Do An

Li cam oan
LI CAM OAN
Em xin cam oan ni dung ca n tt nghip ny khng phi l bn sao chp
ca bt c n hoc cng trnh no c t trc. Nu vi phm em xin chu mi hnh
thc k lut ca Khoa.
Nng, ngy 18 thng 12 nm 2016

Sinh vin thc hin
Phm c Thin
Nguyn Vn Duy
V
BNG PHN CNG NHIM V
Tm hiu ni dung l thuyt v x l

NGUYN VN DUY V
nh no, vit chng trnh Matlab v
11DT3
cc k thut s dng gim c trng,

trch xut c trng v phn loi nh
no. Xy dng c s d liu v chy
th nghim, lm slide.
1
Li cam oan
PHM C THIN
Tm hiu ni dung v chng trnh giao
11DT3
din GUI, xy dng c s d liu mu

v chy th nghim, vit chng trnh
Matlab tin x l, ly ngng trong x
l nh, lm bo co.
Mc lc
MC LC
Li cam oan........................................................................................................................1
Bng phn cng cng vic.................................................................................................2
Mc lc..................................................................................................................................3
Danh mc hnh nh............................................................................................................. 5
Cc t vit tt....................................................................................................................... 7
Li m u............................................................................................................................8
Chng 1 Tng quan, c s l thuyt v cc thut ton x l nh MRI no 12
Gii thiu v nh MRI v phn loi nh no.............................................................12
Gii thiu v cc thut ton lin quan n x l nh.................................14
Thut ton nh phn v phn ngng otsu...........................................................14
Nh phn nh.....................................................................................................14
Thut ton phn ngng Otsu..........................................................................14
Bin i wavelet ri rc.........................................................................................16
Phn tch wavelet, cc xp x v chi tit........................................................16
Phn tch a phn gii......................................................................................18
Mt s ng dng ni bt ca wavelet..............................................................20
Thut ton PCA......................................................................................................21
Ma trn ng hin mc xm..................................................................................24
My vecto h tr SVM.......................................................................................... 26
Bi ton nh phn..............................................................................................26
SVM cho bi ton phn lp tuyn tnh...........................................................26
SVM bin cng.................................................................................................28
SVM bin mm.................................................................................................30
SVM cho phn lp tuyn tnh..........................................................................30
Mc lc
1.3
Kt lun chng .. 34
Chng 2: Xy dng chng trnh phn loi MRI no 35

2.1
xut tng quan chng trnh .. 35
2.2
Xy dng cc thut ton .. 36
2.2.1
Cc thut ton gim c trng . 36
2.2.2
Trch xut c trng s dng ma trn ng mc xm ( GLCM) . 43
2.2.3
Phm lp s dng SVM ... 44
2.3
Kt lun chng ... 44
Chng 3: Thc nghim v nh gi kt qu . 45

3.1
Gii thiu chng . 45
3.2
Giao din chng trnh . 45
3.3
Kt qu thc nghim . 46
3.3.1
C s d liu kim tra .. 46
3.3.2
Kt qu thc nghim vi mu u lnh tnh 47
3.3.3
Kt qu thc nghim vi mu u c tnh ... 49
3.4
M hnh nh gi . 50
3.5
Phn tch thi gian thc hin ... 52
3.6
Kt lun chng ... 53
Kt lun v hng pht trin ti..............................................................................54

Ti liu tham kho............................................................................................................55
Ph lc................................................................................................................................57
Danh mc hnh nh
DANH MC HNH NH
Hnh 1.1
Bin i wavelet ri rc ca tn hiu..........................................................16
Hnh 1.2
Qu trnh phn tch bin i tn hiu dung DWT mt chiu....................17
Hnh 1.3
Minh ha DWT hai chiu cho nh..............................................................18
Hnh 1.4
Phn tch tn hiu a mc.............................................................................19
Hnh 1.5
Minh ha DWT kiu dynamic mc 3.........................................................19
Hnh 1.6
nh DWT ca MRI no...............................................................................20
Hnh 1.7
Minh ha PCA: php chiu ln cc trc ta khc nhau c th cho cng

cch nhn rt khc nhau v cng mt d liu.............................................22
Hnh 1.8
Minh ha PCA: tm cc trc ta mi sao cho d liu c bin thin..

cao nht.........................................................................................................22
Hnh 1.9
Phn chia bin rng......................................................................................27
Hnh 1.10
nh hng ca hng s bin mm C trn ranh gii quyt nh 29
Hnh 1.11
SVM cho phn lp phi tuyn......................................................................31
Hnh 1.12
nh hng a chiu Gaussian kernel cho mt gi tr c nh i vi 33

cc hng s bin mm
Hnh 2.1
S chung ca h thng x l v phn loi nh.....................................35
Hnh 2.2
nh MRI sau khi bin i DWT ba mc...................................................37
Hnh 2.3
Tp c s d liu hnh nh MRI no...........................................................38
Hnh 3.1
Giao din chng trnh.................................................................................45
Hnh 3.2
Cc mu nh bnh MRI no........................................................................47
Hnh 3.3
Kt qu thc nghim vi u lnh tnh...........................................................47
Hnh 3.4
Kt qu thc nghim vi u lnh tnh khc.................................................48
Danh mc hnh nh
Hnh 3.5
Kt qu thc nghim o t l % chnh xc ca 2 Kernel...........................49
Danh mc hnh nh
Hnh 3.6
Kt qu thc nghim vi u c tnh...............................................................50
Hnh 3.7
M hnh hold-old tin hnh nh gi....................................................51
Hnh 3.8
Kt qu nh gi ca 2 Kernel Linear v GRB..........................................51
Hnh 3.9
Tnh ton thi gian ca 3 giai on chnh...................................................52
Cc t vit tt
CC T VIT TT
G
GUI
Graphic User Interface
GLCM
Gray-Level Co-Occurrence Matrix
DWT
Discrete Wavelet Transform
PCA
Principal Component Analysis
MRI
Magnetic resonance imaging
SVM
Support Vector Machine
Li m u
LI M U
1. L do chn
ti
Ngy nay, trong dng chy ca cuc sng hi h dng nh con ngi khng th
kim sot c nhng loi thc phm m mnh n phi, nhng thc phm c hi cho
sc khe, nhng thc phm bn, n nhanh ang ngy cng gia tng. iu ny
gy pht sinh nhiu cn bnh cho con ngi, v vy mc ch ca y t l thit k mt
h thng nhm chn on bnh mt cch nhanh v chnh xc. V vy mt trong nhng
k thut ph bin nht c s dng trong lnh vc y t l k thut X L nh , k
thut ny c th s dng nhiu phng php khc nhau nhm ci thin hiu sut v
chnh xc ca h thng. Mt trong nhng bnh nguy him nht trn th gii hin nay l
bnh u no. N xy ra do s pht trin bt thng ca cc t bo trong no. Nhng
khi u no c nhiu hnh dng v kch c. Cc khi u no c th lnh tnh hoc c tnh.
Cc ngun chnh c c hnh nh y t l nh X-quang v nh MRI. MRI l tt nht
c bit n vi c im ca n nh s khc bit vt tri cc m mm, phn
gii khng gian cao v tng phn. N khng s dng bc x ion ha c hi cho
bnh nhn, cc khi u lnh tnh c cu trc ng nht v khng cha cc t bo ung
th. Khi u c tnh l c th c mt cu trc khng ng nht v c cha t bo ung
th. Nhng t bo ny c th c iu tr bng cc k thut nh x tr, ha tr liu
hoc mt s kt hp v h l e da tnh mng, lnh vc y t c th vt tri hn bng
cch s dng cng ngh chn on t ng v hiu qu trong mt thi gian ngn. Vi
vai tr v ngha to ln m vic phn loi nh u no mang li, chng em chn ti
Phn loi nh MRI u no phn no hiu c nguyn l, ngha v c th p
dng c ti vo thc t.
2. Phng php nghin cu n
Li m u
Tm hiu l thuyt:
Li m u
Tm hiu phn mm v cc Toolbox trong Matlab R2013a.

