GRAMMAR

Reference : Grammar For All Levels By Adnan Naim

Prepared by : Mulla (2002)

May 2002 (version 0)

n
n
n
n
n
n
n

English Alphabetic
Parts of Speech
Sentences

Verb to BE
Verb to DO
Verb to HAVE
Nouns

Countable Nouns

Spelling Rules for Plurals

Uncountable Nouns

Definite & Indefinite Articles

Pronouns

Object Pronouns
Reflexive Pronouns

Relative Pronouns
Making Questions

n
n

How
some/ any/

n
n

Making Negative
TENSES

Present Simple Tense

Past Simple Tense

Future Simple Tense

Present Continuous Tense

Past Continuous Tense

Future Continuous Tense

Present Perfect Tense

Past Perfect Tense

Future Perfect Tense

Present Perfect Continuous

n
n

Imperatives
Modals

n
n

Comparing Adjectives
Adverbs

n
n

Active & Passive

Transitive & Intransitive Verbs ...

Prepositions

n
n

Question-Tags
Conditional if

n
n

Reported Speech
Countries and Nationalities

1/46

English Alphabetic

1. Capital Letters

L M
Y Z

I J K
V W X

l
y

i
v

H
U

G
T

F
S

E
R

D
Q

B
O

C
P

A
N

2. Small Letters

m
z

k
x

j
w

h
u

g
t

f
s

e
r

d
q

c
p

a
n

b
o

l Consonant Letters

b c d f g h j k l m n p q r s t v w x y z
l Vowels Letters

o u

a e

Parts of Speech

Noun

Ahmed, book
I, he, she, it, etc. ..

Pronoun

Play, played, will play

rich man

Verb

Adjective

Ahmed writes quickly.

.

Adverb

Ahmed goes to school

They traveled by plane

Preposition

2/46

 Ali and Ahmad visited us yesterday.

.

Conjunction

Alas! She died.

! .

Interjection

This is a book.
.

:
a, an, the
a
.

This is an apple.
.

an
.

This is the book I bought yesterday.

.

the

Article

:

): ( Ali doctor :
Ali is a doctor :

Sentences

1. Simple Sentences
2. Compound Sentences
3. Complex Sentences

1. Simple Sentences
:

1) I saw a boy.
2) The boy was riding a bicycle.
:
I saw a boy riding a bicycle.
2. Compound Sentences

and/ but /or :

3/46

: and :
Ahmed did his homework. Anas helped him.
:
Ahmed did his homework and Anas helped him.
but: :
Khaled is rich. He is unhappy.
:
Khaled is rich but he is unhappy.
:
or:
We can play football. We can watch TV.
:
We can play football or we can watch TV.
3. Complex Sentences

n Noun Clause
n Adjectival Clause
n Adverbial Clause

:
Main Clause
: Subordinate Clause

Clause & Phrase

n A clause is a combination of words containing a verb and has a complete
meaning.
: .
I saw the man who was carrying a stick.
n A phrase is a combination of words forming part of the sentence but
without a verb.
: .
I saw the man carrying a stick.

Verb to BE
n It is used as a principal and a helping verb.

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:
Subject Present
I
am
He, She, It
is
We, They, You
are

Past
was
was
were

Past participle
been
been
been

.
.
: Examples

1. I am a pupil.
2. They are boys.

Negative Sentences with the verb to BE

n We make negative statements with the verb to BE by using the word not
after the verb to be.
(not) . )(
Affirmative

Negative

I am at home.

I am not at home.

You are tall.

You are not tall.

Making Questions with the verb to BE

n Yes or No questions and short answers
: )( )(
Yes or No questions

Be
Are
Were

+Subject

you
the boys

+ Complement

a teacher?
at school?

Short Answers
Affirmative

Negative

Yes + Subject + Be

No + Subject + Be + not

Yes, I am.
Yes, they were.

No, I am not.
No, they were not.

Verb to DO

n It is used as a principal and a helping verb.

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Subject

Present

Past

Past participle

I, you, we, they

He, She, It

do
does

did
did

done
done

.
.

Verb to HAVE

n It is used as a principal and a helping verb.
:
Subject

Present

Past

Past participle

I, you, we, they

have

had

had

He, She, It

has

had

had

.
.

