Section 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 ANGUS FOAM SYSTEMS ENGINEERING MAN A. OANOMIOVAOY - BABAKOY ANTINPOSONEIES TPYOAPH 127 = KAAAIGEA 17672 AOHNA THA, 9561032 - 6199842 om 25565496 AOY A’ KAAAIOEAE Néa Terendipopnet ArciGoven, 31, Kavoravrwovntie 152 36, Néa Tevet " Aiva, Eds Foam Base Injection Title General Description Features of Base Injection Systems Base Injection Equipment Base Injection Design Procedure ‘System Arrangement and Specification Testing Operation Examples Page at 42 42 45 4.13 4.17 448ANGUS FIRE FOAM SYSTEMS 4023-0-2 4.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION Base injection systems (alsoknown as sub-surface foam injection systems) are suitable for use on vertical fixed roof atmospheric storage tanks Containing flammable or combustible liquid hydrocarbons. ‘The systernis essentially simple and comprises of the following: }. Apressurised supply of fresh or sea water. {i) Suitable foam concentrate induction equipment to produce a 3% solution of Angus FP70, Alcoseal or Petroseal. Foam concentrate storage facilities. iv) Angus High Back Pressure Foam Generators (HBPGs). v) Bursting disc. vi) Suitable interconnecting pipework and valving. In operation, the system introduces expanced ‘foam at a pre-determined application rate at the bbase of the tank, above the water level. The foam then rises through the fuelto form an extinguishing blanket at the surface, Rotational currents caused by the rising foam stream carry cold fuel to the uring surface which can aid extinction. Systems may be fully fixed with all components. permanently installed, or alternatively semi-fixed, Using portable high back pressure generators for Connection to suitable tank inlets or product ines. ‘Tne number and diameter of foam inlets will depend upon the tank diameter and the type of fuel involved. ‘Correct design wil take into account pressure losses in the following areas: ’) Friction loss in pipework, fitings and valves. il) The maximum static head of the fuel. il) Pressure loss through the foam induction equipment and foam generators. The information contained within this section of the manual complies generally with the requirements of two intemational standards. NFPA 11 Low Expansion Foam and Combined Agent Systems. 1988 Edition. BS 5306 : Section 6.1 : 1988 Specification for low expansion foam systems. Foaw BtaNket [= care BURSTING DISC cate valve re WOLDER valve fo encutznon) | ea) Ny SOLUTION 7 / euAngeD cok restasaviue VALVE CONNECTION watenensé Fig.4.1 Base Injection System Schematic. -41-4.2 FEATURES OF BASE INJECTION SYSTEMS i) Rapid response with minimum demand on resources, water supply, foam ‘compound and manpower. ii) High resistance of the system to damage during tank explosion or fire. ii) Design application rates of foam are achieved with 100% of the foam reaching the fuel surface. iv) Circulation of cold fuel dissipates hot fuel layers near the burning surface and aids extinction. v) The system is simple to operate and maintain. vi) Existing product pipelines into the tank can often be used as inlets for foam. vii) Suitable for unskilled operation or ‘automatic initiation at a safe distance from the fire, 4.3. BASE INJECTION EQUIPMENT 4.3.1 Foam Concentrate The concept of the base injection only became possible with the development of floropratein type foarn concentrates which have a high resistance to fuel contamination and good flit ‘Additionally, by the nature of the type offre, the finished foam must have excelent umn-back resistance and stabilty The following Angus foam concentrates have all these properties and can be used at 3% induction: FP70 (Fluoroprotein) Petroseal3% (FFP) Alcoseal (FFFP) 4.3.2 Foam Induction For satisfactory performance of a base injection system an induction rate of 9% Is required. The induction equipment which is selected will be dependent upon a number af considerations including: 1) Will each tank have a dedicated foam induction system — in which case a constant flow device may be suitable. i) Is the foam induction system required to supply a number of tanks and/or additional risks on the site ~a variable flow application. iil) Aro the foam concentrate storage faci to be centralised or not. Iv) Water pressure available on site. 4029-4-2 ios ‘Angus offers a comprehensive range of foam ‘concentrate induction equipment for all ‘applications and ful details can be found.in Section 2 of this manual 4.3.3 High Back Pressure Foam Generators ‘The Angus Series 2 range of High Back Pressure Generators has been specifically developed to produce aspirated foam with an expansion ratio of between 2:1 and 4:1 against a system back pressure of up to 40% of the inlet pressure. ‘There are six models in the range and the performance range is shown in Graph 4.1. The minimum operating pressure is 7 bar. ‘Where greater foam solution flow rates are required, the appropriate number of generators ‘may be operated in paral into a common ‘manifold. Conversely, one generator may supply a manifold of separate foam lines. The HBPG 225, 450 and 900 models are supplied with screwed connections as standard with the improver section contained within the body. British instantaneous or Storz adaptors can be fitted to allow use in seriixed