Tm hiu v l` thuyt nh MRI
Tm hiu v cc k thut x l nh.
Tm hiu cc phng php hc my.
Tm hiu c s d liu.
3. Ni dung n
n gm 3 chng:
Chng 1: Tng quan, c s l thuyt v cc thut ton v x l nh
1) Gii thiu v nh MRI v phn loi nh no .
2) Gii thiu v cc thut ton lin quan n x l nh
a. Nh phn nh v thut ton phn ngng Otsu
b. Thut ton bin i wavelet ri rc (DWT)
c. Thun ton phn tch thnh phn chnh (PCA)
d. Ma trn ng hin mc xm (GLCM )
e. Vector my h tr (SVM)
f. Kt lun chng
Chng 2 : Xy dng chng trnh phn loi nh MRI no
1) xut s tng quan chng trnh
2) Xy dng cc thut ton
a. Cc thut ton gim c trng
b. Trch xut c trng s dng ma trn ng mc xm ( GLCM)
c. Phn lp nh s dng thut ton SVM
3) Kt lun chng
Chng 3: Thc nghim v nh gi kt qu.
h tr cho vic m phng qu trnh nhn dng, chng em s dng matlab lm
chng trnh h tr chnh v s tin ch v hu dng ca n trong qu trnh x l v
Li m u
phn loi nh. T kt qu m phng, ta c th nhn ra u, nhc ca cc thut ton x

l nhiu, phn on v phn loi nh.
4. Kt qu n
Trong n ny, nhm em t c nhng kt qu sau:
Xy dng h thng phn loi u no nhn bit no l c tnh hoc lnh tnh
X l cc nh MRI u vo khc nhau gm 2 loi : nh no c u c tnh v
nh no c u lnh tnh.
1
0
Li m u
Em xin gi li cm n n c Nguyn Th Anh Th cung cp ti liu, hng

dn em gii quyt nhng kh khn gp phi trong ni dung ca n.Trong thi gian
thc hin n, vi nhng kin thc hn hp nn khng trnh khi thiu st. Knh
mong cc Thy, C ch bo v gp thm n c hon thin hn.
Nhm sinh vin thc hin:

Nguyn Vn Duy V
Phm c Thin
11
CHNG 1: TNG QUAN C S L THUYT V CC THUT TON V X L MRI NO
CHNG 1: TNG QUAN C S L THUYT V CC

THUT TON V X L MRI NO
Gii thiu v nh MRI v phn loi nh no
Chp cng hng t (MRI) l mt k thut cho ra nhng hnh nh vi cht lng
nh cao ca cu trc gii phu c th ngi [1], c bit l trong no,v cung cp thng
tin hu ch cho chn on lm sng v nghin cu y sinh hc. Cc gi tr chn on ca
MRI c nh gi rt cao v phn loi t ng v chnh xc
Bin i wavelet l mt cng c hu ch cho vic trch xut cc c trng ca
nh MRI no, bi v n cho php phn tch cc hnh nh nhiu cp phn gii khc
nhau bng phng php a phn gii. Tuy nhin, k thut ny i hi lng lu tr ln
v tn nhiu chi ph . gim chiu vector v tng kh nng phn bit, phn tch thnh
phn chnh (PCA) c s dng. PCA[5] c dng v n l mt cng c hu ch
gim chiu khng cn thit ca d liu lm cho vic tnh ton tr nn d dng hn
rt nhiu. Trong nhng nm gn y, cc nh nghin cu xut rt nhiu cch tip
cn phn loi nh chnh l phng php hc my, m ri vo hai loi. Mt loi c
gi l hc my c gim st, bao gm c my vector h tr (SVM)[17] v K- hng xm
gn nht (k-NN) . Cn loi khc chnh l hc my khng gim st th ta c cc k thut
nh SOFM v fuzzy c-mean. Trong khi tt c cc phng php ny u t c kt
qu tt, nhng phn loi c gim st thc hin tt hn so vi phn loi khng c gim
st v chnh xc phn loi. Tuy nhin, chnh xc phn loi ca hu ht cc
phng php hin c thp hn 95%, v vy mc tiu ca bi vit ny l tm mt
phng php c tin cy v chnh xc cao hn.Trong s cc phng php hc my,
phng php SVM l phng php hc my c gim st. So vi cc phng php
khc nh mng neural, cy quyt nh, v mng Bayes, SVM c li th ng k
chnh xc cao, d kim sot vic tnh ton, v trc tip gii hnh hc. Bn cnh , n
khng cn mt s lng ln cc mu hun luyn trnh va qu d liu
Chp cng hng t (MRI) no l k thut chn on hnh nh an ton v khng
gy au nh s dng t trng v sng radio to ra hnh nh chi tit ca no v thn
no. Chp cng hng t khc vi chp CT (CAT scan,chp ct lp in ton) ch
n khng s dng bc x.My bao gm mt nam chm hnh bnh rn ln vi mt
ng hm trung tm.. Bnh nhn c t trn bn c th trt vo trong ng
hm. Mt s trung tm c cc my cng hng t m (open MRI) c khong h ln
hn gim bt lo lng cho nhng bnh nhn s khoang kn (claustrophobia).
Trong
lc chp, sng radio p vo cc v tr t ca cc nguyn t trong c th, cc tn hiu

