a TRANSISTOR APPLICATIONS More than 50 Practical Circuits using RAYTHEON CK722 TRANSISTORS. Complete How-To-Do-It Instructions, ~ PRICE 50¢CauroRmia: sree THE HOME OF RAYTHEON TRANSISTORS This multimillion dollar plant is the largest in the world devoted exclusively to the production of semiconductors. Three times the size of former facilities it meets the demand for Raytheon Transistors brought about by Raytheon leadership in transistor design and development. Raytheon produced the first commercial transistors for hearing aids — the transistors that have revolutionized the hearing aid industry. In the computer industry and in the newest and finest portable and automobile radios the new Raytheon RF Transistors are proving equally valuable and important. Today, there are several million Raytheor Transistors in use — More In Use Than All Other Makes CombinedTRANSISTOR APPLICATIONS This book is a practical guide to the fascinating new world of Tran- sistors, prepared especially for the interest and enjoyment of engineers, ins and hobbyists who have been eager to experiment with techni Transistor circuits. It fills the need for a source of circwits that will help the builder to study the many facets of Transistors — their properties, performance and adaptability. Emphasis has been placed on practical applications. Basic Téansistor theory is discussed in many of the articles, such as the article, “Build This Transistor Receiver” on page 3. It contains a wide variety of cuit diagrams plus detailed procedures and parts lists to assist the builder in every step. Raytheon Transistors and other components needed for these projects, are available through Raytheon tube suppliers who can lend valuable assistance in many ways. ‘A treat deal of information contained in this Raythcon Transistor Book has been made {vallable through the courtesy of two leadiag Publications ia the cectronies field —— Ranro-Eurcraontes and Rano anp Tetevision News. We wish to express our sincere appreciation to them for their cooperation. Gredit is accorded RapiosExacrnonice Tor the articles originating on pases 7, 91, 22, 35°29, 31, 95, 51, 43, 52, 39, Ol, 65, 15, 15 T7y 51, 98, 97, 9, 100 and ihe ailes ‘Transitor Dot Maket”‘on page 80, “Transistor Oxillator Powered by Light™ on page 36 and "Note Generator” on page 100. Credit i accorded Ranto. ann Traxvision Nava for the anicles on pages 3, 12,15, 15, 19, 24, 29, 38, 38, Air 45, 56, 61, 85, 05, 87, 89 and. the ‘tices “Trantstor Oseliator"’on ‘page, 38) “Trannisior’ Wireless "Nike" ‘on page’ 80 und "A ‘Transator Brdge Nall Detector of page 100.TABLE OF CONTENTS Build This Transistor Receiver Regenerative Traasistor Receiver Transistor Regenerative Receiver Transistor Radio Uses No Power Supply Transistorize Your Audio Amplifiers A Transistor Vibration Amplifier Transistor Guitar Amplifier The Transistor D.C, Amplifier Low Noise Transistor Preamplifier Transistor Clipper Amplifier A Transistor Phase Inverter Build This Transiceor Hearing Aid A Transistorized Audio Oscillator Junction Transistors for High Frequency Oscillators ‘Transistor Toy Oscillator Transistor Phono Oxcillator A Subminiature Code Practice Oscillator ‘Transistor Oscillator Produces Subharmonics Transistor Oscillator is Powered by Light ‘Transistor Oscillator IE-RF Crystal Oscillator Uses Junction Transistor Miniature Audio Frequency Test Oscillator A Universal Counter ‘Transistor Operated Photoccll Relay Transistor Control Relay A Transistor Timer Radio Control Cireuie A Self-Powered Transistor GW Monitor Transistor Keying Monitor A Transistorized Audio Filter for Amatcur Reception .. ‘Transistor Band Spotter ‘Transistor-Varistor Modulator ‘Transistor AM Test Oxcillator Heterodyne Frequency Meter Uses Pair of Transistors ‘A General Purpose Transistor Voltmeter Miniature Audio Frequency Meter Transistor Audio Frequency and Voltage Standard Transistorieed Voltmeter Pistol Grip Signal Tracer Demonstration Transistor Circuits ‘Transistor Wireless “Mike™ ‘Transistor Dot Maker A Transistor Metronome ‘A Transistorized Applause Meter ransistorized Moisture. Detector A Transistor “Electric Organ” A Transistor Sine-Wave Clipper Two Transistorized Metal Locators jransistorized Commercial Killer Electronic’ Headphone A Transistorized Geiger Gounter ‘A Transistor Bridge Null Detector Noise Gencrator TECHNICAL DATA oK721 CK722 oK727 Pertinent Data on Other Raytheon Transistors Pestinent Data on Raythcon Semiconductor Diodes inside back cover 0 100 107 10 113 116BUILD THIS TRANSISTOR RECEIVER By ROBERT K. DIXON Receiving Tube Division Reytheon Moaulacturing Company ‘was first announced. Since that Xme, a considerable amount of ef- fort has gone into the design and pro- duction of transistors and much has been written about them. ‘Transistors are semiconductor de- vices capable of acting as amplifiers, oscillators, and performing other fune- tions now performed by vacuum tubes land with greater efficiency. ‘The basic ‘material in most transistors today is germanium and the devices are made in two different types: the point con- tact, which was the original, and the junction. "A. semiconductor is any material which is neither @ good conductor nor 4 good insulator, thus its name. Ger- anium has a simple atomic structure With the interatomic spacings in the crystals forming relatively straight corridors or paths. The basic lattice of the crystal has eight atoms per cell, four of which form the corners of @ small cube while the other four are wholly within the cube. ‘There are relatively large spaces between the atoms. In this pure form germanium is basically a stable material and does not exhibit @ surplus or deficiency of electrons, ‘By the introduction of certain se- lected elements, the germanium can bbe made to exhibit an excess of elec trons and thus become a negative oF Sq type material, or by the introdue- tion of other impurities or chemical elements there may be a deficiency of electrons and the material will be con- sidered a positive or “z” type material If electtical pressure is applied to a piece of “n” type germanium material, current flow will exist by virtue of the free electrons existing therein. Sim larly, if electrical foree is applied to the positive type material, conduction appears by virtue of the phenomenon re tour years ago, the transistor called hole conduction, The applica ton of electrical potential causes elec trons to move from the negative and toward the positive end, the presence of holes facilitating the electron flow. ‘The point-contact transistor censists la more miportant to famierie Uneseif with The denon and. fmuation® oP tlasttors Ninisarteation We then or foo ditt task ‘of a Block oF erystal of material such ‘as germanium with two properly spaced. pointed electrodes making contact with the surface of the germanium. In many respects, it resembles the well-known crystal diode with the exception of ‘the additional electrode. During manu- facturing, the position of the two point contact electrodes (including the rela- tive spacing of these elements) is ad- Justed for proper operation of the twansistor as an amplifying device, ig. 1. Iaternal construct Polat contact and (8) functor Overt iow of he (Srpsrimental broad Son receiver. AL tough two tamale {ore were ted tho The basic block of germanium is normally “n” type in the point-contact device. ‘Small areas of the germanium adjacent to the pointed electrodes are converted to “p” type material during production. (See Fig. 1A.) Junction. transistors consist of a block of material in which “"n” and “p” type materials are arranged alternate layers. The end sections can be either “n” or “p” material with the center zone being the opposite type. (See Fig. 18) ‘The point-contact transistor. finds wide application in switching elrcults and oscillator circuits at frequencies normally not. possible with the junc tion type units, ‘The point-contact