Negative Sentences with verb to HAVE as a main verb

Subject

+
do/does/did

+ not

+ have

+ Complement

I
He
They

do
does
did

not
not
not

have
have
have

a car.
A new watch.
breakfast this morning.

Making Questions with the verb to HAVE as a main verb

Yes or No questions

Short Answers

Affirmative

Negative

+
No + Subject
+Subject
Yes + Subject
Complement
Do/Does/Did
+have
+ do/does/did

+ do/does/did

+not

6/46

Do

you

have

Does

he

have

Did

they

have

a car?
a new
watch?
Breakfast
this
morning?

Yes, I do.

No, I do not.

Yes, he does.

No, he does
not

Yes, they did.

No, they did

not.

Verb to HAVE as a helping verb

n Verb to have is used as a helping verb to form the perfect tense.
.
:
n They have lived here for two years.
n Adel has just finished his work.

Negative Sentences with verb to HAVE as a helping verb

. not
:

I have lived here for a long time.

I have not lived here for a long time.

Making Questions with verb to HAVE as a helping verb

n Yes or No questions and short answers
:
.
:
n They have lived here for a long time.
n Have they lived here for a long time?
n Yes, they have.
No, they have not.

Other Uses of Verb to HAVE

n To express necessity in the present and past have to, has to, had to.
: .
I have to leave now.
n With some model auxiliaries.

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: .
You had better see a doctor.
n To show that something is caused by another person.
: .
I have my shoes cleaned every week.

Nouns
Nouns are words we use to name:
:
.

People

man, father, teacher, neighbor,

Things

book, table, sugar, fruit,

Places

school, street, city, house, ..

Ideas

freedom, honesty, truth, .

Feelings

happiness, anger, boredom, joy, .

Countable & Uncountable Nouns

n Countable Nouns: are things that be counted as one, two, three, and so on.
. :
n Uncountable Nouns: cannot be counted.
. :

Countable Nouns

n These nouns have singular and plural forms.

n Before singular countable nouns you can use a/an.

. a/an
n You cannot use singular countable nouns alone without words such as:
a, an, one, my, your, his, etc.
.

8/46

Spelling Rules for Plurals

We form plurals of most nouns by adding s to the singular noun.
. s
Singular

Plural

one book

two books

one horse

many horses

es sh, ch, z, x, s
Singular

Plural

match

matches

bus

buses

dish
box

dishes
boxes

ies y y
Singular

Plural

city
baby

cities
babies

. s y
Singular

Plural

boy
key

boys
keys

es o
Singular

Plural

potato
tomato

potatoes
tomatoes

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. s o
Singular

Plural

radio

radios

zoo

zoos

es v fe f
Singular

Plural

knife
shelf

knives
shelves

:
Singular

Plural

classroom

classrooms

policeman

policemen

:
Singular
man

Plural
men

woman

women

child

children

person
foot
tooth
goose
mouse

people
feet
teeth
geese
mice

Uncountable Nouns

n Uncountable nouns cannot be counted.
es , s
:
n salt, coffee, tea, food, meat, gold, music, blood.
. an a

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flour

salt

meat

information

coffee

knowledge

butter

food

tea

sugar

gold

blood

news

glass

cheese

milk

paper

bread

rice

wood

furniture

rain

steel

grass

cloth

music

marble

n Coffee is a traditional drink in Saudi Arabia.

n Milk has many minerals.
.
n Two cups of tea are not enough for me.
n Five liters of oil do not operate this machine.

Definite & Indefinite Articles

a/an
are used as indefinite articles. .
The
is used as definite articles. .
n We put a before a noun starting with a constant sound.
. a
n We put an before a noun starting with a vowel sound.
. an

Indefinite Articles a & an

n We put a before a noun starting with a constant sound.
. a
n We put an before a noun starting with a vowel sound.
. an

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Vowels :
aeiou
We use a/an:
Before a singular
countable noun.

a table
an egg

Before a job, a particular

Saleh is a doctor
He is an engineer. She is
group of people or a
.
an English women.
nationality.
With numbers that mean
every.

He washes his hands ten

times a day. (means
every day).

We DO NOT use a/an:

No article is used with
abstract nouns and the
names of metals.
No article is used before
plural or uncountable
nouns.

Love, beauty, hatred, wood,

silver, gold

There are books on the table.

Milk is good for you.
.

The Definite Article The

:

The is used before:

A noun that is the only one

of its kind.
.