c thu nhn bi mt ng-ten mnh v gi n mt my tnh. My tnh thc hin
hng triu php tnh, cho kt qu r rng hnh nh en v trng cc mt ct ngang ca
c th. Nhng hnh nh ny c th c chuyn i thnh hnh nh ba chiu (3-D) ca
vng c kho st. iu ny gip xc nh cc trc trc v bt thng trong no v
thn no khi kho st tp trung vo nhng vng ny.
Ti sao phi chp cng hng t (MRI) no?
MRI c th pht hin mt lot cc tnh trng bnh l ca no nh nang, khi u, xut
huyt, ph n, cc bt thng v cu trc hoc trong qu trnh pht trin, cc bnh
nhim trng, tnh trng vim, hoc cc vn v mch mu. N c th xc nh thng
ng tnh mch (shunt) v pht hin tn thng no do chn thng hay t qu.
MRI no c th hu ch trong vic nh gi cc vn khc nh au u dai dng,
chng mt, yu hoc lit c, suy gim th lc (nhn m) hoc ng kinh, v n c th
gip pht hin cc bnh mn tnh ca h thn kinh, chng hn nh bnh x cng ri rc
hay a x cng (Multiple Sclerosis). Trong mt s trng hp, chp cng hng t c
th cung cp hnh nh r rng ca cc thnh phn nhu m no m khng th thy r
trn phim X-quang, CT scan hoc siu m, iu ny lm cho chp cng hng t c
gi tr c bit trong vic chn on cc bnh l tuyn yn v thn no.
Li ch ca my cng hng t l g?
o Gi thnh cn cao
o Bnh nhn khng b nh hng bi tia x.
o Bnh nhn khng b nh hng g v mt sinh hc.
o Thu c hnh chp a mt phng: Mt phng trn, mt phng ngang,
mt phng dc hay bt k mt phng nghing no
o phn gii m mm cao.
o Hin th hnh nh tt hn khi so vi CT.
o Chp c mch mu no (MRA), k c khi khng dng cht tng
phn.
o L k thut hnh nh khng xm ln.
Bt li ca my cng hng t l g?
o Gi thnh cn cao
o Khng dng c nu bnh nhn b chng s ni cht hp hay ng kn,
hi chng s lng knh (Claustrophobia)
o Thi gian chp lu: Gp kh khn nu bnh nhn nng hay khng hp
tc
o V xng v tn thng c calci kho st khng tt bng XQ, CT
o Khng th chp bnh nhn vi my to nhp tim, cc clip phu thut, m
cy mt hay tai.
o Khng th mang theo thit b hi sc vo phng chp.
Gii thiu v cc thut ton lin quan n x l nh

Thut ton nh phn v phn ngng Otsu
1.2.1.1 Nh phn nh: nh nhn c t cc thit b thu nhn hnh nh nh my nh,
camera thng l nh mu hay nh a mc xm. Lc ny, cc thnh phn trong nh
kh phc tp ( mu sc, kt cu, vvvv ). Do , mun lm ni bt cc c trng
trong nh th phi chuyn nh v dng nh phn (nh ch c hai mu en v trng)
tng ng vi i tng v nn nh. Nh phn (hay cn gi l phn ngng) l thao tc
chuyn t nh a mc xm (hoc nh mu) v dng nh nh phn
INPUT: nh a mc xm hoc nh mu
OUTPUT: Ngng nh phn cho ton b nh
- Xc nh ngng T
- Chuyn nh v dng nh phn
1.2.1.2 Thut ton phn ngng Otsu
Thut ton phn ngng OTSU mang tn ca mt nh nghin cu ngi Nht.
ng Nobuyuki Otsu ngh ra tng cho vic phn ngng hnh nh mt cch t
ng (adaptive) da vo gi tr ca im nh u vo nhm thay th cho vic s dng
ngng c nh (fixed hay const). Phn ngng c thc hin da trn hnh dng ca
lc mc xm hoc gim mc xm ca nh thnh nh nh phn. Thut ton Otsu
xc nh ngng cho ton b hnh nh bng cch tm mt ngng phn chia cc
im nh vo hai lp l lp i tng v lp nn. Gi tr ngng c xc nh bng

cch cho khong cch gia cc im trong mi lp l nh nht, iu ny tng
ng vi khong cch gia hai lp l ln nht.Khi thng k cc mc xm c trong
nh ban u da trn hm mt c cho bi cng thc:
nq
q 0,1,2,...,L -1
p r
r
n
Trong :
n - tng s pixel trn nh;

nq - tng s pixel c mc xm rq;
L - tng s ngng xm trn nh;
Chng ta nhn c mt th biu din mc xm c hai nh, mt nh biu

din cho nhng vng c xem l i tng v mt nh biu din cho nhng vng
c xem l nn nh. Theo Otsu, ngng T tt nht c chn l gi tr m ti n
lm s chnh lch gia hai on trn th t cc i. Gi tr cc i c nh ngha
nh sau:
Gi s c ngng T c chn sao cho C0 l tp hp cc pixel c ngng t [0,1,
,k-1] v C1 l tp hp cc pixel c ngng t [k,k+1,,L-1]. Phng php Otsu
la chn ngng T sao cho lch chun 2B gia cc lp l ln nht. lch chun
2
B c xc nh theo cng thc:
2 ,
Trong :
k 1
L1
q0
qk
0 p q rq 1 p q rq ;
0
k1
qp r /
q0
L1
L1
qk
q0
1 qp q rq / 1 ; T qp q rq
Bin i wavelet ri rc
Vic tnh ton cc h s wavelet ti tt c cc t l l mt cng vic ht sc phc
tp, s to ra mt lng d liu khng l. n gin ngi ta ch chn ra mt tp nh
cc gi tr t l v cc v tr tin hnh tnh ton, c th la chn tin hnh ti cc t l
v cc v tr trn c s lu tha c s 2 th kt qu thu c s hiu qu v chnh xc
hn rt nhiu. Qu trnh chn cc t l v cc v tr tnh ton nh trn to thnh li
nh t (dyamic). Mt qu trnh phn tch nh th hon ton c th thc hin c nh
bin i wavelet ri rc (discrere wavelet transform/ DWT).
Phn tch wavelet, cc xp x v chi tit
Vi nhiu tn hiu, ni dung tn s thp l quan trng nht, n xc nh tn hiu.
Ni dung tn s cao ch lm tng thm hng v. V d nh ging ni ngi, nu tch
b phn cao tn, ging c khc nhng vn c th hiu c ni dung. Tuy nhin nu
loi b tn s thp n mt mc no , s khng nghe r na. Cn i vi nh ta quan
tm n hai thut ng l xp x l thnh phn t l cao tng ng thnh phn tn s
thp ca nh v chi tit tng ng thnh phn tn s cao ca nh, t l thp. Vi phn
tch wavelet ta thu c hai thnh phn tng ng trn, c th vic thc hin nh sau:
Hnh 1.1: Bin i wavelet ri rc ca tn hiu
Do , vic tnh ton bin i DWT thc cht l s ri rc ho bin i

