Efedrin (Ephedrine)

Wikipedia

Efedrin

(1R,2S)-()-efedrin (gore),
(1S,2R)-(+)-efedrin (sredina i dolje)

Sistematsko (IUPAC) ime

(R*,S*)-2-(metilamino)-1-fenilpropan-1-ol

Kliniki podaci

Trgovaki nazivi Bronkaid, Primatene

AHFS/Drugs.com Monograph
Kategorija
trudnoe

AU: A (bez rizika u ispitivanjima na ljudima)

US: C (Risk not ruled out)

Nain primjene

oralno, IV, IM, SC

Pravni status

Pravni status
AU: S4 (Samo na recept)

CA: Schedule VI

UK: Samo u ljekarnama

US: List I OTC, Schedule III (OR)

Farmakokinetiki podaci
Bioraspoloivost 85%
Metabolizam

Minimalan hepatiki

Onset of action

IV (sekunde), IM (10 to 20 min), oralno (15-60 min)[1]

Poluvrijeme

3-6 sati

eliminacije
Trajanje

IV/IM (60 min), oralno (2-4 sata)

djelovanja
Izluivanje

2299% (renalno - urin)

Identifikatori

CAS broj

299-42-3

ATC kod

C01CA26 (WHO) R01AA03 (WHO), R01AB05 (WHO)

(kombinacije), R03CA02(WHO), S01FB02(WHO), QG04BX90(WHO)

PubChem

CID 5032

IUPHAR/BPS

556

DrugBank

DB01364

ChemSpider

8935

UNII

7CUC9DDI9F

KEGG

D00124

ChEBI

CHEBI:15407

ChEMBL

CHEMBL211456
Kemijski podaci

Formula

C10H15NO

Molarna masa

165.23

3D model (Jmol) Interactive image

SMILES[show]
InChI[show]
(what is this?) (verify)

Efedrin je simpatomimetiki amin, sredstvo koje se koristi kao stimulant, supresant apetita, sredstvo za
poboljanje koncentracije, dekongestiv te za tretiranje hipotenzije prevenciju niskog krvnog tlaka tijekom
spinalne anestezije[1] Takoer se koristi kod astme, narkolepsije i pretilosti no ne predstavlja lijek izbora.
Moe se uzimati oralno ili injiciranjem u mii, venu ili jednostavno pod kou. Poetak djelovanja prilikom
intravenozne primjene je brz, dok kod injekcije u mii moe nastupiti i nakon 20 minuta,a kod oralnog

uzimanja i nakon sat vremena. Ukoliko se daje u obliku injekcije, djelovanje traje oko sat vremena a
ukoliko se uzima oralno, djelovanje traje do etiri sata.[1]
Najee neeljene nuspojave ukljuuju probleme sa snom, anksioznost, glavobolju, halucinacije, visok
krvni tlak, ubrzani puls, gubitak teka i nemogunost mokrenja. Ozbiljnije nuspojave ukljuuju modani i
srani udar te zloporabu.[1] Iako se smatra sigurnim za uporabu tijekom trudnoe, ispitivanja na ovoj
populaciji nisu sprovedena u dovoljnoj mjeri.[2][3] Uporaba tijekom dojenja se ne preporuujue.[3] Efedrin
djeluje na nain da aktivira i adrenergike receptore.[1]
Efedrin je prvi put izoliran 1885. godine.[4] It is on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines, the most
important medications needed in a basic health system.[5] It is available as a generic medication.[1] The
wholesale cost in the developing world is about 0.69 to 1.35 USD per dose.[6] In the United States it is not
very expensive.[7] It can normally be found in plants of the Ephedra type. Dietary supplements that contain
ephedrine are illegal in the United States. An exception is when used in traditional Chinese medicine.[1]
U tradicionalnoj kineskoj medicini, biljka Ephedra sinica koja sadri efedrin i pseudoefedrin je jedan od
glavnih aktivnih sastojaka. Isto vai za druge biljne proizvode koji sadre ekstrakte iz drugih
biljki Ephedra vrste.
Efedrin ima slinu strukturu sa (polusintetikim) derivatima amfetaminom i metamfetaminom. Kemijski, on
je alkaloid izveden iz razliitih biljaka roda Ephedra (obitelj Ephedraceae). On djeluje prvenstveno putem
poveanja aktivnosti noradrenalina na adrenergike receptore.[1] U prodaji je obino u obliku
hidroklorida i sulfata.

