See ae SHAMAN SelleCONTENTS Message to readers ©6000: 600 00000000 e serene ws 3 Ta HANDLING ROPES I Fiber Rope 14 Structure : 1-2 Rope Type Determined by Lay and Structure 1-3 Handling and Stowing Ropes e ae / 2B 2 Wire Rope « 241 Structure : 2 Treatment of Wire End 23 Handling 3 Tie of Rope » 34 Basic Methods 32 Applied Methods 33 Making Knots + 35 Treatment of Rope End 38 Knitting Yarns 3-9 Block and Tackle +++ 4 Splice for 3-Strand noe 441 Eye Splice ed sa 4.2 Eye Splice with a Thimble ike a . we AB 43 Short Splice : . : a 44 Long Splice © 5 Splice for 8-Strand Rope: 5-1 Eye Splice 52 Eye Splice-2 5-3 Short Splice 6 Splice for Double Beate Ripe 6:1 Eye splice » 62 Short Splice-1 63 Short Splice-2 7 Splice of Wire « 71.4.2 Method — ‘Thimble-Eye Splicing with 3:3 Method «+++ "++ vie sess 80 7-3 Short Splice with 5:1 Method - + i pe - 84CONTENTS 7-4 Basketwork insertion by 5:1 method 88 7-5 2-Strand Winding with 4:2 Method - 1 7-6 Beget Splice with One Strand 92 7-7 Beget Splice with Different Size of Ropes 4 7-8 Eye Splice by Flemish Method 95 7-9 Long Splice 96 CANVAS WORKS 1 Tools - » 100 1-1 Canvas * 100 12 Needles 100 1.8 Threads, Seat Twine» 100 14 Other Tools - 100 2 Measuring and Catting “101 3 Sewing ac ~ 102 3-1 Stitch +++ i gesseed dt 0 3-2 Beginning with Making Overhand Knot RRR n+ 102 3-3 Connecting Twine pa siecte a Sereee een + 102 3-4 Ending with Making a Overhand Knot or Sew Twice the Same Point - > 102 3-5 Sewing A 103 CHIPPING & PAINTING 1 Safety Equipments 1-1 Chipping Goggles ---++ +++ --+++00+> 3 + 106 1-2 Dust Mask sea era sprain oo 107 re ei = 107 1-4 Vibration-proofing Gloves - - saressassmnennnenane IOP » 108 108. 109 “110 2 Chipping » 2-1 Chipping Tools 2.2 Procedures of Chipping 3 Painting = 3-1 Paint oa5 3-2 Preparation for Painting: a 33 Brush Painting 0M a 34 Air Spray Paintings ++ ++++- ++ uw 3-5 Airless Spray Painting <--+- te 3-6 Non-slip Paint on 3-7 Stowing Paint ©++6+++++++ cat3.8 Precautions for Mixing Type Paint +--+ TREE MOORING & UNMOORING 1 Mooring Line 128 1-1 Purpose of Mooring Line 128 1-2 Handling of Mooring Rope 128 1.3 Deck Watch-keeper 129 14 Holdling of Mooring Line +129 1.5 Tonsberg and Mandal Shackles 130 16 Tug Line Handling - 131 2 Anchor Work - 133 241 Procedure of Anchoring (By Hydraulic Oil Driven Windlass) SP 138 22 Procedure of Heaving in Chain and Anchor +9138 23 How to Correct Twisted Chains -++--+++++-205-+6+ “134 244 Painting Shackle Mark of Anchor Chain 136 3 Mooring to Conventional Buoy - BT 341 Tools / Equipments «+--+ ++ 138 3-2 Preparation for Mooring to Buoy » 139 3-3 Implementation of Buoy Mooring ui 3-4 Releasing Buoy Chain » MI 35 Connect Anchor 1 4 Mooring to SBM-~ 142 41 Tools and ereay Needed 42 42 Preparation - OG ees 48 43 Making SBM Rope Fast: +++++¢-2002 200002 00t0etesteettseeeseaseenees 2 143 14 4-4 Unmooring from SBM. 5 Accommodation Ladder + 541 Preparation «~~ aut 6 Greasing Deck Machinery 5 6-1 Grease Gun and Hose «110005060000 0reeeeteeeeeteeeteee craves WORKING ALOFT I Safety Measurers 18 1-1 Precautions on. Working Aloft % : “148 1-2 Check Items « EOD 148 13 Safety Belt and Life Line --- 1g 2 Boatswain's Chair ~ 150 241 Setting see aonna ieammmmsssspoune msn nin cea 150CONTENTS 22 Descending 2 ae » 150 3 Stage Board > on 1 3-1 Setting «++ = 151 3-2 Hanging a 152 PILOT LADDER 1 Required Boarding Arrangements for Pilot “158 2 Emergent Repair of Pilot Ladder ~- “160 2-1 Emergent Step Board « - 160 2.2 Replacement of Step Board - 160 23 Replacement of Side Rope : crstttsant 16D 3 Making a Pilot Ladder “161 34 Preparation »+++++++ +++ 161 B2 Assembling «+01 000cscecstecsrec cr siecetseeenay 162 REPAIR WORKS 1 Cargo and Ballast Valve » “166 1-1 Valve/Valve Shatt Stick - 166 4-2 Gland Packing 167 1.3 Seat Ring of Butterfly Valve 168 2 Emergency Repair of Pipe “171 2+1 Dresser Packing sci 22 Emergency Repair of Pipe Hole «++ ---+-- a 172 3 Air Motor 174 341 Instructions by Manufacture 175 3.2 Disassembling and Assembling 3 175 Faucet sae vmnmieeaiat enacnespavs 476 441 Type of a Faucet» 176 4-2 Structure 4:3 Repair ~ 4-4 Size--~ 4-5 Washbasin 4-6 Flush valve for Sanitary System 179 4-7 Repair of the Shower Tools 180 Be qnrek pele winclnnanss cinawiann cansinesaipinnnnncnptglaiannislsiinietlaeiikies 181 TOOLS Regularly Used on Deck “184Chapter1-1 Structure (D Lay of rope A fiber rope consists of strands made up of from fiber yams twisted and layed into rope form. A strand is made by twisting yarns and a rope is made by twisting strands. There are two types of lay dependant on the ight side direction of twist, Z-lay and S-lay higher S When you see a rope and you can see "Z" SS on the rope as shown in, the rope is called N SS Z-lay rope. On the contrary, when you can see "S" on the rope, it is called a S-lay ‘ Zlay S-lay (2) Length of one lay: Pitch To measure length between top and top of the same strand. Eight-rope(Cross-rope) Soe ee OO DO (3) Diameter (measuring a diameter) To measure length between top and top of the same strand. Fiber rope" - When mm is used, it indicates the diameter of a rope. When inch is used, it indicates the circumference of a rope. @Circumference in inches x 8 + diameter in mm @Diameter (mm) / 8 = circumference in inches Usually when measuring the diameter of a new rope, it is larger than the said standard. (Permissible range is + 7%.) (@If you take a standard 18 mm new rope and measure the diameter, it will show about 19mm. ‘Generally the width of thumbnail of adult is 16mm. ‘® Length of rope: The standard length of a coil of rope is 200 m. (4) Weight of rope Weight of a coil of rope with a diameter of d mm. (formulae for rough calculations) @Manila rope dx 0.15 (Kg) @Wire rope d*x 0.7 (Kg) (5) Strength There are 3 methods of indicating strength; breaking strength, safe working load, testing load. Breaking strength (Metric tons) @Manila rope (D/8)*x 1/3 or C*x 1/3 @Wire rope —_(D/8)*x 2.0 (or 2.5) or Cx 2.0 (or 2.5) D: Diameter, C: Circumference Coefficient of wire rope (2.0 - 2.5) varies with regulations and/or structure of strand. Safe working load is 1/6 of breaking strength. Safe working load shall be 1/10 and less of breaking strength when using it to hoist a Person. (6) Characteristics Friction causes deterioration consequently and reduces the strength. @Different materials. (20mm in Diameter) Manila rope 2.08 0.34 Nylon rope 5.20 0.86 KUREMONA rope 2.70 0.45 Pylon rope | 3.10 [ 0.51 Wire rope 15.60 260PNP a=) Manila | 100% |About 16-20% Nylon rope | 250% | About 40-50 Poly amid | Large expansion Good restoration KUREMONA | 130% |About 25-30 | 1.26 | Poly vinyl | Less tensil rope alcohol _| Heavy Hyzex rope | 130% |About 25-30 | 0.95 | Poly Light and floats in water ethylene Pylen rope | 150% |About 35 0.91 | Poly Lightest, multi-pylon has propylene | 170% of strength ratio Tetron rope | 180% |About 25-30 | 1.38 | Poly ester| Heavy | Synthetic ropes deteriorate less than Manila ropes, they are stronger in comparison, | lighter, more elastic, easier to handle, less slippery and resist flat friction more so. But strength is reduced if acute angles are introduced. 