transistor has inherently ‘higher noise output than the junction units. "The junction transistor, on the other hand, {sa more efficient. amplifier ‘while operating at Tow voltages. ‘They are extremely rugged and have excep- tlonally long life. The normal nolse Voltage generated In a junction type is lower than that of the point-contact type transistor. Since the electrons travel somewhat slower through the germanium material in transistors than in a vacuum and due to the high Internal capacities of junction transis- tors as we know them today, opera- tion is normally limited to the lower frequencies. This article deals with a “pn junction transistor recently announced by the Raytheon Manufacturing Com-et CASE: Plastic ard Sloss ‘BASE: None (0016" Unned foals leads MOUNTING PoStTION: Any ELECTRICAL DATA ‘RATINGSABSOLUTE MAXIMUM VALUES: eligeee Carre a + ears: 1000 ob Load 20,009 se 3 RS rae C1 ne te cecee Table 1. ala on the Rayibeor pany, Wentified as the CK122. The Characteristics and ratings of the CK722 are shown in Table 1. It is, extremely rugged and when operated fat normal ratings bas exceptionally Jong lite. Basically, the “p--p" junction tran- sistor may be compared to the vacuum tube with the emitter resembling. the cathode, the base resembling the grid, land the collector resembling the plate, ‘There are several basic’ differences, however, which are outstanding. In the “pnp” junction transistor, Mig, 8. Equivalent raphe circuits, (A) Graphic eymbet of CK722 “pnp” Junctlon trom Fig. 2. Microphone preampliers using Wanslstor, (A) grounded bate) etounded fem, and (C) 2 two-stage, tronslormercoupled ampliie (MECHANICAL DATA, vee caegetemrtim rem fe I [AVERAGE GAIN CHARACTENSTICS GROUNDED EMITTER: (a 90°C) or equiva ‘Bee tox for dotalle (CK22 germanium junction Wwansiter, conduction is accomplished in a solid instead of in a vacuum. ‘The eollector 4s operated with a negative bias in stead of the customary positive volt- ‘age applied to the plate. “Another out Standing difference lies in the input Impedance. “The vacuum tube has almost Infinite input impedance over considerable range of frequencies. ‘The transistor, on the other hand, 15 a current-operated device and has a rather low input impedance in. the {grounded base or grounded emitter @onnection which Is analogous to the ‘rounded grid and grounded catheie {ype ampiifiers. ‘The graphic symbol for the “perp junction transistor is shown in Fig. 3. Since the transistor Is a three-terminal device, several combinations of ‘con nections may be used, namely, the Brounded emitter, the grounded ‘base, and the grounded collector. Fig. 5 is.a typical set of characteris- fe collector curves for the CK722. ‘Those curves may be compared to the plate characteristics of a pentode am- plifler. except that instead of grid Voltage We use various values of base ‘current. A Joad fine of 1000 ohms has been drawn in and examination of the curve will show that operation is linear over almost the full range from zero to maximum collector current. ‘The slow increase In collector current with increasing collector voltage at any fixed value of base current is typleal of junction transistors and is indicative of the high collector resist: ‘An additiona? characteristic whieh fs itt Known but of considerable im- portance is the "Zener" effect. Tt the transistor is operated with positive base current so that normally there is no collector current, the collector volt- lage can be increased to a point where conduction will occur. This is ‘the “Zener” point and may be an import= ant consideration in operation of tran- sistors. "Zener" current fowing Gur ing the pea ac. voltage cycle could cause excessive limiting and conse- quent high distortion in an amplifier. ‘Many applications for the CK722 junction ‘transistor will become ap- arent to the experimenter. Since Junction ‘transistors had up to now been available on only a limited basis, very little application and elreult work has been done. "Three basic type circuits immediate~ ly suggest. themselves. These are: Switching cireults, oscillator elreuits, and amplifier eireults ‘We shall discuss in some detail, the CK722 as a small-signal, low-voltage amplifier. ‘The small size and relatively high ficiency at “low operating voltage ‘coupled with the absence of any heater Voltage make the transistor Ideally suited for preamplifier use. A further advantage is the fact that transistors fare not microphonie, thus no special precautions in mounting "need be taken, Fig. 2 includes several suggested cir- eults for transistors used. as micro Phone preamplifiers. The microphone 2. 1) Common bare amplifier, wit low In. ‘il Impedance and high cxiput impedance, Requires two batteries. (€) Common amie cvcat having medium Input impedance ond gh output impedance, Peemite Dbaltery operation. (D) Co a aQie = mn collector with high Input impedance and low output impedance. Ear]2 small 2 or 3 inch dynamic Notice that itis directly "ed to. the transistor without ‘So impedance matching trans vith a voice coil Impedance Echms and with R adjusted for a SLJe=7> current of 100 microamperes, 22" ccnsitieity: Will be approximately. to a good carbon mike with ster Adelity and less. noise of Fig. 2B may be used to [Fite the need of a tapped battery, © the gain will be slightly less. is shielded enble is required, a ‘mer should be used. instead Stor load in the collector of stor as in Fig. 2B. ‘This can all plate-to-line transformer '500 ohms impedance, othe operating current is ery life is good. The supply Transistor canbe obtained sche standard high voltage plate of the amplifier and, in fact, s cseuit has the advantage of sup” J more constant current to the The important factors in fe cureults are the low input im- nce of the emitter, on the order S‘ohins with the grounded. hase rection, and the high outpat im= se at the collector, on the order ‘000 ohms. With grounded emi. nsetion, the input impedance of ase is a function of other operat- =z parameters sono value can be ral stages of transistor amp can be caseaded and the use of ing transformers will assure Sax mum gain, Plate-to-line trans Scere may be used as showin in Fig Resistance coupling can be used sith some loss in gain (approxi Sately 6 db). Large coupling conden. sors Must be used to obtain good low ieney response because of the low dango levels. Push-pull operation of transistors is ‘irely feasible. permitting greater coser dissipation. with consequent eater power output, Class A operat 2 efficiencies on the order of 30 per= 1 are obtainable while class B oer= efficiencies to nearly 80 per-cent © possible. Matehed units should be ‘in this application and degenera- can be applied to Improve per Tre audio amplifier type operation 42 itself admirably. to av simple east receiver. To investigate this Pucation more thoroughly. stich a cesar has been built. For those ed in duplicating ‘ie, a deserip= Transistor Receiver or two transistors may he used ss receiver (Fig. 4). The rst zed as a detector/ampliter, nd transistor is connected as ied emitter amplifier, first unit is eapable of deliver adequate earphone Volume so that re second stage can be eliminated it s desired 0 reduce the cost of the eceiner. Although the experimental Pecelver shown has been’ built on Fhe eed Sb Ls ylie—Perene 365 afd cond. (1.6.4. 