The river Nile

The Kaaba

Names of rivers, seas,

oceans, etc.
A noun which is the object
of a sentence.

.........

The Arabian Gulf

The Red Sea

Umar answered the question.

The names of musical

instruments.

Can you play the duff?

Names of some countries.

The United Kingdom The

U.S.A.

With some time

expressions.

at the weekend
in the evening

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With dates.

On the first day of every

month.

With some general

expressions.

Listen to the radio/news.

Go to the market/desert.

Use article with the name

that is repeated.
.
No article is used with the
names of studies of
subjects.
No article is used before
such words as school,
home, bed, work, etc.

I saw a man. The man was

young.

I do not like science. My

favorite subject is
mathematics.

....

I am going to school.
I always go to bed early.

on Monday, in June
No article is used before
in summer (sometimes in the
such words such as day and
summer).
.

month names.
before breakfast.

Pronouns

A pronoun replaces a noun .

Subject
Pronouns

Possessive
Object
Pronouns Adjectives

Possessive
Pronouns

Reflexive
Pronouns

me

my

mine

myself

you

you

your

yours

yourself

he

him

his

his

himself

she

her

her

hers

herself

it

it

its

its

itself

We
you
they

us
you
them

our
your
their

ours
yours
theirs

ourselves
yourselves
themselves

We use a pronouns instead of a noun when it is clear who or what we are

talking about .
.
: Example
Ali is a good student. He passes all his tests.

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Object Pronouns

n We use an object pronoun .

After a preposition.
Do you live near them?
Send the box directly to me.
After to and for with verbs like make, give, send, lend, pass, take,
show.
The little boy made it for her.

Reflexive Pronouns

n Reflexive pronouns are used:

for emphasize
Did you do the decorations yourself ?
I did the painting myself.

With some special expressions

Help yourself .
Enjoy yourself.
Behave yourself.
I live by myself. (I live alone)

Relative Pronouns

The relative pronouns are used to join sentences together.

.
:
. -1
who


. whom

. which
. that

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 . whose
-2 .

] [ Who
who . :
Here is the man. The man is a doctor.
The man who
:
Here is the man who is a doctor.
:
1) The man came here. The man was a doctor.
The man who was here is a doctor
2) My friend swims well. He lives here.
My friend who lives here swims well.

] [

Whom

whom . :
The man came here. I visited him.
him whom
) ( :
The man whom I visited came here.
:
1) The man was working with me. I paid him.
The man whom I paid was working with me.
2) This is the girl. You gave her a flower.
This is the girl whom you gave a flower.

] [

Which

which
. :
He found his book. He lost it yesterday.
him his book which
) ( :
He found his book which he lost yesterday.

15/46

:
1) This is the house. I live in it.
This is the house which I live in.
2) This book is cheap. It is very useful.
This book which is very useful is cheap.

That

[ ]

: . that
This is the boy. You met her.
This is the boy that (whom) you met.
I have a bird. It sings.
I have a bird that (which) sings.

Whose

[ ]
: . whose

This is the man. His car hit the boy.

This is the man whose his car hit the boy.
whose the man car
. car

Making Questions

:

Helping Verbs :
n am is are was were have has had will would shall
should can could may might must ought to
:
n They are doctors.
Are they doctors?
n She can help us?
Can they help us?
n I will go to the market? Will you go to the market?

16/46


(1 s : do
:
?Do they play tennis
?Do you write books

n They play tennis.

n I write books.

) (
(2 s : does

n Ahmed plays tennis.

?Does Ahmed play tennis
?n Huda watch TV. Does Huda watch TV
) (
(3 : did
:
n They watched TV last night.
?Did they watch TV last night
n I played football yesterday.
?Did you play football yesterday

) (

Yes No .
:
Wh Questions

?Where

?When

?Why

?What

?Which

?Who

?Whom

17/46

)Wh Questions (Cont.

?Whose

?How

?How many

?How much

?How long

?How old

?How far

Steps for Making a Question

(1 :
When, Where, Why..etc
(2 ) helping verb ( .
(3 :
* s do
* s does
* did

(4
.
(5 .
:
They are going to eat meat.
?What are they going to eat
* are they meat .
They played tennis at school.
?Where did they play tennis

18/46

 ed . did *
. at school .
:
:
you I
you your

I you
we my

what
who

.

:

Ahmed broke the window.