1.2 Rope Type Determined by Lay and Structure @3-stranded rope Z-lay is mainly used on board. This type is no longer used aboard large merchant vessels. Arope is easily kinked when twisted. @8-rope/Cross rope in comparison with 3-stranded rope, this rope is more supple and kinks less and also more flexible. Its strength is comparable to a 3-stranded rope. Different from 3-stranded rope, each strand of cross-rope is differentiated by its twist as S-Lay, Z- Lay. COT + QO, zr 00 om@Double braided rope This rope is easy-handled, good flexibility and less-deformation. Breaking strength is remarkably improved. It is called 'Tafle Rope! or 'Doubler Rope’ by each manufacturer. Strength Almost Same 1.3 times of 3-strands Elastics Almost Same 2/3 of 3-strands Kink Yes Free Free Handling ‘Suppler and easy to handle ‘@Characteristics of 3-stranded rope ‘Once twisted or loosened, it should be removed or reformed, otherwise it will kink. oGQ QS A } When coiling a rope down, do so with its natural form to avoid twisting and /or stress. Z-lay is to be coiled clockwise. COO S-lay is to be coiled anti-clockwise. QQ, ‘1.3 Handling and Stowing Ropes (1) Selection of rope The safe working load of any rope should always be observed, bearing in mind the more it, is used, the more it deteriorates. Ropes used for Bosun's chair, where the safety of life is involved, shall be used exclusively and kept with a tag to avoid being used for other jobs. Proper ropes for the job. Avoid multi-purpose usage. Rope ends should be either whipped with a twine or plastic tape temporarily. Chavier 1 @(2) Stowage Regularly check the condition of the rope when stowed under canvas. Be aware of a humid locations when stowing ropes. Ropes kept on deck for a long time will deteriorate. Keep ropes away from chemicals. (3) How to uncoil new rope There might be many methods to uncoil ropes. But you have to select the correct way to do the job safely and to avoid kinks. For example, it will be a large scale job when we uncoil mooring ropes and wires. And we need to remove twists from 3-strand ropes or wires that are always likely to be twisted. @Coil with a wooden ree! This is suitable for uncoiling mooring ropes wound around a wooden reel. Insert a steel pipe and keep it on a stands, or hoist by crane. | @Non wooden reel @Other than big mooring ropes | Cross timbers and hoist it with a This method is applied when an ordinary | wire sling. size of fiber rope is uncoiled. (Do not use } Steel bands binding the coil should this for wire rope.) be cut after hoisting it. Place the coil so as to put the rope end at the center of the coil at the bottom. Draw the end through the center top.@Pulling by forming knots, bends, hitches 59 (Pulled by doubling each rope) 65 (Pulled by doubling each rope) Akknot reduces the strength to half. Chapter 1 @2-1 Structure (1) Name of each part Hemp core (2) Lay The "ordinary lay" has the lay of the rope opposite to that of the strand. The most standard ropes found on board vessels are those of “ordinary Z-lay"" The Lang's lay rope has the same lay of the rope as that of the strand and has the tendency to unlay and is liable to kink. It is used in places where both rope ends are unlikely to rotate freely or the rope is kept tensioned at all times. It should not be used for general slinging. Gm ZZ wey i, aH N p UZ SSN ) Ey SS YON @Z KS Ordinary Z-lay Ordinary S-lay Lang's Z-lay Lang's S-lay ‘@Cross section Core of each strand There is no fiber core There is no fiber core A strand is used as as well as the core of ina strand. This is ina strand. Wire core the core of rope the wire rope is afiber used for standing is used in the center (homo- centric). Used core mostly on a ship. wire. of mooring wires as as the wire for this is more suitable suspension bridge. for the tension placed ‘on mooring wires. - Q cisvier 1@structure of cross section Of JIS (Japanese Industrial Standard), No.1 to No.28 wire ropes, the follo No.1 to No.6 wire ropes. No.4 wire rope is mostly used for general and marine purposes. figure shows 7- stranded wire, Not 6x7 6 stranded rope with | Standing wire fiber core 12- stranded wire with a 6x12 fiber core, 6 stranded | Running wire rope with fiber core No.2 19- stranded wire, No.3 6x19 6 stranded rope with eee fiber core ee | 24- stranded wire with a Noa — fiber core, ; Standing wire 6 stranded rope with a | Running wire fiber core 30- stranded wire with a fiber core, Standing wire Nob exe 6 stranded rope with a | Running wire fiber core 97- stranded -wire 6x37 6 stranded rope with a | Running wire fiber core No.6Mild wire A S-lay strand consisted of several steel wires and a hemp core. 6 stranded rope with a hemp core. The finer of many steel wires are used for a strand, the easier to handle it becomes. This is used for a running wire. Non-mild wire Asttrand consisted of wire only. The core of the rope is hemp. It is not easy to handle but ‘enough strength, used as standing rope. Seizing wire This is a smalll wire with 7-12 pieces of mild low-carbon wire galvanized. Its diameter is usually up to 5.5mm. (3) Strength @Strength by experiment Although wire ropes are very strong when they are kept straight and gradually pulled, if they are pulled with sharp bends, the strength reduces to half of its original one. I) Strength in a bent condi | Strength in a straight condition x 100% = Strength Ratio @Pulling test Pulling rope around a bend 2 53 6 70 H 10 79 | 14 86 Pulling rope around a sharp bent 53 60 65 120° 70 Pulling when kinked | When kinked, it reduces the ratio by more i than half. When a rope is kinked, it should not be used. O caver 1@Causes of damage ‘@The sheave does not rotate. The groove of sheave has worn out. @The diameter of sheave is too small. @When a kink is formed. ‘@When a rope is bent at sharp angles. ‘When load exceeds than that specitied tor the rope. ‘Above careless handlings and insufficient daily check worsen the condition of ropes, and that lead to serious accidents/injuries. 