2334) i Dect soit (Sone 82 —modifed =I Hisense i} “SER AR Onto nh te be conned to 81 Sor metal, obviously it could be built use Ing a’ wooden ease Without affecting its performance. In the Boston area where this re- ceiver has been operated. the two tuned circuits have given more than adequate selectivity to separate the local stations. An antenna of 50 feet and a good ground made possible re- ception of station: over approximately 2 15 mile radius. The importance of a food antenna and ground, particularly In_an area somewhat remote from high power broadcast stations, cannot be overemphasized ‘The two cireuits are coupled through ‘mutual coupling existing by physical: Ty placing the eoils close together. one inch» separation center-to-center Is recommended. ‘The detector coll must bbe modified to connect to the transis= tor detector/amplifier. ‘The antenna foil portion of the Alerit. type 382 should be carefully removed. Tt ean be slid off the end of the form without damage to the coils after unsoldering the leads. The wire from this antenna coll may be used to scramble wind 50 (Overall view of the experimental tansstorrecelv ingle unit may be used W desied. See tex. Fig. 8. 1/8; /ly curves lor the CR722, turns on the 382 form, tight against the first piof the tuning coll. (See Fig. 4). ‘Thie detector coil can be ce- mented in place with a good coil dope, such as Amphenot 912 ‘The amplifier is connected In the ‘rounded emitter type cireuit. The ad- Vantages of this circuit are. that only fone battery is required and that it has higher input Impedance than the showing aceostory headphones( grounded base circult. The value of Ry should be chosen so that ‘the col- lector eurrent is about 1 milliampere ‘The collector current of the detector/ amplifier transistor will depend on the strength of the received signal but will average about 200 microamperes with a strong signal, Battery life with only one transis. tor will probably equal the shelf life of the battery. With two transistors. the Life will depend on average hourly use Dut should be at least 100 hours for two penlight type cells. ‘It magnetic phones are used, they may be connected directly inthe col- lector of elther transistor. "Low Im- Under chassis view of the tansstor recelvor desi pedance phones or a speaker will re- Quire the use of a matching. trans- former. A load impedance of 2000 ‘ohims in the output stage is correct for the voltage and current indicated ‘Alignment Is perfectly’ straightfor~ ward but should be done carefully in ‘order to realize maximum sensitivity. ‘Any ood service oscillator of signals from ‘broadcast stations may be used to accomplish the alignment. The col- lector current of the first transistor {5 a good indication of resonance. The Parallel trimmers are used to line the Set up on the high frequency end and the slugs on the low frequency end. ‘The output power of this receiver is about 15 milliwatts and is sumelent for adequate earphone volume. An ef- ficient speaker can be connected to the output circuit and adequate volume will be obtained in a quiet location. However, the addition of a class B output stage to drive the loudspeaker Is recommended. ‘The receiver, as originally built and fas shown inthe photos, included a CicT05 germanium rectifier and sev- eral parts associated with this rectl- fier. The junction transiStors were used as straight audio amplifiers. Tests, proved that the diode was not essen- tial and in fact provided no advantage, s0 the recelver has been modified to the citcult of Fig. 4 snuioerarsy wanclign Piaitiatoras! nadlorbicclvome Bae Ss Ag GY kaOTO Fae le, Dr ltr oy tonne ant iil?" aha ictus eat CHET Alera sek Togggdino of the 1RB, Vol. 50, Novem od oround the CK722 transise.per "REGENERATIVE TRANSISTOR _ my RECEIVER ae This sensitive and selective HIS compact regenerative receiver hes given more than ample ear- Phone volume on broadcast sta- Fone located several hundred miles azay. When used with a 60-foot outside rng, stations well beyond 1,000 jes have been repeatedly heard right ‘ough the numerous superpowered N.Y. C. locals. This indieates its sensic Evry and selectivity. The receiver rakes a reliable receptor for emer- gency use during power failure should {S sudden air attack occur. Thoth built for use with earphones, many of the focal Broadcasting stations ean be re ‘cited at moderate room volume on a Hiunch PM speaker with a suitable matching twansformer. Construction |A black bakelite meter case was used for the eabinet, the outside dimersions being 3.75 x 6.25 x 2 inches. ‘The set {s built within the cabinet rather than ‘on @ separate panel. This construction ‘Simplifies the ‘assembly and permits ‘mounting the smaller components 00 tile shelf directly above the trimmer ‘Capacitor. This small variable capacitor fhe regeneration control and provides the necessary capacitance feedback for ‘oscillation, ‘The shelf is suspended by small-sized L-brackets, very easily ate tached by hex nuts to the projecting machine screws that hold the dial plates {in position on the front of the panel. This idea works nicely and eliminates the filling of extra holes in the eab- Inet ‘The circuit is a standard grounded- emitter type with the first transistor unit contains regenerative detector and audio amplifier By DR. WILLIAM H. GRACE, JR. acting as a regenerative detector and he “second asa. transformer-coupled faudio amplifier (Fig. 1). Both trans tors are Taytheon junction type CK 722, ‘that operate satisfactorily on only 4.5 volts, ‘Crystal triodes are durable and have 4 long life if reasonable precautions are taken to prevent burnouts. ‘The neg tive side of the battery must be con: nected to the collectors as. indicated inthe diagram, ‘The ‘antenna requirements of any practical emergency receiver must be exible, Thus, two separate ‘antenna connections have been provided. On the left side of the cabinet are 3 phone-tip Jacks. The two nearest the rear are for Antenna ‘connections, the third is for ground. In series with J and the main, tuning ‘capacitor (C3), is Cl, one of the antenna coupling capacitors. ‘The ‘1 eonnection is used only with a short, 20. or 25-foot antenna, plus a ground connection. It is often’ possible to ob- tain good results with J1 connected to the shell of a floor lamp or table Inmp, the shell of a telephone box, or to one side of an ac. outlet. No ground con- nection is made if any of the above antenna substitutes are used. This pre- caution. fs necessary because of thes possibility of a short in C1. There will be only a very slight losa in volume by so doing. Capacitor C2 is in series with ‘JB; this connection is used when = longer outside antenna (60 to 100 feet) is available, Two 3-foot lengths of flex- ible wire, phone tips at one end and alligator clips at the other, furnish the actual connection from sot to antenna 7 and ground. Of course, the grentest vol- tume and best dx will be obtained with fan efficient outside antenna as high Above ground as possible Inductor L1 is a'standard Ferri Loop- sti coil; and L2 Is approximately S turns of No. 30 enamel. wire, wound directly over the cardboard covering of the Ferri coil. The constructor should experiment vith a greater or lesser number of turns on L2. In general, a few turns more than 5 will give greater volume and less selectivity, while fewer turns result’ in slightly” lessened vole lume but inereased selectivity. Inciden- tally, if oscillation is not obtained, re- verse the leads to L2; this is the same as reversing the leads to the tickler coil in a rogenerative tube receiver, The coil is mounted in the upper right-hand cor ner of the cabinet, rear view. The pro jecting dial plate screw again becomes ‘reful The choke prevents r. from entering the audio cireuit. Smooth regeneration ‘will not take place if this choke is ‘omitted. 