xe'ei
o ti xpeicx^dnaoTE x d n o ia x a iv o u g ia evogacni,

ev e'xei x a (iia

XQT|oi|idrr|Ta.
'E v a g EvaXXaxtixdg Tgonog e^E'xacnig trig noXunXoxorriTag
tcov e'uPicov cTucmindTCOv Ei'vai v a nd|iE o to v dXko noXo and to v
a&iaXeinTO avaycoyion o x a i v a unoorr| 0 i'^ou(iE o ti o xo on o g
135

H TptnXtj EXttca

Richard C. Lewontin

eiva i |iia jio vaSixii, |xt| avaXuoi|iTi 6o|it] aXXriXeni&gdoecov n ov

6ev un o g ei jxe x a v e 'v a v xgd no v a x a xa x e g n a x ia x e i x^Qi'g v a
xaxacrcgacpei' r| o v o ia trig. O g ia jie 'v a oxoixei'a airrov xov 0X1o(iov an a vtco v ta i oe x|ifjnaxa xov 01x0X071x01) xivrjuaxog, n ov
cpOavei oxr|v m o a x g a i'a xov e'xcpgaor] oxriv vno0ecrri trig
r a ia g . Ivm pcova ne avrn tt)v vn o 0ear|, ^ Pidocpaiga, rj ax(idocpaiga x a i r| 7ecoa(paiga oxrinaxi^ovv n ia oXoxr|xa no v a v vwTta e'va a va fig ao x ixd rj xvp egvrftixo aucm ina, xo onoi'o a v a ryrei x a n o io p^Xxiaxo cpvaixo x a i x ^ x o negiPaXXov 7 1 a xr|
corj ae a vx o v xov nXavrjxriw1. Airrdg d|i(og 0 ax ga i'o g oXiojidg
a n o ru T x a vei cog n g d 7 g a n n a xr^g PioXo7i'ag 7 1 a 6 v o Xd70vg.
riQaixov, a x d |ia x i a v ijxav aXrjOeia oxi xo x a 0exi eiva i la x v g a
auvSe&e|ie'vo (xe xo xa0exi', a vx d 6ev 0 a ngene v a cruTxe'exai
|ie xo |ie0o6oXo7ixd ioxvQia(xd oxi 6ev e iv a i 6vvaxfj xa|ii'a
anoXvxcog enixvxi'a cog ngog xr|v xaxavdtiori fj xo x eig io ^ d xov
x o on o v a v xov x enaxi'aovue ne x a n o io v xgono. A n d xr| P10X071x11 ejuteigi'a Tvcogi^ovue dxi e'vag te'toiog lo x vg d g |ie0o6oXo7ixog iaxvgiO|idg ei'vai eacpaX(ivog. 'O n o ia x i a v ei'vai xa
X a 0T] xov a va7a7io |io ij, xo u ne xaxacpe'gei n a g a noXXa vio Oexcovxag

xt|v

ava7<07ii

cog

ne0o&oXo7ixrj

axgaxr|7ixii.

A evxego v, o oXiarixdg icx vg io ^ d g ei'vai eaqpaXfxe'vog cog ne g i7gacpri xov x o a|io v. T o x a 0exi' 5ev ei'vai 6 g a a t i x a o w 6 e6 en e'vo |i.e xo x a 0exi'. A v x a i 0 1 pagvxixe'g 6 ia x a g a e ig 5i a 6i6o v t a i
n g d7n axi ae aneigT] a n d araari, unogei' xa ve ig v a x o w ria e i e'va
XovXov6i xojgig v a evoxXtiaei x d n o io a o xgo , enei&ij r) P a g v n ix a ei'vai aaOevrig 6vva|iii no v neicovexai avdkoya |ie xo xexga7covo xrig and axaarig (xexa^v xcov avxixeijie'vcov. O xdanog xw gC^exai oe o x e6d v ave^d gxiyta vn o avo rrjiia x a |ia a o x a o n o ia
v n a g x o v v 6 gaatixe'g aXXr|Xeni6gaoeig, aXXa nexa^v xcov onoi'cov 8 ev v n a g x o v v avix veva in eg o x&jeig.
T o ngdpXt||ia 7 1 a xt|v eniorrj(XTi e iv a i r) evgeari xcov ogi'cov
auxcov xcov vnoovoxTindicov. T o dxi r] e^acpdviap evdg ei'6o vg
136

KeipaXato 4

KarevOvvaeu; <rrq fuXfrrj ti;c BtoAoytat;

0 a iy t i eninrcooeig nou 6 ia 6 i'6 o vra i oe dXo to v e'npio xda|AO

6ev ioxuei, aXXd r| eOaqpaviaTi tou ei&oug aurou 0a e'xei oncooSiinore arm avuxe'g auve'neieg ae negtxd aXXa et6r| nou e a g rcovrai a n d au rd y i a tt| Siargocpri roug. En w X ^o v , Ta d g ia tcov
unoauarnndTiov |ie'aa a t a o n o ia und gxo uv cnm avrix^g aXXr|X en iSgd a eig aXXa^ouv a v a X o y a ne Tig n e g ia td a e ig . T o dTi

tya.aa t o a x g o tou a gio re g o u |iou nixgou SaxtuX ou 5ev dXXae tt] l;corj |xou a n n a v u x a , x a r i nou 0 a y iv d ra v a v ijnouv n ia via ta g . H n a g o u a i'a tou nixgou SaxruXou ae dXa ave^aige'rcog
Ta ngcoreuovra, n a g d tt| neyaXii noixiXonogqpi'a a t a n g dru n a
xcov 6axtuXcov a t a x e g a a i'a anov&uXartd, 6ei'xvei ne PePaidrr|r a d ri t o 6dxruXo aurd rcegiXanpdverai arr| jio v d S a trig a n o reX eonarixrjg XaPrjg nou ijra v orinavtixTj ae n g o y e v ^ a te g o
a t d 5io rrig a v 0gconivrig e^Xi^Tig. H o g o 0^TTiar| tcov Xeirougyixcov unoaucmindTcov anoreXei a rm avrixd n g a x r ix d ardxo y i a
t o PioXdyo oe oXeg rig negio rd oeig. O (luorixiarixog oXio|idg
eiva i x a i ayovri x a i eacpaXnvr| negiygaqp^ rou xdojiou.

M ia dXXri evaXXaxrixii eniXoyfj eivai ti ava^rriar] yevixcov

auanindxcov egnrivei'ag yia ra onoia ra noixiXa PioXoyixa cpaivd|ieva 0a qpatvovrai cog ei&ixg neguttcoaeig. Kara ra reXeuraia oagavra xgdvia xouv yivei rgeig ngoand0eieg va re0ouv
ra pioXoyixd cpaivdneva und tr|v aiyi'Sa ouarrmdrcov (jte noXu
yevixe'g i6idrryreg nou aXXa^ouv crto xgdvo. Yndgxouv ra Tgi'a
C: 0ecogi'a rcov xaraargocpcov (C a tastrop h e), 0ecogia rou x -

oug (C h a o s ) xa i 0ecogia trig noXunXoxdrrirag (C o m p lex ity).

Eivai dXeg ngoand0eieg va 6eix0ei' dri oxa 6uva|iixa auaninara oi e^aigenxa anXe'g ox^aeig oSriyouv ae aurd nou, ae
ngcorri (land, cpaiverai cog angdpXenreg aXXay^g xai eaigeri*.r\ noixiXdrrira anoreX^a|iarog.
H 0ecogi'a tcov xaraorgocpcov, rt\v onoi'a av&rruJje o (ia0r|-

nanxdg Rene Thom rri 6exaen'a tou 1960, Seixvei dri oe ogiane'va (ruarnnara nou aXXd^ouv ato xgdvo, aunqxova ne axe137

Richard C. Lewontin

H TptnAij EXttta

T ix d anXoug [ia0r|naTixoug vd(ioug, o i naQaxriQouiieveg aXXaye'g unopet v a ei'vai auvexei'g x a i crraSiaxE'g napa^oecpcooEig
Tr|g xatdcrtaarig oe x d n o ia nQor)you|ievri crriynfj, aXXa ae x a n o io X Qioino or||iei'o t o ouvoXo trig nogcpfjg xou oucm juaTog 0 a
vjto o re i xa Ta orgo qp ixfj nEtapoXii x a i 0 a auvexi'aei xa xo m v
n i v a vd rrru ^ri to u oe e vre kog S iacpogeuxd 6 qo|io. K X a o ix d
n a p a 6 eiy|ia 6 ivei t o x u jia jiou a n a e i, d n o u (iia 6 idyxcoor| neTaTQe'jtETai oe PaO id x u g rq xafutuXri |ie'oa a n d ouvexl n a g a nogcpcocni to u a xquaTog, t| xa|ijruXdtr|Ta to u ojioi'ou x a v e Ta i
^acpvixa oe x a n o io xqioi^io orm eio d r a v xaTe'QXE Ta i a n a ^ o v ra g. npoqxtve'g p ioX oyixd a vd X o yo e iva i r| noXunXoxri neTaPoXrj nou ou|ipai'vei x a r a tt|v a vd n ru ^ ri t o u enPpuou. 'Iacog v a
HJioQouoaixe v a avaxaXui|)ou|ie o ti o i nruxcoaeig, o i oXio 0 q oeig, o i 6 iaxoj 0 io(ioi' x a i o i auyxcoveuaeig tcov icrtoiv ei'vai to
auvex^g e 6 nXcona evdg anXou vd^iou |ieTaPoXrjg. O i pioXdyoi
jiou ecpdgnooav rri Oecogia tcov xaiaarQocpojv ijX n i^a v o ti ne
a u n ] 0 a e ^ y o u o a v neTalju dXXcov x a i ttiv e^acpdvioT] tcov ei-

6 c6v. A iy o r e g a a n d 0 ,0 1 % tcov ei 6 cov nou e'J^aav nore' u n a g xo u v axd[ir|, x a i oXa T a ei 6 r| xa n o Te 0 a e^acpaviarouv.

riQ o a 6 oxi'a rng Oecogiag tcov xaTaargocptov rjxav v a 6 ei^ei d ri
r| e^acpdviaii r^Tav anXcog auve'jteia tcov i6 icov 6 r||ioygacpixujv
x a i oixoXoyixcov vd|icov n o u EniiQE'n ouv a g x ix a oe e'va ei6 og
v a E^anXco0ei. I T^ie ga , ojicog, arr| P ioXoyixq n g a x T ix q 6 ev
u n a g x e i xave'va i'xvog rng Oecogiag aurng x a i y ia neyaXo |ie'gog n ig e^acpdviorig tcov eificov jii0 a v d ra T a e u O uvovrav n g a y (ia T ix a xaTaoTQ o <pixa e|coregixd y e y o v d ra , o i nrcooeig neTeCOQlTCOV.
K a r a tt|S e x a m 'a tou 1980 avanruxOrixe cmi nexecogoXoyi'a
il Oecogi'a tou xaou g Jtou unocm iQ ^ei dri o giane'va noXu a n X a
S u v a jiix a aucm i(iaTa unogei' v a cp0a a o w oe la o g g o m 'a r\ v a
ucpi'oravrai x avo vixe'g raXavrcooeig y i a e'va eugog n a g a n e 'tqcov,

138

aXXa ae aXXeg negioxe'g 0a n eg vo u v an d tti n ia x a T a -

KeipdXato 4

Kanev6vvoei<; <mj fieX^vq ti^c BioXoyiaq

crtaori a n iv dXXt| (ie cpaivonevixa evrek og rv x a io xgdno. Avxic,

o i encpavoog ruxai'eg n eraP oX ig rrig xardaraaTig, d|iajg, e iv a i

v va rd v a JtQopXecp0ovv jiX^gcog a jid rig cuiXig e^iacoaeig xi'-

vr|crr|g ro v crucnrjuarog. 'E ra i, o aPe'P aiog x a i noixiXog xoa|iog

ei'vai cjtt|v jiQ ayiian xdrriTa r| vrereg|iivicrtixTi Xijot| |iiag reTQi|i|ie'vr|g ajiXrig eJjiacoorig, x a i a v yvcoQi^ane rr|v e^i'ocoari x a i
rig rin^g rcov jiaQ an & Q iov

a n jro go vo a n e v a JtQopXij>ovne

oXoxXtiqt} r^ v la t o g ia tcru ovaninaTog. T la v a eQ[ir|vevoow rig

qpaivo|ievixd arcXe'g [ieraPoX^g nov aunpai'vovv a n iv aqpOovi'a

tcdv e i cov, o i o ix oX o yo i e'xovv x a r a o x e v a o e i anM. novre'Xa

trig nX.T|0uomaxfjg avJ;T|ar|g jio v enqxxvi^ow xaoriXT] CTu^uieQicpoga crto XQdvo. 'E ra i, o i jiegicjraoiaxe'g ajigdpXejtreg exgrjeig xeQdcTKOv jrXri0uancDv o e |xia w x ro jtera X o v S a n ig Nag
AyyXi'ag

6
6

ev x q ti^ o w xa|iiag eQ(xt|veiag jio v v a e(uiXxei e i i-

xe'g auvOijxeg ro v jiepiPaXXovrog t] ttiv acpOovi'a aXXcov e i ojv.