Who broke the window?
The book describes accidents. What describes accidents?

How
He was very pleased to meet his friend.
How was he to meet his friend?

How

Thirty boys are in this class.

How many boys are in this class?

How many

I am twenty years old.

How old are you?

How old

You paid five pounds for this coat.

How much did you pay for this coat?

How much

It is 450 KM from Dammam to Riyadh.

How far is it from Dammam to Riyadh?

How far

This rope is two meters long.

How long is this rope?

How long

This fence is four meters high.

How high is this fence?

How high

Sami is meter and a half tall.

How tall is Sami?

How tall

19/46

some/
any/
. some
2) Somebody was there.

1) We had some books.

3) He is somewhere.

. any
:
2) Is anybody at home?

1) Do you have any books?

3) Is he anywhere?

:
1) We do not have any books.
3) He is not anywhere.

2) I did not see anybody.

Making Negative

: not
Helping Verbs :
am is are was were have has had will would shall should
can could may might must ought to
:
n They are happy. They are not happy?
n He can help us?
He can not help us?
Long forms & Short forms of Verb to be
(Affirmative)

(Negative)

Long Forms

Short Forms

Long Forms

Short Forms

I am

Im

I am not

Im not

He is

Hes

He is not

Hes not

She is

Shes

She is not

Shes not

It is

Its

It is not

Its not

You are

Youre

You are not

Youre not

We are

Were

We are not

Were not

They are

Theyre

They are not

Theyre not

20/46

 .
(do, does, did) : ) (not
.
: :
Affirmative

Negative

no, any

some

neither.nor

.... bothand

neither.nor

...... either..or

never

sometimes

not so..as

....... asas

not all

all

no, not every

every

TENSES
1. Present Simple Tense
.
.
:
usually

always

every

sometimes

often

generally

from time to time

never

rarely

:
1.
2.
3.
4.

I go to school everyday.
They usually sleep at 11.00 p.m.
We often drink coffee in the morning.
She is never late to school.
: s .
1. Ali drinks milk every morning.
2. A cow gives us milk.

2. Past Simple Tense

.
ed .

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 :
ago

last

yesterday

in 1988 AD, in 1415 AH:

I, He, She, it
They, We, You

was
were
:

1. I watched television last night.

2. They visited their uncle yesterday.
3. We went to Makkah two months often.

3. Future Simple Tense

.
will shall .
shall I we will .
shall will .
:
in the future

next

tomorrow

in 2010 AD, in 1425 AH:

:
1. I will go to school tomorrow.
2. They will play foot ball next Friday.
3. He will join the army in the future.
:
going to

am , is , are

4. Present Continuous Tense

.
:

+ ing am / is / are +
I
am + verb + ing
He, she, it
is + verb + ing
They, we, you
are + verb + ing

:
look

at the moment
at the present time

22/46

now
listen

 :
1. I am reading a story at the moment.
2. They are watching television now.
3. Look! the bus is coming.

:
prefer

want

love

like

feel

dislike

hate

wish

seem

think

hear

hope

fit

consider

fear

appear

trust

believe

understand

. Past Continuous Tense

.
:

+ ingwas / were +

:
because

while

as

when

:
.

While I was sleeping , a thief entered my room.

) (
.
When we were eating , my father came .

) (
.
: :
A thief entered my room while I was sleeping .

23/46


My father came when we were eating .

:
while .
while .
6. Future Continuous Tense
.
:
) + ing( will + be +
:
in

by

at

after

all

.. fromto

:
1. By 7.30 tomorrow, I will be flying to Cairo.
2. They will be waiting for you at 5 o'clock .

7. Present Perfect Tense

.
:
:

has / have +

just
never

for

since

ever

yet

already

recently

:
I have lived in Riyadh for six years.
I have not visited him since 1995.
Ahmed has already finished his homework.
She has written three letters just now.

24/46

1.
2.
3.
4.

Since & For

Since means from some definite point or period n the past up to now
.
For means a definite period of time
.
Since
2 oclock
Monday
yesterday
last night
last week/ last month/ last year
1996
last century
he came

For
a moment
3 minutes
an hour
many hours
3 days/ 5 weeks / 4 months
a year
10 years
a century

8. Past Perfect Tense

.
:
had +

:
after

before

which

as soon as

:
1.
2.
3.
4.

I had washed before I prayed.

