REPRESENTATION OF 3D

OBJECTS
VARIETY OF OBJECTS
VARIETY OF METHODS
POLYGONS / QUADRIC SURFACES
SPLINES AND CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES
PROCEDURAL METHODS (FRACTALS, PARTICLE SYSTEMS)
PHYSICALLY BASED MODELING
OCTREE ENCODINGS
.AND SO ON

B-REP
SPACE PARTITIONING METHODS

POLYGON SURFACES
DEFINE BOUNDARY OF SOLIDS
TILED SURFACES / TESSELATIONS OF CURVED
SURFACES
POLYGON-MESH APPROXIMATION
FOR BETTER DISPLAYS
INTERPOLATION OF SHADING PATTERNS
SMALLER POLYGON MESHES

REPRESENTATION OF
POLYGONS
POLYGON DATA TABLES - GEOMETRIC / ATTRIBUTE
GEOOMETRIC DATA: VERTEX / EDGE /POLYGONSURFACE
(FIG 10-2)
VERTEX TABLE: COORDINATES OF EACH VERTEX
EDGE TABLE: POINTERS TO VERTEX TABLE FOR EACH
EDGE)
POLYGON-TABLE: POINTERS TO EDGES

ONLY ONE OR TWO TABLES ??

ADDITIONAL INFO: FORWARD POINTERS IN THE TABLES

CONSISTENCY OF DATA

EQUATIONS OF THE
PLANE
ax + by + cz + d = 0
THROUGH (x1 y1 z1), (x2 y2 z2) and (x3 y3 z3)
FIND a, b, c and d
OUTSIDE / INSIDE OF SOLID??
OUTWARD NORMAL (a b c)
VERTICES CCW WHEN VIEWING FROM
OUTSIDE
N = (V2 - V1) X (V3 - V1)
N.P = -d
ax + by + cz + d < 0 ----- P is inside the surface

PLANARITY
IF > 3 VERTICES ---- PLANARITY??
TRIANGULATE
AVERAGING TO GET a, b, c
a ---- proportional to project polygon on y-z plane and so on
POLYGON MESHES USED IN HIGH QUALITY GRAPHICS
SYSTEMS
WITH HARDWARE SUPPORT FOR DISPLAY OF
POLYGONS

CURVED LINES AND

SURFACES
MATHEMATICAL FUNCTIONS OR
SET OF DATA POINTS
FUNCTIONS --- DISPLAY AS IT IS / TESSELATE
DATA POINTS ---- BEST FIT CURVE / SURFACE

EQUATIONS IN PARAMETRIC FORM

QUADRIC SURFACES
SPHERE
x2 + y2 + z2 = r2
x = r cos cos
y = r cos sin
z = r sin
ELLIPSOID
2

x y z
+
+ = 1

rx ry rz
2

x = rx cos cos
y = ry cos sin
z = rz sin

 TORUS: (ring shaped)

x

rx

y
z

+ =1
+
r r
y z

x = rx (r + cos ) cos
y = ry (r + cos ) sin
z = rz sin

SUPERQUADRICS
SUPERELLIPSE
x

rx

x = rx coss
y = ry sins

y
+
r
y

=1

SUPERELLIPSOIDS
2

s2 y
x
+

r
rx
y

x = rx coss1 coss2
y = ry coss1 sins2
z = rz sins1
(Fig 10-12, 10-13)

s2

s2

s1

z
+
rz

s1

=1

SPLINES
WEIGHTS HANGING ON A FLEXIBLE STRIP
PIECEWISE CUBIC POLYNOMIAL FUNCTION
WITH CONTINUOUS 1st AND 2nd DERIVATIVES
SPLINE CURVE
COMPOSITE CURVES WITH POLYNOMIAL SECTIONS
SPLINE SURFACE
TWO SETS OF ORTHOGONAL SPLINE CURVES

INTERPOLATION SPLINES (digitizing, animation etc)