E iv a i r o <paivo|xevixd x a o rix d ajiorXeo|m |iiag ajiXrjg vrereQ|iiviotixtig SieQyaoi'ag. rie'Qa dficog a jid rig a n te g eixaoi'eg

x a i rig ad hoc Qv [nae ig ro v e vg o v g rcov jiaQaixe'rgcov oe ajiXa

jiXrjOvaniaxa novt^Xa, t| ecogi'a ro v x a o v g

ev nag e'xei Por|-

0rjaei v a xaraX d p ov(ie ri av u P a iv e i JiQaynan ott| cpvari, ejtei-

66
t]

ev YVcoQi^ov[ie Jicog v a avaxaXvxpovue rovg v d (io v g rr|g

nXri0vo|iiaxiig avriar|g, a v v jtd gx ov v . M e ro v a vjtoOe'rovue

6
0

ajiX ovarev|i v a |iovrXa y ia n iv jtXr|0vo|Aiaxii a v ^ a r i r a

o jio ia jtQopXe'jrow x a o rix d Jiedi'a, ajtoxopd|iaate a jto o jtoioSiiJtore JiQOY a|i(ia Jiegaire'gco
XQOvixtjg

iepevvricrr|g y ia dXXa a m a rrjg

iaxv(iavcrng to v ney0ovg tcdv JiXr|0von(6v. 'E x o v v

jig d y n a n o i w x ro jie ra X o v S e g jieQ ioraoiaxe'g aveQ u^vevreg

jiXr|0vo|Aiaxe'g exgrj^eig; A o u to v, ri vo n ^ e re ; Z ro x d rw xarco,
v jid x e ivta i oe x ao n x rj jiXr|0voniaxrj av^r|or|.

H ju o Jipdocparti ei'oo6og orov aycova yia xr\v xaravdriori

rcov PioXoyixcov cpaivo|ie'vcov ei'vai ri Jigoodoxi'a ori ra JtoXvjtXoxa ovaninaTa e'xow ei6ixovg vd|ioug jtov ocpeiXovrai orriv
139

H TptnXtj EXixa

Richard C. Lewontin

noXXanXdrriTa tcov aXXT|Xeni6gdoeu>v nerai^u noXXcov rnrindtcov, roug vonoug rr|g xaSeaurrjg noXunXoxdrnrag2. Aircoi' o i
v o n o i tcov noXunXoxcov oXornrcov 0 a em paviXovrav an d to v
C&io to v ag iS n o tcov oroixeico&cov aXXiiXeniSgcovrcov negcov x ai
d/i and veg, 6 iax gir g an d Tig oxe'aeig Trig av o gya vrig uXrig,
nogcpg aXXr|Xem'&gaang nera|u tcov oroixeicov tcov ^(ipicov ouorniidrcov. 'E to i, e av undgxouv noXXa yo v i6 ia nou o x e r^ o v ta i
HE ttiv avanruOri x an o io u xagaxTTigiau xou evdg o gya vio n o u ,
x a i edv ri neraygacprj aurcov tcov yoviSicov auv6e'erai ne xd n o io
Si'xtuo noXXanXcov o6cov an d anXa an n ara avo ixrd-x X eio rd ,
0 a encpaviOTOuv o gia n ^ v o i vdnoiTT)g avantuOrig. Ava(i^vou|ie
v a 6oune a v airrrj r\nQootyyioi) cmiv noXunXoxdrriTa 0 a gi| ei
cpcog o r a ngopX rjnara trig P ioX oyiag. M ^ x q i OTiynrjg, x<*>ne
ndvo 6va 0ecogriTixd eyxei'grina.

A v ti va ipdxvei yia gi^ixa 6ia(pogerixoug rgdnoug neXe'irig

tcov ogyaviancov,

i) yia voug vdnoug TT|g cpuorig nou 0a ava-

xaXucpOouv oxa enPia ovra, auro nou xgeia^erai va xdvei r|

PioXoyia yia va exnXrigcooei to ngoygannd trig yia xaravdr|or|
xai xeigiond eivai va nagei ora ooPaga aura nou rj6r| Oe'goune on aXri0euouv. Aev xQeia^dnacrte ve'eg agx^g, aXXa ngo0uHia va ano6extoune Tig auve'neieg tou yeyovdrog dri to PioXoyixa CTuorfjnaTa xaraXanPavouv Siacpogerixri negioxi tou xtoqou tcov qpuoixcov ox^aecov and Ta anXouorega cpuoixo-xrinixd oucmjnaTa, negioxri ott|v onoi'a Ta avrixei'neva xagaxrTiQi^ovrai, ngcorov, and noXu neyaXri eacoregoq cpuaixri xai xrinixrj eregoy^veia xai, Seuregov, and 6uvanixri avraXXayri
avdneaa oe 6iegyaoi'eg ne'oa ora avrixei'neva xai arov xoono

co cuk aurd. Me aXXa Xdyia, oi ogyavianoi eivai eocoregixa eregoyevri avoixia auaninaTa.

140

KeipaXaio 4

Karevdvvoexq orq fteXirq rq<; BioXoytaq

M ia auvO neia trig eaarreQixifc exeQoye'veiag e iv a i dxi ri Xeixo ugyia 6ev nnogei v a y ivei x a ia vo irn i x^JQi'g nXripcKpOQi'eg y ia
to o x ijn a x a i rr| (logtprj. T ia tti neXe'xri "dig corig anaixei'x ai v a
X anPavo vxai undrjni x a x a xt| neXOtri trig Xeitougyi'ag o i nogcpOg
x a i oi xwQixe'g oxe'oeig tcov nXT|0uo|xc6v, tcov atdjicov, tcov x v txagcov x a i xcov nogi'cov. H PioXoyi'a exivr|oe cog |ieXxr| trig
HOQcprjg xiov cpuxcov x a i xcov c6cov, x a i oi XeixouQyi'eg xcov (xeqcov xcov ogyavioixcov e'yivav xaxavor|ig cog a xevd oxexi!;d|xeveg |xe rr\ nogcpri xoug. O i enioxrjneg xrig cpgevoXoyiag x a i xqg
eyxXrmaxoXoyixtig avOgconoXoyi'ag xou 19ou aicova paoi'orr|x a v cm iv n en o i 0r|OT| dxi o x a g a x x r jg a g x a i t\ yvcooxixfj Xeix o u gyia 0 a acprivav xo or]|xd6i xoug crto o x # a xou xgavi'o u x a i
xqg nimig. M e'xgi ngdocpaxa, q e^eXixxixt] pioXoyi'a x a i t| ouoxTi(iaxixTi xa^ivdiiTiori xcov OQyavi0(ic6v p a o iX o vtav oe neydXo
p a 0|xd xuguog cmi M-OQqrrj, ejiei6fj auxri rjxav xo novo x aga x xriQioxixd xcov ogyavioiicov nou 5iaxr|geixai oxo agxei'o tcov a n o Xi0co|iaxcov q xig nouoeiaxe'g ouXXoye'g. K a 0cog dncog ngog xo
xOXog xou 19ou aicova t| x < l ^ i a eiae'PaXe cmi PioXoyi'a, |ie a n o xOXeona oi o gyavio no i' v a 6ecogouvtai ouvaOgoi'oeig nogicov,
x a eQcoxqnaxa o xexix a |ie xti (iOQcpq a v x ixa x a o xa 0 r|x a v a n d tt\
IxeXOxri xcov nogiaxcov avriSgao eco v. K a x a x a xeXeuxai'a exaxo
XQdvia, ne xriv a v d n x u ^ xqg pioxrmei'ag xcov naxgonogi'cov, r|
liogcpti fjX0e x a i ndXi v a n a i^ ei x d n o io goXo cm iv avaycoyioxixii PioXoyixti eg|ir|vei'a. E i v a i oacpe'g dxixo oxnnaxcov ev^uixcov
x a i xcov unoatQco|idxcov xoug %zi anocpaoioxixti orm aoi'a y i a
xig xrm ix^g xoug aXXT|Xeni6gdoeig x a i 6ev |inogou|xe v a x a x a Xdpoupie xri nuixrj auonaori r\ xr| Xeitougyi'a xcov nenPgavcov r\
xt| nexacpoga xou oljuydvou a n d xqv ai|xoacpaigm i xcoQi'g a v a cpoga oxo ncog t a o xexix a n o g ia nXrigouv to xcoqo x a i to n o 0eto u v ta i to Ova oe oxOcrn ne to aXXo.
T o anoxoQucpto|ia auxou tou ev6iacpe'govxog y i a xr| nogcpri
rjg 0e |xe xriv avaxaXinpri xrig xgio6iaoxaxr|g Sonqg xou D N A x a i
141

Richard C. Lewontin

H TptnXtj 'EXtxa

xig auve'neieg Trig 6 ofj.rig airrrjg y ia ttiv e gn tiv eia t o v a v a 5 in X a o iao n ov x a i Tt|g xco6 ixonoi'riar|g tou D N A . E vro vro ig, ne
eiQcovixd TQdjto, r\ xaTavdr]ar| to v qoX ov t o v D N A crrr| pioXoyi'a o5fjYr|oe oe e'va eQnr|vevTixd o x # a nou 5i'vei eXaxiorri
jiq o o o x ii ort| ixoQiaxri 6 o|afj x a i Tig x^Qixe'g oxe'aeig tcov noqudv. lu n q xo v a ne to xevtQ ixo SdynaTT]g nogiaxrig PioXoyiag,
ti x rIM-LX1i aXXt|Xovxia tcov vouxXcoti& uov o ro D N A xa0opi1;ei
tt| xnmxTi aXXr|Xovxia tcov anivo^e'cov arig ngcoretveg, r| onoi'a
ne tt| o e ig d Tt|g eCvai a v n i jio v x a B o gi^ e i tt| XeiTovgyi'a trig
jiQcoretvrig. Zuncpcova ne t o vo x e v rg ix d 6 o yn a Trig avan ru Oiaxrjg yeveTixrjg, T] avdnfu!;r| trig noQcprig evdg o g y a v ia n o v
nJiogei' v a y iv e i xaTavoryni cuid t o JtXrfeeg auvoXo tcov or|natoS otovocov o5cov n eia ^ v tcov yovi&i'cov, 6 r|Xa6 fj an d t o jio io
yovi'6 io 0 e 'iei ae XeiTOVQyi'a x d n o ia x a i n o ia dXXa yovC6 ia.
<l>uaixd, 01 egn ^veieg avre'g 6 ev a y v o o v v evreXcog rn noQ'P lTvcoQi^ovne o ti r] avaoroX r] fj r| jiQoo'j0r|ar| tr|g netayQacprjg
evdg yovi&i'ou e^agrdTai and tt|v negie'XiljTi to v D N A o ra XQtonoooin ata xa0cog x a i and to v TQono ne to v onoi'o 01 npcoretveg
n o v auv 6 e'ovtai ne to D N A n ^o g o vv v a T a igia ^ o v v cmiv xvg ia au Xaxa Trig SuiXijg e'Xixag. T o o ti to nruxcone'vo TQio6 iaaiaTO oxrjna niag ngcoretvrig e'xei ajioqpaaiarixrj arm aoi'a y ia
ir| XeiTovQyi'a trig anoTeXet Paoixri yvcoan ir|g Pioxrmei'ag.
E viouroig, ri xaTavor|ar| a im ] Sevvneiae'Q xetai ne oXoxXtiqcone'vo ig d n o a n i PioXoyixri epn^vei'a.
H nXriQt|g egnnvei'a trig o 6 o v a n d to yovi'6io a ro v o g y a v iono xpeiaI;eTai v a negiXdpei yvcoord cpaivdneva n o v enriQeaouv tov Tgdno ne tov onoi'o r| aXuoi'5a tcov anivo^e'cov n o v xco& ixo no ieftai a n d Ta yovi'&ia yiveT ai ngcoretvri, 5t|Xa 6ri jituxcone'vri TQioSidoraTii Sonrj. H aXXr|Xovxi'a tcov anivo^e'cov 6ev
ap xei' y i a v a eQnr|vevoei a im iv triv nruxcoari x a i y i a x a 0e aXXr|Xovxi'a v n a g x o v v noXXe'g evaXXaxTixe'g nrvxcone'veg a r a 0egeg x a T a o ra o eig , a n d Tig onoi'eg n ia |idvo ei'vai r| qpvoioXoyi142