1 found it convenient to mount the choke on the under side of the shelf Just to the Tight of the trimmer capacl- tor. ‘The audio transformer is connected backward, that is, the high impedance ‘winding is in the collector cireuit, This fs done to satisty the impedance re- quirements of the transistors which can be considered to be opposite to tube friodes in respect to input and oxtput impedances. The colored _ wire leads shown in the diagram are for the UTC type SS0-2 subsubouncer transformer. In conventional citeuits. usiog trans:Internal view The transistors: are near the ends of the mounting, strip. former coupling with transistors, @ base resistor is indicated from the base to the minus side of with the particular C! ase no advantage seemed to be gained, The builder should experiment with this connection. The exact value of this ve sistor can best be found by test; aity ‘value between 220,000 ohms and 2 mies ohms may prove suitable Both transistors, C5 and C6, and the audio transformer were mounted reetly on the shelf. Capacitor Cb could well be of greater value, but the value Suggested does work satisfactorily. If Detter base response is desired, shunt this eapaciter with one of equal value The objection to using a larger value, say 5 af ie that the actual physical size of ‘sach a eapacitor prevents gut- ting it into the cabinet. The battery switch and the phone output jacks are mounted at the right Side ofthe cabinet, front. view. Any type of battery switeh may be wseds a sliling type was chosen because it hap- pened to be at hand. It is & good pre: Saution to mount the switch so that the ON position Js as obvious as. possible, In this way there will be less chance of forgetting to turn off the set, ‘The battery requirements of this re- ceiver are easily met by a penllte eels The calle are taped together edgewise, connected in series to furnish 4.5 volte ‘The minus lead from the battery goes to one switeh terminal, the positive lead to ground. The cells are soldered, as far as their leads are concern directly into the eireuit since they will seldom need replacement because of the oom very low currunt drain of the two tran- Sistors, The total drain for” both transistors is about 1 mia, hence the cells should last almost thei ‘normel Shelf life with average use. A conven- ent way to atiehor the eels is with two mote L brackets fastened again to the vo projecting machine screws from the dial plates. Small pieces of folded cardboard wedge the three eels pre- vent then from slipping sideways, Capacitor C3 is a miniature 305-pat tuning eapacitor. A standard broadeast ‘capacitor could be used, but I found the Smaller one easier to mount, Operation With only tivo controls the operation of the receiver is simplicity itself. The left-hand knob controls the frequency the vightchand knob controls the vole ume, by varying the degree of feedback. Tis comparable to the operation of any other regenerative-type of tuner. No bother volume control was used in the clveuit. If still greater volume is re fquived it would ‘be an easy matter to dda second stage of audio ampliiea tion. In this case a separate volume conteol would be necessary, and space fon the front of the cabinet has been provided for this control just between the ewo dis! plates. Regeneration Failure to obtain regenevation may be due, in the majority of instances, to incorréet coil conncetions. Fig. 2 shows the exact method of connecting Li and L2. If there is any doubt as to which if the start of the winding on the Perv 9 Fig. 1—Schematie of the 2-transistor radi 8 Circuit is grounded-emitter. a LLoopstick and which is the ending, the following may prove helpful. Using a sharp knife, remove the cardboard eov- ering. protecting the coil winding. The Starting and ending Iead will now be visible, Cave must be taken in doing This, oF the coll winding: will be dam aged. ‘Another common cause of failure to obtain regeneration is due to the actoal variation In the transistors themselyes. Some CK722"s are good oscillators and ood vectifiers, others are not as ef- tient ae detectors, and still others do hot seer to oscillate or regenerate at fall, Fortunately, a large percentage of those ‘tested perform. very well. We should realize that these transistors were not designed for regenerative pur poses. CK722 transistors were built az low-power audio amplifiers and are for Iow-frequency purposes. However, they will work very nicely ever most of the broadeast band as ¥-f. Yectifrs, When 1 particularly good one is found it acts fs a very sefsitive detector just at the point of oselation. In fact, when oper ‘ted unger the conditions described the sensitivity is remarkable and regener- ation is fairy stable. ‘About the only other common or Hke= ly cause for lack of regeneration is a sgross ervor in the elrcuit hookup. Worn- ut dry cells will sleo produce poor re- sults. This veceiver is very simple to con- struct, using the minimum number of parts and but two transistors, Tt will rove an interesting introduction to the transistor Mleld for anybody Interested Se oe "i J Fig. 2—Diagram of L1-L2 connection, in these modern devices. The pexform- nce of this little 4ig proved ample ve ward for the few hours needed for Its assembly. ENDTransistor REGENERATIVE Receiver By EDWIN BOHR NOTE Use of a CK 705 anim Diode in the INS 1 reconmmended Simple eransiator radios with- regeneration are just erystal + followed by audio amplifica- is a0 rf, amplifieation, and and selectivity are always Contrast, the rogenerator has ‘>and sharp selectivity, or your friends may have at- ‘to bulld a transistor regenera found it did not work. Severs! © make the design of a workable tor regenerator different from ametube equivalent. he transistor must be able to ofeillation throughout the roadsast Yond. Whether of not bbe done successfully depends he design of the feedback and “he eireuite, Unlike vacuum-tube os- s, transistor oscillators are not crently selfstarting. “Tubes draw Se "carrent when they” are first ed on and shock their cireuits into Jon, ‘The transistor cireuit nnust Eeve. starting. features. built into. it Schermore, the transistor must be Ste de. stable or it may lock itself a condition of inopereion. ig. 1 i the successful regenerative Sistor eireuit, Feedback le from eol- “or to emitter. ‘The emitter circuit dance is very low, unsuitable for a Fsvallel-tuned eireuit. This ig the rea- Sin the tuning capacitor and coil are Fiseed in the collector elreuit, Here the pedance is moderately high. The coler winding feeds the emitter ‘ith tubes, detection or demodula- takes place in the tube. The grid ESENERATION “soups up" the ‘ixformance of transistor recei¥~ aoe Tae oP Fig. 1—Regenerative transistor cireuit, Single-transistor re- ceiver features high gain and sharp selectivity 4nd components are mounted on a bake: Tite chase Center, with only t40 onto operation i simple. Low current drain insures. long battery life. Right, layout of the Fepenerative re- Celver. Mounting Strips permiteat ar rangement of parts, ectifies the rf, charging a grid-lesk feapaeitor. The Voltage across the grid- Teak follows the mogslation, placing. en audio signal on the grid. Untortenately, this seheme of things will not work with the jonction transistor. ‘The reason it does not work is simple, ‘To cause enough collector ‘current. to flow for rf,-oscillation, the emitter TRANSISTOR SOCKET REGEN, mee ae FARPIONE. TERUINALS Woe BATTERY LEADS must have « constant bias earrent flow- ing through it. This emitter-current flow ruins the emitter's effectivencss as 1 detector-rectifer. This means the sig- ‘nal must be detected by something other than the tranzistor. The problem of al- owing the transistor 19. oscillate and still detect the signal can be solved by fusing @ separate reetifer (aIN34).Let us get 2 complete picture of the circuit operation by following an rf Signal through the detector. The signal, arriving from the antenna, is fed into 12 by transformer action from LI. The signal then passes through C4. ‘This capacitor prevents the dic. emitter bias from shorting to ground through the tickler coil “(L2), Tt also. blocks the audio signal that will be developed by the IN34. Ct and R1 provide an action without whieh most transistors will not oscillate past a frequency of 600 oF ‘700 kilocyetes, From C4 the rf. flows both to the IN34 and to the emitter, The r.f. choke RFC prevents the rf. signal from hy passing to ground. The rf that reaches {the emitter is amplified in the transistor and is fed back Into Li. This