2.2 Treatment of Wire End (1) Strength by experiment Strength of the treated part Strength of wire rope * 100% = Strength Ratio (2) Methods of treatment Socket metal 100 End of the rope being untwisted is with lead and tin fixed by a socket. Wedge treatment 65 to 70 Pulling load tightens the wedge. Clipping 80 to 85 Treated by pieces of clip. ine Gnnennants ZB SSIS SSS Most common and traditional method on board. The eye spliced portion should be made properly so ‘that each strand may fit comfortably with each other, without any raised part. Rough eye splicing may drast by Es ally decrease the breaking strength Press-ring 100 ‘Squeezed with aluminum alloy sleeve.BEEN a=4 (3) Clip treatment ‘Clips should be correctly fitted and secured sufficiently tightening the nuts. @They should be tightened again after the rope is tensioned. @Arrange and fit U-bolts on the end side of the rope with same intervals. Tighten U-bolt equally. @Gare should be taken so that the number of clips fit may be sufficient. A rule of thumb is about 4 units for 10 to 16mmwire, and 5 units for 20mm wire. @if the U-bolts are fit in the opposite direction, the rope is pressed by the U-bolts, reducing its breaking strength. @Thie mothod is seldom applied for slinge. Correct fitting method Wrong fitting method nininiviiess SIR RON RNs SBY RRS or (4) Press-ring There are 2 methods. Single press ring Double press ring Press ring is applied on a splicing part. Squeezed with a press ring only onto Round shape. Sufficient strength. the rope and its end. Oval shape.22 Handling (1) Tension imposed on wire sling The tension applied to a sling greatly varies, depending on the angle of hosting; the hoisting angle should be less than 60" . att woe? (2) Winding on a wire drum Tension on a wire rope will make it twist in its natural direction. This tendency should be used when stowing on a drum in order to maintain the evenness on it. If it is allowed to twist in the opposite direction it may allow gaps in the drum stowage and cause gaps and crushing, thus reducing its useful life. The first layer serves as the base and guides the following layers to wind on correctly. ‘The winding direction on a mooring winch is decided by the mechanism of its break Winding Z-lay rope on a warping end Direction of wire moving {orefom the twist(3) Criteria of prohibition of using and replacement Wire ropes gradually reduce in strength whilst in use. The same location is likely to be damaged by the drum or heave and they need to be partially cut or tumed end for end. Although it is difficult to set a standard guide to replacement of wires, according to fractured wires, excessive wear, deformation or rot, a rule of thumb is said to be as follows; @Broken wires Referring to the following table, decide whether usable or not, according to the situation of broken wires, i.e., whether concentrated or distributed among all strands of the rope. 6x19 12 wires 5 wires 6x24 15 wires 6 wires 6x37 23 wires: 9 wires @Wear Down When wear down is easily observed visually, you should not use it. If the measured value of the diameter has reduced to below 93% of the nominal one, it should not be put to use again. Measure the diameter from 3 directions at a portion where the diameter has reduced; and the diameter is represented by their arithmetical average. @Deformation Wire ropes which have shown such symptoms as follows should be taken out of use. Wire rope which has kinked. Wire rope whose core has protruded. Wire rope whose strands have loosen and been raised.Prohibition of use of unsuitable wire ropes by safety regulations for cranes, etc. ‘®Wire ropes whose yarns have been broken to 10% of the total number within a pitch. @Wire ropes whose diameter has reduced by 7% or more of nominal one. ‘®Wire ropes which are conspicuously deformed or corroded. @Corrosion When corroded, wire ropes become fragile, their strength dramatically reduces. If only the surface is rusty in red, the rope may be all right; however, if the corrosion has progressed like vermin, such condition requires extreme caution. Even if the wire rope does not have broken yarns or wear out excessively, if strands have dried up, or fiber cores have run of grease, such wire rope should not be used. @Part of end Eye Splices Wire ropes whose strands have started to come out of the eye splice or whose clips have become loosen, should not be used. @Others ®Date of replacement of wires being used for cranes, mooring lines, lifeboats and so on shall be recorded and inspect periodically, so as to find abnormality in early stage. Greasing prolongs the wire ropes life by up to 2 to 3 times compared with no grease. ‘©The most important thing to prevent kinking is to find signs of kinks and prevent them. it is rather belated to notice the internal corrosion in the portion of a wire rope where serving is applied. At portions where waterproof covering is provided, corrosion develops more quickly than one may think, when they run out of grease. (The same care should be required for tumbuckles which are provided with waterproof covering.) ‘Wire ropes sometimes part instantaneously. But in many cases, wire ropes spring back while some of the strands parting and unlayed.HANDLING ROPES While there are many kinds of knots, it is not necessary to learn many of them. It is wise to fearn several types of knots which serve actual purposes and to gain a full knowledge of their advantages and disadvantages through familiarizing with those knots. 