KexfdXaio 4

Karev&vvocu; <mj fuXfrrj tijc BioXoytat;

xcog 6 QacmxT]. H (TuyxexQine'vT| jitvxcohvt| xaxdoracTn e ^a g xdxai ev |i^gei cuid xr|v axQififj aXXr)Xovxi'a xou D N A jio v xcoStxojioiei' tt)v aXXTjXovxia tcov a n iv o ^ c o v . O x t6 6 ix a g tov
D N A ei'vai excpvXionvog |iia x a i to 1610 a n ivo ^ v xco&ixojioteixai cuid 6iacpoQeTixovg xco6ixeg D N A * . O i SiacpoQETixoi
xco6ixeg y i a to 1610 a n ivo ^v enr|Qedow tt|v jiaQaycoyn jiqcoteivcdv .

K a x a tti 8 ia 8 ix a a ia Tpg yovifiiaxfjg nexaygacpfjg o xco-

Sixa g xov D N A (lExaygdcpexai oe ayyeXiacpogo R N A , xo onoi'o

xaxd jiiv eiaEQxexai atr| 6 ia 8 ix a o i'a xr|g jiaQaycoyijg jiQcoxetviig.
H .axQ ip ^g vovxX eoxi6ixfj aXXtiXovxia a v x o v xov |ir|vu|iaxos
EJtriQed^Ei xr)v xaxvrr|xa he ttiv onoi'a liETacpgd^ovrai t o 6 id cpopa xo|i|idTia trig aXXr|Xovxiag oe x|iii(iaxa xrjg aiiivoijoujg
aXXiiXovxiag x a x d tti auv0eor| xrig Jigcoxeivrig, x a i avxg 0 1 6 1a xvn d vo eig oxr|v x axvtr|xa enriQ ed^ow xriv jnvxcoari rpg jiqcdxetvrig xaGcog a im ] jiaQ ayexai. 'E x o i, a v 0Xou|ie v a ^dOovfie
xriv jipcoxetvri jio v Jia g a y e i xcuioio y ovi'Sio, Jig& ie i v a 8 ie g e vvrioovue oXoxXtiqti xt|v aXvoi'5a Jiagaycoyfjg oe dXeg xig x<*>pixE'g x a i xQovix^g xqg Xejironegeieg.
H Jixuxcoari xcov Jigcoxeivcov e Jja g xa x a i ejii'orig x a i cuio xo
xv x x a g ix d JiegipaXXov. H avOpcoJiivr) ivoovXivri y i a cpagnaxevxixo vg oxon o vg Jiap d y ex ai cninega oe 0aXdfiovg ^v|i(ocrr)g
cuid P a x x iigia jiov cpe'govv xo a v 0gc6jiivo yovi'&io Trig ivaovXCvrig. 'O r a v to yovi'&io a in o |iexacpe'Q0r|xe y i a jiqcotti cpoga oe
P axxfjgta, t| JiQcoxetvri jiov Jia g a o x e v d cm ix e 6 e v ei'xe cpvoioXoyixrj Sgacrri jia gd xi ei' xe xti acocmj a|Aivoixii aXXr|Xovxi'a.
B0e'0r|xe oxi p Jigcoxetvri fjxav jixuxcoh^vti |ie Xa 0og xgdjio cuid
xo PaxxriQio, JiQdpXrma jiov Xt>0r|xe |ie xr|v aXXayfj xcov o w 0 r ixcov xaXXie'g yeiag. A v x o xo novxe'Xo ejreSjryyei' e'vav cuid xovg

5 66

71
jiQw
ieivoovv-

* O yevetixo; xwftixag avacpEQETai xai w xt ixag TQijrX'Ta; cm TQi'ayeiTovixa vouxXeoxi' ia (xtofiixdvia) xaOopitouv E'va anivo^u aniv
0eot|, xai EitEiftrj eivai ExcpuXiantfvo;, E'va cn.'YXEXQi(i'vo a(iivoS0 ^jioqei va
xwSixojioiEiTai cuid m'a rj jeqioooteqec TguiXtTE; (Z.t.ji.).

143

Richard C. Lewontin

H TpmXjj EXtna

tgdjtoug (ie tou g ojtoibug to jtegipdXXov (u io q ei v a oXXtiXejii-

6 g d [ie

to

yovdtu jto x a t d ttiv a v d j m ) ^ tou ogyavioHOU.

'E x e i 6eix 0 ei he JtoXXoug Evrujitooiaxoug xgdjtoug t o Jicog t|

TQio6idoraTr) noQiaxq 6o|iti hjioqei v a qptorfoEi Tig pioXoyixOg
eqht|vei'e5, djitog y i a Jia e a 6 e iy n a he ttiv nXt]gr| SiaodcpTiari trig
6onrjg to u (lo giaxo u xivtyniQa jiou o6r|yei tic; pXEcpagi'6g tcov
PaxTtiQitov cmiv xuxXixij xoug xivtiot),

he to Jttog e|eX ix 0t)xe

ri TQioSiacrtaTTi iiogcprj -nig JigtoiEivrig tou iou Trig yQunig tocriE

v a ^eqpeuyei cuio Ta avrioc6(iara jiou Jia g d y e i o ^Evicmig tou.
riQoocpaTa avaxaX ucp 0t|xe |iia jieqCjtcojoti cm iv ojtoi'a n ia
ajiXq avTixaTdoracrri a|iiv o ^ 0og oe e'va e'vuno aXXaei teXei'cog to Ei'&og to u x^lHixou ujiocnQconaTog crra ojioi'o XeiTougyEi'
to e'v!;u(io x a i to Ei'6og tou x^lHixou 6eo|xou jiou 6 ia o jia . H aXXayrj airrrj e ^ iy e fta i cuid jioXu (xixge'g aXXayeg cmg ytovi'Eg he
aXXa a(iivo^e'a, r a ojioi'a ta ig a ctuvSe'ouv Ova (ioqio veqou jiou
ouHHeTe'xei cmi vE'a ev^uHixfj a vti'Sg a a ri. H HETaPoXrj airrn
JlQOOCpEQEl OTO (pOQE'a TOU EV^UHOU, TTIV XQEOTOHUya, a v u 'a ta ori crta EviOHOXTdva3.
E v to u to ig , ri yvojcni aurrj &ev e'xei 5 ieio 6u oei oro xugi'cog
ooj(ia TTig PioXoyixfjg EQurivei'ag. A j io x Xei' e t o i v a 6iapdoou|iE
ni pipXioygacpi'a, ag jio u h e , trig a v a jm ^ ta x ijg yEvettxijg xcogi'g
v a jiq o o e ' I o u h e d ri crto xugio aco|ia trig e'gEuvag y ia tt| oxe'ori
HEta^u yovi6i'ou, JigcotEtvTjg x a i o g yavionou tEtoiEg JtagaxTigqoEig Sonixcov HEtapoXtov E iv a i jtEQitpEQEiaxOg, ajtEU0uvoHEVEg h ovo oe Xiyoug EifnjnovEg a n i n ogiaxii &o |ati. X g E ia ^ E ta i
Xouidv v a HETaxivrjaounE to Cntrma "^lS S o R S a 31 x0 negupeQEiaxd j i e 5 i'o Xiytov e i 6 ixcov jiEQuttcooEcov oro e jii 'x ev t q o tou
EvdiacpE'Qovrog nig Opeuvag crto nog iaxd e j i u i e &o .
naeofioi'cog, XEVtgixo atoixei'o tiov Eg|AT|VEit6v tr|g avcurru|r|g jtgOjtei v a xataacei' r| liogcpri x a i r| eocoteqixti 6iu0E'nicni
ttov xuttdgtov. IvajgitouH E JtoXXa JiQdy|iata y ia t ^ v eotoregixq 5o|Ail ttov xutrdgtov x a i Tig Oe'oeig Ttov 6iacpogtov jiOQi'tov

KexpaXaio 4

KarevOvvacu; arq }uX&n\ tjjc BioXoytaq

lie'oa oe au rd x a i au g |ie|a.pgaveg tod?, rie'g a d|icog an d t o negiygaqpixd enin e 6 o, o i S ieg y a a ieg Trig 6 iacpogonoiT)orig evdg
a 6 iacpOQonoi'r]Tot) xu rrago u ott|v ajQijxr) SiacpogonoiTjHeVri
[iogcpii 6 ev ixovv yi'vei xaravoTyre'g. E vrouroig, r) 6 iacpogonoi'r|OT| tcov xurragcov P gi'oxerai orr) pdaT) oX.r|g trig avdnruJ=r|g. O
X poviandg trig xtrcragixfjg 6 iai'gecrrig, t o enin e 6 o o ro onoi'o
au n Paivei aurn r| 5iaigear) x a i t] ixeravdareucni x a i ngoaxoXXriori tcov xurragcov nou n goxun rouv e iv a i oXeg 6 iegyaoi'eg
P ao ix ^g y ia tr|v avdnruOr|. T a n go pX T ^ ara rr|g xurragixTig
6iaqx3gonoir)CTii?, 6 iaigear|g x a i x w ia rig 6 ev e iv a i 6uvard v a
Xu0ouv xcogi'g v a yvcogi^oune tt] xtogixi] x a T a v o ^ x a i o gyd vcoori tcov (logicov \iioa crra x u rra g a x a i t o ntog erniged^erai
r| xaT daraari rou xu rragou an d r a y e iro v ix d x v n a g a x a i to
yugco negipdXXov. n ge 'n e i v a em arge'^oun e o ro naXid ngdpXrina rrig xcogixii 5 nXrigo(pogi'ag. Mnogou|ie Q au jidoia v a
notice d ri ogio n e'va yovi'S ia neraygdcpovrai ae ogion e'va xurr a g a uno tt|v em'6 gaor| rr|g iieraygacpTig ogione'vcov dXXtov yovi&icov, aXXa to n g a y n a n x d egcorrina y ia xt| ye'veari trig |xog(prjg ei'vai |xe n o io r g d n o r o x u rrago yvcogi1;ei nou Pgi'oxerai