APPROXIMATION SPLINES (modeling object surfaces in design)

SPECIFIED BY CONTROL POINTS

MODIFICATIONS / MANIPULATION THROUGH CONTROL
POINTS
CONVEX HULL OF CONTROL POINTS
CONTROL GRAPH / POLYGON OF CONTROL POINTS

PARAMETRIC
CONTINUITY CONDITIONS
CONTINUITY BETWEEN CURVE SEGMENTS
ZERO ORDER PARAMETRIC CONTINUITY C0
1ST ORDER CONTINUITY C1
TANGENT VECTORS
Digitizing and design applications
2ND ORDER CONTINUITY C2
RATE OF CHANGE OF TANGENT VECTORS
Animation / camera movements / high precision CAD requirements
HIGHER ORDER CONTINUITY Ck

GEOMETRIC CONTINUITY
ZERO ORDER G0 (= C0)
FIRST ORDER G1 (SAME DIRECTION OF TANGENT
VECTORS)
SECOND ORDER G2 (PROPORTIONAL 1ST AND 2ND
DERIVATIVES; MATCHING CURVATURES)

SPLINE SPECIFICATIONS
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS ON THE
SPLINE
CHARACTERISTIC MATRIX
BLENDING FUNCTIONS
SPECIFY p(0), p(1), p(0) and p(1)
SPECIFY equations
SPECIFY F(u)

CHARACTERISTIC /
ALGEBRAIC FORM
x(u ) = a3 x u 3 + a2 x u 2 + a1x u + aox
y (u ) = a3 y u 3 + a2 y u 2 + a1 y u + a0 y
z (u ) = a3 z u 3 + a2 z u 2 + a1z u + a0 z

p (u ) = a3u 3 + a2u 2 + a1u + a0

P = u3 u 2

= U .A

a3
a
u 1 2
a1
a
0

STANDARD GEOMETRIC
FORM
GIVEN: p0, p1, pu0 and pu1
p0 = a0
p1 = a0 + a1 + a2 + a3
pu = 3a3u2 + 2a2 u + a1
pu0 = a1
pu1 = 3a3 + 2a2 +a1
a0 = p0
a1 = pu0
a2 = - 3 p0 + 3 p1 -2 pu0 - pu1

a3 = 2 p0 - 2 p1 + pu0 + pu1
Hence
P(u) = (2u3 - 3u2 + 1)p0 + (-2u3 + 3u2)p1 +
(u3 - 2u2 + u)pu0 + (u3 u2)pu1
= F1(u)p0 + F2(u)p1 + F3(u)pu0 + F4(u)pu1
p0
p
p( u) = [F1 ( u) F2 ( u) F3 ( u) F4 ( u)] u1
p 0
pu
1
p( u) = FB

 2 2
3 3
p (u ) = [u 3 u 3 u 1]
0
0

0
1
p (u ) = UMB = FB = UA
B = M 1 A

0 0 0
1 1 1
=
0 0 1

3 2 1

1
1
0

1
2
1
0

1 p0
1 p1
0 pu0

0 p u1

A: ALGENRAIC COEFFICIENT MATRIX

B: STANDARD GEOMETRIC MATRIX
M: UNIVERSAL TRANSFORMATION MATRIX
M = MH ---- HERMITE MATRIX
F: BLENDING FUNCTIONS

FOUR POINT FORM

GIVEN: 4 POINTS ON THE CURVE Pi i=1..4
TO FIND EQUATION OF THE SPLINE
P1 U 1
P U
2 = 2A
P3 U 3
P U
4 4
U 1
U
A = 2
U 3
U
4

P1
P
2 = NP
P3
P
4

If ui's = 0, 1/3, 2/3 and 1

STANDARD 4-POINT FORM
27 / 2 27 / 2 9 / 2
9/ 2
9
18
45 / 2
9 / 2

N =
9
1
9/ 2
11 / 2
1

0
0
0