Contents

1Medical use
o

1.1Weight loss
2Recreational use

2.1Detection of use

3Contraindications

4Adverse effects

5Other uses

6Chemistry and nomenclature

7Sources
o

7.1Agricultural

7.2Synthetic

7.3Biosynthetic

8Mechanism of action

9History

10Legality
o

10.1Canada

10.2United States

10.3Australia

10.4South Africa

10.5Germany

11See also

12References

13External links

Medicinska upotreba

Ephedrine Sulphate (1932), Ephedrine Compound (1932), and Swan-Myers Ephedrine Inhalant No. 66 (circa 1940)

Both ephedrine and pseudoephedrine increase blood pressure and act as bronchodilators, with
pseudoephedrine having considerably less effect.[8]

Mravljenje
Ephedrine promotes modest short-term weight loss,[9] specifically fat loss, but its long-term effects are
unknown.[10] In mice ephedrine is known to stimulate thermogenesis in the brown adipose tissue, but
because adult humans have only small amounts of brown fat, thermogenesis is assumed to take place
mostly in the skeletal muscle. Ephedrine also decreases gastric emptying. Methylxanthines such
as caffeine and theophylline have a synergistic effect with ephedrine with respect to weight loss. This led
to creation and marketing of compound products.[11] One of them, known as the ECA stack, contains
caffeine and aspirin besides ephedrine. It is a popular supplement taken by bodybuilders seeking to cut
body fat before a competition.[12]

Rekreacijska upotreba

Efedrin tablete

As a phenethylamine, ephedrine has a similar chemical structure to amphetamines and is

a methamphetamine analogue having the methamphetamine structure with a hydroxyl group at the
position. Because of ephedrine's structural similarity to methamphetamine, it can be used to create
methamphetamine using chemical reduction in which ephedrine's hydroxyl group is removed; this has
made ephedrine a highly sought-after chemical precursor in the illicit manufacture of methamphetamine.
The most popular method for reducing ephedrine to methamphetamine is similar to the Birch reduction, in
that it uses anhydrous ammonia and lithium metal in the reaction. The second-most popular method uses
red phosphorus, iodine, and ephedrine in the reaction.
Through oxidation, ephedrine can be easily synthesized into methcathinone. Ephedrine is listed as a tableI precursor under the United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic
Substances.[13]

Detection of use
Ephedrine may be quantified in blood, plasma, or urine to monitor possible abuse by athletes, confirm a
diagnosis of poisoning, or assist in a medicolegal death investigation. Many commercial immunoassay
screening tests directed at the amphetamines cross-react appreciably with ephedrine, but
chromatographic techniques can easily distinguish ephedrine from other phenethylamine derivatives.
Blood or plasma ephedrine concentrations are typically in the 20-200 g/l range in persons taking the drug
therapeutically, 300-3000 g/l in abusers or poisoned patients and 320 mg/l in cases of acute fatal
overdosage. The current WADA limit for ephedrine in an athlete's urine is 10 g/ml.[14][15][16][17]

Kontraindikacije
Ephedrine should not be used in conjunction with certain antidepressants, namely norepinephrinedopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRIs), as this increases the risk of symptoms due to excessive serum
levels of norepinephrine.
Bupropion is an example of an antidepressant with an amphetamine-like structure similar to ephedrine,
and it is an NDRI. Its action bears more resemblance to amphetamine than to fluoxetine in that its primary
mode of therapeutic action involves norepinephrine and to a lesser degree dopamine, but it also releases
some serotonin from presynaptic clefts. It should not be used with ephedrine, as it may increase the
likelihood of side effects.
Ephedrine should be used with caution in patients with inadequate fluid replacement, impaired adrenal
function, hypoxia, hypercapnia, acidosis, hypertension, hyperthyroidism, prostatic hypertrophy, diabetes
mellitus, cardiovascular disease, during delivery if maternal blood pressure is >130/80 mmHg, and
lactation.[18]
Contraindications for the use of ephedrine include: closed-angle
glaucoma, phaeochromocytoma, asymmetric septal hypertrophy(idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic
stenosis), concomitant or recent (previous 14 days) monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) therapy,
general anaesthesia with halogenated hydrocarbons (particularly halothane), tachyarrhythmias or
ventricular fibrillation, or hypersensitivity to ephedrine or other stimulants.
Efedrin se ne bi trebao koristiti tijekom trudnoe osim u sluaju da je njegova uporaba izriito preporuena
od strane lijenika i samo kad ostale opcije nisu mogue.[18]