\ioa aro t nPguo. T 1a t o ox on d aurov, 6 ev x g e ia ^ e ra i x d n o ia

en a va o ra rix fj e vo ga ari y ia roug vdjioug rrig PioX oyiag, aXXa
novo noXu axXrigfj 6ouXeia.
H Seuregr] a u v^ n e ia rrig eacoregixi^g eregoye'veiag rcov o g yavia|Ai6v e iv a i dri ri e^aycoyTi au|inegaa|idrcov a n d n e g ix a
PoXixa n e ig d ^ a r a y i a to ouvoXo TT|g PioXoyiag e iva i noXu n a gaxiv6uveu|ivt|. 'Oncog eOerdaa|ie a ro rgi'ro xecpdXaio, e'va
anore'X eona rr|g eregoye'veiag e iva i dri o qpuoioXoyixdg o g y a vio(idg e iva i nXe'yua noXXxov aXXriXeniftgouocov 6uvanecov, x a 0e(nd a n d rig onoieg ei'vai aoGevrig. H a v a HeXe-njaoune ^v a
a u a n m a a aSevcov 6uvanecov nou aXXriXeni&gouv ei'vai poXixo
v a xgarrjaouiie o ra0 egg d ao y iv e ra i n egiaad regeg a n d rig a in axe'g o6oug x a i v a 6 iaraga2;au |ie e'vrova x d n o ia a n d aure'g
145

Richard C. Lewontin

H TptnXtj EXiKa

coote v a x a 0OQiooi)|xe ttiv em'&Qaafj trig. Airrrj ei'vai ti qpvan trig

jieiQaiiaTixfjg, oe a v ri0 ea n pie ttiv enioTrjiiTi ttjg JiaQarnpr|OT|g.
T o jtgdpXr|(ia xcov jrQoxvjtrei e iva i a v 0a neuo 0ei' p a 0n ia ia t)
ejti'Sgaari m ag a cp vaixa vrovrig SiaraQaxTig coojiov v a cp0doei o to qpvaioXoyixd a jiorX eo na -nig qruoioXoyixd (iixgr^g 6 ia xvHavorig x d jio ia g a m 'a g, x a 0c6g dXeg o i aXXeg a m a x ^ g 06 01
jtoixCXXovv. l e arcXa qpuoixd avortf ju n a o i x a vd veg autrfe Trig

6ia P d 0|iiOT|g f y o w yi'vei xaTavoriToC, aXXd a x d |ia x a i oe jtoXvjtXoxeg a P io rix g x a T a o rd o eig, dncog otti [lexeajQoXoyi'a n
tt|v aepo6uva|iiXTj, o i cutX6g y i a Ta 6e 5o|iva TT]g pioXoyiag JiaQexTaoeig 6 ev eiva i evxoXeg. IloXXd a n d t o JiQopXrjnaxa x a TavorioTig atr| PioXoyi'a e|Kpavi^ovrai d ta v jtQ oexTeivovrai oi
JteiganaTixe'g 6iaiaQ axe'g, ejtiXeyne'veg ejtei&rj ei'vai PoXixt} ti
HeXiTT| rovg, orig cpvaioXoyixg Jiep iardaeig.
Oi

yeveTiore'g jio v x Q T |ca|iO Jioiovv tt| Drosophila cog Jteiga-

[xard^coo e'xovv orr| 6 id 0 eor] Tovg xiXiaSeg y o v i 6 iaxg HeTaXXa^eig jio v ixov\ x aQ axT T iQ iarei' x a i xagcoygaqpriOei' o ra x q u >|iooco|iaTa. O i (xeTaXXa^eig avre'g JieQiyQaqpovtai o e e'va jieyaXo xaTdXoyo d nov oe xa0e|na e'xei curo6o0ei' n ia 6iapa0|iiot |

a jid to 1 cog to 3. O i HeraXXd^eig TaJjr|g 1 ei'vai exei'veg au g

ojioi'eg r| avcojiaXri lietapoX^ tov jta Q a rr|Q T jo i|io v cpaivdrvnov

tov

0 Q yavi 0 |i0 v ei'vai oacprjg x a i ava^cpi'PoXTi, orig ojtoieg dXa

Ta dxo|ia jtov cp^gow tti |iexdXXa%r| e x 6r|X(6v o v v tov avconaXo

cpaivdntjio, x a i orig ojioi'eg ti avcojiaXi'a e iv a i empavrjg oe (ieyaXo evQog ow0r|xc6v TTjg eQyaorriQiaxfjg xaXXie'pyeiag, Tj to v X axiorov oe evxoX a avajraQayd|ieveg ow0T]xeg. O i HetaXXdeig Td^rjg 2 x a i 3, avri0e'Tcog, eiicpaviXovrai ndvo ae e'va jto ao o rd tcov aTd|.icov jio v cpe'gow to nexaXXay|ie'vo yovdru jio x a i
jio ix iX X o w e vgv ra T a cuid dro ^ o ae aT 0 (i0 cog Jtg o g tt| v e'vraori
TT)g ^xcpgacrng Tovg, axd|ia x a i oe eXeyxd^ieveg Jieipanarix^g
avvOpxeg, e'roi coare 6 ev e iv a i jra vro re evxoX o v a cuiocpaoi'aov|ie n o ia a r e n a cpe'gow to aXXayne'vo yovi'Sio. T la Jtgocpa146

KeipaXaio 4

Kanevdvvant; orq fuX^rq rijq BioXoyiaq

vEi'g Xdyoug EuxoXCag, o i nEiganaxiaxOg o o d x ig e iv a i 6 w a x d

XQiioi[iojioicmv a t a n Eigd|iaid xoug xig nexaXXdJ;Eig T d^ q g 1.
Qg anoxOXEona xr|g jiQaxxix^g auxrjg, <p0dvcruv v a pXOnouv xov
x d o jio xcov yevexixcov aXXaycov o a v v a qx a v dXeg aXXaye'g
T a ^ g 1 , aXXa, cmiv n gaynaxixd n ixa, r| auvxginxixrj nXeiovdxrjxa xcov HExaXXd^ecov oxov xaxdXoyo ei'vai xaxcoxegr|g x d ^ g .
O i n eg ioo d x ege g yvcooxOg nexaXXd^eig 6 ev 6 iacp0go u v noXu
an d xo cpuoioXoyixo xuno, 6 ev ex 6 r|Xcovovxai xaQdXoi) ae noXXd and xa dxona nou xig cpOgouv x a i Eivai noXu euaioQrixeg oxri
0e'Q(ioxQaoia, xt]v qXixi'a, xr|v u ygaoi'a x a i dXXoug |ir| yevexixaug nagdyovxeg, xaScog x a i cmiv xaxdaracrri dXXcov yovi&uov,
xcov Xeydnevcov xgononoiTycixcov.
M e g ix e g cpogOg, e^aixi'ag xou EvdiacpOgovrog y ia Ova ouyxexQifiO vo yovi'6 io, o i nEiganaxioxOg ouv 6ud^ouv (lExaXXdeig (ae h eqixt] em'&gaori o e Ova dxo|xo x a i EniXOyovxag evio xuxixa xgononoirixixd yovi' 6 ia xovi^ouv xo avanxu^iaxd anoxOXeofia. M ia eix d v a nou xgrpiiAonoiEixai ouxvd oxa eyxeigi-

6 ia 6 ei'xvei n ia (iuya |ae 6uo nXqgri teuyr| qpiEgcov avti' y ia xr|

cpuoioXoyixij xaxaoxaori oxr|v o noi'a undgxEi Ova ^Euyog cpxEgcov x a i Ova |iixgd gonaXdnogcpo ^Euyog aXxpgcov nou unopori0ouv cmiv lo o ggo m 'a xax d xr|v nrtiari. M oXovdxi auxd nagouoid^Exai ouvrj0iog cog nagddeiyna anXrjg Em'5gaoT|g xcov
HExaXXd^Etov, r| yEVEaXoyixrj OEigd xcov nuycov he 6uo nXqgii
^Euyq epxEQeov qpOQEixauroxQova xgEig SiacpogExixOg (j.ExaXXd%Eig Ta|rig 3 x a i o i exqpgaoEig xcov HExaXXd|Ecov e'xouv evioxu0ei' hOoco EniXoy^g xcov ococrtcov xQononoir|xixcov yovifii'cov.
EninXOov, |xEydXo nOgog xqg cpaivoxumxrig noixiXonogcpiag
nou EHcpavi^ouv xa d xon a oe Ovav nXqOuond Drosophila r\
o n oio u 6fjnox dXXou o g y a vio n o u , noixiXonogcpi'a oxo he'ye0og, xo oxTina, xij qpuoioXoyi'a x a i xr| ou|inEgicpogd, Ei'vai aSuvax o v v a avixvEU0Ei oe onoiadiinoxE xaX a xa0ogio|iE'vri n agaXXayfj x a n o io u ouyxExginOvou y o v i 6 i'ou, a v Enrigea^Exai
147

Richard C. Lewontin

H TpmXtj EXiko

xaOoXou cuio yovi' 6 ia. T ia n a gd S eiy ^ a , to XQW|ia xou 6 e'g|iaxog xou av0gconou e iv a i e|i<pav(6g xXT)govo[iixd, xouXdxioxov
a v 0 euQiioou(ie xig 6 iacpogg [iexa^u yecoygacpixtog x aQ o giopie'vcov rc)ai&uo|it6v, aXXa y o v ifiia y i a xo X(?u>Ha xou avBgcojiivou 5g(iaxog 6 ev i% ov\ evxom oxei n m i ndvco crca XP*HOacofiaxa xou a v 0 gtonou. Z e avxi'Oeor}, xa ejiaveiXrm n^va cpuoix d neigd|idxa nexeyxaxaaiaarig x a i noXixiaiiix^g acponoicoorig
xcov av0Qcojicov 6 eixvouv oxi r\ n a y x d o n ia noixiXonog<pi'a orri
cpcovr||iaxixTi 6ofxrj xcov avBgconivcov yXcooacov 5ev enr|gedexai
xaOdXou and yevexixe'g 6 iacpogg. 'E v a n a i 6 Cand xt|<t>iXav6 i'a
uio0exou|ievo ajie'ocog |iexa xr| ywr|ofj xou an d xoug X hosa*,
HeyaXcovovxag 6 ev 0 a 6uoxoXeuoxav xa0dXou v a niXrjoei xdvovxag o u g a v ix a nXaxayi'anaxa.
Iirveniog, y i a xo neyaXuxego |igog xr)g PioXoyix^g noixiXojioQcpiag ne'oa ae v a ei'&og, o i nexaXXdeig TdJjrig 1 nou XQTlo ijionoiouv oi egeuvryte'g 6 e v nge'nei v a exX an P d vo vrai cog novre'Xa. T ta v a x axavoiioou|ie x a a ix ia xcov 6iacpogcov oxo oxijna, xo |xe'ye0og, xo XQio^a, xr| ounnegupogd x a i xt] cpuaioXoyi'a
a v d |ie o a o xa dxo^ia, n g n e i v a ei'naoxe e'toi^oi v a egyacrrou(xe ne yevexixe'g 8iaqpogg oe noXXoug yo vi6 ia x o u g xdnoug, x a -

0e'vag a n d xoug onoioug e'xei |iixgg em &gaoeig, x a i ne aXXiiXem 6gdoeig fiexa^u yovi6i'ou x a i negipdXXovxog dncog exeiveg
nou e^exdoane axo ngtoxo xecpaXaio. 2xr| neXe'xri xe'xoicov noooxixcov yo vi6iaxcov em Sgdaecov dev u n a g x e i x a ve'v a 0ecogr|xixd ngdpXrina, ndvo n g a xx ixe g 6uoxoXieg u n ag xou v. T la x a 0e evSiacpe'gouaa neginxioori nge'nei v a xaOogi'aoune x a cpdo |iax a avxC6gaarig x a i xo gdXo xou a v a n x u ^ ia x o u OoguPou
(PX. KecpaXaio 1). T ia v a xaxavorjao ufie oe P a 0og xr|v aXXriXeni6gaoT| a v d |ie a a o x a yovC6ia x a i xo negipdXXov a n a ix ei-

* naX aidrtpa yvoxnoi co; Kacfxpi'e- crnvok) <pi>Xwv arr| 6t)(ioxgaTia

Atpgixrjg
148

N o n a;

KapdXaio 4

KazevOvvaexq arq fieXfrq Tt}<; BtoXoyi'aq

ta i jiQcora v a xaxavofjaau ne ttiv avdnxu^ri tov (paivdnm ou oe

x v r ta g ix d x a i n o g ia x d enureSo. EvxoX-dTegog Sgdixog 6 ev
vjtd ex ei.