feedback fives rf. amplification by reducing the Fi resistance of the tuning cireuit, Part of the rf. signal reaches the N34 and is rectified by it and charges C5. The charge on C5 then varies with the modulation ‘frequency and ampli tude. This audio voltage flows exsily through the rf. choke (RFC) and raries the emitter current. From here, it is amplified in the transistor, "flows through the tuned cireuit and into the ‘earphones. ‘Some will ask why the 25,4 capacitor (C5) does, not shunt all the audio to ground. ‘The answer is the low ime pelance of the emitter. For all but the very highest audio frequencies, the emitter impedance ia_lower than’ the Shunt reactance of C5. Therefore the femitter absorbs the audio power. Ex: periment will bear this out. Try low Values for CS—say .05 to 0.5 af-—and the audio ammplifcation will be very low. ‘The same thing results ifthe INS is disconnected. Without the INS4 reetifer, detection will take place only with the regeneration control fotated sll the way to ground. Then the Set will not regenerate Potentiometer R2, in the base cir cuit, controls the emitter bias and wf, frais, Capacitor C6 bypasses audio and Ee around. the potentiometer. Here 25 wf fa a good bypass value because of the higher impedance of the base Capacitor C2 isolates the battery voltage from the - tuning-capacitor plates. Construction The small size of the transistor and its socket makes wiring difficult. Two ‘wires are about all that can be soldered to the tiny terminals on the socket. This makes it necessary to mount the re- ceiver components on. terminal. strips fonto which the many connections can be soldered. From these terminal strips, Wires are run up. to the. transistor Socket, ‘None of the lead lengths are critical ‘A metal front panel is, very’ neces. sary. Without the panel, hand eapaci- tance effects make tuning extremely, dificult ‘The clectrolytic capacitors may have any rating of 3 volts or higher. Any commonly used voltage rating will do for the paper and ceramic capacitors. Capacitor values may vary 5% from those specified. The resistors may be 35 watt oF larger. The tuning coil is a modified Ferri Loonstick. ‘The extra-high Q. of the loopstick is responsible to a large ex tent for the easy oscillation of the cir cuit through the entire broadeast band. Every CKT22 we have used oreillsted easily. None of the other coils experi- mented with worked nearly as wel ‘To modify the loonstick, first vemove the cardicard sleeve that covers the winding. The short antenna suoplied with the coll is discarded, Remove 5 ‘rns of wine from the free end of the coil. When this is done, 12. is wound Girecely over the loopstick winding. L2 ig 7 turns of about No, 22 wire, (the exact size of the wire is not important) single twist of the free ends keens fhe coil from unwinding. Posh. the iron core into the coil until it extende fan equal distance from each end. of the coi. ‘When the receiver ig put in operation it will be necessary to slide the core fut slightly to adjust the tuning rane The length of antenna connected. to the receiver also changes. the. toning. ange. The slug. will compensate for this too. Operation After the set is wired, check off all parts and connections against the da- Bram, Make sure the electrolyties ave Wired properly-—positive side to proud. Plug in the CK722 transistor before the battery” is connected. Conveeting the battery backward ean danege the transistor: Be sure the negative battery terminal is fastened to the earphones and 100,000-o8m resistor, RS. With the earphones and battery con nected, @ “rushing” sound shouldbe hheard in the phones. The lack of this sound does not indieate a bad transistor ‘The only possible reason for the sound hot being heard is that something. is ‘wired Wrong. This sound is the noise generated by all transistors. For a voltage check of the circuit, typleal voltages are shown on the dia: gram, These measurements Were made sing a 10,000-ohms-per-volt meter with the regeneration control in mide position, ‘The rushing sound is heard at any setting of the control regardless of whether or not the set Is regenerating. However, the loudness of the rushing: will increase slightly. with “clockwise rotation of the Texeneration control Connect an antenna 25 feet oF longer to the stator terminal of the tuning capacitor. When tuning, have the re- generation control advanced. all. the ‘way. This does not give best reception but each station that is passed—even fone too weak to be heard—will sound ‘8 tweet or whistle At some settings—usually near the center of the dial—the receiver tends fo motorboat at critical regeneration Weak stations come in better just be: low eritieal ‘regeneration: strong sta tone, above this point 10 ‘A good antenna and ground reduce the tendeney to motorboat; and the detector will pass over eritical regen= eration with a single “plop” sound, ‘The regeneration control setting af- fects the tuning slightly. On the high end of the dial, moving the control may detune the station, making a tun- ing readjustment necescary. I itis impossible to pick up a station at either extreme of ‘the tuning ca- pacitor, the iron core can be adjulted In the coil to bring in the station. Power supply ‘A small ac. power supply for the receiver is shown In Figure 2 Do not tise a. direct earth growd with the power supply. ‘Two OGtaif eapacizers ae om bet pa Fig. 2 Schematic of 1.6. power supply in the diagram are not shown in the Pieture—they were added later. Any ordinary receiving type selenium recti- fier will work, A’ 100.ma_reetifier was fm the parts box. This is the reason for the large unit pictured. ‘The re- sistors can be any wattage. We made the 6,800-nhm resistor from two smaller jones because they were at hand, not for sore power. (The reader can make a much safer supply with a 12.5.volt Alament trans- former and & small germanium reeti- fier. The present job—if Used-—should be enclosed and treated with cxution— Editor) . From a small country town, in two weeks of listening with a 25-foot an- tenna, 12 stations were recorded. The nearest powerful station was more than 100 miles away. No ground was used. ‘The regenerator cirevit is a good starting point for experimentation, With a hearing-aid battery, padder tyre tuning capacitor, and a smaller ce generation control, the circuit will Shrink to shirt-pocket size. ‘The radio is a real performer con- sidering its very amall power consump- tion, ‘The audio gain is much better than some vacuumetube circuits oper- fing on this low voltage. In the same Tocation mentioned, a transistor radio without regenesation was able to pick bp just two stations—and it was almost Jmpossible to separate them. With re- generation many more stations were ecelved, all with geod selectivity. Torts lst for cecrver, a Sine chew, te wet Ie og RSE ER ca Sepacaes 3 Gh val, nope 2220 oseniacese fsaenum ruc, 25 me min: 2— ‘ENDTRANSISTOR RADIO NOTE Use of a CK 105 Germanium Diode in place of the INS# recommended Here CENT statistics on the sales of tal receivers plus the sales of aio parts for such sets to hobby: ts indieate that there may be imately a quarter of a million HEARING. AI By RUFUS P. TURNER transistors, The CKTIB iS special type supplied to manufacturers of hearing ‘aids. ‘The simple hearing fd described in'this article uses type CK722 transistors which are aveilable ‘to the experimenter. ‘The tase of developing a transis. torized “hearing sid that might be duplicated by any electronie-technicinn Proved intriguing, but thie suthor met obstacles at every turn, First, "no Amount of experimenting with’ the CKTB2 in resistance-coupled citeuits seemed to give the required gain and ower output with tolerable noise level, even when four R-C. stages were ‘cascaded. ‘Transformer coupling finally ‘was used, Als, the much’ desired op- eration on a single 1%4-volt call did not pan out. We had to go to 