Nuspojave - neeljeni efekti

Efedrin je potencijalno opasna tvar: do 2004. godine US Food and Drug Administration zaprimila je preko
18.000 prijava o raznim djelovanjima na ljude koji su ga koristili.[19]
Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are more common with systemic administration (e.g. injection or oral
administration) compared to topical administration (e.g. nasal instillations). Nuspojave povezane s
uporabom efedrina ukljuuju:[20]

Kardiovaskularne: tahikardija, kardijalna aritmija, angina pektoris, vazokonstrikcija s hipertenzijom

Dermatoloke: crvenilo, znojenje, akne

Gastrointestinalne: munina

Genitourinarne: smanjeno mokrenje uslijed vazokonstrikcije renalnih arterija; oteano mokrenje

nije neobino jer alfa-agonisti poput efedrina djeluju na stezanje unutarnjeg uretralnog sfinktera,
oponaajui stimulativno djelovanje simpatetikog ivanog sustava

ivani sustav: nemir, zbunjenost, nesanica, blaga euforija, manija/halucinacije (rijetko, osim kod
ranije postojeih psihijatrijskih stanja), deluzije, marci (mogui, no nedostaje dokumentiranih
dokaza), paranoja, agresivnost, panika, uzbuenost

Dini sustav: dispneja, pluni edem

Razno: vrtoglavica, glavobolja, tremor, hiperglikemijske reakcije, suhoa usta

The neurotoxicity of l-ephedrine is disputed. [21]

Other uses
In chemical synthesis, ephedrine is used in bulk quantities as a chiral auxiliary group. [22]

In saquinavir synthesis, the half-acid is resolved as its salt with l-ephedrine.

Kemija i nomenklatura
Efedrin je sympathomimetic amine i substituted amphetamine. Po molekularnoj strukturi slian je
fenilpropanolaminu, metamfetaminu i epinefrinu (adrenalin). Chemically, it is an alkaloid with
a phenethylamine skeleton found in various plants in the genus Ephedra (family Ephedraceae). It
works mainly by increasing the activity of norepinephrine (noradrenaline) on adrenergic receptors.[23] It
is most usually marketed as the hydrochloride or sulfate salt.
Ephedrine exhibits optical isomerism and has two chiral centres, giving rise to four stereoisomers. By
convention, the pair of enantiomers with the stereochemistry (1R,2S) and (1S,2R) is designated
ephedrine, while the pair of enantiomers with the stereochemistry (1R,2R) and (1S,2S) is called
pseudoephedrine. Ephedrine is a substituted amphetamineand a
structural methamphetamine analogue. It differs from methamphetamine only by the presence of
a hydroxyl group (OH).
The isomer which is marketed is (1R,2S)-()-ephedrine.[24]
Ephedrine hydrochloride has a melting point of 187188 C.[25]
In the outdated D/L system (+)-ephedrine is also referred to as L-ephedrine and ()-ephedrine as Dephedrine (in the Fisher projection, then the phenyl ring is drawn at bottom).[24][26]
Often, the D/L system (with small caps) and the d/l system (with lower-case) are confused. The result
is that the levorotary l-ephedrine is wrongly named L-ephedrine and the dextrorotary dpseudoephedrine (the diastereomer) wrongly D-pseudoephedrine.
The IUPAC names of the two enantiomers are (1R,2S)- respectively (1S,2R)-2-methylamino-1phenylpropan-1-ol. A synonym is erythro-ephedrine.

