;

( Derek Parfit equality and priority, Blackwell, 1997)

i.

i.

...3.

ii.

..4.

iii.

.....7.

iv.

...10.

v.

....13.

vi.

..16.

I.


(egalitarianism) ,
. 1
Rawls. Sen

. 2 ,
,
.3 ,
; .
Dworkin Arneson
. Cohen ,
.4

. 5
,
,
. ,
.
.
,
, . ,
.
(equally well off).

, Parfit.
Rawls

,6 Derek Parfit
.7
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1

, , 2011, .127.
., , , , 2010, .27.
3
N, ., .127.
4
http://www.vrousalis.net/isotita1.pdf
5
., ., .29.
6
, ,
.. , , , 18.10.2012.
7
Parfit D., Equality and Priority, Blackwell, 1997, .204.
2

,

3

.8 ,
, ,
Parfit .

II.

,
9 .
. Mill


,
a priori .10

.
. 11
, ,
.
. 12
Mill ,
, Bentham
, ,
, , .13
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8

N, ., 16, .131.
http://www.tanea.gr/gnomes/?aid=4503230
10
Mill, Utilitarianism, 1863, . 254- 255.
11

. ..
,

.
, Mill, ., . 262
12
Mill, .., . 209- 210.
13
Mill, .., .216.
9

Mill . ,
,
.
.
.14
4

 Mill .
.



. , ,
. Mill

.15


.
. .
,
.
,
. 16 Mill

,
.
.17
Nagel Parfit
. 18

.
,
,
.

.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------14

Mill,., .234.
Mill, , . , , , 2002, .84-85.
16
Sandel ., . ; , 2011, . 84.
17
Parfit D, .., . 202-203, the greatest sum of benefits
18
Parfit D., .. . 204.
15

20

10

25

09

(25-20=5)
(10-9=1).
Parfit
,

(34>30).
Parfit


. , ,
,
. T
, . ,
, ,
. . Parfit
,
.19

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------19

Parfit D., .. . 204-205.

III.

, ,
.20

150.
199 200.
101 200.

(199+200=399)
(150+150=300 < 101+200=301< 399),
(pure egalitarian21)
( 150).


,

. ,
.22

. , .
, ,
. ,
, .

. , ,
.
(pluralist egalitarians).23

150,
199 200, 150
. ,

(150+150=300#101+200=301).

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------20

Parfit D., .. . 205.

Temkin monistic egalitarians, Temkin L., Inequality: A Complex, Individualistic, and
Comparative Notion', 2001, .336.
22
Parfit D., .. . 202-203.
23
Temkin, .., . 336-337.
21

Parfit , , (divided world)

.24 , ,
.

:

100 200.
145.

(telic egalitarians25)
,
,
.

. , (145)
. , ,

, telic egalitarians ,
,
.26
deontic egalitarians.
( wrongdoing). ,
.27
.28 deontic egalitarians ,
. ,

. telic egalitarians
, ,
.29 divided world , deontic egalitarians
,
. ,
.
Parfit
(leveling down objection).30

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------24Parfit D., .. . 206-207.

25

Parfit D., .. . 204, telic teleological.

Parfit D., .. . 210.
27
Rawls, situation unalternablequestion not arise
28
Parfit D., .. .207-208.
29
Parfit D., .. . 208.
30
Parfit D., .. .210-211.
26

, , ,
, ;
telic egalitarians . ,
. deontic egalitarians,
,
. Parfit

 , .
telic egalitarians ,

. deontic egalitarians,
,
. ,
, . ,
deontic
.
Parfit
(priority view). , divided world
100 200
145
( 45>55).31

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------31Parfit D., .., . 211, 220-221.

IV.

Parfit 32

9


. Parfit

. , ,
. ,

, .

.

33.

,
(how well off) .
,
. , ,
.

. ,

,
, ,
.
.
Parfit
. ,
(relativities).

.
divided world
.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------32Parfit D., .. . 212-213.

33

Benefiting people matters more the worse these people are.

,
.
, , .

10


,

.34
, ,
. 35 ,
Crisp, Parfit
:
( ) ( .36
:
. , ()
, 1 2 1000
.
:

8.9
9
8.9

9.1

100
9.1

100

100
100

. , Nagel,
. ,
8.9, 0.1
, 100
9.1 ,
.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------34

Parfit D., .., . 214.

Crisp R., Equality, Priority, and Compassion, Ethics, 2003, .751.
36
The Absolute Priority View: when benefiting others, the worst-off individual (or individuals) is (or
are) to be given absolute priority over the better off.
35

,
.

, ,
.37

11

 ,
,
, ,
,
:
,
.38-39

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------37

Crisp R., .., .752.

The Weighted Priority View: benefiting people matters more the worse off those people are, the
more of those people there are, and the greater the benefits in question.
39
Crisp
But the number of beneficiaries matters less the better off they are.
,
. Crisp, .., .758 The Compassion
Principle: absolute priority is to be given to benefits to those below the threshold at which
compassion enters. Below the threshold, benefiting people matters more the worse off those people
are, the more of those people there are, and the greater the size of the benefit in question. Above the
threshold, or in cases concerning only trivial benefits below the threshold, no priority is to be given.
38

V.

A
,
.
12



.

, , , , ,
. ,

Parfit.
. 40 Mill,

Bentham,
.
Mill ,
.41 ,

(34>30), .

.42
,
.
,
,


Parfit. ,
Mill

.

, ,
.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------40

Savulescu J., Bioethics-Utilitarianism, 2006, . 7.

15.
42
Sandel ., .., .74.
41

.
,
,

o .

, , .43
13

, , Parfit,
.
.
. 44
Parfit
.
, ,

.45
Arneson

. A
,
,


,
. 46
, Parfit
,
,

,
,
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------43

Mill, ., ., Popper, .178.

http://www.vrousalis.net/isotita1.pdf
45
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prioritarianism
46
Arneson R., Luck Egalitarianism and Prioritarianism, Ethics, 2000, .8.
44

.
, Parfit
,47
, , , ,
.
,
,
,
,
.

14

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------47

http://bioethicsreview.uoc.gr/Vol1/Issue1/v1i1ax2_Sourlas.pdf

., , ,
, , 2010.
.,
, .. , ,
, 18.10.2012.

15


Mill, , . , , , 2002.
Mill, Utilitarianism, Parker, Son and Bourn, 1863.
., , , 2011.
O Neill, , , 2011.
Sandel ., . ; , , 2011.

Arneson Richard, Luck Egalitarianism and Prioritarianism, Ethics,110,

No. 2 January, 2000.
Crisp Roger, Equality, Priority, and Compassion, Ethics 113 , July 2003,
. 745763.
Parfit Derek, Equality and Priority, Blackwell, 1997, .202-221.
Savulescu
Julian, Bioethics-Utilitarianism, Encyclopedia of life
sciences, 2006, .1-7.
Temkin Larry, Inequality: A Complex, Individualistic, and Comparative
Notion, Social, Political, and Legal Philosophy, 2001, .327-353.

http://www.vrousalis.net/isotita1.pdf, , 14.03.2013.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prioritarianism, ,
14.03.2013
16

 http://www.tanea.gr/gnomes/?aid=4503230,
10.03.2013.
http://bioethicsreview.uoc.gr/Vol1/Issue1/v1i1ax2_Sourlas.pdf,
, 15.03.2013.

17