3-1 Basie Methods There are 3 categories by name. @A hitch is named when a rope is used to tie it to something. @A knot is named when a rope is used for tying itself or a ring by rope ‘®Bend is named when 2 ropes are connected. (Some of them are called hitch or knot depending on) @Half hitch It is used as a basis of knots and used along with other knots. Itis rarely used alone. @Two-half hitch Itis often used because it is secure and simple, but when taut difficult to open. @Round turn and two half hitch Since the rope under tension can be ab tied without loosening, Lia? It is employed to hang an object from a Gael hand rail, etc. 0 Se The hitch will not shift when another SSC tum is added.@Clove hitch It is extensively used to bind a rope around an object. It is particularly effective when both ends are under even stress. It should be finished with another half hitch when only one end is under load. @Timber hitch This will never work loose when the 1 rope is under tension. When safety is the primary concem as it is not infallible it should not be used. It is important to leave the rope end sufficiently out of the hitch. @Timber and half hitch (log hitch) It is used to hoist a slender and long object. It is convenient to pay out a mooring line to the opposite side of the ship. @Marline hitch It is used to secure the parceling around the eye of a hawser. 6) D) If one point is cut, all of that comes SIN apart. So, it is important to contrive the ry ry direction of the hitch or the hitch itself. CS@Midshipman hitch It is used when a middle of the rope is tied on a hook. It is not slip as far as the rope is loaded steadily, but it is not secure. @F igure of eight knot It looks Overhand Knot. It is easier to || open than overhand knot because of | additional one turn. | @Haress hitch Itis used to pull a middle of a rope, in case of lashing and so on, with making this hitch on the place. @ ciavier 1@Bowline knot Called the king of knots, it is known as the most popular knot on board ships. You should master this knot in order to be able use it easily. Bowline is highly reliable and safe and there is no worry about it working loose or slipping. ‘Even if it is worked taut, it is easy to untie it. @it has many varieties and you can use it extensively. Basics 1 Basics 2 =< IY ASIA D) CS yy iyThis is used to hoist a Spanish bowline man/materials. OK) SANNA od ® @ A chaviert@Manrope knot A Crown knot is tied above the Wall knot. and each strand is led along the Wall knot first then the crown knot. ” N It is used for the end of man- rope for a pilot ladder. 3-4 Useful Knots @Monkey fist This is used for a head of sounding lead. This illustration shows the procedure for 3 rounds. The more turns, the larger size is and materials inside shall be larger. Put materials inside for weight. @Running Turk's head (for decoration, fenders) Itis made by turning a rope around a round material to make a fender. After tying a knot through, tighten it are by one in sequence. SRS WI BY,@Standing turk's head This is a method to tie a knot on a rope. The beginning of the knot is penetrating between strands of the rope. Then make a Wall Knot, Grown Knot accordingly. Ye A @Overhand knot Itis used for a lifeline for a lifeboat. LAR LOND SASS3.5 Treatment of Rope End Method of treating a rope end is decided dependant whether or not the end has been treated. (@Temporary whipping with twine This is used not only for a fiber rope but also for a wire rope. Plastic tape can not be used if the surface of rope is stained with oily material. Sees - Dae SUS + SS(GSS ‘@ Temporary treatement with a plastic tape @Fusion of ends by heat Cut off after binding both sides of cutting (Synthetic Rope ) position with plastic tape sar SSS Whipping All of ends of ropes used for Bosun's chair, painting stage, and so on, shall be treated with this method instead of temporary methods or back splice. Whipped at 2 points is preferable. If a rope is small, itis better to be done by single twine to make the knot small. For a synthetic rope, whipping and fusion by heat is best. Al. B-BESET el aeig =) @Whipping ond of flag line Connecting flag line & end treatment. For connecting a flag line and a hook, after piercing the hook, make a hitch and keep the end 5 cm. Apply whipping at 2 points. @Replacing a flag line When renewing a flag line, connect the old rope. to anew one with twine and cover the joining part with plastic tape. Pull the end of old line so that the new one can pass the mast block. This. enables the renewal of a flag line without climbing the mast or working aloft. Material of a shackle to connect an eye on the mast yard and the flag shackle shall be softer than the one of the eye on the yard to minimize the eye wear down. During navigation and/or a flag line being not used for long time, in order to prevent the middle of flag line worn out, it is a good idea to keep the part of the flag block on the top of the mast. Be sure to check the whole of line before entering port. When hoisting flags or signals, tie each end of the flag line to different place and keep lines ‘separately to prevent entwining. The shackle used as a flag block for a mast yard should be of bronze to prevent abrasion to the eye bolt fitted on the yard. Take care while at sea to prevent the flag line from being chafed by metal fitting. Never forget to check flag lines before entering ports.It is used to bind 2 ropes with a small string such as marine, to attach a thimble on the rope, etc. It is applied for a pilot ladder. @Flat seizing This is used for relatively light work. - - @Round seizing Flat seizing is applied as inside lay and the same with one turn less on outside lay is applie. @Racking seizing To tum twine around 2 ropes with 8-shape several times. Hold the load on one rope and caver @@Seizing for wire rope To split seizing wire into 4:3 so that the finished appearance is better. To separate at both start and finish of a seizing, the seizing wire should be passed through strands. The length of seizing is about twice - three times of size of diameter of the wire rope. @Lashing tripod Tripod can be set up with 3 strong timbers and Flat Seizing or Raking Seizing. The top is bound with Flat Seizing or Raking Seizing. Each bottom part is fixed in three direction. When lashed taut, the legs will not open, and when lashed loosely, it will