Proposed biosynthetic pathway of ephedrine from L-phenylalanine and pyruvic acid.[27][28]

etiri stereoizomera efedrina

Izvori:
Agrikulturalni
Efedrin se dobija iz biljke Ephedra sinica i ostalih pripadnika roda Ephedra. Sirovine za proizvodnju
efedrina i lijekovi tradicionalne kineske medicine proizvode se nairoko u Kini. Do 2007. godine, tvrtke
su godinje za izvoz proizvele efedrina u vrijednosti 13 milijuna USD iz 30.000 tona efedre, 10 puta
vie nego to se koristi u tradicionalnoj kineskoj medicini.[29]

Sintetski
Most of the l-ephedrine produced today for official medical use is made synthetically as the extraction
and isolation process from E. sinica is tedious and no longer cost effective.[30][unreliable source?]

Biosintetski
Ephedrine was long thought to come from modifying the amino acid L-phenylalanine.[31] LPhenylalanine would be decarboxylated and subsequently attacked with -aminoacetophenone.
Methylation of this product would then produce ephedrine. This pathway has since been disproven.
[31]
A new pathway proposed suggests that phenylalanine first forms cinnamoyl-CoA via the enzymes
phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and acyl CoA ligase.[27] The cinnamoyl-CoA is then reacted with a
hydratase to attach the alcohol functional group. The product is then reacted with a retro-aldolase,
forming benzaldehyde. Benzaldehyde reacts with pyruvic acid to attach a 2 carbon unit. This product
then undergoes transamination and methylation to form ephedrine and its stereoisomer,
pseudoephedrine.[28]

Mehanizam djelovanja
Ephedrine, a sympathomimetic amine, acts on part of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). The
principal mechanism of action relies on its indirect stimulation of the adrenergic receptor system by
increasing the activity of norepinephrine at the postsynaptic and receptors.[23] The presence of
direct interactions with receptors is unlikely, but still controversial.[8][32][33] L-ephedrine, and particularly
its stereoisomer norpseudoephedrine (which is also present in Catha edulis) has
indirect sympathomimetic effects and due to its ability to cross the blood-brain barrier, it is
a CNS stimulant similar to amphetamines, but less pronounced, as it
releases noradrenaline and dopamine in the substantia nigra.[34]
The presence of an N-methyl group decreases binding affinities at receptors, compared with
norephedrine. Ephedrine, though, binds better than N-methylephedrine, which has an additional
methyl group at the nitrogen atom. Also the steric orientation of the hydroxyl group is important for
receptor binding and functional activity.[32]

Compounds with decreasing -receptor affinity

Povijest
Ephedrine in its natural form, known as m hung () in traditional Chinese medicine, has been
documented in China since the Han dynasty (206 BC 220 AD) as an antiasthmatic and stimulant.
[35]
In 1885, the chemical synthesis of ephedrine was first accomplished by Japanese organic
chemist Nagai Nagayoshi based on his research on traditional Japanese and Chinese herbal
medicines. The industrial manufacture of ephedrine in China began in the 1920s, when Merck began
marketing and selling the drug as ephetonin. Ephedrine exports between China and the West grew
from 4 to 216 tonnes between 1926 and 1928.[36]
In traditional Chinese medicine, m hung has been used as a treatment for asthma and bronchitis for
centuries.[37]

Legality
Canada
In January 2002, Health Canada issued a voluntary recall of all ephedrine products containing more
than 8 mg per dose, all combinations of ephedrine with other stimulants such as caffeine, and all
ephedrine products marketed for weight-loss or bodybuilding indications, citing a serious risk to health.
[38]
Ephedrine is still sold as an oral nasal decongestant[39] in 8 mg pills, OTC.