M ia axeiixii nroxij xr\<; x^norig poXixd neyataov 6iaxagd^ecov eivai r|XQ^01! tcov vox-dcnrr OQYavianaiv crn| neX.e'tri nig
avajttu^rig xai iT|g taiTOUQyi'ag. Eire |ie'aa cutd HeraXXdJjeig (ie
(leydXeg emfiQaoeig, ei'tc \itoa cuto xtihixo, t|XexTQixd t] xeiQOVQYixd xeiQiond, rj xt) ixeXetri xvxai'oov xgavnaxixcov pxapaiv
cmi cpuaioXoYi'a xai xr|v avaxom'a xcov OQYaviono'jv, ngoana0ov(xe va xaxavorjaovue xig cpvaioXoYixe'g aniaxeg o6ovg e^exa^ovtagxig em&Qdoeig neydXojv 6iaxagd|e(ov. H avtiaroixi'a
Hexa^v yvwoTixTig XeiTOUQyCag xai avaTom'ag tov eyxecpaXou
SiegevvdTai neiganatixd oe xeiQovgyixd SiaxtoQion^voug
EYXE<pdX.ovg, rj he XoPoro^g, fj ae dTO|xa (xe aopage'g pXdpeg
oe T^fj|xaTa xov eyxeqxxXov. Sxa jtovXia, t| cuidxxT|crn xov xgayovSiov neXexdiai he xiyv xExvtixrj jtQdxX.Tior| xcoqpwarig jiqoxei|ievov va 6icuiioxco0ovv oi Siacpoge'g aniv axovarixfj epreiQi'a. 'OXeg oi |ieXixeg xr|g yevexixtig neao)vdPticrrig xrig avcurru^Tig Sie^ayovtai (ie xr\ xeni|*oJtoiTiari yovi5iaxc6v |*exaXMeojv t] ne0d6cov yevexixfjg |ir|xavixfjg jiov jtaQenJto6iovv tti HeTd6oar| atiHdicov nexav T|ir||idTiov tov yovi6i(onaTog, rj avaoxe'XXow xriv jragaycoyrj avyxexgineviov jtQoidvxcov trig HeraYQacpiig tcov yovi&uov.
O

novog TQdnog v a e^axgiPcoaovHe a v r a v o x - a o v r jtei-

Qd|iaTa l a v r o jio io v v Ta o ro ix e ia Trig cpuaioXoyixTig X eitovqyi'ag Eivai v a avaXvaov|ie Tig nixpg jtagaXXaye'g jio v a v v a vrd|XE avvti0iog cooxe v a &ov|ie a v E^uiXe'xovrai 01 i 6 ieg a in a xg 0601 . A irto ei'vai evreXcog ecpixid. nQoacpaxa jieiQ anaTa
efieiljav o ti o Pa0|idg evaia0riai'ag rpg Drosophila oe jteqiPoXXovrixcog ejiaydnevr| JioixiXojiOQCpi'a cmi |K)Q(pok>Yi'a to v 0o>
Q axa eve'xei, TOvXaxiarov ev he'qei, yeveTixrj jtoixiXonogcpia
Evdg yo v iS io v , t o v Ultrabithorax, to v o jioi'ov o i (ieydXeg iietaX149

H TptnXtj EXiko

Richard C. Lewontin

Xdeig v o x -d o u x o 6 tiyouv ae Ovxoveg &iacpogOg cmiv a v d jttu^ ii

auxou tou iiOgoug xou oco|xatog4. Auxd jiou cutaixeixai

5ev ei'vai x d n o ia (xeC!;ojv 0 ecogr|xixii evdgaor| y ia xtiv avdjrtu^r|, aXXd XejrroiieQrjg e gyao i'a jtavco oxig nixge'g em S gaaeig.

I e jtgam i naxid (iito gei v a qxxivexai dxi 6 ev ujtdgxei eXjti&a v a

xdvou^e ojioieo&rijtoxe e jio ix o 6 o|j.rixix0g yevix eu o eig oxexixd
(ie xo Jicog v a avaXuoou|ie e'vav 0 Q yavi 0 |id x^Q^S v a x ax ao t 0 e'i|iou|ie xig C&ieg xig o x ^ oe ig jiou ji 0 o o jia 0 ou(xe v a x ax avofjaoujxe. M jtogoun e v a JiQOO0e'oou|xe xdxi Jiagcutdvco o au
xd jiou gcoxouv o i 6 ixt]ydQ 0 i: d X a e^agxcovxai cutd xt] S ix aio -

6o o i'a ;. n pd yn ax i, |uiogoune v a xavou|xe JtoXXd Jtegiaadxeg a x a x a 6 eixvuovxag e'va jte5io 6 gdoT|g oxo ojioi' o a iy o u g a o i
liixge'g 6 iacpogOg e'xouv ormavxixe'g ejriSgdoeig oxo auvoXo xou
o gya vio n o u : xo jte 8 i'o xrjg n axp on ogiaxrjg 6 o|j.rjg. K a x d xa xeXeuxaia Sexcute'vte xQdvia, o i nogiaxoi' yevexioxe'g xcov jtXt|0uomov Oxouv ixeXex^aei xqv jtoixiXo^ogcpCa xr|g aXXriXouxi'ag xou
D N A ajid dxo|io ae axono fie'oa oxa ei'5ii y ia a g xe x d yovi'6 ia.
TuJiixa, UJidgxei neydXr| JtoixiXo|xog<pi'a a to D N A : axr| Droso

phila, Jtegutou xo 6 % xcov vouxXeoti&ixcov Oe'aecov oe Ova yovi'6 io 0a e|icpaviXei xcutoia jtoixiX onogcpia nexa^u xcov axo^cov
a x o ^ a x a i ae a gxex d |iixga 6 eiynaxa. 'O|icog, jtagdxi x o v 6 g ix a
xa xgi'a xOxagxa xou auvdXou xcov xuxaicov [lexaXXa^ecov oxo
D N A 0 a e ix a v cog ajtoxOXeana a v tix a x a o x a a e ig anivoijOcov,
atriv o u o ta x am 'a a jid xig jtagatr|Qr||iOveg jtagaXXaye'g orn
vouxXeoxidixT] aXXqXouxia 6 ev a v tia to ix e i ae anivo^ixe'g JtaguXXaye'g, xa0cog dXeg oxe&dv acpogouv a e aXXaye'g a v a n e o a
oe Siacpogetixe'g xgutXe'teg jtou xcoSixojtoiouv t o i'5io anivo^u.
M e aXXa Xoyia, x a0 e aXXayrj a to D N A jiou JtgoxaXei' a v tix a xdatacrn evdg a|iivoe'og e'xei ajtaXeicp0e( curd tt| cpuoixrj ejti150

KertpaXaio 4

Kajcvdvvanq arq fteX&rq Tijt; BtoXoytaq

Xoyri, acprjvovrag ndvo ttiv anoxaXounevr] aiconTiXrj n oixiX o(lOQcpi'a xou D N A . 2/ug fuxgeg ngarretveg a im ] r| 5 ia6 ixa ai'a
anaXoicprig ei'vai nXrjgrig, evco crra n eyaX urega vu[ia xei
acpaigeBeC to 85% ne 95% tcov a|uvoixcov neTaXXdecov.
AXXd y ia v a anaXeup0ei' an d tt|cpuaixfj eniXoyn x d n o ia aXXayi oe va anivoiju, 6 ev a g x e i |xdvo t] aXXayri aurq v a enrige a^ e i tt|cpuaioXoyi'a, tt| (iogqpoXoyia rj tti aunnegiqpogd tou
o g ya vio (io u , aXXd nge'nei v a e'xei x a i x d n o ia em'&gacrri arnv
ni0avdrr|Ta empi'coarig x a i to gu0jid rr|g avan agaycoyrig tou .
n g o g to n a g d v Tinote an d d o a yvcoQ^oupie y ia tt| fiioxrineta
x a i ttiv x urtagixrj cpuaioXoyi'a 6 ev 0 a nnogouoe v a oSriyrioei
ort]v ngdpXet|rr) dri xd0 e aXXayr^ a|Aivo2;6og, ag nou(ie cm iv aXxooXixfj a(pu5Qoyovdor| rrig Drosophila pseudoscura, 0 a (lei'cove tov a v a n a g a y io y ix d gu0jid tcov aTd|icov tou ei 6 oug aurou,
aXXa Ta a to ix e ia y ia to d ri aunPaivouv T^TOieg aXXayg e iva i
avantpiopfjTT)Ta. 'O nou x i a v \|)dOou(xe Pgi'oxoufie unegPoXixd
[iixQt] noixiXo|ioQ(pi'a a rig n garteiveg \iioa. a t a ei'6r), ne 6e5opie'vo to ne'ye0og n ig noixiXoixogcpiag o ro D N A . E iv a i oacpg
d ri a x d jia x a i ti jiixQcSreQ^ aXXayrj atr|v aXXt|Xouxia tcov a|xivo^e'cov tcov ngcoxeivcov e'xei ouvr] 0 cog em pxapei'g auve'neieg
atri cpuaioXoyia x a i to fieTapoXiOfid tcov ogyaviancov. 'E t o i , o
xa0OQiandg Trig 6 onrjg tcov jiaxgoHogi'cov au via rd e'va enine-

6 o aro o n o io ei'vai av a y xa i'a r) avaytoyiatixri (xe0o6oXoyi'a x a i

TautoxQova e'va enute&o onou 0 a (ieXetd|ie |xe neyaXuregri oiy o u g id evdrryreg, o i em & gdaeig tcov onoi'cov 6 ir} 0 o u vrai auvrj0cog ae oXo tov o g y a v ia n o x a i dnou nge'nei v a ava^ryniooune
tr| (ieaoXdpr]aT| atrtcov tcov eniSgdaecov.
O ngoa6togiO|idg auvrj 0cog 5ev nge'nei v a nagapXecpBei'.
O i (logiaxe'g aXXaye'g x a T a ttiv e|e'Xiri evdg ei6oug ei'vai auX va cutoTe'Xeafia x a n o ia g Jte g ia ra a ia x fjg fieTaPoXrjg a rig negipaXXovrixe'g auvBrixeg nou xaO tarouv euvoixrj x d n o ia anivo^ixrj aXXayfj nou ngoriyoune'vcog r^Tav enipxaptjg. A iy e g aX151

H TpinXq 'EXtxa

Richard C. Lewontin

Xayeg a u g Jigcotetveg ty ovv td a o |xixgg a uv& ieieg coate oi tux aieg 5iaxu|xdvoeig a to v a vcuiagayco yixd gu0^d e iv a i S u v a td
v a JigoxaX e'a ouv au|rioTi trig auxvd tr|tag xdn o io u ei'Soug, f\
a x d ^ a x a i t?iv e^drcXcoofj xov. Auxe'g o i em X exxixd ouSe'xegeg ixexaXXa^eig a jio 8ei'x0rixe dxi acpogouv & u a a va X o ya (xeyaX o Jio a o a td rr|g e^eXixxixqg nexaPoXijg fieza^v tcov eificov,
exoi coate ixeydXo ixegog rng H opiax^g e ^ X i ^ g 6 ev ei'vai auve'jteia Xeitougyixcov (xetapoXcov. 'E x a i, a e avti'0ear| |xe d,xi 0a
ave'neve xavei'g, r\ JioixiXo|xog<pi'a xou D N A [xeta^u xcov eificov
cutofieixvu etai JtoXu X iyd tego a^id iu a xo g o6riydg y i a xt| Xeixougyi'a xcov ixogi'cov ae o g y av ia |x ixd enutefio a u y x g m x d |xe
xr|v noixiXoHogqpia jxoa o t a eC6r|.