not serve the purpose. There are two lashing methods. By Racking Selzing ili- By Flat Seizing lil.3-7 Serving Purpose of serving is to protect surface of a rope from being damaged by friction, humidity, etc. It is useful for big wires such as mooring wires. Usually direction of winding is opposite twine of the wire rope. @Beginning of Serving Loosen marline and separate 1:2. After one turn with the marline, on the rope, insert it into strands of the wire. Make the second tum and turn upside and down side, then haul the strands. Make the third turn and haul the marline to bind strands tightly The remaining marline is to be wound on the wire tightening strands without any gap by mallet. @End of Serving When the length is about 5 tums, wind it loosely as shown in the illustration. Insert the end inside the rings and then tighten it, Tighten the marline and loosen strands of the marline, then make a Crown Knot. ‘@Serving for mooring line parceling, serving and worming To worn gaps between tops and bottoms of 3-strand rope with small string. Apply canvas sheet as parceling. Serving with mallet to opposite direction of the rope twi Parcelingmm N TEN ala) @Serving for wire rope When serving is applied after splicing, trim end of strands hitting by a hammer first. Apply grease, wrap with piece of cloth like waste rags, then bind by twine before serving applied, Since a part of splicing is tapered., serving shall be started from the end of splicing ar apply toward the eye, (if the direction is ‘opposite, it will be loosened when it is halted.) It is important to check the wire even if grease is applied. ‘Stay wire covered by plastic wrapping of antenna mast is also to be checked from time to time. Mariine is a kind of hemp rope some having tar applied. Diameter is usually 3mm-4mn being used on board, 38. Knitting Yarns If you prepare pieces of small string by knitting yams of old rope, they will be useful for various occasions such as binding, lashing, etc. There are flat knit, round knit, square knit and so on, Number of yams is various from 3 pieces to 10 pieces. Old manita rope is not available on board, it can be supplied by supplier. @Flat knit with yarns & Twin yarns trom outside to the center alternatively. - > @Flat knit with 4 yarns Start with © inserting the center, then pick ® and insert the center passing under ® pushing @. Insert the most outside one into the center accordingly. Knit with 5 yarns, 7 yarns can be done with the same method inserting the most outside ‘one into the center accordingly.Round knit with 4 yarns Insert © into the center passing under to right and pushing @. Insert ® into the center passing under to left and pushing ®. = > eo @@ O9® ©@ @Squaro knit with 8 yarns Separate 4 and 4 yams. Place @ into the center passing under ta right, between © an Place 2 into the center passing under to left, botween @ and ®. Accordingly, most outside one is placed in the center one by ons. craner QQe osela=s) @Round knit with 6 yarns Separate 3 and 3 yams. Place © in the center passing under, between ® and ®, then under ®. Place @ in the center passing under, between ® and ®, then under ®. Place ® with the same way of @. ©9® 6600 BOO ©@® @60 ® ©®3-9 Block and Tackle Tackle is usually called a combination of blocks and ropes. @Type of block ©Common block (with a rope strap). »Steel band block: A steel band is attached inside or outside of the shell. ‘©Snatch Block: A hinge with a cramp is mounted on the top of the shell to open and shut. in Block: it is called Cargo block, since being used for cargo gears. ‘© Others: Sister block, Violin type block, Swivel hook block, etc. @ Tackle ‘Stationary block changes direction of force and travelling block changes force itself as leverage explains. Load on the travelling block is divided by 3 ropes and required force to pull” is 1/3 of the load on travelling block in the illustration. Resistance by friction is estimated at about 10 per cent of load per sheave. <— Length required —>* 56>! foreye spice, <5 —» 1 Figure shows multiple number. 22. : 22times of rope diameter (2) Untie outer braided cover about 20-30 em from the working end and extract inner braided core. Insert a lead rope into innermost part of inner braided core and the tape extracted part about 15cm. The lead rope needs to be longer than the distance from the end to p« Lead rope Inner braided core Y Outer braided cover (3) Extract the inner braided core from point B. Once the lead rope is extracted from B. Outer braided cover “Inner braided core(4) Take off the tape securing the same to inner braided core. Ensure that the other side of the lead rope remains outside the outer braided cover. i, (ute rei a 6 yoy yy x YY Lead rope \ Inner braided core (5) Lay outer braided cover and inner braided core parallel to each other. Mark pints A and B on inner braided core as shown. Untie the small string on point X. Pull out inner braided core to about 8 times of the rope diameter. Mark A’ and B' on the inner braided core as shown. Loosen outer cover between B and D equally in order to make following inserting easier. A Obtorbraiged cover cD Inner braided coreHANDLING ROPES (6) Extract the fead rope fying outside the outer braided cover from point A. Fix the end of the lead rope to the end of the inner braided core tightly with tape and extract the one from point B. « B Outer braided cover \ Inner braided core (7) Form an eye and extract inner braided core through outer braided cover until point B aligns with point B. Adjust the shape of the eye. Outer braided cover Inner braided core(8) Attach a lead rope to the outer braided cover of the working end and tape tightly. Innerbraided core (9) Thread inner braided core from point B to D with the help of a lead rod. (The lead rod. made with steel or copper wire is quite useful to pull the lead rope. Thread the guide from point D to B and tie the end of the lead rope, then extract the lead rope.) Thread outer braided cover from point B to C with the help of the lead rod. Ensure that the lead rope of the core and the cover do not cross each other.SNe olaroa= (10) Extract the inner braided core and outer braided cover one at a time from point D and C respectively. Adjust the same with a