systems or flanged adaptors are availabe i the units are to be used in permanently installed systems. Inlet and outlet pressure gauges are fitted as standard, “The HBPG 1400, 1900 and 2260 models are designed to be installed between ANSI 150 flanges, withthe stainless steel improver section inserted into the downstream pipework. A protective spool piece may be fitted prior to instalation to faciitate removal at alater date, if this should become necessary, inlet and outlet pressure gauges are optional extras. Installation should be in a horizontal pipe section, with the air inlet arranged verticaly and above the pie. Anon-retum valve i fitted as standard to all ‘models, io ensure that fuel does not escape from the airinlet port during any stage of operation an also to ensure that full pressure is available, immediately after the system is activated. ‘The generators should be installed in straicht pipe with aminimum of 5 pipe diameters both upstream. and downstream from the unit. In the case of the 11400, 1900 and 2250 units, the straight pipe length downstream should be considered from the end of the improver section.FOAM SYSTEMS rTIONAL GAUGES opens ooets or OES «900 vor 1885 8 250 SPST PTT [EPS PST | HEP | BORED RESONATA a 7 = sina se [ae foe = : Sinn ow SO E eI Din er : : Em : : a0 ao a0 Frm s : iss [sss tr = = =a ie = : [oa [0a | TETOGRRECTION FEEL PPA | TOR | ee rioTOMNSTS Cs 5) CUTLETCONNECTION ZS L PESO | TSP | SRF Farge ANID 165 ass £0 TATERALS| -DODY Store? Cas Seo STMADIO WCE SEL asl = : S =n Teale Saree SPOT sao (FINISH ‘Yellow epoxy powder coated Primer painted ‘APPROX WEIGHT. 1.0Kg. | 100K9. 225Kg. 400Kg. (TULapprovd mada Q\Nexur drs eta Se Fg.42 Angus gh Back Pressure Generators Sore 2. Cece ies gee aes 16 ‘HERS Hes Ses Bo INLET PRESSURE BAR.) Foam soUirmon FLOW {TRESAMN) Graph 4.1 HBPG Seties 2 Performance 4020-4-2 -43-4028-4-2 4.8.4 Bursting Discs ‘Where non-retum valves are not considered sufficiently secure to prevent leakage of product back along the foam line, additonal protection will be obtained by using a bursting disc assembly, which gives a positive reiable seal. The bursting discs a high back pressure ‘composite slotted unit with a vacuum support and isholdwithina 316 stainless steetholder. Rated io tourst at 2 bar, the osc wil withstand a back pressure of 35 bar. ‘The vacuum support protects the disc from minor fluctuations in pressure on the tank side caused, or example, by either product movements in and ‘out of the tank or heating and cooling of product during a 24 hour cycle which has leaked through the check valve. MARKED 'HEPG SIDE’ MARKED ‘TANK SIDE" \ DISC TAG. Fig. 4.9 Angus Bursting Discs. -44- When the foam system is operated, the disc initially blocks the line, preventing the HBPG from inducing air. Under this momentary static condition, the full foam solution pressure is available and the disc is, ruptured 4.3.5 Water Supply Fresh or salt water may be used with Angus foam ‘concentrates and itis recommended that strainers are fitted in the water supply line upstream fo the foam induction equipment. mem2 ‘SEAL MEMBRANE TEMS | ‘TRANSIT/VACUUM SUPPORT | Leah ass NOTE: DISC DOME “MAY NOT BE CONTAINED WITHIN HOLDERS THICKNESS,ANGUS FIRE FOAM SYSTEMS 4.4. BASE INJECTION DESIGN 4.4.2 Type of Fuel Eee Base injection can be used to protect flammable or Fig. 44 outlines the procedure to be folowed ‘combustible hydrocarbon fuels, with the folowing when producing a base injection system design. exceptions: ’) Class Ahydrocarbons. Those fuels having flash-points below 22.8°C (73°F) anda boiling point below 37.8°C (10°F). 4.4.1 Type of Tank ii) Hydrocarbon fuels witha viscosity greater than 440 centistokes at their minimum Base injection is suitable for use on vertical fixed anticipated storage temperature. ae OE Tee coved foaty Rote Base injection is not suitable for water miscible tanks with light plastic blankets or floating ae diaphragms. Curent tends inthe developmen of ad-see Base injection is not normaly sutable tor open toy Soee eee ee a amet fontng rool trie whoro foam detbuton™ay be ec¥re special consideration uneven due to the configuration ofthe roof, or ‘The suitability of base injection and of standard where foam inlets may be obstructed in the event foam concentrates is dependent upon the of the oof sinking percentage of oxygenate added and must be Cetermined by actual test. Consult Angus Fire for ‘urther details. Fig. 44 8000 Injection System Design Procedure iRFORNATIONFEOURED TECSONCALOUATION REFERPARA Typeofank IshetankSutzble? aa Typectelvaocly istefelsitable aad | Tenkcareter Cala 1) Miimumtoansoluionion 44s ij Mimaunber cosines Aha | i Requteinanberot EPG unis 445. ' Atualtoamsouton ow 445 1 Foamconcettereieorts a6 Fa panto Cat: 3) Mirumnumnbor ots aad | 3) Maximumtoaminltlcty aar 1) Minimumdereter nes 4a ‘Speco ray andmasimam depth | Calcul: }) Maxinumbackpressze he tofeboad 448 Slap ‘Ass imiations ettedbySteconions- Dodds onposton oan ‘ncutonoquorant Colt: 3) Pressuelseesnexpandesitoum nedueto ttn sipawetvaettrgs aaa i) Totdejtembackpressxe 44.0 Checktoal sstempressres aatt ima dopa ge Femi) rst be pacedebove wale je Tecafonandsiefexising enka or | Assessuhetereestrg nes wilvecorecinetveoctesandcan prosuctnes thelorebeconidrdtoree 4029-4-2 -45-4023-4.9 4.4.3 Foam Solution Application Rate NFPA 11 1988 specifies a minimum foam solution application rate of 4.1 litres/min/m and this figure has been adopted throughout this Section. BS $306 : Section 6.1 : 1988 recommends 4 litres/min/m? and where local or company regulations permit, this rate should be used. 4.4.4 Foam inlets ‘The number of foam inlets required is dependent upon ther diameter of the tank and the volatility of the fuel. inlets should be provided as follows: Fig. 4.5 Number of Foam iniets. 