Discussion

The foam fracturing laboratory described here is, in effect, a simulated well above
ground where measurements and observations of foam under downhole conditions
can be made. It is constructed of high-pressure stainless steel tubing in which shear
rates and residence times encountered during a foam fracturing treatment can be
duplicated. It is designed for studying the rheological properties of foams to 10,000
psi (68.9 MPa), temperatures to 400F (204C) and shear rates well in excess of
treating conditions.

The preparation of fluids, introduction of additives and mixing of gas and liquid
streams closely follow the shear conditions present in field operations. In order to
simulate shear history, a 1,200-ft (394-m) Wellbore Simulator loop provides the
ability to subject foamed fracturing fluids to shear rates and times which occur in
pumping foam from the surface to the producing zone. A high-temperature heat
exchanger is used to raise foam temperatures to 400F (204C). Rheological
properties are measured in a Tube Rheometer consisting of four tubes.

High-pressure view cells, observed with a microscope and video camera, provide
viewing of the foam and bubble-size determination at both the foam generator
before it passes through the test devices and at the cooler after it has been through
the equipment.

The effect of time on the rheology of foam at low shear rates, elevated
temperatures and pressure, such as occurs in a fracture, is measured in the Fracture
Simulator. Dynamic fluid loss and formation damage are also determined in this
equipment. A volume of foam is reciprocated at a controlled shear rate through a
fixed length of tubing and a fluid-loss chamber.