Wavelet lin tc (CWT); vic ri rc ho c thc hin vi s la chn cc h s a
v b nh sau:
m
a=2 ,
m
b=2 n
m, n
C th hiu php bin i Wavelet ri rc DWT nh l p dng mt tp

cc b lc thng cao v thngthp. Hnh 1.1 minh ho dng tng qut ca bin i
DWT mt chiu. Theo tn hiu nguyn gc c cho i qua cc b lc thng cao
H (highpass) v thng thp L (lowpass) ri c ly mu xung h s 2 to thnh
bin i DWT mc1.
Hnh 1.2: Qu trnh phn tch tn hiu dng bin i DWT mt chiu
T bin i DWT mt chiu c th m rng nh ngha bin i hai chiu

theo cch: s dng cc b lc ring bit, thc hin bin i DWT mt chiu i vi
d liu vo (nh) theo hng ri k tip thc hin theo ct.
Sau khi thc hin bin i DWT ln lt nh vy ta s to ra 4 nhm h s
bin i. Qu trnh bin i DWT hai chiu c th minh ho nh hnh 1.4, trong 4
nhm h s l: LL, HL, LH, HH (ch ci u tin tng ng l thc hin lc theo
hng, ch ci th hai tng ng thc hin lc theo ct).
NH
DWT
LL
HL
LH
HH
DWT
Hnh 1.3: Minh ho DWT hai chiu cho nh

Phn tch a phn gii
Vo nm 1986, Stephane Mallat v Yves Meyer ln u tin t ra tng
phn tch a phn gii (MRA : multire solution analysis) [13,25,38], vo phm vi
phn tch wavelets. y l mt tng mi v ng ch nhm gii quyt hnh
thc tng qut trong vic xy dng c s trc giao ca wavelets. Hn na phn tch
a phn gii l trung tm ca tt c cc php xy dng nn hm c s wavelets.
Khi nhn bc nh, mt cch tng qut chng ta thy s lin kt ca nhng vng
tng quan cu trc v mc xm m kt hp thnh hnh dng i tng. Nu i
tng nh hoc s tng phn thp th thng thng chng ta kho st chng
phn gii cao. Nu i tng c kch thc ln hoc c tng phn cao th
chng ta kho st chng di tm quan st th. Nu c i tng c kch thc va
v nh - hoc c tng phn cao v thp, c biu din cng lc th ta phi kho
st chng vi phn gii khc nhau. Qu trnh phn tch DWT c lp li, cc
xp x hon ton c tch ra, do mt tn hiu c phn tch thnh nhiu thnh
phn phn gii khc nhau, tin trnh c thc hin theo hnh 1.4 nh sau:
Hnh 1.4: Phn tch tn hiu a mc

V l thuyt qu trnh phn tch a mc c th lp li mi mi nhng trong
thc t, s phn tch c th ch thc hin cho n khi c c tn hiu chi tit ph
hp vi cht lng ca tn hiu cn phn tch (ty thuc vo tng ng dng c th).
Hnh 1.5 m t phn tch 3 mc ca tn hiu hnh nh.
Hnh 1.5 : Minh ho DWT kiu dyadic mc 3
Th i vi n ny em tin hnh bin i 3 mc. Sau khi ta dng bin i wavelet

ri rc phn hy 3 th lm gim ng k kch thc hnh nh no u vo. Kch thc
ca nh t 256x 256 ch cn 32 x 32 = 1024.
Hnh 1.6: nh DWT ca MRI no mc 3
Mt s ng dng ni bt ca Wavelet
Nn tn hiu
Do c im ca mnh, wavelet c bit tt khi s dng nn hay phn tch
cc tn hiu khng dng, c bit l tn hiu nh s v cc ng dng nn ting
ni, nn d liu. Vic s dng cc php m ho bng con, bng lc s nhiu
nhp v bin i Wavelet ri rc tng ng vi loi tn hiu cn phn tch c th
mang li nhng hiu qu rt r rt trong nn tn hiu. Do tnh cht ch tn ti
trong cc khong thi gian rt ngn (khi phn tch tn hiu trong min thi gian
tn s) m cc h s ca bin i Wavelet c kh nng tp trung nng lng rt
tt vo cc h s bin i. Cc h s mang thng tin chi tit ca bin i
Wavelet thng rt nh v c th b qua m khng nh hng ti vic m ho
d liu (trong phng php m ho nh hay ting ni l nhng tn hiu cho
php m ho c tn tht thng tin).
2
0
Kh nhiu
Tnh cht ca bin i Wavelet m chng ta xt ti trong phn ng dng
cho nn tn hiu c m rng bi Iain Johnstone v David Donohos trong cc
ng dng kh nhiu cho tn hiu. Phng php kh nhiu ny c gi l
Wavelet Shrinkage Denoising (WSD). tng c bn ca WSD da trn vic
tn hiu nhiu s l r khi phn tch bng bin i Wavelet cc h s bin i
bc cao. Vic p dng cc ngng loi b tng ng vi cc bc cao hn ca
h s Wavelet s c th d dng loi b nhiu trong tn hiu.
M ho ngun v m ho knh
S d Wavelet c ng dng trong m ho ngun v m ho knh v trong m
ho ngun th chng ta cn kh nng nn vi t l nn cao cn trong m ho
knh th cn kh nng chng nhiu tt. Bin i Wavelet kt hp vi mt s
phng php m ho nh m ho Huffman hay m ho s hc c th thc hin
c c hai iu trn. V th s s dng bin i Wav elet trong m ho ngun
v m ho knh l rt thch hp.
Thut Ton PCA