They went home after they had finished their work.
Ahmed had eaten the cake which he bought.
As soon as they had bought a car, they drove to Makkah.
.

9. Future Perfect Tense

.
:

will + have +

:
by

at

25/46

:
1. By 2.00 this afternoon, I will have finished my work.
2. At 10.00 tonight, she will have written five letters.

10. Present Perfect Continuous Tense

.
:
has / have + been ++ ing
:
for

since

:
1. I have been studying English for six years.
2. She has been sleeping since 2 oclock.
: : Present Perfect
Maha started making cakes three hours ago. There are now one hundred
cakes on the table.
:
Present Perfect Continuous Tense
She has been making cakes for three hours.
Present Perfect Tense
She has made 100 cakes.

Imperatives

Imperatives are verbs used at the beginning of sentences either in the

affirmative or negative to indicate instructions, invitations, signs and
notices or telling someone what to do.

.
The Imperatives uses the simple form of the verb such as: walk, read,
open,.etc.
.
Give Instructions

Mix the flour and the sugar.

(Affirmative )

26/46

 Take two tablets every four hours.

Make Invitations

(Affirmative )

Come in; make yourselves at home.

Please start; do not wait for me.
Tell someone what to do

(Affirmative )
(Negative )

Open your book.

(Affirmative )
Do not forget to post the letter. (Negative )
Give Warnings

Keep out. Danger. (Affirmative )
Make Signs & Notices

Push.
(Affirmative )
Insert 2 X 50 SR. (Affirmative )
Keep off the grass.
(Affirmative )

Make Requests

Please open the door. (Affirmative )

Modals
n A modal has only one form of the verb for all persons, but it can have
several meanings and time frames, depending on the context in which it is
used.
.
n Form

shall, should, will would, may, might, can, could, must, ought to + ()

n Modals have no infinitives or past participles.

.
Modals

shall

Expresses :

Example

Promise

You shall take a reward.

Determination

He does not want to obey me: but he shall.

Threat

You shall be punished if you come late.

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Duty

You should obey your teachers.

Advice or opinion

You should stop smoking.

The simple future tense.

He will visit us tomorrow.

Determination or promise
Possibility

I will travel when I like.

We will do as you wish.
I hoped that I might succeed.
I thought that the weather might change

Ability

He can do it carefully.
He is able to solve the problem.

Ability in the future

I shall be able to help you.

could

Past, present or future possibility

/ /

Fahad could drive his car a year ago.

Ali is not in class today. He could be sick.
Do not leave now. It could rain now.

must

Necessity

You must listen to your teachers.

had to

The past form of must :past necessity

Faisal could not come to our dinner party.

He had to stay home to study.

ought to

Advice

You ought to help the poor.

ought to
have

Actions that were advisable in the past

You ought to have studied.

(You did not. That was a mistake)

should

will
might
can,
am/is/are
able to
shall be
able, will be
able

Affirmative

Negative

Question

They should eat

now.

They should not Should they eat

eat now.
now?
He will not
Will he leave?
He will leave.
leave.
He would not
He would succeed.
Would he leave?
succeed.
I might not
I might succeed.
Might I succeed?
succeed.
I may sleep.
I may not sleep.
May I sleep?
I can do it.

I can not do it.

Can I do it?
He could not
He could talk.
Could he talk?
talk.
We could not
We could have a test
Could we have a
have a test
tomorrow.
test tomorrow?
tomorrow.
You must not go
You must go now.
Must you go now?
now.
You ought to help You ought not to Ought you to help
them.
help them.
them?

28/46

Short Answers
Affirmative

Negative

Yes, they should. No, they should not.

Yes, he will.

No, he will not.

Yes, he would.

No, he would not.

Yes, you can.

No, you can not.

Yes, he could.

No, he could not.

Yes, you could.

No, he could not.

Yes, I must.

No, I must not.

Yes, I ought to.

No, I ought not.

Comparing Adjectives

1. Comparing Short Adjectives

.1 :
er than
Ali is older than Ahmed.
My Car is faster than yours.
e r.
safe
safer than
simple
simpler than
y y i er.
easier than
heavier than

easy
heavy

.2 :
the est .
Everest is the highest mountain.
This is the biggest building in Riyadh.
e e.
safe
the safest
y y i est.
the easiest

easy

2. Comparing Long Adjectives

.1 :
.
difficult

beautiful

correct

dangerous

fluent

Important

er . est
more than
Jeddah is more beautiful than Riyadh.