15. volts, ‘Undoubtedly, the CK721, with its higher power gain and different cosficients, ‘would furnish the required drive. But this is an expensive type, and is not as readily available to the private expeti= enter as the CK722. And finally, most of the subsubminiature eireult compo ‘nents we wanted to use just were not to be had. So we used the smallest parts available to the genera} radio public fand made them work in a smalt spact. ‘The finished hearing ald is shown in photo. Tt is built into a du Maurier Cigarette tin. Many types of inexpen- five housings were considered, but preference finally was given to. this extra-light, attractively colored alumi ‘num. box." with hinged Ud, Over-all Gimensions are 3% inches high, 8 inches wide, and 3 Soch thick, Ag Fig. I Shows, ‘the instrument is just slightly larger than the standard. cigarette package beside which itis _poted. In fact, it is only 28 cubie inches larger and’ It. weighs only approximately 3 times as much “at the full pack of cigarettes. ‘This heaving aid will At easily into ‘a man’s shirt pocket. It is entirely self contained exeept for the miniature ea} phone, Operating. current is suppl by a single 15-volt Burgess U10 heat ‘OMMERCIAL transistor hearing aids employ type CK718 junction Ingenid battery, 1% x 18/16 x %4 inches in size; total chrrent drain is 1-4 mill- amperes Fig. 2 is the complete circult schematic, Three grovnd-emitter am= plifer stages are ‘used. Transformer Coupling is used between stages and betsieon the crystal microphone M and the first stage. ‘The crystal earphone Pig bridged directly across to the collector-output cireui of the last stage. Tt ie possible also to use a 1,000-to- 3,000.dhm magnetic earphone by con. necting it in place of the 25,8-ohm resistor. Tf the magnetic unit's used, some aystem of volume control other than that shown fu Pig. 2 must be employed. Av satisfactory alternat would be 2 10,000-chm_ potenti connected across the secondary of trans- former TS, with the wiper (center con- tact). of this potentiometer connected to the coupling capacitor ‘To match the ith collector imped- ance of one stage £0 the low base input impedance of the following stage, trans- formers T2 and T3 are used backward, ‘That is, the collector is connected to the normal secondary (high-impedance winding) and the following base to the normal primary (low-impedance ‘wind- ing). Input transformer TH is connected so that its high-impedance winding goes to the microphone, and Its low-imped- ance winding to the baxe-input citeuit of the first traasistor. While the sub Subouneer transformers shown here do hot provide perfeet impedance matches, the ‘discrepancy does not appear. to hamper good performance, and-an im portant point is that these transformers are available now at radio stores. Un- doubtedly, the ting mew. Stancor transistor transformers (type UMLII0 Fig. 1—Hearing is cigarette-case size Inter-stage, and UM-112 crystal micro- phone) Would do the job more sttiee faetorily, and by the time this article ig printed they probably will be obtain= able from jobbers’ stocks. ‘The coupling capacitors are necessary to prevent shortcireulting the. tran sistor bases. to ground through the transformer windings, ‘They should be as high in capacitance as possible for the necessary’ small physical size, in the interest of good low-frequency’ re sponse. One mierofarad is as high as the author could obtain readily in “smallish” size. The componente shown, here are Astron Metalite 200-volt metal- lized-paper Lut tubular units. The new tantalum electrolytic capacitors, when available will be considerably smaller, and should ald materially im reducing: the size of homemade heating aids. ‘The four fixed resistors must be selected wy EXPERIMENT for the indi- ‘idual tramsistore, There is enough nor ‘mal variation in CK722 characteristics to neseesitate this picking process. The base resistors may'be expected to vary between 100,000 ohms and % megchms, The collector resistance in the output of ‘the last transistor will vary’ from 15,000 to 100,000 ohms. At least, that hhas been this’ author's expexienes. The best test procedure isto connect = variable resistor (potentiometer). tem: porarily in the position to be occupied by the base resistor, and then to vary AE uri the best compromise fe obtained betwen low eofeewor current, loud sige nal with minimum distortion, and lowest noise output. When the best setting has been ‘obtained, ‘remove the variable resistor from the circuit, measure its resistance setting carefully, and replace itin the eireuit with the same amount Leen Fig. 2—Schematie of the hearing aid. Asterisked components were chosen by ‘experiment. Foa. 3, Tet, and Fig. 4 of fixed resistance, Finally, try lace of the single collector vesistor and adjust for highest undistorted out pu teithloe eolieetor earrent ‘To facilitate these tests, the reader siay start out with the author's values fs isiven inthe schematic, thet sa Stiuite the vaviable resitor prostes sively each position. Ti this Way the entire system will be in opvation While one “Saxe Is being “pruned, During’ this test, the microphone may lhe “disconnected” temporarily and obiueecle signal fed into transtorine 2 fom a lewedistortion aslo ove Tater. An a.c. vaewutn-tube valtineter oF oveilloscaye may be conneeted in parsilel with the earphone for quanti- fntive oiservations. of output. while lstening to the signal Tn general to minimize the nolse level Uy tak adjestmente in the input stage, and Iaximize output by" means of adjust ments in the output stage, althovgh ome compromise necessarily must be Feached between adjustments i each of the three stages. Once. the fixed resistors heve been installed, swapping transistors between stages ill not be practical. Bur no inconvenience should avive from having to keep each transistor in its. own stage, since their life is said to be 70,000 hours (approximately 8 years if'you run the hearing aid 2 hours Continuously each day) Speech at a comfortable conversa tional level originating about 4 feet from the mierophone will produces Levolt swing across the crystal ear phone when the VOL control is set for maximum volume. At this setting, the residual noise level varies front 0.05 to 04 volt and is a gentle rushing sound. The noise level may be higher oF lower with other transistors ‘The volume control ix a Centralab type BIG-218 subminiature potentio: meter with ganged switeh S, This v ig'smaller than dime, and is in the lower right-hand corner of the ease in Fig. 1. The back of the control, show: ing the three potentiometer lugs and the ro sssiteh lugs, can be seen tn the fower leftehand corner” of the opened it is a good. procedure lid in one of the ether photogsph. Construction onstruetion details ate shown in the photographs ‘The mieraphone is mounted in. the lapper center portion of the hinged Tid oF the cigarette eases A site Thole is eut with # socket punch. 