4.4.5 HBPG Selection ‘The solution flow per HBPG is defined as: ‘Minimum foam solution flow ‘Minimum number of inlets Having determined this figure, an initial selection of, ‘the required units can be made by reference to Graph 4.1, from which the HBPG immediately to the right of the pressure/liow point is taken ‘The actual foam solution flow at the design pressure is then also read from Graph 4.1. It should be noted that it will be necessary to re- Cconfiem the specified HBPG unit, once all the pressure loss calculations have been completed (eee Para. 4.4.10), TAROANETERM FUSHPONTBELOWSTEC | FLASHPONTSTACORHIGHER Upto i 1 24-26 2 i 6-2 3 a 2 8 + z cy 5 2 54-60 6 3 GreseranSOmadToneinetioreachadstional | 46Sn¥ cfexposootelsuace Bet cTeposedtlaatace | Iniets must be positioned above any water layer in the tank and may terminate flush with the tank wall Cr be fitted with stubs protruding into the tank, The latter may discharge Norizontaly or be angled vertically. Discharge downwards should be avoided, particulary i the foam can enter a water bottom or impinge on the base ofthe tank, Where ‘more than one inlet is required, they should be ‘spaced equally around the tank shel, using ether ‘separate inlets or alternatively asingleinlet feeding into an intemal manifold with outlet arms towards the tank circumference 4.4.6 Foam Concentrate Requirements, ‘The minimum flow concentrate requirement = ‘Actual foam solution flow rate x induction rate x ‘operating time ‘Anominal 3% should be added to allow for concentrate and solution in pipework and a 100% reserve supply must be available t0 reinstate the ‘system within 24 hours of operation, Fig.4.6 Minimum System Operating Times. PRODUCT STORED TNA OPERRTING TE Fash paibelow 7 5G oigudshesed bo tar ash pons 6g pata, beeen rapa, Aso ouse perder rire Fash pontoon 37 80=nd08.90, 0g itfumaceois, dell kena, ‘sorins Ifveacualbersouzenappleaon ates ges iene irmum esp speican eva proporbondedcionhinmunepeingemaybe accepted, However, ro lsiarce mus he opera re be baow 70% ofthat shown eal. -46- &6 ANGUS FIRE FOAM SYSTEMS 44.7 Foam Inlet Velocity/Foam Carrying Pipework {tis essential thatthe pipework downstream of the HBPG carrying the expanded foam is sized ‘correctly to produce the required inlet velocity at the tank, ‘The approximate velocity of expanded foam can bbe defined by the equation: V=Qx 84.88 e where V = velocity in metres/sec. Q = foam solution flow inlitres/min, d= pipe diameter in mm “The required veloaty of the expanded foam at the ppoint of entry into the tank is dependent upon the ‘olatity of the fuel and inlets should be sized so that the Gischarge velocity is not greater than the values shown in Fig. 4.7. For calculation of the expanded foaminlet velocity, anorrinal expansion ratio of 4:1 is assumed To allow full development of the properties of the finished foam, a minimum expanded foam line length of 20m between the HBPG and the tank inlets desirable. if, however, for economic or other reasons, pipework with a smaller bore than calculated from Fig. 4.8 is used for part of the downstream system, itis important to ensure that: |) The maximum expanded foam velocity at any point within the pipework does not ‘exceed 9.15 m/s. li) The correct foam inlet diameter is achieved at a minimum distance of 20 x pipe diameters from the tank inlet point. (For example, if the correct inlet diameter is 159mm, this must be achieved at a distance of 3m before the tank inlet. Fig.4.7 Maximum Foam niet Velocities. FETE WARRNONCETELOCTY | Casino OC dlr aw TED) “ietesiee | Alter yexbors ey Oss [stress Fie.48 —Calevlation of Minimum Pipe Diameter. Thecalelton fhe minimumpipa 20s reais FoaMNELOOTT NRE PPEOUNETER to achieve these velocities is shown in Fi. 4 opposite. 305 mis = fax 525 ei0me d= [Ox 37 ie 815m = [ax soe ia heed = ppedameterin. foam slton flowin reshrin F7g.4.9 Minimum tank inet olameter HEPC. 1 = number ofits TaN EXPANSION FORAFOAMVELOGTY TOTEXCEFONGSOSNS NOTEXCEEDNGS.1NS THUNEEROF GENERATORS TINT | 2INETS [SMLETS | TMLET | 2NLETS | ONLETS TOPS [POPC | FEPGON FOG MOORES EMApERGeRO| mm | mm | mm [mm [om | 7 © & z 7 10_|_@ a |e 22 20 | 160 | 100 | so || i Fc A z i 7 [zea [200 [160 [20080100 B z Ea z ao | 20 zoo | 160 z B0_| 20 70 | 180 z 50 | 250 00 | 160 3 ao | 20 200 | 200 ) z xo _| 250 55 [ 280 4028-4-2 -47-Graph 4.2 shows the relationship between foam velocity and foam flow rate for various pipework sizes. FOAM VELOCITY METRESISECOND) FRaSHED FOAM FLOW RATE (AT EXPANSION 4) (UTRESINAN) “EEEG EE ER EEE EES EQUIVALENT SOLUTION FLOW RATE (ITRES/MIN) Graph 42 Foam flow rate/Foar velocity Existing product inlet or discharge lines may often be used to camry the expanded finished foam to the ‘tank, provided they meet all the