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 French is more difficult than English.

: .2
the most
My red car is the most beautiful car in her city.
This is the most important subject in this book.
:

good

better than

the best

bad

worse than

the worst

( )
( )

many
much

more than

the most

( )

little

less than

the least

far

farther than

the farthest

Adel is better than his brother at school.

This girl is the worst one in her class.

( )

as..as

not as.as
( )

as..as

Ali is as tall as his brother.

This bag is as big as my bag.
not as..as

Ali is not as tall as his brother.

This bag is not as big as my bag.

Adverbs

[ ]

An Adverb always modifies a verb.

Most adverbs are formed by adding ly to the adjectives.

slow
happy

slowly
happily

nice
careful

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. ly
nicely
carefully

There are many kinds of adverbs:

:
1. Adverbs of manner: express how an action was done.
. :
I closed the window carefully.
The soldier fought bravely.
2. Adverbs of time: express the time when an action is or was done.
. :
Im going to leave for Cairo tomorrow.
Whats going to happen next?
3. Adverbs of place: express when an action is done.
. :
I shall stand here.
Ive looked everywhere for my lost pen.
Some words that end in ly can be both adjectives or adverbs. Most of them refer
to time.
: . . ly
daily

weekly

monthly

yearly

A daily newspaper is published daily.

We get up early to catch an early train.
4. Adverbs of frequency: tell how often we do something.
: . :
always

often

usually

sometimes

seldom

Rarely

Never

Occasionally

Verb to BE:
:
Ali is always on time.
Other Verbs:
:

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Ali sometimes reads a book.

Adverbial Clause of Time

Conjunctions:
when, whenever, as, as soon as, while, after, before, until, since
These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of time with the main
sentence.
.
I found a watch. I was walking in the street.
I found a watch while I was walking in the street.

Adverbial Clause of Place

Conjunctions:
where, wherever

These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of place with the main
sentence.
.
:
Wherever he goes his brother follows him.

Adverbial Clause of Cause

Conjunctions:
because, since, as

These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of cause with the main
sentence.
.
I stayed at home yesterday because it was raining.

Adverbial Clause of Manner

Conjunctions:

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As, as if, as through

These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of manner with the
main sentence.
.
. as if
:

He speaks as if he were a king.

. was were
It looks as if it would rain.
. will would

Adverbial Clause of Purpose

Conjunctions:
that, so that, in order that

These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of purpose with the
main sentence.
.
a) We use (may + infinitive) when the main verb is in the present or future.
.( + )
:
n He works hard. He wishes to succeed.
n He works hard so that (that or in order that) he may succeed.
b) We use (might + infinitive) when the main verb is in the simple past.
.( + )
n He was walking quickly in order that he might not be late.

Adverbial Clause of Result

We use:

so + adverb + that

such + noun+ that

to link the main sentence with the adverbial clause of result.

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The man is so weak that he can not walk.

He wrote such good answers that he got he marks.

Adverbial Clause of Contrast

Conjunctions:
though, although
These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of contrast with
the main sentence.
.
:
He is poor. He is happy.
Although (though) he is poor, he is happy.

Adverbial Clause of Contrast

Conjunctions:
as.as, soas
These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of contrast with the
main sentence.
.
:
Nabeel is as clever as his father.
Sami is not so strong as his brother.

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Adverbial Clause of Condition

Conjunctions:
if, unless
These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of condition with the
main sentence.
.
:
If we are ill, we go to bed.
If we work hard, we will succeed.
If we worked hard, we would succeed.
If he had fallen, he would have hurt himself.
Unless the rain falls, the crops will not grow.

[ ]

as..as

not as.as
as..as

[ ]

.
Ahmed drives as dangerously as his brother.
not as.as
.
Hamad does not drive as dangerously as his brother.

Active & Passive

Statements
Questions
Command

.
.
:

35/46

A. Statements

Ahmed broke the window yesterday.

Active . Ahmed
The window was broken yesterday.
The window was broken (by Ahmed) yesterday.
Passive Ahmed
by .
Active Passive :
) . (
.1
.2 to be .
.3 .
.4 by .
.5 .
:

Active

Passive

Letters are written (by Ali).

Ali writes letters.

The lesson was written (by Huda).

Huda wrote the lesson.

A car will be bought (by Saleh).