Mc tiu ca PCA l tm mt khng gian mi (vi s chiu nh hn khng gian
c). Cc trc ta trong khng gian mi c xy dng sao cho trn mi trc,
bin thin ca d liu trn l ln nht c th.
21
Hnh 1.7: Minh ha PCA:php chiu ln cc trc ta khc nhau c th

cho cng cch nhn rt khc nhau v cng mt d liu.
Mt v d kinh in l hnh nh v con lc . Cng l mt con lc nhng nu
nhn t bn hng th ta c c y thng tin nht, trong khi nhn t pha trc th
tht kh ni n l lc .Mt v d thuyt phc hn c minh ha trong hnh sau:
Hnh 1.8 Minh ha PCA Tm cc trc ta mi sao cho d liu c bin thin cao
nht.
Gi s tp d liu ban u (tp im mu xanh) c quan st trong khng gian
3 chiu (trc mu en) nh hnh bn tri. R rng 3 trc ny khng biu din c tt
nht mc bin thin ca d liu. Do , PCA s tm h trc ta mi (l h trc
mu trong hnh bn tri). Sau khi tm c khng gian mi, d liu s c chuyn
sang khng gian ny c biu din nh trong hnh bn phi. R rng hnh bn phi
ch cn 2 trc ta nhng biu din tt hn bin thin ca d liu so vi h trc 3
chiu ban u. Mt im rt tt na ca PCA l cc trc ta trong khng gian mi
lun m bo trc giao i mt vi nhau, mc d trong khng gian ban u, cc trc c
th khng trc giao.
1
= (2 )
= (2 )
Gi s ta cn gim s chiu ca tp mu hun luyn n chiu x xung cn k chiu

y vi k<<n.
=
11 +
2 2 + +
(Vi 1, 2, . . . , l c s trong khng gian n chiu)

=
11 +
22 + +
(Vi1, 2, . . . , l c s trong khng gian k chiu)

Ngha l ta cn tm mt nh x t khng gian n chiu xung khng gian nh hn
ch c k chiu (k<<n). Phng php PCA s tm mt php bin i tuyn tnh T, tha:
y = T*x vi T l ma trn k x n.
Nhn xt v phng php PCA
u im:
- Tm c cc c tnh tiu biu cho mt ng tc m khng cn phi xc nh
cc thnh phn v mi lin h gia chng trn ng tc .
- i vi cc nh u vo c phn gii cao, thut ton vn thc hin tt do
nh u vo c PCA thu gn thnh mt nh mi c kch thc rt nh.
- Khi lng tnh ton khng nhiu.
- PCA c th kt hp vi cc phng php khc (nh mng n-ron) mang
li hiu qu nhn dng cao hn.
- PCA lm gim ng k lng thng tin tha ca d liu.

Nhc im:
- PCA phn loi theo chiu phn b ln nht ca tp vector. Tuy nhin, khng
phi bao gi chiu phn b ln nht u mang li hiu qu cao nht cho nhn
dng.
- PCA rt nhy vi nhiu.
Ma trn ng hin mc xm (GLCM)
Ma trn ng hin mc xm Co-Ocurrence (GLCM) ca nh f(x,y) c kch
thc MM v c G mc xm l mt ma trn hai chiu C(i,j). Mi phn t ca ma
trn th hin xc sut xy ra cng gi tr cng sng i v j ti mt khong cch d
v mt gc xc nh. Do , c th c nhiu ma trn GLCM khc nhau ph thuc
vo cp gi tr d v . GLCM c tnh ton nh sau [4]:
Haralick ngh mt tp hp gm 14 c trng c th tnh ton c t ma

trn ng hin mc xm GLCM c th c s dng phn lp kt cu hnh nh.
Mt s tnh nng quan trng c th k n nh nng lng (energy), tng phn
(contrast), entropy, tng ng (correlation), tnh ng nht (homogeneity).
c trng nng lng: c trng nng lng F1 c tnh ton nh sau:
Cng thc ny o lng tnh ng nht cc b trong nh. Gi tr ca cng thc F1

l cao khi nh c tnh ng u v gi tr mc xm v n s c gi tr thp nu
nh
khng ng u v mc xm. Gi tr ca F1 nm trong khong t 0 n 1. Nu F1 =

1 th nh c gi tr mc xm u.
tng phn: tng phn F2 c tnh nh sau:
Cng thc ny cho chng ta bit c s lng im nh c mc xm bin i

cc b trong nh.V vy, gi tr ca F2 cao thng tp trung dc theo ng cho ca
ma trn GLCM. i vi nh c gi tr mc xm u th gi tr tng phn l bng 0,
y l gi tr ti thiu ca tng phn. Nu nh khng c s ng u v gi tr mc
xm cng nhiu th gi tr tng phn cng tng. Gi tr F2 nm trong khong [0
(size(GLCM,1)-1)2] c gi tr cao tng i khi nhng gi tr cao ca ma trn gn vi
ng cho chnh
tng ng: tng quan o tng quan gia cc phn t ca ma trn, khi
gi tr ny cao th nh phc tp hn
Trong , i, j v i, jln lt l gi tr trung bnh v lch chun ca tng hng v

ct trong ma trn. i, j v i, j c tnh nh sau:
Tham s ny phn tch s ph thuc tuyn tnh mc xm ca cc im nh ln cn
nhau. Cng thc F3 l mt thc o tuyn tnh s ph thuc tng mu xm trong nh.
Gi tr ca F3 nm trong khong t -1 n 1.
Entropy: Entropy F4 c tnh ton nh sau:
Entropy o lng tnh ngu nhin ca cc phn t ca ma trn GLCM. Gi tr

ca entropy l ti a bng 1 khi cc phn t trong ma trn bng nhau, entropy bng 0
nu tt c cc gi tr trong ma trn l khc nhau.
Tnh ng nht: Tnh ng nht F5 c tnh ton nh sau:
My vecto h tr SVM
Bi ton phn lp
Phn lp (classification) l mt tin trnh x l nhm xp cc mu d liu hay
cc i tng vo mt trong cc lp c nh ngha trc. Cc mu d liu hay
cc i tng c xp vo cc lp da vo gi tr ca cc thuc tnh (attributes) cho
mt mu d liu hay i tng. Sau khi xp tt c cc i tng bit trc vo
cc lp tng ng th mi lp c c trng bi tp cc thuc tnh ca cc i tng
cha trong lp . Qu trnh phn lp cn c gi l quy trnh gn nhn cho cc tp
d liu. Nhim v ca bi ton phn lp d liu l cn xy dng m hnh (b) phn lp
khi c mt d liu mi vo th m hnh phn lp s cho bit d liu thuc lp
no. C nhiu cch biu din mt m hnh phn lp v c rt nhiu thut ton gii
quyt n. Cc thut ton phn lp tiu biu bao gm nh mng neural, cy quyt nh,
suy lun quy np, mng Beyesian, Support Vector Machine (SVM). Trong cc k thut
, SVM c coi l cng c mnh, ph bin v c bit thch hp cho phn lp d
liu ln v nhiu chiu.
SVM cho bi ton phn lp tuyn tnh
Hnh thc n gin ca vic phn lp l phn lp nh phn: phn bit gia cc
i tng thuc v mt trong hai lp: dng (+1)hoc m (-1). SVMs s dng hai khi
nim gii quyt vn ny: phn lp bin rng v hm kernel. tng ca phn
lp bin rng c th c minh ha bi s phn lp ca cc im trong khng gian hai
chiu (Hnh 1). Mt cch n gin phn lp ccim ny l s dng mt ng