United States
In 1997, the FDA proposed a regulation on ephedra (the herb from which ephedrine is obtained),
which limited an ephedra dose to 8 mg (of active ephedrine) with no more than 24 mg per day.[40] This
proposed rule was withdrawn, in part, in 2000 because of "concerns regarding the agency's basis for
proposing a certain dietary ingredient level and a duration of use limit for these products." [41] In 2004,
the FDA created a ban on ephedrine alkaloids marketed for reasons other than asthma, colds,
allergies, other disease, or traditional Asian use.[42] On April 14, 2005, the U.S. District Court for the
District of Utah ruled the FDA did not have proper evidence that low dosages of ephedrine alkaloids
are actually unsafe,[43] but on August 17, 2006, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit in Denver
upheld the FDA's final rule declaring all dietary supplements containing ephedrine alkaloids
adulterated, and therefore illegal for marketing in the United States.[44] Furthermore, ephedrine is
banned by the NCAA, MLB, NFL, and PGA.[45] Ephedrine is, however, still legal in many applications
outside of dietary supplements. Purchasing is currently limited and monitored, with specifics varying
from state to state.
The House passed the Combat Methamphetamine Epidemic Act of 2005 as an amendment to the
renewal of the USA PATRIOT Act. Signed into law by President George W. Bush on March 6, 2006,
the act amended the US Code (21 USC 830) concerning the sale of ephedrine-containing products.
The federal statute included these requirements for merchants who sell these products:

A retrievable record of all purchases identifying the name and address of each party to be kept for
two years

Required verification of proof of identity of all purchasers

Required protection and disclosure methods in the collection of personal information

Reports to the Attorney General of any suspicious payments or disappearances of the regulated
products

Non-liquid dose form of regulated product may only be sold in unit-dose blister packs

Regulated products are to be sold behind the counter or in a locked cabinet in such a way as to
restrict access

Daily sales of regulated products not to exceed 3.6 g without regard to the number of transactions

Monthly sales not to exceed 9 g of pseudoephedrine base in regulated products

The law gives similar regulations to mail-order purchases, except the monthly sales limit is only 7.5 g.
As a pure herb or tea, m hung, containing ephedrine, is still sold legally in the USA. The law
restricts/prohibits its being sold as a dietary supplement (pill) or as an ingredient/additive to other
products, like diet pills.

Australia
All Ephedra spp and ephedrine itself are considered schedule 4 substances under the Poisons
Standard (October 2015).[46] A schedule 4 drug is considered a Prescription Only Medicine, or
Prescription Animal Remedy Substances, the use or supply of which should be by or on the order of
persons permitted by State or Territory legislation to prescribe and should be available from a
pharmacist on prescription under the Poisons Standard (October 2015).[46]

South Africa
In South Africa, ephedrine was moved to schedule 6 on 27 May 2008,[47] which makes it illegal to have
ephedrine in higher doses than 8 mg per pill. Lower than 8 mg pills are still available Otc for sinus,
head colds and flu, but is completely illegal in over the counter weight loss products.

Germany
Ephedrine was freely available in pharmacies in Germany until 2001. Afterwards, access was
restricted since it was mostly bought for unindicated uses. Similarly, ephedra can only be bought with a
prescription. Since April 2006, all products, including plant parts, that contain ephedrine are only
available with a prescription.[48]

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http://www.drugfreesport.com/drug-resources/faq.asp

46.

Poisons Standard October 2015 https://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/F2015L01534

47.

http://www.doh.gov.za/docs/pr/2008/pr0527.html

48.

Verordnung zur Neuordnung der Verschreibungspflicht von Arzneimitteln (AMVVNV). V. v. 21.

Dezember 2005 BGBl. I S. 3632; Geltung ab 1. Januar 2006.

--------------------------------------------------HRVATSKA WIKIPEDIA:

Efedrin
Efedrin (prema znanstveno latinskom; Ephedra: kositernica, pseudoefedrin, N-metil--hidroksiamfetamin,
C10H15NO) je sredstvo za lijeenje plunih bolesti (bronhospazmolitik), poznati vazokonstriktor, trgovakog
naziva Epherit. Efedrin je slian adrenalinu i jako mu je blizak spoj benzedrin, trgovakog naziva
Dexedrine.
Efedrin je alkaloid, prvotno izoliran iz biljke ma huang (Ephedra vulgaris, kositrenica), a poslije sintetiziran.
Kineski lijenici ve tisue godina ga upotrebljavaju u medicinske svrhe. Aktivni princip izolirali su japanski
istraivai 1885, no nije bio poznat u zapadnom svijetu sve do ispitivanja Chena i Schmidta u Sjedinjenim
Dravama, oko 1925.g.. Moe biti i zamijenjen drugim sintetskim ariletilaminima, kao neosinefrinom.
Djeluje izravno na beta-receptore i posredno, oslobaajui noradrenalin iz priuve. Podrauje sredinji
ivani sustav, pa se propisuje u tretiranju bronhijalne astme. Nekoliko se godina upotrebljavao u kapima
za nos kod upale sinusa, radi kontrakcije kapilara, te uklanjanja nosne sluzi prouzrokovane prehladom.
Poznat je i kao lijek (u obliku efedrin hidroklorida) i kod raznih alerginih stanja (npr. peludne groznice,
serumske bolesti, urtikarije). Kapi za nos se nikako ne smiju uzimat oralnim putem, jer je u tom sastavu
efedrin hidroklorid u jaem sastavu. Oralnim putem se uzima efedrin hidroklorid u obliku sirupa ili tablete.
Osuena biljka efedra se moe koristiti kao aj i moe se kupiti u raznim ajankama.

Izvor

Hrvatska enciklopedija, Broj 3 (Da-Fo), str. 353.. Za izdavaa: Leksikografski zavod Miroslav
Krlea, Zagreb 2000.g. ISBN 953-6036-33-9

--------------------------------------------------SRPSKA WIKIPEDIA:

Efedrin
Efedrin

Identifikatori
CAS broj

299-42-3

ATC kod

C01CA26 (WHO) R01AA03 R01AB05R03CA02 S01FB02QG04BX90

PubChem

CID 5032

IUPHAR/BPS 556
DrugBank

DB01364

ChemSpider

8935

UNII

GN83C131XS

KEGG

D00124

ChEBI

CHEBI:15407

ChEMBL

CHEMBL211456

[]

1Hemija

2Sinteza

3Reference

4Literatura

5Vidi jo

6Spoljanje veze

Hemija

etiri stereoizomera efedrina.

Efedrin ispoljava optiki izomerizam i ima dva hiralna centra, te postoje etiri stereoizomera. Po konvenciji
par enantiomera sa stereohemijom (1R,2S i 1S,2R) se naziva efedrin, dok se par enantiomera sa
stereohemijom (1R,2R i 1S,2S) naziva pseudoefedrin.
Efedrin je supstituisani amfetamin i strukturni analog metamfetamina. On se razlikuje od metamFetamina
samo po prisustvu hidroksilne grupe (OH). Amfetamini, su potentniji i imaju dodatne bioloke efekte.
Izomer koji je u prodaji kao ()-(1R,2S)-efedrin.[2]
Efedrin hidrohlorid ima taku topljenja od 187188 C.[3]

Sinteza
Efedrin se moe sintetisati iz benzaldehida na nekoliko razliitih naina. U prvom se benzaldehid
kondenzuje sa nitroetanom, dajui 2-metil-2-nitro-1-feniletanol, koji se redukuje do 2-metil-2-amino-1feniletanola.[4][5] Neophodni L-izomer se iuoluje iz smee izomera putem kristalizacije.
Njegova metilacija daje efedrin.

Drugi metod se sastoji of fermentacije glukoze kvaanom karboligazom u prisustvu benzaldehida,

koji se tokom procesa pretvara u fenilacetilkarbinol. On se zatim redukuje vodonikom u
presustvu metilamina ime se formira efedrin.[6][7]

Reference
1. Jump up Merck Manuals > EPHEDrine Last full review/revision January 2010
2. Jump up Martindale (1989). Edited by Reynolds JEF, . Martindale: The complete drug
reference(29th .). London: Pharmaceutical Press. ISBN 0-85369-210-6.
3. Jump up Budavari S, editor. The Merck Index: An encyclopedia of chemicals, drugs, and
biologicals, 12th edition. Whitehouse Station: Merck
4. Jump up Spath, K. Gohring, Monatsh. Chem., 41, 319 (1920)
5. Jump up Manske, R. H. F.; Johnson, T. B. (1929). Journal of the American Chemical Society. 51(2):
580. doi:10.1021/ja01377a032.
6. Jump up W. Klawehn, G. Hilderbrandt, U.S. Patent 1.956.950 (1934)
7. Jump up Merck Chem. Fab. E, DE 469782 (1926)