dimensional requirements and that suitable valving can be arranged to ensure that the foam flows in the correct direction, 4023-4-2 -4.0-NOS 4.4.8 Static Head of Fuel FIRE 449 The back pressure dueto static head of fuel canbe. calculated as follows: Back pressure (bar) = fuel depth (m) x 0.098 x uel specific gravity. Graph 4.3 shows static head against product, depth for various fuels. Graph 4.3. Product lead/static pressure FOAM SYSTEMS Pressure Loss in Expanded Foam Line ‘The friction losses in the pipework, ftings and valves between the HBPG and the tank must be Calculated. Fig. 4.10 shows the friction losses for pipe fittings and valves stated as the equivalent length of straight pipe of the same bore, ‘The value is then added to the straight pipework Used inthe installation and Graphs 4.4 to 4.6 show friction loss against foam flow, with a nominal 4:1 ‘expansion rato. 0 a Graph 44 Pressure loseiiow rato expanded foam 26 a _ 2 . ‘Sonn PEO a 2 ee ae o? § PETROL 86-076 “venosenscose | | E Ho : $7 ‘ ie 5 * WATERS. 10 26 ge o : Eo ‘GASFUELOILS 0.90, {8° ® gs ° z as a 5 2 Ee ou tS eo as 8 : STATIC PRESSURE AR.G) a06 eed T0508 14000 T6000 200 26000 S000 SHO50 FOR FLOWRATE UTRESOIN) | Fig.4.10 Equivalent Friction Losses in Metres of Pipe for Pipe Ftings and Valves. FIVENT PREDINETER Bw [wo [ae | 200 | 250 | aww | eo | ao | ee | ao | 0 sar 3END 13 | 19 | 25[ ar | 40[ 52 | 64 | z7| co] 98 | 10 | 125 4°8END a7 [io [13] 1) 19] 22] 28] a1] a7] 49] 46] 55 GOLATERAL _ 22 | a1 | 43 | aa [ sa | ra] 92 | s07 | ws | 144 | 150 | 108 ‘or TEE Tt 25 | 40 | 52 | es) 74 | 92] 113 | 135 | 156 | 177 | 199 | 244 “WAY CROSSPIECE 22 | ar | 43 | er | 24] 95 | 119 | 141 | 105 | 100 | 211 | 200 GATEVALVE 03 | os | 05 | 12] 18 | 19] 22} 25| 28] ar| a7] 48 ) [NONRETURN VALVE 43 | er | 77 | 122 | 153 | 198 | za0 | 205 | 930 | a00 | ane | «a9 4023-4-2 ~49-FRICTION LOSS (BARS PER 100m OF PIPE) Graphs ‘0mm PIPE GIA eee FOAM FLOW RATE (UTRES/MIN) Proseure losa/Mlow rate — expanded foarn orm PIPE DA 1060 sven FRICTION LOSS BARS PER 100m0F PE) a 03 ‘300m PIPE DIA Graph a 4028-4-2 ‘Pressure loss/iow rate — expanded foam =4.10-¢ FOAM SYSTEMS 44.11 Total System Pressure Requirements ANGUS SPIRE 44.10 Total System Back Pressure “The total system back pressure acting at the foam. ‘generator outlet is equal to the sum of the product static head (Para. 4.4.8) and the losses due to friction in the pipework and valving between the HBPG and the tank (Para. 4.4.9). ‘The total system back pressure must be no more than 40% of the pressure at the inlet of the HBPG. ‘The minimum pressure at the inlet of the HBPG must be2.5xtotal system backpressure or7 bar, whichever isthe greater. When the generator inlet pressure has been specified, a check on the actual HBPG capacity at ‘his prescure must be made — refer to Graph 4.1 — toensure that the required minimum foam solution application rate is achieved. ‘Accheck must now be made on the complete system. Gand H must be less than Ex 40% Ifthisis not the case, the system must be re- ‘configured to comply with this requirement, which ‘could involve: {) Increasing available water pressure. ii) Increasing the diameter of water, foam solution and finished foam pipework to reduce friction losses. Re-designing pipewrok layout to reduce lengths of runs. iv) Using a foam induction system which has. lower pressure losses. Fig.A.11 Total System Pressure Requirements. PARATETERS Saeed Water supply pressure valaboal the dein fow a B ‘Wales sss between wale pp ana incon ta Gest fowl dsta ion 2 Irsesinppeworkandvahing See aph 7 andi. 410. Fressureosss eres oar ucionsystenducng gusToamio ge culo, le Sestond) t Pressure loess foarsokfon neat design fowrateduetofcionosssinpieworkandvaling. 0 | (SenGrepha aig 10, WletpressuetoHEPG araledion. E=A-BFCTO) (rustbectlsst7b) [ese essex ised amine deo icinipibowak and vain ass an empansona 6 Presredoeto naxirumstatchead ofl { H Loss INaARSM Graph 4.7. Friction loss in Schedule 40 pipe 4023-4-2, -4.— ; H FLOWIN (ITRESAAN4.4.12 Supplementary Protection «) Inaccordence with the requirements of NFPA 11, anumber of approved foam branchpipes with a minimum foam solution flowrate of 189 ltres/min, must be provided as shown in Fig. 4.12. Operation of the branchpipes must be possible simultaneously with the tank foam system, The Angus AF 120 is a self-contained, high ‘capacity, mobile foam station comprising foam storage tank, portable inductor, low expansion foam branchpipe and 2 x ire hoses which meets the NFPA (11 requirement. The unitis U.L listed. DAMETERSOF TAN TanuNUN NUMBER OF BRANGHPPPES TaRINIOM OPERATING TINE UPTOTOSm(5H) 10 ‘OVER T05mTO isSm(G5A) ‘OVER 10 5m T028 5m G58) ‘OVER 28 SmTOEM((20N) (OVERS (1208) 3] 3/33] 3) Fig. 4.12 NFPA 11 Supplementary Protection Requirements ‘The minimum operating time is based upon the simultaneous operation of the minimum number of foam branchpipes. Where larger capacity branchpipes are used, the running time may be reduced accordingly. Reserve foam supplies should be available to reinstate the system within 24 hours of use. b) Itis further recommended that at least one ‘monitor (portable or fixed) be made available ‘as supplementary protection, in the event that ‘damage is sustained by the tank foam system. Fig.4.19 Angus AF 120 