Z e avtC 0ear| |xe ttiv jioixiXoHogqpia cmi Hogiaxrj 8o|xrj, oitou oi

|xixgg fiiacpoge'g e'xouv ev y e ve i ajigo o |xeva (xeydXeg ejiurtcoaeig oxig Xeixougyi'eg xtov ogyavianc6v, r| jtoixiXoixogcpi'a jtou
Jiagaxr|goune cmi ou|XJtegicpoga x a i xr| ixogtpoXoyia xiov em ixe'goug ogyavio(xcov cmi tp^cni ouvri0tog 6ev e'xei axa0ege'g em -

8 gdo eig cmi Xeixougyi'a dxav xt]v e^exaaou|xe wg |xe'oo o g o a t a

6 idcpoga nXai'aia. E i v a i rcgocpaveg oxi cmi cpucrn u n a g x e i jioXu
(xeyaXri JtoixiXoixogcpi'a cog Jigog xo axnixa, xo ne'ye0og x a i tr|

8 gaotr|gidtT )ta a vd |x e a a oxoug ogyavio|xoug. T a Jteigd(xaxa

6 eixvouv He o u vfrteia dxi ixeyaXo ne'gog, a v x a i o xi xo auvoXo,
trig noixiXoHogcpi'ag auxrjg ei'vai oe xcaioio P a 0jxd xXrigovonixij, e'toi coate otr| [xogcpoXoyi'a x a i tti cru|XJiegicpogd ixe'aa dxa
ei'8r) un a g x ei neyaXo nood (xdvi|xr|g yevetix ^g JtoixiXo|xogcpi'ag.
AjtoteXei' Pao ixii agxi trig figdcnig trig cpuaoqg eniXoytig dti
d itoia xXr|govo|xiXTi jroixiXo|xogcpi'a e'xei ne'ar| em '6gaari cmiv
ag|xootixdtr|ta tcov ogyavio|xo'jv jrgog (xia xateu0uvar| 0 a xgn oi|xoTOir|0ei' x a x d tri fiiafiixaai'a trig ejtiXoyig x a 0cog e y x a 0C152

Karrev&vvoetq orq fitXfrrq Tqq BioXoyiaq

KeipaXaio 4

crtavxai oxov JiXri&uond xa yovi'& ia jiou enriQedtouv xo avxCo xoixo xaQaxxriQ ioxixd. 'E x o i, a v xa nixgdocona dxo|xa a<pf\vouv xax d |ieoo d g o jreQioodxeQoug curoydvoug a jid xa m o euneyO0ii, OJtoia yovi'S ia ouveioqpegouv axi 6 iacpogd xou neyO-

0 oug 0 a novinojroit|0 ouv oxov nXr|0 uand x a i 6 ev 0 a u jtagxei

jtXe'ov xXTi0 ovo|ii]oi(iri jioixiXonogcpi'a cog n go g xo ixeyeOog.
K a0 e Jtaganevou oa jioixiXonopcpia oxo (leyeBog 0 a e'xei ajtoxXeioxixd |j.r| yevexixti jiQoOXeucni. lu v e jta y e x a i dxi t| crnnavxix ii

JtoixiXoixoQcpCa orr| nogcpoXoyi'a x a i xn aunjtegi-

qpoga jiou Jigayn axixd jtaQaxriQoune oxri cpuori eixe 6 ev e'xei

S p a a tix d aJioxeXe'onaxa cm] yevix fj cpuoioXoyi'a x a i xo nexaPoXiond xcov opyavioncov, eixe e'xei ejruttcooeig jiou jtoixiXXouv
i 5 io o u yx 0 a o ia x d euro a io n o ae a xo[io i\ curd xo Ova jtegiPaXX ovtixd jtXai'oio oxo aXXo, ne x q o jio jtou 6 ev Jtagayei xaixia
ne'eni 6 iacpoQd.
T a avti' 0exa o u p ie g a o n a x a o xexixd |ie xriv Jti0avrj em'5Qaot| jiou e'xouv o i jragaXXaye'g xr|g 8o|ifjg xcov jiQcoxeivcov ouyxQ ixixa |ie xr| ye vix q avaxo(ii'a x a i xr| ounJregicpoQa jrpoocpe'qouv

yevixe'g oSiiyi'eg y i a xt| x a p a ^ri jtgo xaxagxxixco v oqi'cov

a v d |ie o a oe rini-ave^dgxrixa ujtoauaxnnaxa evxog xcov o g y a viofxcov. T o jtqcoxo egcoxrina oe |iia e'geuva 0a e'jtgejie v a ei'vai
e a v ujtaQxei crr||xavxixti xXr)0ovo(iTioi|.iri jtoixiXonopcpi'a y i a xo
cpaivd|ievo jiou nag ev&iacpe'Qei. E a v t| jtoixiXonopcpi'a ei'vai |iixqi] q ajiou oid ^ei, xoxe ei'vai o x eSd v p opaio dxi xo cpaivdnevo
auvde'exai X eixougyixa ne ajioxeXeonaxixd xqojio ne |iia aXuoi'6a XeixouQyicov jiou e'xouv yevixeune'veg ouve'jteieg y i a xr|v
emPi'cocrri x a i xr|v a v a jia g a y c o y ^ xou o g y av io n o u . A vtC 0exa,
e a v xo cpaivdnevo J tagouoidtei a u ^ n e'vri xXriQovonqoinil jtoixiXonoQcpia neo a oxo ei'fiog, xdxe ei'vai Jti0avd v a e iva i neQ ?
xduioiou ujioauarfjnaToc; Xeixougyixd ave^agxrixou cuto xig
Siegyaoi'e g exei'veg jiou ei'vai coxixe'g y i a xov o g y a v io n o . A v
oncog ecpapnoooune n^a xe'xoia eugexixrj, jtge'jrei v a Xapoune
153

H TptnXrj EXiKa

Richard C. Lewontin

ujtdtyT| xo Jigdp)a]na TT]g Jigoxxaang cuid xig (iixg^g JtagaXAaye'g oxig nevdX.es. O Pa0|idg a io v ojioi'o n ia i6idxt)xa auv&etcu 6uva|iixd ne dXAeg, x a 0 o g i o v ia g t a d g ia xcov r|(ii-aveOdgxryicov ujioauanmaxcov, HJtogei v a aXXd^ei an d |xia jie g io Xn xi|iojv oe x d n o ia dXXr|. H jiagaxTigounevri Jioixdonogqpi'a
axo |xye0og xou oconatog (ie'aa o e e v a ei'&og (ijio g e i Jigdynaxi
v a |xt|v ^xei xa|iia neon ejii'6gaar| axnv agnoa iixoxrixa, aXXd
e'va e ^ aige x ixd eun^yeOeg axono, n i g a ajtd xa d g ia jiou auv^0cog auvavxdne a n ] cpuan, 0 a f y e i jioXaj neicone'vT| ag n o o rixdrr|xa. O i cpgourdnuyeg jioixiXXouv ae n^yeOog, aXXd 6ev
ujia gx ei Drosophila ne nye0og njidnjtouga.

T o S evcego xctgaxrn gioxixd jiou S iaxgi'vei xa nPLa auani|iaxa an d xa aXXa cpuoixd qpaivoneva e iv a i ri avoixxdxr|xd xoug,
il xagaxxT igiaxixii avxaXAayr) jiou aunpai'vei avd | iea a axo
eacoxegixd x a i xo eacoxegixd. H ota0egdrr|xa x a i r| a v a jia g a ycoyri evdg o gya via n o u eJjagraxai a jid evegyeiaxe'g X.eixougyi'eg jiou e iv a i duvaxe'g novo ecpooov nnogouv v a eiaax0 ouv a
auxdv ecoxegixg Jiriye'g eve'gyeiag x a i av , oxr| o uv^xeia, xa
ujiopa0|iio|iva Jigoidvxaxcov evegyeiaxcov nexaoxiinaxio(u6v
ei'vai 5uvaxd v a e^ax0ouv axo e^ on egixd jiegipdAXov. A x d n a
xai

01101', 01 on oi'oi 6ev

nexaPoXf^ouv e v gyeia, njiogou v v a

av a jta ga x 0 o u v ndvo dxav evoconatcoQouv a n i nexaPoX.ixrj auoxeuTj xcov xurragcov jiou noX.uvouv. Ttj aiiy n il trig a vcu iagaycoyfjg rcov icov u jia gx ei JiX.fjgrig xaxagyriaTi xou Jigoriyoune'vcog
u jia g x o v io g ogi'ou netalju xou iou x a i xou xu rcagixou jie g ipdXXovxog xou. H xaXagoxrixa xcov ogi'cov eacoxegixou-e|coxegix o u ei'vai xa0oX.ixo x aga x xrigiax ix d xcov e'nPicov auaxrmdxcov. 2 xo 6euxego xecp ak u o 6iaxujicooa xov lax u gio n o dxi

01

ogya via n o i' 6ev pgi'axouv f|6r| ujiagxxe'g oixo0e'oeig orig ojioi'154

KeipaXato 4

Kaievdvvaeu; arq ftcXivq rqq BioXoytaq

eg x a i ngo aagnd i;o vTai, aXXd Pgi'o xo vtai a e 6 ia g x rj 6 ia 6 ix a oi'a x a 0o gio |io v x a i o g o 0e'tT|aT|g to v negiPdXXovtdg Tovg.
K d 0e oxiy|ifj r| qpuoixfj eniXoyri X eitovgyei' aXXd^ovxag rr) yevexixti ovcrraoT] tojv nXr|0vona)v anoxgivdnevr| a ro n g d o x a iqo negipdXXov, aXXd x a 0cog aXXd^ei t] ava x a a r| auirj, nag d X XriXa eco0ei oe a v u a x o ix eg aXXayg xov i'6iov xov negiPdXXovxog. 'E x o i, 0Qyavi0|idg x a i n egiPaXXov e iva i x a vx d x g o va a ix ia x a i ajroteX ^ofiaxa a e |iia auve^eXixxixii 6 ia 6 ix a a ia .
A irnj r| avve^eXixxixij 6ia 5ix a a i'a exei e'va y e vix d x a g a x tr|Qioxixo no v e iv a i xQ^oipio y i a xov n g o a 6io gio |id xr|g x a x e v -

0w a r)g trig 6ieQevvr)arjg trig. E i'va i o x eSo v n a v to te xonoXoyixd ovvexrjg, 6t|Xa8rj ^ixge'g aXXaye'g aco negiPaXXov o&riyovv
a e |iixgg aX X ayg axov o g y a v ia |id , o i onoi'eg, |ie tt] a e ig a
xovg, ofiriyovv oe mxge'g aXXaye'g axo negipdXXov. A v 6 ev
Coxve a vx d 0a ijxav aSvvaxT) t] e^Xi|r|. A v |xia |i.ixgti aXXayr]
a ro v o g y av io n o ng o xa X o va e o w t i 0cog gi^ixfj x a i noioxixfj |iexaPoXii o n i axe'at] xov |ie xov e^coxegixd xoo|io, xdxe t) n e g a ixgco auvexTig eSjeXiJjri xov o g y a v io n o v |ie'aco aXXaycov arn auXvornxa xcov yovi6i'cov 6 ev 0 a |ino go vo e v a oSiiY naei a e x a xdXXr|Xr] a vxiSgaar]. O v te 6 vo 5ia 6oxixe'g yevi^g 6ev 0a eniXe'y o v ta v ngog tr|v i'6ia x a x e v 0 w a r i x a i y i a t a i'6ia x a g a x tr ig io xixd. l e yevixe'g yg aw ie'g , o ogyaviopidg x a i to negipdXXov
n g n ei v a a X X ijX o avixvevo vtai avv exw g, eiftaXXcog t) ^cofj 0a
eixe e^acpaviatei' e&co x a i noXv x a ig d .
H a gx il trig xonoXoyixrjg o uvxe ia S ei'vai |xia yevi'x evan, aXXa 6 ev e iva i x a 0oXixog vonog. I t t iv ee'Xit| tcov o gyaviancov
v n a g x o v v xgi'oi|ieg ariyne'g, dncog ei'vai oi |ietapoXg qpdarig
n ov a v ^ P a iv o w a v d |ie a a a n iv vygrj, xtjv a e 'g ia x a i tr| a tegeii
x a td a ta a r i to v v e g o v ae avvdgxriar| (ie xr| 0e g |io x g a o i'a x a i
tr|v m'eari, x a x d tig onoi'eg r| oxe'an n ex a |v o g y a v io n o v x a i n egiPaXXovxog vcpi'ataxai noioxixii aXXouoari. YnoO etovfie dti t a
X ega a i'a o agx o cp d ya n o v r]tav o i n g d y o v o i tr|g cpcoxiag neg155