Saleh will buy a car.

Ahmed is being helped (by Ali).

Khaled is helping Ahmed.

The apple has been eaten (by her).

She has eaten the apple.

to be :

am, is, are

was, were

shall be, will be

am being, is being, are being

was being, were being

has been, have been

had been

can be, could be, may be, might be, must be, ought to be

36/46

B. Questions

Active Passive :
) . (
.1
.2 to be .
.3 .
.4 by .
.5 .
:
Passive

Active

?)Are Letters written (by Ali

?Does Ahmed write letters

?)Was the cake eaten (by him

Did he eat the cake?.

?)Will a new car be bought (by Ali

?Will Ali buy a new car

Ahmed is being helped (by Ali).

?Why is he using a pen

?By whom the window was broken

?Who broke the window

C. Command

Active Passive :
.1 let .
) . (
.2
.3 to be . be
.4 .
:

Active

Passive

Let the lesson be written.

Write the lesson.

Let the door be opened.

Open the door.

Let this letter be sent to your friend.

Send this letter to your friend.

:


.

37/46

Active

Passive

Ali does not write letters

Letters are not written (by Ali).

?Dickens wrote those novels, didnt he? Those novels were written by Dickens, werent they
?That play wasnt written by Dickens, was it

?Dickens didnt write that play, did he

Transitive & Intransitive Verbs

) ( : Intransitive Verbs
.:

The sun rises.

) ( : Transitive Verbs
.:
Ali raised his hand.

*
.
* .:
:

Nora gave Huda a flower .

a) Huda was given a flower (by Nora).

)b) A flower was given to Huda (by Nora
to Huda .

Prepositions

.
.
A preposition shows the relation between the subject and the object. There are
also prepositions of time and prepositions of place.

.

38/46

Use of Prepositions

Prepositions

on

Use

Example

Day

On Monday

Day + morning, night +

On Friday morning

Afternoon, evening, date

My birthday is on June 10.

Special days

I will travel on National Day.

To mean above

in

Season

The trees grow in spring.

Year

I was born in 1968.

Month

The test is in May.

The morning

I go to work in the morning.

The evening

I go home in the evening

To mean above

Time

at

He is in the mosque.
I will come back at 2 oclock.

Festival

I will meat you at the school festival.

Meal times

I will talk to my father at lunch.

The weekend

We will travel at the weekend.

Noon

We pray at noon everyday.

Night
To mean place

We sleep at night.

Prepositions of Place
Prepositions

The tea is on the table.

He is at the grocers.

Use

Example

at an exact place

He lives at number 5, King Fahad Street.

at work

Ahmed is at work.

at the table

They are standing at the dinner table

under

The cat is under the table.

in front of

The teacher is in front of the class.

to

direction/place /

I go to school everyday.

at

in

To mean inside

Put this book in the box.

In a country

I live in Saudi Arabia.

In a town./street /

I live in Al-Madina.

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in bed

The baby is in bed.

In a building or area

You were in the club last night.

In a chair

Ali is sitting in his chair.

with

I write with a pen.

from

I am from Riyadh.

behind

The wall is behind the class.

between

Samah is sitting between Fatma and Salwa.

on

TV

Ali watches football on TV every Saturday.

Time

He arrives on time.

More Examples
Prepositions
in

Example
The medicine is in the bottle.

on

The knife is on the table.

at

Someone is at the door.

near

Ahmed is sitting near the window.

between

The house is between the school and the mosque.

opposite

The bank is opposite to the post office.

into

The electrician is putting his hand into the TV.

onto

The water is spilling onto the floor.

off

The man is falling off the chair.

out of

The child is falling out of the window.

across

The carpenter cut across the wood.

over/above

The light is over (above) the table.

under/below

The fire is under (below) the stairs.

through

The ball is going through the window.

among

The teacher is sitting among the students.

in

The medicine is in the bottle.

on

The knife is on the table.

at

Someone is at the door.

near

Ahmed is sitting near the window.

between

The house is between the school and the mosque.

opposite

The bank is opposite to the post office.

into

The electrician is putting his hand into the TV.

onto

The water is spilling onto the floor.

round

The car is going round the tree.

40/46

The child is sitting in front of the TV.

in front of

The headmaster is sitting behind the pupils.

behind

The sweets are on top of the table.

on top of

The garage is at the side of the house.

at the side of

The man is walking along the street.

along

The bank is next to the bakers.

next to

Question-Tags

.
.
.
* .
* .