Mobilo Foam Station. INoucTOR 40mm BRANCHPIPE ‘CONNECTING HOSE ‘TYPICAL PERFORMANCE DATA (MODEL F225") etme (using Angus Protein, Fluoroproten P70), FFP (Petrosea! & Acosea), or AFFF (Trido}] concentrates sncF228/H Branchpipe) PUTPRESSURE | TOTALWATER FOR ‘APPROX RONNINGTINE | _FOANTHROWFRON ATINOUCTOR ROW PRODUCED —_|MN)NOUCTORSETMNG| _BRANCHPPE Ba Tein Linen 3 % 7 3 10 100 2 1 tf 6 a ia 2 ww 7 218 2190 8 2 7 a De 7 sid a 70 255 2580 16 8 @ rates and relat Grancipe erature should be const, Tre AF 20 aS Sao use ice Brac pes sch as te Angus SUH and MEXZZS Rares wile depend oncerng ow 4028-4-2 -4a2-FOAM SYSTEMS _, ANGUSTSEIRE 4,5 SYSTEM ARRANGEMENT AND SPECIFICATION ‘Three types of basic installation are available: a) Semi-fixed Systems. These consist of a foam line, which may be the product line, and terminal connections either immediately before or after the foam generator, for connection to mobile foam and water supplies. b) Fixed Systems. ‘Afixed system will incorporate all necessary equipment for operation, including pumps and foam storage facilites. ©) Emergency Connections. ‘An inlet connection into the product line can be made after the start of aire, either by hot ~ ‘tapping or through available flanges or screwed connections. This is subject to the suitabilty of the product line dimensions. For a permanent system only the first two options need to be considered. The choice between the two systems is mainly influenced by the availabilty ‘on ste of suitable mobil fire fighting equipment. 4.5.1 Semi-fixed System 41. System Layout ‘The system consists of a foam line and inlet to the product storage tank, an inlot manifold forthe foam generators, and suitable valving. The pipeline dimensions required for satisfactory foam ‘generation apply, whether the product line or ‘Separate foam lines are used. Factors which govern the use of the product line are: A 4) that the product line has suitable dimensions; b) suitable valving exists or can be provided In the product line; ¢) the terminal point is accessible for mobile foam and water supplies and is sited at a safe distance from the tank. Pipework should comply with the relevant industry standards within the bund area, Outside this area piping to standard water specification may be Used. All fixed pipework should be constructed with Suitable drainage pitches and drain plugs at low points. All foam lines should be supported to allow for possible tank movernent caused by roof rupture or thermal stressing. 4028-4-2 -4.43— 2. Valve Arrangements a) Valve Types. Allvalves should comply with relevantindustry standards and should be selected to give ‘minimum pressure drops. To this end stop vives should be of gate or butterfly type and non retum valves of swing check type. Visible indication of valve position should be provided on stop valves. ) Valve Locations. The product storage tank inlet should be protected by a stop valve, normally locked pen, and closed only for maintenance of the foam line or during testing. The foam line should be protected by a non return valve to prevent ingress of the product under normal ‘conditions. On systems using the product line this valve is located downstream of the foam generator but prior to the product line. For independent foam ines the valve is located agjacont to the stop valve protecting the tank, Each generator may be protectedatits outlet byaburstingdisc assembly anda stop valve. For test purposes a valved lateral should be proviced immediately prior to the product tank inlet stop valve, The bore of the lateral take off should be such that under full flow test conditions the back pressure exerted on the finished foam, due to the frictional resistance toflow ofthe lateral pipe and valve, is minimised. I¥ required, the test lateral can be piped to foam outlets located on the bund wall enabling the system to be switched from tank protection to bund protection, Test foam Samples may then be taken at the bund outlets. Terminal connections for the attachments of generators should be of a corrosion resistant Material and fitted with protective covers. ‘They must be located in an area easily accessible to the mobile tenders and Convenient to mains water supplies. Protection may be provided at this point against radiant heat from the fire. Excessive strain will be placed on the connections at the inlet to the foam ine ifthe generators are connected without support Piinths should be provided on which the generators can stand during operation4023-42 4.5.2 Fixed Systems 1. Pipework Pipework and valving requirements for the foam. line ofa fixed system are the same as for the serni- fixed system. However, additional permanent equipment is required to provide water supply, foam storage and delivery taciltes. 