Richard C. Lewontin

H TptnXtj 'EXtxa

vou aa v x d n o io x g d vo xuvriytovxag oe dx0eg uy gcov exxdaecov,

dncog x avo u v an n ega o i agxouSeg. AXXd xax d xr^v eOeXi^Ti auxcov xcov cocov auvpt| x d n o ia anoxonri aXXayrj, ti o n o ia xa
e'arge^e oe evxeXcog uSgdpieg cnmjGeieg, evco o i agxou Seg nage'n eivav xegod p ieg. A v x a i crxo xgi'xo xecpdXaio e'5cooa noXXa
naQa5ei'Y|iaxa xov xgonou fie xov onoi'o o i o g ya via n o i' aXXdouv to negipdXXov xoug, xo ncog x a i xo ndxe 0 a yi'vei x d n o ia
noioxixfj nexaPoXii axo negipdXXov oe an d xgiari a u g nexapoXg xou o gya via n o u e iv a i tva ^ x r m a nou nge'nei v a x a 0 o g iexai x a r d neginxcoari. K a 0 e neginxcoari e iv a i 6iaqpogexixri,

x a i 6ev un dgxouv yevixe'g agx^ g nou nnogou(ie v a xgi oi|ion oifjaou(ie y ia v a xavoune yevixe'g ngopXe'^eig oxexixd ne triv
ifiiaixegr) xaxeu0uvar| xrjg auveOe'XiOrig nexaJju o gya via n o u x a i
negiPaXXovxog.
H a v a e^riyiiaoune a w a rd xig auvrjBeig xonoX oyixd auveXeCg nexapoXe'g axri oxe'ari o gya via n o u x a i negiPaXXovxog, 6ev
Xgeia^dnaoxe x d n o ia en avaaraari axov xgon o nou y iv o v t a i o i
neiganaxixe'g nagaxrigrjaeig oxriv e^eXixxixri yeven xri x a i rr|v
o ixoX oyi'a, n a g a ndvo v a avaOecogrjooune xo em 'xevxgo xt|g
n go o ox ^g n5- T a xum xd n eig a n a x a navco axr| qpuaixT] eniXoYH e iv a i rgicov ei6cov. Zxo ngcoxo nexgdne xt] yovinortixa x a i xt]
Picooindxrixa nou encpavi^ouv Siacpogoi yovdru n oi ae auyxex g in ev o negipdXXov. Zxo 6euxego nagaxrigoune xig aXXaye'g
atr|v agnooxixdxr|xa y ia xoug auyxexgine'voug yovdxunoug x a0c6g aXXa^ei xo negipdXXov. Zxo xgixo nagaxoXou0oune xig aXXayg xiig ouxvdxr]rag rcov yovi6i'cov oe e'vav nXriOuond o ro
X gdvo r\ rig Siacpoge'g arig yovifiiaxe'g auxvdxr|xeg oe 6iacpogexixoug nXr|0uonoug ae oxe'ari ne tig e^toxegixe'g cruv0r]xeg xou
negiPaXXovxog. 'OXeg aure'g e iv a i n agaxrigrjoeig xr|g a n o x g iorig ogyaviancov ne Siaqpogexixoug yovdrunoug ae au yxexgine'veg xaravone'g rou negiPaXXovxog.
T a i'6ia oncog n e ig a n a x a nJtogouv v a exxeXeaxouv ne au156

KeipaXaio 4

KarevOvvoeu; <mj fteXfnj rye BioXoyiac

(uiXT)Qco(iatm6 xqojio. MnoQoO(ie v a neTQfjooi)|ie too? o i 6 iacpogOg orn YEvexixq o u a taa n evdg nX.r|0uonou aXX.aJ;ouv xo

6 Q aa tix d Jiegi^dXXov xcov ogyavioncov. Auxd axgipcog e'yive

a t a Jieigdn axa yevexixTig nrixavix^g xcov cpurcov nou jceqiOYQai^a a t o 5euxeqo XEcpdXaio. A x d (ia x i a v 6 ev iinoQoune v a
|J.EXQI]OOD|lE an E O a XTJV JlEQlPaXXoVTlXTI HEXaPoX.11, HJIOQOVHE
v a xo xavoi>nE he e'hheoo x gd jio ne'oa a nd HExapoXig xrig Em'-

6 Qacn]g xou n egiPaXX ovrog oxoug o gya via iiou g. 'E v a n a g a 6Eiyna ngoocpEQEi r| OEiga xcov JieiQa|idxcov he xt|Drosophila
nou E'yivav ndvco an d o a g d v ta x e o v ia n giv, xa onoi'a e'6 eiov
dxi r| oxexixa EniPuooiHdnixa xcov nQ0 vu|xcpc6v Evdg 6 e6o |i Ovou
yovdxunou Eivai Euai'a0r|XTi arriv av a X o yia nou eiKpavi^ouv 01
5iacpoQEXixoi yovdru n oi nou un agxou v a to v nXt|&uond. 'O ra v
HEXQouvrai ^EXtoQiara, 6uo yovdru n oi nnogEi' v a e' xouv iSiEg
ni0avdrr|XEg Enipi'coang, aXXd d ta v xa0 vag xi0Exai oe avxaycoviO|id |xe x d n o io v xqi' xo xuno 0 a ty ow SiacpoQExixii oxexix q EmPi'coan, x a i r\ xi|j.fj Enipi'coang e ^ agrd x ai an d xig avaX oyiEg xcov yovdxuncov nou ennX.E'xovxai ngdy|iaxi a to v avraycov io h o .

Auxd xo Ei6 og xrjg e^agxcoiievrjg an d xr) auxvdxrixa Eni-

Xoyiig x a i to nX.ai'010 agH oa tix d n rrag (utoqei' v a Pqe0ei' r\ v a

|iiiv P qe0ei o rig Eni^QOug nEginxcooEig. IlgE'nEi v a ei' hooxe
nQ0 EX0 i|AaanE'v0 i y ia a u to aXXa v a |xr|v eninE'vou|iE cog n gog
xqv xa0oX.ixdxr|xd xou. K a i naXi, 6 ev unagxEi un ox ax d ata x o
trig nQayiiaxixpg nagaxqgricnig.
T Evixa 01 Eniatfj|iovEg xavou v auxd nou e'qouv v a x dvouv
x a i o,xi xoug EnixgE'nEi 0 XQOvog x a i xo xQilHa ^ou xoug 6 iaxi'-

0Evrai. O i v & g neiga|Kmxe'g XEXvixE'g Endyovxai ev ne'gei and

x a ngopXtinaxa nou SiEQEirvcovxai an d |ua xoivdxT]xa Enioxr|Hovcov he x o iv a evSiacpe'govra, aXXd an d xrj atiyHil nou 0a e|acpaviorouv 0 1 XEXvoXoyi'Eg aure'g e'xouv nydX.r| 6uvant| a to v a
xaOoQi^ouv x a EQCOxfjnaxa nou n'0Evxai. H Emvor|ar| nt|xavcov
nou n g o a 6 io giouv auxd|iaxa xtjv aXXriXxnixi'a xou D N A qg0e
157

Richard C. Lewontin

H TpinXtj EXixa

cog cuidviT|ari crcr|v avOtinevri Woior] yia tig aXXiiXovxi'eg avig, aXXd

5ia0eai|i<5TTiTa tcov nrixavcov avrcov xai t] |ieydX.^

evxoXia ne tt)v onoia nnopei' nXov va avaXveTai r) aXXt|XovXi'a tou D N A crnnai'vei c5ti Ta nQopX^naTa ne Ta onoia epyti^ovtai oi yeveTiar^g ei'vai daa hjioqovv va anavniOovv and
Tig aXXriXouxCeg tov D N A. 'Oncog vnapxei SiaXexTixrj oxe'an
neTa^v ogyavianov xai negipdXXovrog, ne to

va oxe'Xog va

&ianoQ(pcovei to dXXo, roi vndgxl xai SiaXexTixTi ox^an HTa^v ne0d6ov xai ngopXrmaTixrjg cmiv emorfjnT|. IIqiv and Ta
n^oa Tt)g 6exaeriag tov 1960, oi neiganariat^g eljeXixTixoi yeveTiore'g e'Oeoav noXXd xai noixiXa ^r|-ninata, dncog tti n^tgr|ctt|trig agnoorixdrriTag orr| cpvori, ttiv ava^ipian

yeveTixfjg

noixiXonopcpi'ag nov e7niQed^eiTr| nogtpoXoyi'a, tt] cpuaioXoyi'a

xai tt| crunneQicpogd arovg cpvaixovg JtXr|&uanoug, ttiv e^Xir|
trig avanTvOiaxrjg oxe'arig neTa|u yeveTixfjg noixiXonopcpiag
xai Trjg nagaTriQovnevrig cpaivorvnixijg noixiXonoQCpi'ag, xai
Tig nQoonaOeieg xagaxTtiQionov tov neye'Oovg Trig yeveTix^g
noixiXdniTag evtdg xai neTaJju tcov nXr|0uonc6v. T o TeXevraio
and airta ijTav i&iaiTepa SuaxoXo ne Tig tvmxe'g Texvixe'g tov
yeveTixov xeigionov nov fjiav 6ia0e'oineg otov egeuvriTfj. Tia
va Xv0ei to ngdpXtma avrd, eicrnx^ri Hia ve'a Texvixij, T| r|XexTQocpo0r|or| ngcoreivcov oe rnixTcona, Texvixfj nov iftav 6w ato va ecpaQnooxei' ae onoiofifjnoTe cpuTd fj coo, aveOdgrriTa
and to av nnogovae va xaXXieQyr|0ei i\ exTgacpei oro egyaorfjpio. T o anoTe'Xeona ijTav T] oxe&dv xaOoXixfj eyxaTdXei^
rpg peuvag ae dXeg Tig nxvxe'g trig e^eXixTix^g yeveTixfjg ne'ga and to xagaxTT|Qiand trig yeveTixijg noixiXdrr|Tag. M ia
anXfj e\)xQT|OTT| tbxvixti aXXae xai cprcoxwe, npoacogivd* eX-

* H ^gtuva, acpou &wcre crrincmixd aroixeia yui to

toi> yevetixou noXtinoecpianoi) oe excmma&Eg ei'6t|, avrixa0 i'crtaTai ojto tti n0 o6 oXoYia tt|;
avdXvcnig tou DNA (S.t.h.).
158

KeipaXaio 4

KancvQvvoeu; arq fieterq

BioXoytaq

niou|ie, va oXdxXrigo ne&i'o geuvag.