Efedrin je stimulativno sredstvo iz grupe simpatomimetika. Agonist je alfa i beta receptora. Efedrin pojaava
oslobaanje norepinefrina i pospjeuje aktivnost sredinjeg ivanog sustava to sportaima daje niz korisnih
uinaka. Stimuliranjem metabolizma dolazi do razlaganja triglicerida iz masnog tkiva i poveanja
koncentracije masnih kiselina. To omoguava postizanje bolje miine definicije smanjenjem potkonog
masnog tkiva.
Djelovanje efedrina na smanjenje tjelesne mase zasnovano je na njegovoj sposobnosti da pokrene nekoliko
mehanizama:
- vee otputanje topline tijela poveanjem lipolize.
- poveanje bazalnog metabolizma preko tiroksina.
- smanjenje unosa hrane putem sredinje supresije apetita.
Efedrin moe dati brojne neeljene uinke. Meu najee se ubrajaju: tremor ruku, znojenje, ubrzan rad
srca, povien krvni tlak, vrtoglavica i osjeaj unutarnjeg nemira. Ovi uinci obino nestaju nakon to se osoba
navikne na efedrin ili se smanji doza.
Efedrin se moe legalno nabaviti na veini svjetskih trita, ali je bitno rei da se on koristi i za pravljenje
ilegalne supstance metamfetamina.
Zbog sve rairenije upotrebe efedrina kako u amaterskim tako i u profesionalnim sportskim disciplinama,
treba naglasiti da je efedrin na listi zabranjenih supstanci Meunarodnog olimpijskog komiteta (IOC) 1972.
godine "zbog iznenadnih (nepredvidivih) promjena u radu srca, tlaka i raspoloenja".
FDA je dokumentirala 40 smrtnih sluajeva i vie od 800 tetnih uinaka povezanih sa upotrebom efedrina.
Ma huang je biljni oblik efedrina koja se jo naziva i efedra, a sadri je veliki broj biljnih preparata najee
namijenjenih mravljenju ili poveanju psihike koncentracije.
Efedrine tj. ephedrine hydrocloride je ve stoljeima poznata supstanca u svijetu. Jo prije 2000 g. u drevnoj
se Kini koristio aj biljke Ma huang iz koje se prirodnim putem dobivao efedrin da bi se postigla velika
izdrljivost i snaga potrebna u estim bitkama. 300 mg ephedre iz Ma Huang-a daje, ovisno o kvaliteti
proizvoda oko 25 mg efedrina.
--------------------------------

Efedrin je alkaloid s efektom stimuliranja simpatikusa uz karakteristino pokretanje

adrenalinskog uinka, zbog ega se u medicini koristi protiv astme, bronhitisa i kongestije
nazalnih prohoda (naglo otvara dine puteve).
Budui da snano stimulira alfa i beta receptore, nikada se ne zna kako e
korisnik reagirati.
Stimulacija nije kao kod kave (blaga euforija) ve s jakim uzbuenjima koja
nemaju vidljivog uzroka. Takva tjeskoba vrlo je nepoeljna u vrijeme natjecanja i traje
ovisno o dozi 30-40 minuta. Ako se namjerno ili nenamjerno kombiniraju kofein i efedrin,
situacija se pogorava i za tili as korisnik moe biti u kolapsu zbog pada tlaka.
Doziranje i sporedni uinci:
Sredstvo je toliko snano da su i male doze problematine (10-20 mg) pogotovo ako se
dulje uzimaju.
Valja naglasiti da reakcije ovise o osjetljivosti pojedinca; nervoza, razdraljivost,
drhtanje, bezrazloni strah (tjeskoba), nesanica i glavobolja su blagi sporedni uinci, pa
ako se takvi uinci primjete, s velikom sigurnosti se moe posumnjati na efedrin.
Kod veih doza javljaju se lupanje srca, porast tlaka, guenje i hipoglikemija.