wooden mallet if required. Cut the rest of the ends and conceal the ends after making the splice smooth. Test the eye splice with some tension by mooring winch holding the end on a bit. Seize the spliced part from the eye to the base of the splice. The method begins with 8- figure with twine tightening it by a spike. Then, apply seizing from the end.62. Short Splice-1 (1) Stretch enough length of rope on deck. Mark A and B as shown on the end of both ropes. Point A is 22 times the diameter of the rope from the working end. B is 6 times the diameter from point A. B A End a6 at 22 End A B (22,6 >| 65-2 (2) Open the outer cover of B and mark the inner braid as point (). Extract the part of working end of inner braided core from point B. root ss:Chapter HANDLING ROPES (3) Mark point @ and @ on the extracted inner braided core. @ is marked at 6 times the diameter from (1) and (3) is marked at 28 times the diameter from (2). Mark point C on outer cover. The point is the seventh knitting (one knitting is °Y/), from A. Then mark 6 point every other knitting from point C toward the working end. In order to make a conical shape, cut these 6 point of outer cover and extract some yarns of the working end. Connect lead rope each end as acute as possible. B A B6 Splice for Doubl (4) Insert a lead rope into innermost part of inner braided core using a lead rod. Insert outer cover of between the end and point C into inside of inner braided core of the counterpart from point 2) toward point @). Bind the point (2) of inner braided core and C of outer cover with tape so that the points do not slip. Take off the lead rope and flatten the surface. Lead rod Chapter 1 @ern LEN eno a (5) Insert inner braided core into outer cover of the counterpart. Thread the guide rod from point B toward C and tie the lead rope to pull the lead rope inserting the inner braided core.insert outer cover of befween the end and point C into inside of inner braided core of the counterpart from point 2) toward point (3). Bind the point (2) of inner braided core and C of outer cover with tape so that the points do not slip.(6) Pulling the lead rope together with inner braided core. Take off the lead rope and flatten the surface. o (7) When the inner braided core comes to point @), flatten inserted part.Qe ela ea=} (8) Insert it more. If rope is old, and difficulty is found, then apply liquid soap to help. Continuously insert inner braided core under outer cover of counterpart until each point A meets point B of counterpart. (9)(10) Thread a guide rod from a point of distance of 10 times the diameter of rope. To point B in order to insert and pull the inner braided core. off poinnt B 106 (11) After inserting al of the inner braided core, flatten the splice. Pull by a winch to shape up the splice. (It does not matter if the inner braided core goes deeper into the outer cover.)(12) Cut outside of inner braided core and hide the remaining under the cover. Seize the splice with a small rope about 10-15cm long. Begin with penetrating the rope with a spike to insert the small rope. Seize toward the middle of the splice as shown. The ends of seizing are inserted into the rope. Small rope ‘Small rope6-3 Short Splice-2 (1) Stretch enough length of rope on deck. Mark A, B, C, D as shown on the end of both ropes. Bind a point X of distance of 5 times the diameter from B. DOG xB A End 286 —} 286—) End A Be c oD (2) Open the outer braided cover of B and mark the inner braid as point B Extract the part of working end of inner braided core from point B. Mark point B’on the extracted inner braided core. Take off the rope binding point X. Extract length of 8times of diameter of the rope more from B. Mark B’. Loosen the part between B and D. ‘Connect a lead rope with the extracted inner braded core with tape.PIP chasis} (3) Insert inner braided core under outer braided cover of the counterpart from point A to D. Start with threading a guide rod and connect the end of the lead rope. Pull a lead rod, then the lead rope. (4) Pull the inner braided rope until B' comes to point A. Connect outer braided cover with a lead rope with tape.(5) Insert it from point B to C using a guide rod. Pulling a lead rope to insert the outer braided cover. (6) If it seems to be difficult to insert the outer braided cover, it is a good idea to divide the outer braided cover into 2 and insert.HANDLING ROPES or 1 (7) Pull by a winch to shape up the spl goes deeper into the outer cover.) (8) Cut outside of inner braided core and hide the remaining under the cover. Seize the splice with a small rope about 10-15cm long. Begin with penetrati rope with a spike to insert the small rope. Seize toward the middle of the splice as shown. The ends of seizing are inserted into the rope. theex. — Making splices for a mooring rope in use is carried out in case of emergency. ‘The methods of some splices are described in this chapter but this splice is usually more difficult than doing for a new rope. Because the rope has been become harder. We need at least 3 members and a wider space to accomplish the job effectively.( Diameter of and eye ‘shall be larger than 2.5 meters.) @Splice for mooring hawser (1) Threading a spike is tough. Using various spikes from small to large is recommended to open the compressed strands. Threading becomes tougher as the splicing goes on. (2) As a spike is so slippery against steel deck plate, it is better to prepare a sheet of plywood. (3) After making a splice, pull the rope using a ship's winch and hammer the splicing spot for shape up.mm Chala Splice 5 tucks at least. Lay a sheet of plywood for splicing job to avoid slipping of a spike on a steel plate. 