48/24 THE UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY FACULTY OF ENGINEERING MECH3210 FLUID MECHANICS November 1998 ‘Time allowed: Two hours TOTAL NUMBER OF QUESTIONS - 4 ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS THE QUESTIONS ARE NOT OF EQUAL VALUE (marks shown total 100) ‘THIS EXAM BOOK MAY BE RETAINED BY THE CANDIDATE The following information may be of assistance: Density of water = 1000kg/m?, air =1.23 kg/m* — Volume of sphere = §r° Kinematic viscosity of water at 20°C = 10-'m?/s Air = 1.5 x 10~'m?/s Gravitational acceleration = 9.8m/s? ‘Vapour pressure of water = 1.7KPa 1.46 . 0.074 1700 Z 0p = EBs laminar), Goer (Wren!) Chay — (ranton) U= tRiMsyt =1/2 [va + 8Fr- | R=A/P 4 uw Lu a_i" B= Kupy = S509 a=(3) Prop = UL UP ae SG a = Sete t Hy 80 wg By ag NPSHoveit Fo= Cor 3 Emin = pe48/24 Semester 2 Page 1 of 3 1 (25 marks) (a) (i) Define the term ‘critical depth’ as applied to free surface flow in a rectangular channel. (ii) Why is critical depth an important quantity in the analysis of open channel flow. (b) Uniform flow at a depth of 1.5m occurs in a long rectangular channel of 3m width, having a Mannings n of 0.015 and laid on a slope of 0.001. Calculate (i) the minimum height of hump which can be built in the floor of the channel to produce critical depth. (ii) the maximum width of contraction which can cause critical depth. (c) On a sketch show the energy line and flow depth for cases (x) aud (b) for the flow upstream, passing through the hump/contraction and down- stream. 2 (20 marks) ‘A tethered weather balloon of 2.0m diameter is being used to take meteorolog- ical measurements. The weight of the balloon and meteorological equipment is 1.5kg. The balloon is filled with helium having a density of 0.18kg/m°. How much cable would be needed between the ground and the balloon if the measurements are to be made at 15m above the ground in a wind blowing at 8m/s horizontally. You may assume that the weight and drag of the tethering cable are negligible and that the balloon is stationary at the time of the measurements being taken.48/24 Semester 2 Page 2 of 3 3 (30 marks) (a) Tests on a centrifugal pump showed that at the design discharge of 0.03m°/s of water at 15°C a net positive suction head of 3m was required to pre- vent cavitation. Determine the maximum elevation of this pump above the water level in a sump from which it is required to pump U.U3m°/s of water at 15°C if cavitation is to be avoided at this discharge. Length of 100mm ID galvanised stee! suction line=20m (regardless of the elevation of the pump) Atmospheric pressure = 101kPa. Neglect. minor losses in the suction line. ‘Assume a pipe friction factor f = 0.02. (b) The pump in the sketch below is to deliver 110 litres/s to the outlet at elevation 165m and 220 litres/s tu the upper reservoir. Calculate pump power and required diameter of the 300m pipe. Elevations are in metres. (c) Describe at least four steps that can be taken to mitigate against air entrainment at the at the inlet of a suction pipe with the entrance located in a sump with a free surface.48/24 Semester 2 Page 3 of 3 4 (25 marks) (a) A wind velocity of 12m/s is recorded at a height of 15m. If the boundary layer due to this wind is 80m thick, what would be the wind velocity at a height of Im. (b) Sketch the structure of the boundary layer over a cylinder at high Reynolds number. Your sketch should show stream lines, pressure variation and the different regions of the boundary layer should be clearly labelled. (c) The included graph shows the drag coefficient for along cylinder with axis normal to a steady non-turbulent approach flow of a real incompressible fluid. Explain the mechanism which causes Uke drag coefficient to reduce suddenly at Reynolds number = 2 x 105.