thng phn tch cc im nm mt bn l dng v cc im bn kia l m. Nu
c hai ng thng phn chia tt th ta c th phn tch kh xa hai tp d liu (Hnh 1
v 2). y l tng v s phn chia bin rng.
Hnh 1.9: Phn chia bin rng
Trong phn ny, tng v phn lp tuyn tnh s dng SVM c gii thiu.
Cc d liu bao gm cc i tng c nhn l mt trong hai nhn. thun tin, gi
nh rng cc nhn +1 (dng) v -1 (m). Ly x biu th mt vector vi M phn t xj,
(j = 1,. .. , M ) tc l mt im trong mt khng gian vectorM- chiu. Cc x k hiu
biu th vector th I trong mt tp d
, trong Yi l nhn lin quan Xi.
Cc i tng. Xi c gi l c tnh u vo. Mt khi nim quan trng cn thit
xc nh mt phn lp tuyn tnh l tch v hng gia hai vect, cn cgi l tch
trong.
Phn lp tuyn tnh c da trn mt hm tuyn tnh dng:
Hm f(x) l hm ca u vo x, f(x) c s dng quyt nh lm th no

phn lp x. Vector w c gi l vector trng s, v b c gi l dch. Trong
khng gian 2 chiu cc im ng vi phng trnh <w, x>= 0 tng ng vi mt
ng qua gc ta , trong khng gian 3 chiu th n l mt mt phng qua gc ta
. Bin b s dch chuyn mt phng i mt lng so vi mt phng qua gc ta .
Mt phng phn chia khng gian thnh hai khng gian theo du ca f(x), nu f(x)> 0 th
quyt nh cho mt lp dng lp kia l m. Ranh gii gia cc vng c phn lp l
dng v m c gi l ranh gii quyt nh ca cc phn lp. Ranh gii quyt nh
c xc nh bi mt mt phng (phng trnh (1)) c cho l c tuyn tnh bi
v n l tuyn tnh u vo. Phn lp vi mt ranh gii quyt nh tuyn tnh c gi
l phn lp tuyn tnh.Vi bt k mt tp d liu kh tch tuyn tnh c tn ti mt mt
phng phn lp tt c cc im d liu. C nhiu mt phng nh vy nhng phi la
chn mt phng no m bo thi gian hun luyn ngn v phn lp mt cch chnh
xc.Thc t quan st cng nh l thuyt hc thng k (Vapnik, 1999) cho thy rng
phn lp siu phng s lm vic tt hn nu siu phng tch bit chnh xc vi mt
bin ln. y, bin ca mt phn lp tuyn tnh c nh ngha l khong cch
gn nht quyt nh ranh gii, nh th hin trong hnh 2. C th iu chnh b siu
phng phn tch cc im tng ng.Hn na nu cho phng trnh (1) cc gi tr 1,
th bin s l 1 / ||w|| (trong ||w|| l di ca vec t w) cn c gi l chun
v c tnh l <w,w>.
SVM bin cng

SVM bin cng c p dng i vi d liu kh tch tuyn tnh v n cho kt
qu phn lp mt cch chnh xc vi tt c cc d liu dng ny (Hnh 2). tnh ton
w v b tng ng vi cc bin cc i, ta phi gii quyt bi ton ti u sau y:
Cc rng buc l m bo s phn lp chnh xc, v cc tiu | | w| | 2, tng

ng vi bin cc i. y l bi ton ti u bc hai, trong nghim ti u (w, b)
tha mn cc rng buc yi(<w,xi>+b) 1, vi w cng nh cng tt. Bi ton ti u ha
ny c th c gii bng cch s dng cc cng c tiu chun t ti u ha li (Boyd
v Vandenberghe, 2004).
Hnh 1.10: nh hng ca hng s bin mm C trn ranh gii quyt nh

D liu c th c thay i bng cch di chuyn im bng m mu xm n
mt v tr mi theo mi tn, iu lm gim bin ng k m mt SVM bin cng
kh c th phn tch d liu. Hnh bn tri, bin quyt nh cho mt SVM vi mt gi
tr rt cao ca C m bt chc hnh vi ca SVM bin cng v do dn ti li hun
luyn. Mt gi tr C nh hn (bn phi) cho php b qua im gn ranh gii, v lm
tng bin. Ranh gii quytnh gia cc im dng v cc im m c th hin
bng dng m. Cc dng nht hn l bin (gi tr bng -1 hoc +1).
SVM bin mm
Trong thc t, d liu thng khng phn chia tuyn tnh (Hnh 3). Kt qu l
thuyt v thc nghim cho thy vi bin ln hn th SVM bin mm s cho hiu qu
tt hn so vi SVM bin cng. chp nhn mt s li, ngi ta thay th cc rng
buc dng bt ng thc (2) viyi (<w, xi> + b) 1 - i, i = 1,, n, trong i 0 l
cc bin ph khng m. Thm vo hm ti u ha :
Hng s C> 0 thit lp mc quan trng ca vic cc i bin v gim s

lng bin ph i. Cng thc ny c gi l SVM bin mm (Cortes v Vapnik,
1995). nh hng ca s la chn C c minh ha trong hnh 3. Vi mt gi tr C
ln (minh ha hnh 3A), hai im gn siu phng nht b nh hng ln hn cc im
d liu khc. Khi C gim (Hnh 3B), nhng im chuyn ng bn trong l, v hng
ca siu phng c thay i, dn n mt bin ln hn cho d liu. Lu rng gi tr
ca C khng c ngha trc tip, v c mt cng thc ca SVMs trong s dng mt
tham s trc quan hn 0< 1. Tham s kim sot cc vct h tr, v li bin
(Schlkopf v Smola, 2002), v (Shawe vC ristianini, 2004).
SVM cho phn lp phi tuyn
Trong nhiu ng dng, mt b phn lp phi tuyn c chnh xc cao hn. Tuy
nhin, phn lp tuyn tnh c mt li th l cc thut ton n gin (Bishop,
2007;Hastie & cs 2001). iu ny t ra cu hi c cch phn lp tuyn tnh no c th
m rng cho phi tuyn khng? Hn na, chng ta c th x l d liu c th khng
c biu din trong khng gian vect, nh trong lnh vc sinh hc.C mt cch n
gin chuyn phn lp tuyn tnh sang phi tuyn hoc s dng cho phn lp d liu
khng biu din di dng vect. l nh x d liu cho mt khng gian vector no
, m chng ta s cp n nh l khng gian c trng, bng cch s dng hm f.
Hm l:
3
0
Hnh 1.11:SVM cho phn lp phi tuyn
Lu rng f(x) l tuyn tnh trong khng gian c trng c nh ngha bi