2. Water Supply ‘Sulficient water should be available at the correct pressure and flow rate to enable the fixed protection system to operate at the recommended ‘pplication rates for the minimum time periods specified. This includes any supplementary protection fitted. The rated pressure available must ‘be sufficient to provide the design pressure at the foam generator after al pressure losses over the induction equipment and pipework upstream of the generator have been allowed for. Filters should be fitted in the water supplylines prior to the water ump, and the induction equipment where wateris taken directly froma mains supply. Where wateris known to be reasonably clean, simpie strainers may be used; extremely contaminated water supplies require dual type or equivalent strainers, 3. Foam Concentrate Supply Foam Tank: Angus can supply foam concentrate storage tanks to meet customers’ speciic requirements, However, forany tank thatis tobe used for foam concentrate storage, the folowing recommendations apply -444- a) The tank should be protected against corrosion. Mild steel tanks, internally coated with bitumen paint, are satisfactory for Angus foam concentrates. Epoxy resin paints also provide good protection against corrosion. ») The tank should be supplied with the following features: |) Avalved sight glass or level indicator {i) Pressure/vacuum venting valve ii) Drain plug iv) Filling port or hatch leading to the base ‘of the tank to avoid frothing v) Foam outlet supply line located a few millimetres above the base of the tank vi) Sample point connected to the foam outlet line (See Fig. 4.1) 4, Foam Pump. ‘Any pump used to supply foam concentrate must bbe manufactured from materials that are resistant to the foam concentrate used. Gast iron or stainless stee! are common materials suitable for ‘Angus foam concentrates. fact for flushing the ‘pump with clean water after use should be provided. Fitters should be fitted to the foam concentrate line prior to the purnp. 800 micron (20 ‘mesh) have proved satisfactory.ANGUS! FIRE 4.6 TESTING 4.8.1 Equipment Commi Itis unlikely that it willbe possible to carry out full cold tests on a normal installation. Commissioning tests will thus be confined to one of the following: 1a) Proving of the system components with the back pressure generator discharging directly to water. b) Asimilar test to (a), but with the generator discharging into the foam line and exiting via a valved lateral, which may be either a permanent or temporary fitting, prior to the tank inlet stop valve. (See Fig. 4.14). 4.6.2 Commissioning Tests Normal commissioning tests should include: |) Pressure testing of water and foam solution lines. i) Proving of pumps, motors and associated equipment. iA check on normal running pressures at inlet to the foam generators. FOAM SYSTEMS iv) Confirmation that design induction rates are attained. v) Analysis of foam properties, if the system described in 4.6.1 (b) is employed. 4.6.3 Foam Testing a) Sample Collection. Foam testing without injection into the tank requires the use of the valved lateral ‘mentioned in 4.6.1 (p), which should also be fitted with a pressure gauge, With the inlet valve to the tank closed, the \water supply and foam compound valves are ‘opened and the pressure brought up to design value al the generator. The valve on the lateralis then adjusted to give a pressure Con the adjacent gauge equivalent to the maximum possible fuel head, ‘The system should then be run for sufficient time to fush the foam line of any water introduced at the commencement of injection and then the foam sample collected via the valve. METHYLCRYLATE) TUBE ALL DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETRES Fig. 4.14 4023-4-2 A Y27id.x26L0NG | 4.6B0RE——""_ POLY (METH. Drainage pan and stand for testing low expansion foam. -4.18-Apparatus required: |) Brass drainage pan, 100mm diameter x 200mm diameter deep with drainage tube and brass cock. ji) Stop-watch. iv) Measuring cylinder of capacity between, 100m! and 250m with at least Smi ‘graduations. ¥) Stand to support the pan vertically ‘when drainage is occuring. The container should be weighed dry before testing commences to enable the nett weight ofthe foam sample to be calculated, for the of fuel surtace area 3. First Estimate of Generator Requirements ‘Ataninlet pressure of 7 bar the Angus HBPG 900 has a foam solvtion capacity of 900, litres/min, 4023-4-2 - 418— 158mm, Theretore, the existing product line of 250mm willbe suitable as the foam inlet Foam Line a) Diameter Product line is 250mm and therefore suitable as the foam line. b) Length Minimum foam line length = 20 x diameter 10 x 250mm =5m From Fig. 4.15, which shows the proposed system layout, it can be seen that the distance from the proposed connection point to the tank is 21.4m. The minimum length requirement is therefore complied with,¢ @ FOAM SYSTEMS ; ANGUS’ FIRE A023-4—4 6. Friction Loss Total Equivalent Lengths Referring to Fig. 4.15 for basic dimensions and number of bends, and to Fig. 4.10 to obtain the equivalent lenaths of straight pipe: 250mm 80mm Pipe Manifold Pipeine 214m 1x45 bend 1.0m 2x90" bends 10.4m 1x80mmnon: xdSbend = 2.2m_retumvawe 6.1m 4.x 250mm 180mm Gate vave 1.9m Gateveve 06m TOTAL 359m TOTAL 7am 250mm Pipe Ref. Graph 4.4 Friction loss against flow for a 250mm pipe. Friction loss/100m @ 3600 itres/min S02 bar Frictionloss 2xEquvalentenath, 100 = 02359 400 = 0.072 bar 80mm Manifold From Graph 4.5 Friction loss against flow for an ‘80mm pipe. Friction loss/100m @ 3600 itres/min, === 5.0 bar Friction loss: =5.0xEquivalentlenath 100 50x77 700 = 0.39 bar = 0072 + 0.39 bar 0.47 bar 7. Total System Back Pressure (GeePara.4.4.10) = Product statichead + pipework friction loss Fuelnead = maximum fuel depth x fuel $.G, x 0,098 9.18x0.72x0.008 =0.65 bar Alternatively Static heads may be obtained directly from Graph 4:3 therefore Totalback pressure ‘otal Friction Loss = 0.47 +065 bar = 112ber -4.19- . Inlet Pressure Inlet pressure .5 x Total back pressure or 7 bar (whichever is the greater) = 25x1.120r7 bar (whichever is the greater) therefore Inlet pressure =7 bar 9. Confirmation of Back Pressure Generator Selection Selection at Stage S was made at 7 bar and is therefore still vai 10. Supplementary Protection (Refer Para. 4.4.12) One branchpipe outlet is required with foam concentrate for 20 minutes running. 