7-1 4:2 Method Cross section is a view from arrow side as shown. | (1) Measure a distance* of approximately 45- 50 om (for 16mm wire) from the working | end of the wire rope and tightly seize the | same. Open the rope so as to separate the individual strands. Clean each strand with a cotton rag. Seize the end of each strand with twine } “differ depending on diamiter of wire Q cieavter 1(2) Make an eye twisting anti-clockwise. The innermost strand of the working end is called © Lift 2 strands of standing end closest to. strand © of working end with spike and insert ©, (3) Lift 3 strands of standing end with spike and insert strand @ of working end, using ‘same insertion point. (4) Turn the complete splice over in order to insert a spike from the back side because it becomes very hard to insert a spike from the top side. (5) Insert the spike from the back side and lift 2 strands of standing end and insert strand @ of working end, using same insertion point. Lift 1 strand of standing end and insert strand @ of working end, using same insertion point. Holding all 6 strands and the core, hit the standing end with a spike, so that. An eye begins to form.ia imi Sa el (6) Before the eye is completed, release the core and hit the standing end till the seized point of ‘the working end touches the standing end. Wind strand ® on to the standing part and tuck the same 5 times. (Note : Wind the strand normally for the 1st tuck, but give ‘the strand a twist for the remaining 4 tucks. This holds good for all 6 strands) (7) Wind strand @ on to the standing part and tuck the same 5 times. Wind strand @ on to the standing part and tuck the same 5 times. (8) Lifting strand © and of the working end, insert the core into the standing end. (9) Wind strand © on to the standing part and tuck the same 5 times. (Be careful not to make a mistake with ©. ® strand is closest to the conjunction part.) 1 @an:(10) Wind strand ® on to the standing part and tuck the same 5 times. (11) Hit the spliced with a spike along the eye so as to bring strand © of the working end parallel to the standing end. Wind strand on to the standing part and tuck the same 5 times. (12) Hit the spliced part of the wire away from the eye to ensure a secure fit Bad example:chal) 7-2 Thimble-Eye Splicing with 3:3 Method Cross section is a view from arrow side as shown. Force of wire returning is quite large because the size of the eye is very small. The bigger the diameter of a rope is, the bigger the force is. A rigger screw is very helpful to control the force during making an eye splice. However, since many ships do not have this tool, using seizing wire is an alternative way. 3-3 method is often employed although both 3-3 and 4-2 methods are available. (1) Measure a distance* of approximately 45- 50cm from the working end of the wire rope and tightly seize the same. Open the rope so as to separate the individual strands. Clean each strand with a cotton rag. Seize the end of each strand with twine. Measure the circumference of the thimble and mark its length on the stand part. ‘differ depending on diamiter of wire @ croviert(2) Insert a spike from the marking point to between © and @. Lift 3 strands of standing end closest to strand ® of working end with spike and insert ® Keep the strand at about a half inserting. First 3 strands are inserted and the other 3 are to be wound. (3) Turn the complete splice over. Lift 2 strands of the standing end with spike and insert strand ® of working end, using same insertion point. Lift 3 strands of standing end and insert strand © of working end, using same insertion point. (4) Holding all 6 strands and the core, hit the standing end with a spike, so that an eye begins to form. When the eye size nearly matches the thimble, insert the thimble, release the core and hit some more. With the thimble fitted into the eye, seize tightly 3 points; the lower part of the same to the wire and hit the standing en upper part of the thimble and standing end; the right upper part of the thimble and hit the standing end. (if the thimble moves inside the eye, the eye is too loose.)NG ROPES (5) Wind strand ® on to the standing part and tuck the same one time. Hit the standing end. (Note : Wind the strand normally for the 1st tuck, but give the strands a twist for the remaining 4 tucks. This holds good for all 6 strands of the working and the standing end) (6) Wind strand @ on to the standing part and tuck the same one time to soften its registance. Hit the standing end. (7) Lifting strand © and @ of the working end, insert the core into the standing end properly (about 20cm} ,and then cut it off. (8) Wind strand @ on to the standing part and tuck the same one time. | Wind strand ® on to the standing part and | tuck the same one time. Wind strand ® on to the standing part and tuck the same one time.(9) Hit the splice with a spike along the eye so as to bring strand ® of the working end parallel to the standing end. Wind strand ® onto the standing part and tuck the same one time. (0) Wind all strands on to the standing part and tuck the same 3 times each. As the last step, separate each stand and tuck the outer half of them into the standing part. (11) Hit the spliced part away from the eye to ensure a secure fit.Sie ie Nha 7-3 Short Splice with 5:1 Method Cross section is a view from arrow side as shown. It is impossible to make a short splice a8 used with a fiber rope. After combining strands, insert strands into the counterpart rope 5 times first. Then insert strands of the counterpart rope. This method is used to make an anchor stopper rope and/or straps. (1) Measure a distance* of approximately 45- 50 om from the working end of the wire rope and tightly seize the same. Open the rope so as to separate the individual strands. Clean each strand with a cotton rag. Seize the end of each strand with twine. Lay both parallel to meet the seizing points. Lift strand of standing rope closest to. strand ® of working rope with spike and insert ©. Keep it about a middle “differ depending on diamiter of wire @ crancer(2) Insert strands "@","@", "@" and "®" in this order. Insertion point is same but outlet is different. (Lit 2 strands of standing rope with spike and insert strand @ of working rope, using the same insertion point. Lift 3 strands of standing rope and insert strand @ of working rope, using the same insertion point, and so on) After 5 strands are finished, holding all 6 strands and the core, hit the standing end with a spike, so that the working end moves closer. Temporarily bind the middle of both ropes. (3) Wind strand © on to the standing part and tuck the same 5 times. (Note : wind the strand normally for the 1st tuck, but give the strand a twist for the remaining 4 tucks. This holds good for al1 6 strands of the working and the standing end) (4) After the first winding, force of rebounding will be reduced. Lift 2 strands and holding hemp core under the spike, turn the spike along strands so that the hemp core is stowed inside the rope for 200m.Eran (5) Wind strand ® on to the standing part and tuck the same 5 times. Wind strand @ on to the standing part and tuck the same 5 times. (6) Insert ® and tuck same as 5 times. The one side is now finished. Hit and flatten. (Bind remaining strands with a rope for safety.) (7) Release the temporary binding rope. Open strands of the other rope. Clean each strand with a cotton rag. Seize the end of each strand with twine.