nh x f, nhng khi nhn trong khng gian u vo ban u n l mt hm s phi
tuynx nu f(x) l mt hm phi tuyn. V d n gin nht ca nh x l xem xt tt c
cctch ca cc cp (lin quan n kernel a thc). Kt qu l mt mt b phn loi c
dng hm phn tch bc hai. Cch tip cn tnh ton trc tip cc c trng phi tuyn
ny kh m rng cho s lng u vo ln.Chiu ca khng gian c trng lin quan
kch thc ca khng gian u vo.Nu chng ta s dng n thc bc d cao hn 2, s
chiu s ly tha theo d, kt qu l tng s dng b nh v thi gian cn thit tnh
ton cc hm phn tch. Nu d liu nhiu chiu, chng hn nh trong trng hp d
liu biu hin gen, th rt phc tp. Phng php kernel trnh iu phc tp ny bng
cch nh x d liu ti khng gian c trng nhiu chiu. Chng ta thy trn l
cc vector trng s ca mt mt phng phn tch vi bin ln c th c biu din
nh mt t hp tuyn tnh ca cc im hun luyn, tc l:
.
31
iu ny cng ng cho mt lp ln ca cc thut gii tuyn tnh. Hm phn tch tr

thnh:
Vic biu din di dng bin i c gi l dng i ngu (dual), i din hai hm
c bit ph thuc vo cc d liu ch thng qua cc tch v hng trong khng gian.
Cc quan st tng t cng ng cho bi ton ti u ha i ngu (phng trnh (4))
khi thay th xi vi f(xi).Nu hm kernel k(x, x) c nh ngha l:
Hm ny c th c tnh ton mt cch hiu qu. Dng i ngu cho php gii
quyt vn m khng cn thc hin nh x f vo mt khng gian c nhiu chiu. Cc
vn tip theo l xc nh cc o tng t (hmkernel) c th c tnh mt cch
hiu qu.
Kernel cho cc d liu thc

D liu thc l d liu m cc mu l cc vector c s chiu xc nh. y l
dng d liu ph bin trong tin sinh hc v nhiu lnh vc khc. Mt vi v d v p
dng SVM x l d liu thc bao gm d on trng thi ca bnh t d liu vi mng
(Guyon I & cs, 2002) v d on chc nng protein t mt tp cc tnh nng bao gm
thnh phn acid amin vc c thuc tnh khc nhau ca cc axit amin trong protein (C ai
& cs., 2003). Hai hm kernel ph bin nht c s dng cho cc d liu thc l a
thc kernel v Gaussian kernel. Bc d ca a thc kernel c nh ngha l:
l thng c chn l 0 (ng nht) hoc 1 (khng ng nht). Khng gian c

trng cho cc hm kernel khng ng nht bao gm tt c cc n thc bc nh hn d
(Schlkopf v Smola, 2002). Nhng, thi gian tnh ton ca n l tuyn tnh vi s
chiu ca khng gian u vo. Kernel vi d =1 v = 0, biu hin bng klinear, l
kernel tuyn tnh dn n mt hm phn tch tuyn tnh. Bc ca kernel a thc kim
sot s linh hot ca b phn lp (hnh 4). a thc bc thp nht l kernel tuyn tnh.
Hm kernel ny khng tt nu khng gian c trng l phi tuyn. i vi cc d
liu trong hnh 4 a thc bc 2 linh hot phn bit gia hai lp vi mt
bin
tt. a thc bc 5 nh lng mt ranh gii quyt nh tng t, vi cong ln hn.

Qu trnh chun ha c th gip ci thin hiu sut v n nh d. Kernel th hai c
s dng rng ri l Gaussian kernel c xc nh bi:
Hnh 1.12: nh hng a chiu Gaussian kernel cho mt gi tr c nh i vi cc

hng s bin mm
Trong > 0 l mt tham s iu khin rng ca Gaussian. N ng mt

vai tr tng t nh bc ca kernel a thc trong vic kim sot s linh hot ca b
phn lp .Gaussian kernel c bn l bng khng nu khong cch bnh phng x - x' 2
l ln hn nhiu so vi , tc l cho x c nh l mt vng xung quanh x vi cc gi
tr kernel cao. Nh mt v d minh ha, cc kt qu trn mt mu ln hn nhiu cc tp
d liu hai chiu xc nh v tr ct-ni c hin th trong bng 1. Vic s dng ca
mtkernel phi tuyn, hoc Gaussian hoc a thc, dn n mt ci tin nh trong vic
thc hin phn lp kernel tuyn tnh. i vi a thc bc cao v Gaussian kernel nh,
chnh xc thu c gim [4] [14]
1.3. Kt lun chng

Qua chng ny, em xy dng c mt h thng phn loi nh thch hp vi
d liu u vo, cc bc tin hnh bo gm : phn on, gim c trng, trch xut
c trng v phn loi c tin hnh da vo 4 thut ton l : K-means, DWT,
PCA, SVM v cc thut ton gii quyt tt cc vn t ra cho mi tin trnh.
CHNG 2: XY DNG CHNG TRNH PHN LOI MRI NO
CHNG 2: XY DNG CHNG TRNH PHN

LOI MRI NO
xut tng quan chng trnh:
Hnh 2.1: S chung ca h thng x l v phn loi nh.
nh MRI no : Chng ti s dng cc hnh nh MRI ca bnh nhn b nh

hng bnh ung th no, chng ta c nhng hnh nh MRI ca nm cn bnh
ung th khc nhau ca no b. Nm loi MRI hnh nh l Astrocytoma,
Glioma, Meningioma, Metastasis bronchogenic carcinoma v Sarcoma.
Tin x l : Mc ch chnh ca giai on tin x l trong thut ton ca chng

em l bin i nh xm , v s dng thut ton Otsu phn cm phn
nhm cc pixel nh, da theo cc c trng ging nhau ca tng nhm ly
vng m mnh cn quan st v d i vi nh ng thi tin x l loi b nhiu

do cc bin i trong bin tn s v tuyn v ci thin hn na qu trnh
phn loi [1] [6] [10] [13].
Bin i wavelet ri rc 2 chiu : S dng bin i wavelet ri rc 2 chiu

gim kch thc ca nh MRI bng cch cho qua b lc loi b thnh phn
tn s cao v gi li thnh phn tn s thp [8] [12].
Thut ton PCA : S dng k thut PCA gim chiu d liu cho cng vic
tnh ton d dng hn v s dung k thut GLCM trch xut cc c ring
ca nh MRI ta c th phn loi c hai loi bnh u no khc nhau.
SVM : Trong n ny chng em s dng phng php hc my c gim st

l support vector machine ( SVM ) . Support vector machine (SVM) xy dng
(learn) mt siu phng (hyperplane) phn lp (classify) tp d liu thnh 2
lp ring bit, nhim v ca n l xy dng m hnh phn lp khi c mt
d liu mi vo th m hnh phn lp s cho bit d liu thuc lp no hin
nay [3] [4] [5]
Xy dng cc thut ton