7 vie is then covered with @ sare of eagae cloth which serves ae a atl ‘shen Duco-cemented inside the Ind back fof the hole, A square Washer of thin Sponue 1abher then Is cemented avound the hole, over the cloth, and the micro Phone is cemented to this rubber. This fakes a rod shoe mount he volume contral is mounted ough another -inchdiameter hale in the lower right-hand corner of the Jig, One sweizeh Tug must be bent ce porary slightly perpendieu2ar to allow assae of oth loge through the bole. ‘The contiol is held by shall sevexts (fuynished), which pass through holes Inthe switch lugs, One of these sereves (and. the corresponding switeh lug) accordingly mst be inslated from the hneeal lid. This is. the log, connected to the positive terminal of the battery Celiophane (Scotch) tape was used for this insulation in the author's instru- Gne photo (Fig. 4) shows how’ the reuit “components are mounted on f thin plastic card. The three trans- formers are Duco-cemented to the card, and. their leads are passed through holes, The pigtail leads of the transis tors and of the three Lf capacitors likewise ave passed through holes. Cir- cuit connections are completed under the card by soldering together sppro- Drlate pigtails. The four Axed resistors are uniler the card To prevent short= Circuits, leads ‘that must cross each other are covered with thin spaghets fubing. After the under-card wiring is completed, col dope is brushed copiously over the witing to form a solid cake that prevents rounding fo the metal case. Leads are soldered directly to the Ddattery terminals and a covering of Scotch tape is used to in terminals after the eonnectin Hate the hes bee 26 Fight. show the interior of the case and the way the pais are mounted on 9 plastic card The transisiors are mounted on the card between the e¥lindsieal capacitors, The one farthest to the right is ampli rv made, As can be seen in the photo- apis, the thin earphone cord passes bat of the edge of the case through & hole Iined ith a aby rubber grommet. Verg thin pliastiecovered fexible wite is used for the connections {70m the olline conerol switch, mierophone, and Dpattery. Noe’ that the transformers have been mounted with thelt cores at right “angles to minimize undesived Couplings ‘The tvansformer lead. color ave indivated in the schematic, to pet~ Init proper eonnestions to be made sit least confusion, If oscillation shoul arise, reversing the Teads of one of transformer windings usually ill €or Howling due to acoustic feedback will oceut” whnnever the earphone is held close ty and pointed at the mierophone With the plastic ear plug attached, the earphone fist be placed within 1 inch ff the microphone to start the how ‘The plug’s narrow canal. introduces some attenuation of sound, and without it whistling oceurs when the earphone faces the microphone from 1 foot aviay Conclusion Without apology, it should be pointed ‘out that this instrument does not rep. esent the ultimate in subminiaturiza tion and low posver drain that may be possible to. obtain in. transistorized heating aids, Rather, it isan answer s fer hearing iad, FIDE ohm, 122 meg SE wat Mago fiona" ERE ee SM Ee ian Sea to a challenge to develop the smallest practical instrument that can be built from parts obtainable, which would use the readily available CK722 trans Sistor, and which we migt reasonably expect a radioman to duplicate with ordinary tools, Ex.Fig, 1. “Lightpowered” audio osc Teor which ts housed in tiny pi box. 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Both diss Stivantages test from the necessity Ot sing vaciam tues and compas tively high voltages “Although the Saecessity of having tine Woitage ‘available. seems like. 8 matt °probiem, “occasions "do arise when ity desired to. contro) (turn “otf” or on’). battery-operated oF portable equipment. over preseter= ‘mined: time, intervals ‘The “second. disadvantage men- tioned i of real Importance in Some apoliations. Anyone who has worked ‘tee darkroom in summer son Teale Inet Yhat egy heats 0 Thich! Yet itis in the. protographic” darkroom that a lange percentage. of eleetronie Uimers are employed “ith “these dolems in mind, an effort wae. made 10 design a timer hat woud meet the folowing speci Aeatione: (a) Simple In construction find wiring, (b) Easy to operate: (e) Completely” self-contained, using no Tine power; (a) Generating as. little heat “as possible; (ce) Rligged, yet compact. “The result is shown in Fig. 1 “Tne timer shown in Fig, 1 ts rea- sonably sma (ever-all dimensions of the case are 5” x4" x 3") and light weight, requires no Tine voltage, is easy te operate (only three controls "Power" switch, “Reset” button, and "Time Control"), produces. vir tually no heat in its’ operation, and yot is fairly simple to wire (voter to the schomatie diagram of Fig. 2). ‘All of these features have. been made possible. by employing Ray theon ‘Type CKT22 jumetion. transis: tor as a control element in place of the ‘usual vacuum tube and. provide Ing for battery operation. Battery Ae \e unusually long. since the maxi- mum current &ain is only slightly over a milliampere, and this only for short periods. In fact, the battery. life, should equal the normal "shelf fe” of the units Circuit Description "The operation of the circult is not at all complex, as can be Teadily ob- Served by reference to the schematic diagram of Fig. 2 Th operation, when the “Power” switch, 3 Js closed, current can flow Shrough 2, and B,, charging conden- ser_C, and permitting a momentary Surge of base current. ‘The base cur rent flow, in turn, permits coliectet current 10 flow, closing the relay. ‘As soon as condenser Cy is charged the current flow over the Ra Ci and the base-emitter path ceases. ‘The drop in base current flow to vir~ tually’ 2ero. results in correspond: Ing drop in collector current flow, permitting the relay to open or “drop ‘The time period in which the re- lay “holds In” depends on the period of collector current flow, which, in ‘turn, depends on the period of base current flow, and hence on the time it takes condenser C, to charge. This, 45 TRANSISTOR TIMER RCO ee Jin wra, depends on the time con- stant of C), Ru Rs and the base-emit- ter impedance. If any of the parameters in the RO enarging eitcult thus formed are changed, then the time interval may bbe changed. In practice, an adjust able time interval Is obtained by use Inga rheostat for R,, keeping R,, at a small value simply to limit base cur Tent flow and hence to protect the transistor. However, If ‘Sxed. time intervals are desired instead of @ Continuously adjustable control, a Single fixed resistor may be used in place of R, and Rand different val- ties of Cy ehosen by using @ conver tonal selector switeh. Once the unit is “set-up” for oper~ ation as described, the desired “tire- ing interval” is selected by adjusting Rs ‘The "Reset switch, Sy. is_then depressed, shorting out and disehare- ing Ci. When the “Reset” switer Is released, C, starts to charge asain land. the’ relay closes, opening again after C, is charged. ‘The timing in- terval may be repeated as often as desired simply by depressing and re- Teasing the “Reset” button. ‘The layout and parts arrangement used by the author are ready seen by referring to the interior and ex- terior photographs ‘of the model, given In Figs. 3 and 1, respectively. As is easily seen, no attempt was made to "miniaturize” the model and hence there Is no crowding of parts. Because of this, wiring. the unit should be simple, even if the builder is not highly skilied, Leads can be any Tength desired, ‘and the builder” may use either “point-to-point” or "right-angle ca~ bled” wiring, or 2 combination of both, as he prefers. ‘Although the author Wirea_ the transistor directly. into the circuit, soldering the leads, the builder might Prefer to use a socket—an ordinary 5-pin flat subminiature tube socket is employed, Should the Builder follow the author's practice, however, take care to keep the transistor leads at Teast an ineh ong and do the solder~ ing as quickly as possible to avoid overheating and damaging the tran- Sston Use the same “safety rules”that are followed when working with germanium diodes ‘The author's model was assembled {in a standard Bud "Minibox” (S" x 4” x 3°), but the unit may be built In any way preferred by the reader. A Dlastic, oF even a wooden, box might ‘well be employed, ‘Should the reader wish to incor porate the timer circuit in some other piece of equipment, the entire assem- bly may be easily wired on @ flat metal pane} or on a small sub-chassis. Inexpensive "rubber feet” were pro: vided in the model shown by using thick rubber grommets, mounted in holes drilled in the back of the "Mini. poles ‘The batteries were mounted by using fa flat metal strap and two long 6:22 machine screws, Parts Substitutions Although the relay used by the au- thor