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TYPORAMA

/1997-2000
ISBN: 960-538-077-3
: 10/2
Copyright 1999

& , 26222 : (061) 314094, 314206 / : (061) 317244
. 2121/1993,
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( 9, 10, 11)
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opusMAGNUM


ISBN: 978-960-538-815-7
: 10/2
Copyright 2008

18, 26335 : 2610 367300, : 2610 367350
. 2121/1993,
, .

2008



, . (1989) (1995) / & . ,
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3 , DAISy . 15 10 . 3 6 , 3 50
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member of IEEE, IEEE CS and ACM.


............................................................................................... 19
1

, ,
, ....................................... 23
1.1

A ..................................................... 25

1.2

A
............................................................ 26
1.2.1 O
........................................................................ 28
1.2.2 O
................................................................. 30

................................................................................................... 32
1.................................................................... 32
2

, ,
, ....................................... 33
2.1

......................................... 35

2.2

X ............................................. 36

2.3

A ......................... 39

2.4

A ..................... 49

................................................................................................... 56
2.................................................................... 56
3


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, ....................................... 57

10

3.1

K ..............................................................59

3.2

A ......................................................68

3.3

T () ....................................72
3.3.1 . ................72
3.3.2 ....................................75
3.3.3 A ..........................................75

3.4

..............................................77

....................................................................................................80
3.....................................................................80
4


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, .......................................81
4.1

T ............................86

4.2

T ..........................88
4.2.1 ...........................88
4.2.2 ...........................90
4.2.3 ...............91
4.2.4 ...............93
4.2.5 E ................................................94
4.2.6 .....................94

4.3

T .....................................97

4.4

E ;.........................................................100
4.4.1 ............................................................................100
4.4.2 ...........................................................................102

..................................................................................................105
4...................................................................105

, ,
, ..................................... 107
5.1

...................................... 109

5.2

.....................................................................110

5.3

...................................................................111

5.4

HIPO...................................................................112

5.5

WarnierOrr........................................................114

5.6

Jackson ...................................................................116

5.7

;........................................................117

5.8

A .......... 120
5.8.1 Case ................................................................................ 120
5.8.2 E ......................................... 121

................................................................................................. 122
5.................................................................. 122
6


, ,
, ..................................... 123
6.1

B ........................................... 126

6.2

M .............................. 127
6.2.1 ............................................... 128
6.2.2 E ...................................... 128
6.2.3 ........................................ 130

6.3

E ............................................ 131

6.4

..................................................................................... 135
6.4.1 ................................................... 148

6.5

.................................................... 149
6.5.1 ........................................................................... 150

11

12

6.5.2 .................................................152
6.5.3 ...............................162
6.5.4 ....................................................164
6.6

;............................................165

..................................................................................................171
6...................................................................171
7


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7.1

Y....................................................................176
7.1.1 .........................................177
7.1.2 E .........................................................................182
7.1.3 .....................................................................185
7.1.4 -.............189

7.2

A ..................................................................................192

7.3

O ........................................................................198

7.4

T ......................................................203
7.4.1 T .................................................203
7.4.2 T ............................................204
7.4.3 T ..................................................205
7.4.4 ......................................................206
7.4.5 .......................................................208

..................................................................................................211
7...................................................................211

, ,
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8.1

T.............................................................................. 215
8.1.1 E ................................................. 216
8.1.2 E ................................................. 219

8.2

..................................................................... 222

8.3

A ......................................................................... 234

................................................................................................. 238
8.................................................................. 238
9


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9.1

........................................................... 242

9.2

..................................................................... 243

9.3

, ......................... 245

9.4

.................................................. 252

9.5

................................................... 255

9.6

,
...................................... 258
9.6.1 ..................................................................... 261
9.6.2 ...................................................................... 263
9.6.3
.......................................................... 265
9.6.4 ;............................................. 267

................................................................................................. 271

13

14

10

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10.1 .....................................................................................276
10.2
.....................................................................................277
10.3 ................................................................279
10.3.1 ............................................281
10.4 ..............................................................................282
10.4.1 ...............................283
10.4.2 - BNF.....................................................283
10.4.3 xtended BNF................................................................286
10.4.4 .....................................................................287
10.4.5 .................................................................289
10.4.6 .........................................................289
10.4.7 .......................................................290
10.4.8 ......................................................................291
10.4.9 .........................292
10.5 ................................................294
10.6 ..............................................................................299
10.6.1 ..........................................................................300
10.6.2 ....................................................................302
10.6.3 ..........................................303
10.6.4 ..................................304
10.7 ....................................................305
10.7.1 ..............................................305
10.7.2 ................................................................308
10.7.3 .................................310
..................................................................................................314
10.................................................................314

11


, ,
, ..................................... 315
11.1
.................................................... 318
11.1.1 .............. 318
11.1.2
..................................................................... 319
11.2 ................................ 321
11.2.1 ................................................. 321
11.2.2 ............................................... 322
11.2.3 ........................................................... 324
11.3 ...................................... 325
11.4 : FORTRAN ................. 327
11.5 : ALGOL ................................... 329
11.6 : COBOL................................... 330
11.7 : LISP................................ 331
11.8 : BASIC ....................... 332
11.9 : PASCAL .......................... 332
11.10 : C ........................................................... 333
11.11 : PERL JAVASCRIPT ....................... 333
11.12 : PROLOG.................................... 334
11.13 :
ADA......................................................................... 335
11.14 :
SMALLTALK .......................................................................... 336
11.15
: C++............................................ 337
11.16 JAVA:
...................................................................................... 338

15

16

11.17 : C# .............................................339
11.18
......................................................................340
11.18.1 .....................................................340
11.18.2 ...........................................................345
11.18.3 ....................................................................346
11.18.4 ..........................................................................346
..................................................................................................348
11.................................................................348

...............................................................................................349
A .........................................351
............................385
....................................................................................389

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