2/ca tQ ia ngcora xeqpaXaia to u pipXi'ou aurou 6 ev u n d g xei

Tinore nou 6 ev ei'vai yvcoard oe dXoug toug PioXdyoug. K a 0e'
va g yvcoptf;ei oe xd n o io enuteSo trig auvei'&T|crrig tou oti to
D N A 6 ev a u r o -a v a n a g d y e T a i, oti o i nXrjQocpoQi'eg orig aXXT|Xouxi'eg tou D N A 6 ev a g x o u v y i a tov ngoo6ioQiond oure (iiag
nruxoj(ie'vrig ngcoretvrig, y i a v a (At) HiXqooune y i a oXdxXr]QO o q yavio |id , d ri to negiPaXXov evdg OQyavio(iou x a T ao xeu d^ exai
x a i Siagxcog (lerapdXXerai a n d Tig umxe'g 6QacmiQidTr|Teg tou
o gyavio (iou aurou. AXXd airrrj t| x a ra o x ijv yvakrri 6ev linogei'
v a evoco|iarco0ei cm) 6o|ifj trig pioXoyixijg eQHTiveiag a v 6ev evoaj|j.aTO)0ei orr|v ngayiiarixTi e g y a a i'a tcov pioXdycov. H ngdo 6og orr| p ioX oyia 6ev e la g r a r a i a n d e n a v a a r a tix ^ g ve'eg ouXX r^eig , aXXa a n d tti Srnxiougyi'a ve'cov (ie0o6oXoyioiv nou 0a
xaO iorouv Ta eganrjiiaTa e m Sex T ix a andvrtiorig cm iv nga^r)
oe e'vav xooixo |ie negiogiaix^voug nogoug.

159

Z rm e w a e iq

rovtfMo x a i Ooyovtoftdc

1. A . Rosenblueth x a i N. W ein er, Purposeful and non

purposeful behavior, Philosophy o f Science 18 (1951).
2. D. S. Bendall, ed., Evolution from Molecules to Men, Cambridge
University Press, 1983.
3. Walter, Gilbert, A vision o f the G rail oro Daniel J. Kevles
and Leroy Hood, The Code o f Codes: Scientific and Social Issues in
the Human Genome Project, Harvard University Press, 1991.
4. Thomas S. Ray Jr., G rowth correlations within the segment
in the Auace&e, American Journal o f Botany 73 (1986): 993-1001.
5. J. Clausen, D. D. Keck, x a i W. W. Heisey, Experimental Studies
on the Nature o f Species, t<5h- 3: Enviromental Responses o f Climatic
Races o f Achillea. Carnegie Institution o f Washington Publication
581 (1958): 1-129.
6. W. A. Russell, Comparative performance for maize hybrids
representing different eras o f maize breedings oro Proceedings o f
the 29th Annual Com and Sorghum Research Conference, Ames, la,
1974, American Seed Trade Association..
7. A . R. Jensen, H o w much can we boost IQ and scholastic

161

Ztytfuoaek
achievement?* Harvard Educational Review 39 (1969): 15.
8.

Gerald Edelman, Neural Darwinism: The Theory o f Neuronal

Group Selection, Basic Books, 1987.

Ogyavioiirfc x a i IleQifMUiXov

1. G. Orians and N. Pearson, O n the theory o f central place

foraging, oro D. J. Horn, R. Mitchell, and G. R. Stairs, eds.,
Analysis o f Ecological Systems, Ohio State University Press, 1978.
2. 2 tt)v jiectYlKruxdrnra, oniv neQioxij <5Jiou

6ev uiidexouv

-roCxX.es auxou tou tu jio u , aXXd ujtdpxouv oe dAXeg JiagdHOieg jreqiox^s (ie Xif&dia.
3. L. Van Halen, A new evolutionary law, Evolutionary Theory
1 (1973): 1-30.

M lp i xai

Atia x a i AnoteJ^onata

1. A v xai, xaxd ei@umxd xpdjio, r| axoHix^ lorogia xl XQfoijHl

ciT)|iaoia yia xi] Paoixif XeixouQYi'a evdg eoXoyiou, atpou xo poXdi
8a 5e(xvei tt] ociMJnj toga h<5vo av gu0nioxei' oe aunjv drav xe0e( oe
XeixouQYia.

KatevO vvoeis o ti) |ieXti) t i ) ; BioXoyfa?

1. J. Lovelock, Gaia (O xford University Press, 1987), oeX. 11.

2. BX&ie, yia naed5eiYna, S. Kauffman, A t Hom e in the Universe:
The Search fo r Laws o f Self-organization and Complexity, Oxford
University Press, 1995.
3. T o h<5qio aXXd^ei ajtd eoxepdoii oe oeYavocpa>ocpoQiXTj u5qoXdot| ne tt)v avnxaxdcrxaoTi evdg anivoog ajid YX.uxivr| oe aojragxixd o^u. BXine R. D. Newcombe, P. M. Campbell, D. L. Ollis, E.
162

Ztlfutiooek

Cheah, R. J. Russell, xa i J. G. Oakshott, A single amino acid sub

stitution converts a carboxylesterase to an organophosphoryus
hydrolase and confers insecticide resistance on a blowfly, Procee

dings of the National Academy o f Sciences USA 94 (19997): 7664-68.

4.

BXiite G. Gibson x ai D. S. Hogness, E ffect o f polymorphism

in the Drosophila regulatory gene Ultrabithorax on homeotic

stability**, Science 271 (1996): 200-203.

163

KvxXoipopovv
Richard C. Lewontin: H BtoXoyfa wg IdeoXoyta
Edward O. Wilson: T ia ttjv Avdgwmvrj 4>votj
Edward O. Wilson: K oivu m ofitoloy la: H N ia Ivvd eorj
Jacques M on od: A n d ttj BioXoyCa ottjv HOixtj
Edward O. Wilson: Ivva X fia : H Evdrrjra rr\g rvwarjg
Richard Dawkins: T o Eyw iortxd Tovidio
A n ton io S. Damasio: T oA dO og tov K a g r io io v
Peter Singer: M ia A a gfhvixjf A giozegd
M . Daly - M. Wilson: HAXtjdeta yia ttj Iz a x z o jio v r a
M ichael Gazzaniga: T o TJageXOdv r o v N o v
Simon LeVay: O Ze ovcdtxd g EyxifpaXog
M ichael Gazzaniga: O N ovg rrjg <Pvorjg
Jeffrie Murphy: Hdixrj, E ^ ih ^ r] x a i to Ndrjfia Ttjg Zwrjg
British M edical Association: T o TeveTixd fiag M iX kov
Freeman Dyson: Tlgoekevoeig Ttjg Zwrjg
John Maynard Smith: Ta IJgopArffiiaTa Ttjg BioXoyCag
Bruno Latour: O v d in o re vm fg^afie M o v tig v o i
Herbert A . Simon: O i Em ortffieg tov T exvtjtov
George Whitrow: H <Pvot) tov X gdvov
Burt Kosko: Fuzzy Lo gic, H N ia Em tmjftTj
J. Barrow - B. Carter -G. F. R. Ellis: HA v6go>m xfj Ag%rj
Arth ur Eddington: Xwgog, Xgdvog x a i B a g vrijra
David B ohm : A m d rtjra x a i Tvyr\ art] M ovrgva <Pvoixtj
Paul Davies: T o <Pdvzaofia o t o A r o fio
J. C. Polkinghom e: O Kfiavzixdg Kdopiog
Peter Medawar: Ta 'O gia n )g E m on jfiijg
Alfred J. Ayer: Tkcoooa AXYjBeia x a i A oy ixrj
B. B ok - L . Jerome - B. Russell: A vriggfjoeig ottjv AcngoXoyi'a
J. R C ooper -F. E. B loom - R . H . R oth:
O i B ioxn u ixig Bdoeig Ttjg Nevgcxpagnaxokoyfag

O fiiaxExyifiEvog EljE^ixTixrig Richard Lewontin t>EV Ei'vai jiovo E'vag ami

tows m o Evipveig pioMyovg, akk a x a i avoTi)Qog xyirrjg dowv ejtiott|Hovwv xui nil xaxofiETaxEiyi'^ovTai ttjv e ju o tijjiti, OTiyv oitoi'a o iftiog

e /ti avvEiotpEyEi Tdaa jto H ri. E to pip>ao H TgurXtj Ekixa: rovi'dio,

Ogyaviofiog xai TleQifidkXov o Lewontin, too o cog EJtiOTtpovag ooo xa i cog
xgmxdg, JiQoacpEQEi ju a ittyitxTixij, jiyoaiTij a<pifyiiot|, prion tov t i e/e i
ftiftax0Ei arao tr| SovXeia to v , daov a<f oyri a rt] |5io^oyiu x a i ti] o ip a o ia
tiig TEX,EVTai'ag yia tig avOywmvcg o^EOEig. i-ttiv jioysi'a, a/o^iri^Ei xyin x a fiEyixsg owiiOianEVEg x a i PaoaviatiXEg jiayavorjoEig 01 ojtoiEg Jtayait^avovv x a i xaOvoTEgovv ti]v xaTavriijoi] tijg pio^oyiag.
K e v tq ix o n ^ v v ^ a av T o v t o v pipX iov Ei'vai o t i s a v o v v e x io o v u e v a 0eioqov|ae t o yo vi'ika, Tovg o y y a v ia jio v g x a i t o ]teQipaA.A.ov le/u jy ia T E 'g o v to Tt|TEg, o jio v xaO fim 'a Jtai'^Ei t o ftia x g iT o T^g qoA,o o t t jv laT o yi'a x a i t i j A,eiT o v y y ia tm v o p y a v ix io v ftiE yy ao iio v, 6 ev 0 a xaTacpE'yovfiE it o t e v a x a T a voii(rov(LiE jtlr jy io g t a e^ipia rivTa. ( ) ovyyQ acpeag ^ e i / v e i x aO ay ri e<W o t i
x a 0 E OQyaviOfidg e iv a i t o fio v aftixd aitoTE^EO fia x a i tcov yoviSuov
jtE y ip a X lo v T o g , x a 0 w g

xai

xai

to v

to jv eow te(>ix(ov x a i e| w t (h x w v x a y a x T iiy i-

oTixw v. A n oQ Q ittTov tag ti] v i5e'a o t i t o yovi'ftia x a 0 o y i o v v a jio x ^ E u m x d

t o v o y y a v ia fid , o o ito io g OTtj o v v t / E i a n y o o a y fio ^ E T a i o t o JtQipriM ov,
E|i|yEi o t i 01 o y y a v io fio i, tw v o jio u o v r| a v a jT T v | ii E itiiy E a ^ E T a i a jt o Tig
ovvO rjxeg, fie t i) o e iy a Tovg fitifiiov y y o v v , T y ojto ito io v v x a i em X eyo v v t o
n e y iP riX lo v o t o o jio io ovv.

H TQinktj 'Ehxa /ayaxTiiyi^ETai and tijv avwtEyii jioiriTi]Ta to v i&iov

to v Lewontin: Ei'vai e'va evtpveg, evavriyvwoTo, (pJioyEyo x a i e'vtovo xq iti-

xo EQyo.

A ev ajtoTEX.i fiaviq>EOTO x a jio ia g

yi^oojiaoTixijg veag fi0 of>o-

koyiag o vte to itEyiyyafifia jiiag vEag Eioyi'ag. A vtiO eto, Ei'vai ju a Eiaaywyij ott|v Jio>am^oxoTT]Ta tw v PioX,oyixwv ftiEyyaoiwv, fiia vjidfivtiati oe
oA.ovg Tovg avOyoVitovg o ti 0Jt0i08f|jt0TE ffipio ov 6ev e iv ai jtote' to oo
anko ooo x i av finoyti v a q ai'vETai e'toi.

O Richard Lewontin Eivai xaHiiyi]Tiig o to M o voeio Lvyx0iTixi]g

Zcoo^oyiag to v IlavEJTioTiijiiov X riypayvT. ' E/ei fttHiooievoei 3ioA,A.Eg |lieX,ETEg, (tyOoa x a i pipX,ia, dnwg To Ady/ua tov DNA: H Biokoyia wg
IdeoXoyi'a, Not in Our Genes x a i Human Diversity.

ISBN: 960-7578-28-7