is moderately expensive, itis positive-acting, quite rugged. and can handle currents up to 5 amperes at UIT volts ac, (ample for almost all uses). less expensive or a more ex- pensive relay ‘may be substituted by the builder if ‘desired; however, the following considerations should be kept in mind, ‘The relay should be positive acting. ‘Another relay tried by the author had such a weak spring that the armature moved slowly from the “front” to the “pack” position as the collector cur~ rent dropped. Where a reasonable Toad Is connected to the contacts, such slow movement would cause excessive ‘arcing and pitting of the contacts. ‘The relay should be reasonably sen- sitive. ‘A “very sensitive” relay: is not Fequired in this application. However, tke relay should be capable of closing fon five milliamperes or less, since 9 ‘ma, is the maximum rated collector current for the CK122 transistor. Battery voltage should be adjusted for the relay coit resistance and sen- sitivity. ‘The relay used by’ the author has #5500 ohm coil, requiring 5:3 volts de. to operate, hence the six volts provided by the battery is ample (there is little drop in the (ransistor when conducting). However, It a dite ferent relay Is used, it may be neces- sary to use either greater or less Dattery voltage. Resistor 2 is used primarily to limit base current and hence Its size is not too critical. AS little as 500 ohms may be used here, although the larger resistor is preferred, ‘With the ‘components specified In the parts list, the timing range is from slightly less then three to shight- ly less than ten. seconds ample for most photographic enlarger ming, where average paper js used). Shorter ime intervals! may be obtained by Using a. sinall condenser in place of Ci, while longer intervals may be ob- tained by increasing the value of C. ‘The timing range of another model, even using the parts values as given, ‘may be found to vary somewhat {rom the values given due to tolerances in components. Such variation should be fonsidered normal and not as an in- ication that any part is defective or that wiring mistakes have been made. Black decals were used to label the model. “factory-built” appearance ‘was obtained by spraying three coats fof plastic on the front. panel after applying the deal labels Operation and Adjustment No attempt was made to calibrate the ‘main "Timing "Control" in the model. However, the average builder will undoubtedly’ wish to calibrate the control se:tings. “This may be done accurately by using stop watch to time the relay clicks and marking the dial settings accordicgly. a stop watch is not available, reasonably. accurate calibration may be obtained by using a “one-second™ ‘count — one-pause-fwo-pause-three- pause-four-pause-five, ete, ‘To use the unit, the following pro- cedure may be employed: (1) Connect the switch lead of thy equipment to be turned “on” or “oft to the proper relay contacts (2) Turn on the "Timer" and wait until the velay drops aut (3) Set the "Time Control" (R,) to the desired time interval and. press the “Reset” button. IP another. tim: Interval is desired, press the “Reset Dutton a second time after the relay thas dropped out. The interval may be repeated as often as desired simply by pressing the “Reset” button each time operation is desired. (4) Ita different time interval is desired, wait unt) the relay “drops four” “chat is, until the unit is ready for recycling} and set the “Time Con- trol” {0 the new time, ‘pressing the “Reset” button to initiate operation, Xf the setting is trom a longer to a shorter time interval, the “Time Con- trol” should be moved slosely back, to Brevent. a cUrrent surge that. may cause the relay to close. If the relay” specified in the parts Hist fs employed, It should pot be nee essary to change the manufactures's aqjustment. If another relay is em: Dloyed, however, some change either in spring tension or in armature posi- tion might prove necessary, Fig 3 8.2000 ohm, Vw Sipe guak anon ree (ery Bre wale nanery fe Type 422 Barger sits oseated nse) ely RCiy 3500" ohm cit (A Fig. 2, Circuit diagram of tar tortor. In general, the armature spring tension should be adjusted so. that really positive action is obtained. If It is necessary to increase the spring tension to accomplish this, it may also be folind necessary to change the armature spacing with respect to the pole Piece in order to regain sensi- tivity, "The relay’s sensitivity may be ine creased’ by adjusting the “front” and “pack” contacts until the armature Is moved closer to the pole piece. Sensi- tivity is reduced by moving the arma- ture away from the pole piece (or Increasing spring tension, or both. Applications One maior application of @ timer is in photographie work. In this field, the timer is especially valuable when making a series of identical prints. Once the proper time interval has ‘been determined (using test prints or an enlarging meter), the timer may be set to this interval, and any num- ber of additional prints made, almost “automatically. "The relay contacts are simply used asa switch to tum the enlarger or Printing box “on” and “off.” ‘Stll another application ofthe timer is In scientific work and in chemistry, where it Is desired to turn a heater (Continued on page 103) lemal view of timer, Layout can be changed to ail the individual butler.RADIO CONTROL CIRCUIT A. L. MORGAN 201 South Walnut Street Wilmore, Kentucky With the development of the RK61 thyratron, Raytheon made a tube available to radio con- trol hobbyists, which would operate reliably with a very simple superregenerative circuit, This tube has seen rather extensive use in the radio con- trol field. The useful life of the tube is governed principally by the amount of plate current drawn during operation. ‘This indicates the desirability of a D.C. Amplifier following the RK6I circuit, permitting the thyratron to idle at a lower value of plate current and yet retain sufficient relay current change for reliable opera- tion. Several such circuits have been developed in the past using vacuum tubes, These circuits increase considerably the size of the radio con- trol receiver and require increased battery weight duc to the filament current require- ments af two tubes, The CK722 transistor seemed a very logical choice for a much improved D.C. Amplifier which would overcome these disadvantages. EBx- hibiting @ current gain on the order of ten, it would permit the RK61 to idle with a plate cur- rent of less than 0.5 ma The next task was to apply the CK722 to the basic RK6I circuit with a minimum of addi- tional components, for such a receiver when used in a model plane or boat must be compact and require a minimum of batteries. ” ‘The final circuit is shown in figure | and re- quires only the addition of one electrical com- ponent other than the CK722, to the basic circuit. The base of the transistor is connected through R: to the plate circuit of the RK61 and the emitter is returned to B+, resulting in the plate current of the RK61 serving as bias cur- rent for the transistor. The relay is located in the collector circuit and is returned to the mid-point of the two 221/ volt batteries, thereby supplying the necessary negative potential for the collector. It is neces- sary that Ry: have a resistance of at least 5000 ohms in order that collector current of the transistor be held below its maximum rated value, J: facilitates metering this circuit for tuning and relay adjustment. Adjustment of Re results in a reduction of the RK61 plate current such that its idling value is on the order of 0.4 ma. The CK722, exh order of ten, produces a collector current, under these circumstances, of approximately 4.4 ma, Upon receipt of a signal the plate current of the RK6l drops to 0.1 ma and the transistor col- lector current is now down in the vicinity of 14 ma. g a current gain on the We now have a current change available for