41. Foam Concentrate Requirements a) For base injection Foam compound for 85 minutes running is required at maximum flow. Foam compound quantity = solution flow x induction rate x 55 mins. 900 x 39% x 85 = 1485 litres +3% foaminline = 1530 litres b) For supplementary protection Foam compound for 20 minutes running is required Foam compound quantity = solution flow x induction rate x 20 = 225 x3% x20 96 litres ©} Totalrequirement = foam for base injection + foam for supplementary protection 1530 itres + 135 tres = 1665 litres General Comments on Foam Line Arrangement ‘The product inlet valve at A must be open during foam generation and a 45° lateral should be fitted at Band valved with 80mm bore stop and non- return valves, terminating ina 64mminstantaneous coupling Drain points and foam test outlets should be fitted ifrequired,Example 2 Calculations Tank Specifications 4. Fuel Surface Area ‘Specific Gravity of 0.72 zxdiamotor Product Petrol Petrol Petrol 4 TankA TankB TankC TankA TankB Tank C Tankdiameter 842m 19.50m 12.20m, m34.2 axi9S? — 1x12.2% Tank height 250m 9.1m 915m ae ae a Maximum product depth 235m 820m 820m. ers ee ec eee Product inlet diameters 00mm 250mm 200mm. Fig.4.16 Example? e.1mx250mm 95.7mx200mm (CrigINAL BESIN “Soni Daten 9s seTen TANK fy DIAMETER 12.2m DIAMETER 34.2m_ ‘HEIGHT 9.15m_ HEIGHT 9.15m_ A HEIGHT 25m Foam FOAM CARRYING =] 244m x 200m CARRYING PRODSETLNE p(ONGINAL DESO fx doom sora) 4 300mm FOAM canaying PROBUSTLINE ‘onyx 260mm oy ot Ze aosmx2comm] [Feam«t5omm J | 48.8mx 100mm BUNDWALL Cy. AX eXc PRODUCT LINE PRODUCT LINE 9G 2250 HaPG 1400 9G 1900 EPG 900 | MANIFOLD | Layout 2, Foam Solution Application Rate The three tanks are assumed to be part of a larger Minimum solution rate ‘system and due to the complex valving and = 4.1 litres/min/m? of tank area Dipework systems, a separate foam system is, See preferred. This could ental either completely ‘Separate systems for each tank or a separate line to each tank from a central terminal point. in this, instance itis assumed that only one hydrant Position is available and the latter systemihas been ‘chosen to centre round this. Where two inlets per tank are required, either a single line to each tank, dividing within the bund area or two completely separate foam lines may be used, TankA — TankB Tank =9772Vmin. 1226Vmin, 480 Vmin. 4028-4-3 -4.20-O ANGUS FIRE 3. First Estimate of Generator Requirements at? bar Tank A: 1 x HBPG 2250 + 1 x HBPG 1900 ‘= 4150 litres/min. (2772 required) Tank B: 1 xHBPG 1400 = 1400 ltres/min, (1226 required) Tank: 1xHBPG 900= 900 tres/min. (480 required) (Altematively ifthe solution inlet pressure is specified, the flow rates at that pressure should ive used when selecting generators) 4, Foam inlets Tank A a) Number required : Two (refer Para. 4.4.4) ) Diameter (refer Para. 4.4.7) Maximum inlet velocity is 3.05 metres per second as the product is volatile FOAM SYSTEMS Minimum pipe diameter (see Fig. 4.8) [Aciual toam solution flow x 5.275 Number of inlets /£i50x5.275 2 = 240mm Therefore, the existing product line of 300mm, willbe suitable as one of the foam inlets, Tank B fa) Number required : One ) Minimum diameter = 197mm Therefore, the existing product line of 250mm will be suitable as the foam inlet. ons gue sszqe cto ‘Si ot Sean wit a a ronucarmyns >] Seen ore ERM, TT isaales sane A storm — Oy] —>44 HH ee 40.5m x 200mm eunovt vers w HBPG 1400 wor 1 vercoun 40204 nanTank C a) Number required : One Tank A Maximum loss is in new inet line (using 1x. b) Minimum ciameter: 5.275 HBPG 2250 and 1 x HBPG 1900. Foam ‘expancion 4:1, = 158mm 416600 lives/min, 200mm bore pipeline 405m Therefore, the existing product line of (ota finshed 2x 90" bends 80m 250mm willbe suitable as the foam inlet. ea a" 4 is baer ae 5. Foam Line a S fu In this instalation tis decided to use a foam ee ain line of the minimum possible ciameter, for 8300 lives/min, 150mm bore pipeline $6.7m cost considerations, increasing to the inlot 190 bend 3.1m diameters caloulated above, prior to the tank B- ‘ xnon-retun valve 122m shell (See Para. 4.4.7) TOTAL 7.0m eae teeeeet ttle £8900 lires/min, 250mm bore pipeine 6.1m lin is 9.18 metres/second, fi a i Therefore, to calculate the minimum pipe x gate valve a diameters, refer to Fig. 4.8 5-8 1x90 bend 2m TankA TOTAL 132m 9 Allfoamin one line = /4150 x 3.046 (Check second inlet line to ensure frictional loss 1 similar fo above = 196mm minimum 8200 ives/min. 150mm bore pipeline 944m Half the design foam quantity in one i Ixtee 4am ee 4‘ xnon-retun vane 122m - Jae B-o 1x 45° bend 1.6m = Sean TOTAL 31m Therefore, from the above calculations, the Se eer ene eee ca first