(8) Insert hemp core same as the above. (9) Tuck each strand into the standing part 5 times.si eae Edo 7-4 Basketwork insertion by 5:1 Method Gross section is a view from the eye side. When an splice is required to be un-twisted, this method is more useful. Insert 2 strands together from left-inside to right-outside. There are 5:1 method and 4:2 method. Here 5:1 method is shown. ® © ® | (1) Bind the joined part with a rope. Do the same as previous 5:1 method in the beginning with inserting 5 strands. Wind © strand. © caver(2) Thread a spike from next to the first inserted strand and lift 2 strands. Insert strand from left inside to right outside. (3) Insert ® with the same method. Do same with @,@ ® and ©, (The method of threading a spike as shown.) Chapcer 1 QHANDLING ROPES (4) When insert a spike for @ to lift 2 strands, try to push ® strand outward because the gap has become quite narrow. | (5) Insert all of 6 strands twice. Then insert all | of 6 strands three to five times. (6) Insert all of 6 strands twice. Then insert all of 6 strands three to five times. ‘Make the spliced part into a good shape hitting with a hammer. Cut remaining strands and hit them to flatten the part. ¢7-5 Strand Winding with 4:2 Method (1) Begin with same as 4:2 method. Insert 4 strands (®®@®) and pull them out until untied part cornes out the standing part. (2) Insert a spike one strand left of the first © strand and wind/insert ® from in to out. (3) Insert © as shown. (4) Insert @@@©® with the same method. aoar enol era=3 i (5) Completed the first round of insertion. (6) After finishing 5 times by the same method, shape up the splice and cut off the remaining strands. 7-6 Beget Splice with One Strand Beget splices are frequently used for connecting a wire to winch drum. (1) 2 diagonal strands of a rope are loosened | from the working end. (1.2 -1.5 m length is needed for 16mm diameter wire.) Make an eye with one the strands. Untie one strand of the standing part and wind the other strand of the 2 strands in the untie strand. (Enough length for 5 times of splices is needed.) © ciovier 1(2) After untying and winding for enough length, measure a length for eye splice of the untying strand and cut off the rest of that. Bind temporarily a root of the eye with arope as shown. (3) Cross each strand winding each other. After crossing, wind 5 times each strand with 2-strand winding method. (4) After 5 times, tuck hemp core inside. (8) Seize the root of the eye with seizing wire. Cut off the remaining strands. oh "Crossing parti (omod Nas ‘7-7 Beget Splice with Different Size of Ropes Prepare a small size of wire with length for the eye and twice as long as the spliced part. (1) Open strands of the small rope. Seize with twine. Wipe oil. Two strands next to each other are treated as one strand. Thus one end consists of 8 strands. (2) Lift a strand of the bigger rope. Insert a strand of small rope. thread a spike from the same point and lift 2 strands. Insert the second strand of the emall rope. For the third one, thread from the same point and lift 3 strands. One side is finished. Insert the other working end strands with same method. Start with threading from the stitch of the third strand, (3) All of 6 strands are tucked or wound with 2- strand together 5 times. Hit by hammer and flatten. Seize the big wire. Chapter 17-8 Eye Splice by Flemish Method This method is frequently used on a log ship where a lot of wire slings are used. (1) Begin with marking at length for an eye and splice from the working end. Separate 2 groups of strands opening 3 sets of strand next each other together. Turn anti-clockwise a group with hemp core to cross each other. Wind strands along stitches. (2) Open strands and seize each end with twine. Wipe oil. (3) Lift 2 strands with a spike and tuck hemp core like crushing the hemp core with the spike (4) Wind each strand § times. Chapter 1Chapter HANDLING ROPES (5) Wind 3 strands of the other side 5 times. ‘Shape up with a hammer and cut off the remaining strands. 7-9 Long Splice Long splice is used to connect wires when the part of splice is to be same diameter. The length required for splice is 1000 times the diameter of a rope. } (1) Seizing and marking 4 Lay wires on deck. Mark point "0" as shown and seize beth sides about Som from this mark with yams. this mark with yarns as shawn "@* "@" 0 { 550-600 o> i od ® © Working end SSSSSSS SSN SINS IBS SSNS Working end ®|® | RSNSSSNSSNSNHBSSAIBSSSSSSSSSSS B | 550-600 é Q@ ciaviert(2) Cutting strands Open every other third sirands from the working end to point "®", Cut the other strand remaining and hemp core about 30cm from "®". @ (3) Combining strands Lay 2 wires as shown on deck. Take off seizing of "®" and "®". Untie the shorter strands and wind the longer strands along the ditches. (For example, untie strand and wind strand ®.) Length of untie and winding is said to be 100 times of the diameter of a rope. The order of combination is ; Untie @ and wind ® to 300 times the diameter from the center and cross. Untie ® and wind © to 200 times the diameter from the center and cross. Cut 2 hemp cores and crush them inside.Untie ® and wind © to 100 times the diameter from the center and cross. Do the other side. Untie © and wind © to 900 times the diameter from the center and ‘cross.Untie @ and wind ® to 200 times the diameter from the center and cross.Untie © andwind ® to 100 times the diameter from the center and cross. Cut strands remaining 50 times the diameter. Cut hemp core to keep space the remaining strands tucked. Hit with a hammer to shape up. ®