Questions that we expect the answer Yes

:
?* Theres a supermarket near here, isnt there
Yes , there is.
* )( . . Yes
* not .
:
?* You come from the United States, dont you
Yes, I do.
* do .

Questions that we expect the answer No

?1) You dont come from Algeria, do you
No, I dont.
?2) It doesnt take long time be car, does it
No, it doesnt.
* do/does .
?3) You didnt travel last year, did you
No, I didnt.

41/46

* did .

Conditional if

1) if + present
will +
) ( If it rains tomorrow, I will stay at home.
:

If you eat too much, you will become fat.

would +

2) if + past

If Shakespeare lived today, he would use different English.

.
.
) ( would + :
subject+ would+

if + subject + past

be were was .
If I were you, I would buy a new car.
:
would have +

3) if + had +

If he had lived in Taif, he would have been happy.

If he had visited Makkah, he would have seen the Kaaba.
present

4) if + present

.
If you boil water, it becomes steam.
) (
becomes .
instructions

5) if + present

Or

If the radio is too loud, turn it off.

Turn the radio off if it is too loud.

Dont drive a car if you are under 17.

42/46

If you are under 17, dont drive a car. Or

Reported Speech

.
Indirect Speech
There are four kinds of direct and Indirect Speech.
:

1) Statement
2) Question

3) Command

4) Exclamation

Statement

: Reported Direct *
-1
. said -2
: -3
I
he, she
we
they
My
his, her
our
their
: -4
Present
Past
Past
Past Perfect
: -5
Now
then
here
there
Last night
the night before
this
that
yesterday
the day before
tomorrow
the following day
Direct
I live in Riyadh
We are happy
She said: "I have not been in the school library
recently.
He said to me: "I shall see you tomorrow.

Indirect
He said that he lived in Riyadh.
They said that they were happy.
She said that she had not been to the school
library recently.
He told me that he would see me the next day.

: and added that : ( .)

43/46

They said to him: We shall see you tomorrow.

We shall visit Ahmed.

They told him that they would see him the next
day and added that they would visit Ahmed.

: say, says
She says: I will cook the food tomorrow.
We say: We are playing football now.

She says that she will cook the food tomorrow.

We say that we are playing football now.

Question

Present
Past

: Reported Direct *
: asked -1
Past
Past Perfect
. -2
. -3
. -4

Direct
What is your name?.
Why are you late?
Where is your book?.

Indirect
He asked me what my name was.
The teacher asked me why I was late.
He asked me where my book was.
: if

Is your school very large?.

He asked me if my school was very large.

. does do
Where do you live.
Does he go to school?.

He asked me where I lived.

I asked him if he went to school.

.( had + ) did
Where did you go yesterday?.
Did Ahmed buy a new car?.

Sami asked me where I had gone the day before.

Ali asked me if Ahmed had bought a new car.

: ask, asks
Who is your English teacher?.
What are your marks?.

They ask me who my English teacher is.

He asks me what my marks are.

Command

: Reported Direct *

. ( ordered ) -1

. ( begged )

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. ( advised )
. ( told )
. to -2
. Please, do -3
. -4
Direct
He said to the servant: bring me a glass of
water.
The son said to his father: please , give me
some money.
The doctor said to me: Drink a lot of water.
He said to me: Do not go to the market
tonight.

Exclamation

Indirect
He ordered the servant to bring him a
glass of water.
The son begged his father to give him
some money.
The doctor advised me to drink a lot of
water.
He told me not to go to the market that
night.

: Reported Direct *
: -1
With regret

With anger

With joy

With admiration

With sadness

that -2
. -3
how, what : :

. ! Alas, Hurrah, Oh :
Direct

Indirect
He said with sorrow that he would not find
He said : Alas! I will not find my money.
his money.
He said : How foolish I have been.

He said with regret that he had been foolish.

45/46

Countries and Nationalities

:

:
i, n, ian, ish, ese :
: .
Country
Saudi Arabia
Algeria
Oman
Libya
Palestine
Syria
Britain
Turkey
China
Lebanon
France
Switzerland

46/46

Nationality
Saudi
Algerian
Omani
Libyan
Palestinian
Syrian
British
Turkish
Chinese
Lebanese
French
Swiss