estimate of pipe diameters to Tank A oes cette eon 188 shown in Fig.4.17 are determined as: a- ey bene 64m fo 418 TOTAL 146m PIPERUN FOAM FLOW (:1 EXPANSION) ‘MINIMUM CALCULATED: NEXT LARGEST STANDARD DIANETER PAPEDAMETER oe ‘eawesin “Bir 20ren - eoOitesiin ‘sgn 10mm o- aso esirin Zehr conn a = ecoolestrin om 10mm = e00hresimn 2a Bor eo 200mm bore @ 16600 litres/min. — 57.1m 4023-4-3 = 114mm minimum Tank = [900 x3.046 1 = gimm minimum Foam line diameters are therefore basad on these figures, rounded up to the nearest suitable pipe size. 6. Friction Loss Referring to Fig. 4.16 for basic dimensions and numbers of bends in the proposed arrangement and to Fig. 4.10 to obtain the equivalent lengths of straight pipe: 4.22 150mm bore @ 8300 iires/min. — 71.0m 250mm bore @ 8300 ltres/min: — 13.2m 150mm bore @ 8300 ltres/min. — §3:1m 300mm bore @ 8300 lres/min. — 14.6 Tank B Maximum loss in new inlet line (using 1 x HBPG 1400. Foam expansion 4:1). ‘S400Ktres/min, 150mmborepipeline 183m 445° bends. 64m 2x90°bends. 6.2m 2xgatevalves 24m 1 xnon-retun vave 122m TOTAL 485mNOLS FIRE 4023-4-3 5400iitres/min. _250mmborepipaline 5.0m 1x45" bend 22m TOTAL “Tam 180mm bore @ 5400 lires/min. — 45.5m 20mm bore @ 5400 itres/min. — 7.2m Tank G (Using 1 x HBPG 900. Foam expansion 4:1). 3600iitres/min. 100mmborepipaline 48.8 ‘ixnonsetumvave 7.7m 2xgate vals 1.2m 2x80" bends 5.0m 4x45" bends 5.2m ToT = 679m ‘3600iitres/min. 250mmborepipeine 6.1m ‘xgatevave 1.9m + x46% bend 22m ToTAL = 702m 100mm bore @ 3600 itres/min. ~_67.8m 250mm bore @ 3600 itres/min, - 10.2m From Graphs 4.4, 4.5 and 4.6, the friction loss in bar is obtained. Tank A : 1.3 bat Tank B :0.4 bar Tank G:0.7 ber 7. Total System Back Pressure (See Para 4.4.10). = Product static head + pipework friction loss. Fuel head = maximum fuel depth x fuel S.G. x0.098 FOAM SYSTEMS b) Changing layout to reduce foam line lengths, ‘ora combination of both. 9. Revised Friction Loss Calculation for Tank A To reduce the required inlet pressure at the H®PG to 7 bar its necessary to reduce the {otal system back pressure to 2.8 bar. (7 + 25) With the static head at 1.3 bar, the pipework friction losses must be reduced from 1.9 bar 0 1.5 bar. To obtain the required reduction it may be necessary to increase the pipe diameter of ‘only part of the system. The decision will normally be based on the most economic, option. |) Referto Fig. 4.175) E] Currently: 150mmborepipsine $5.7m 1x90" bend 3.1m A xnorretun valve 122m TOTAL 7.om Friction loss @ 8800 im 1.1 bar/t00m = 0.78 bar = J's replaced with 200mm bore pipeline 200mmbore pipeline 55.7m 4x90? bend 4.0m 1xnon-retumn vave —15.3m TOTAL 750m Friction loss @ 8300 Vim = 0.5 bar/100m Therefore = 038 ber as ames — oS | aN ics 13 bar 296 ba 1 ae Osta ‘ker ‘ar TaKC te be ‘abe NOTE: salcheads may also be abaned rom Graph 43. Fig. 4.10 8. HBPG Inlet Pressure ~ 25 x maximum eysiom back pressure OR 7 bar (whichever is the greater) ‘Therefore minimum inlet pressure is 8 bar. If the required minimum inlet pressure of 8 bar is not available, the system should be re- configured by eltner: 2) Increasing foam line diameters, -4.23- (Check similar frictional losses in second inlet ine to ‘maintain similar flow rates at both inet. 150mmborepineline 344m txtee 49m ixnonvetumvae — 12.2m 4x45°bend 1.6m TOTAL 531m Friction loss @ 8300 Vm == 1.1 bar'100m 0.59 barIF IB] — lis aso replaced with 200 mm bore pipeline 200mm bore pipeline 4.4m ixtee 5am ixnonetumvave 153m. 1x45* bend 1.9m TOTAL 7.4m Friction loss @ 8900 Vm = 0.5 bari100m =0.29bar Therefore, by increasing sections [B] — [E] and [] — {C] from 150mm to 200mm diameter pipe, the following friction loss reductions will be obtained: 150mm 200mm Reduction -[E] O78 bar OSB bar 0.4 bar HIG O58 bar O.29ba 0.3 bar} eduction in longest line: 0.4 ber The maximum System Back Pressure for Tank A ‘nen becomes: Static head (1.66 bar) + friction loss (0.9 bar) = 256 bar ‘The minimum HBPG inlet pressure is then 7 bar. 10. Confirmation of HBPG Selection Selection at stage 3 was made at 7 bar and is, theretore stil vai Note: If the inlet pressure to the generators had been increased due to back pressure considerations (see above), then the increased flow rate through each generator might have altered the selection for the mast economical arrangement. [ 4028-4-3 ~4.24~ 11. Supplementary Protection Refer Para. 4.4.12). NFPA 11 requires that where a number of risks are to be protected, the selection of equipment must be based upon the largest tank Therefore, 2 x Angus AF 120 units are required. 12. Foam Concentrate Requirements (Refer Para, 4.4.6) ) For base injection = Actual foam solution low x induction rate x running time which for Tank A 150 x 3% x 55 6848 litres +.3% foam in line = 7060 litres ) For supplementary protection TOTAL REQUIREMENT = 7465 litres General Comments Product inlet valves on all tanks should be locked ‘open, as should the stop valves on the foam inlets ‘on Tanks A and B, Minor differences in flow between two foam inlet lines, as used in Tank A are ignored. The foam flows are dependent upon the back pressure in ‘each line, which in these cases is very similar, the only difference being due to variations in friction loss. Drain points and foam test outlets should be fitted as required.