Cc thut ton gim c trng
Sau khi ta c nh MRI no th tip theo ta tnh ton h s LL3 v sp xp chng
vo ma trn theo hng v ct. Ti mi tng lc, biu thc ca php lc c cho bi
cng thc:
Trong , S(n) l tn hiu, h(n) l p ng xung ca cc b lc thng thp

tng ng vi hm t l (n) v g(n) l p ng xung ca cc b lc thng cao
tng ng vi hm wavelet (n). Hai b lc ny lin h nhau theo h thc:
Vi N l s mu trong tn hiu,vic s dng bin i wavelet ri rc 2 chiu

gim kch thc ca nh MRI bng cch cho qua b lc loi b thnh phn tn s
cao v gi li thnh phn tn s thp. Kch thc ban u ca nh l 256x 256 by gi
ch cn li l 32 x 32 = 1024 v ta lc b ng k thnh phn tn s cao. V vy kt
lun rng vic p dng thut ton DWT gip gim ng k kch thc nh [9] [14]
Hnh 2.2: nh MRI sau khi bin i DWT 3 mc
Sau khi bin i wavelet ri rc th kch thc ca nh vn cn ln v vy bc

tip theo ta s s dng k thut PCA gim s chiu d liu. Mc tiu ca phng
php PCA l gim s chiu ca 1 tp vector sao cho vn m bo c ti a
thng tin quan trng nht . Tc Feature extraction (gi k thuc tnh mi) ch
khng phi Feature selection (gi li k thuc tnh nguyn gc ban u). [7] [12]
Bc 1:
S dng cc nh MRI noI1, I2, In.
Hnh 2.3: Tp c s d liu hnh nh MRI no
Bc 2: Biu din mi nh Ii thnh vector i

V d: n gin ta gi s
ch c 4 nh trong tp hun
luyn (kch thc 3x3).
Ta tnh ton c:
Bc 3:
Tnh vector nh no trung bnh
theo cng thc:
C th ta c:
Bc 4:
Tr vector khun mt trung bnh:

C th ta
c:
Bc 5:
1/M
Tnh ma trn hip phng sai (covariance) C:

C s c kch thc N2xN2
C th ta c:
Ma trn A kch thc
N2xM (9x4)
T ta d dng tnh c ma trn hip phng sai C, kt qu nh sau:
4
0
Bc 6: Tnh cc Eigenvector ui(vector ring) ca ma trn vung A.AT (C c kch

thc N2xN2). Ma trn ny c kch thc qu ln khng kh thi phi khn kho
i ng vng !!
Bc 6.1:
Xt ma trn AT.A (ch ma trn ny ch c kch thc l MxM)
C th ta c:
AT.A
Kch thc
MxM (4x4).
Gim
Bc 6.2:
Tnh cc vector ring vi (eigenvectors) ca ma trn vung AT.A ny. [2] [8] Tips: V
cch tm tr ring (eigenvalues) & vector ring (eigenvectors) c th xem li Ton cao
cp Tp 1 i s v Hnh hc Gii tch. Tuy nhin, cch ny khng kh thi khi lp
trnh !! Phi dng Phng php lp (thut ton QR) tm. y ta s tm c 4 tr
ring ca ma trn AT.A, tuy nhin ta s sp xp li theo th t gim dn, v ch ly cc
tr ring non-zero. Kt qu ta c 3 tr ring (t tnh ra 3 vector ring tng
ng):
Cc eigenvector ca AT.A tng ng vi cc eigenvalues.
Kch thc Mx1
v
Cc eigenvalues caAT.A.
41
Sau khi tnh c cc vector vi (c kch thc l Mx1), ta s d dng suy ra c

cc vector ring ui (kch thc N2x1) mong mun cn tm, theo cng thc
u1
u2
u3
Ch nn chun ha cc vector
ui (iu 1
), ngha
Cc eigenvector ca ma
trn hip phng sai C (AT.A) cn phi tm.
Kch thc N2x1
u
l: i
ui
ui
Sau khi chun ha ta thu c cc vector uicui cng nh sau:
Trch xut c trng s dng ma trn ng mc xm (GLCM)
Bc tip theo l s dng ma trn ng mc xm ( GLCM ) tnh ton cc c

trng ca nh MRI sau khi p dng cc cng thc phn l thuyt ta tnh c cc
thng s 10 nh MRI c bng di
Ta c cc thng s tng phn , entropy v tng quan ca no c tnh

ln hn lnh tnh v bn c tnh gi tr mc xm n khng ng u , cu trc hnh nh
ca n cng phc tp hn, cn cc thng s nng lng, ng nht ca u lnh cao hn
c tnh l v hnh nh u lnh n ng nht hn , cu trc hnh nh n s phn b ng
u hn so vi u c tnh . By gi ta ly cc thng s c trng ny ta em qua ci
bc tip theo l bc phn loi.Sau khi s dng thut ton PCA ta phn tch n
cha 19 thnh phn chnh v ch chim 1,86% so vi cc c trng tng th nhng li
chim n 95,4% c trng quan trng nht.
Phn lp s dng SVM
Chng em xy dng mt tp d liu hun luyn bao gm cc thng s u vo v nhn
tng ng vi d liu l
bao gm
nhn
lp c
thng s
[12] th trong n ny gm c hai nhn lp chnh
l nhn Malignant tng ng l lp c tnh v nhn Benign tng ng lnh tnh. Tip
theo ta p dng hai phng php tuyn tnh v phi tuyn tnh tin hnh phn loi th
ta s thu c kt qu l trong 160 nh MRI th LIN kernel cho chnh xc ln ti
95% cn Gaussian c chnh xc l 99,38% . iu ny kt lun rng kernel Gaussian
cho chnh xc cao hn kernel LIN [1] [5] [6].
2.3 Kt lun chng:

Trong chng ny, chng em xy dng cc thut ton cho chng trnh , cch
thc cc thut ton p dng vo n v bn cnh nh gi kt qu thu c t
c ci nhn tng quan hn cc thut ton x l nh.
CHNG 3: THC NGHIM V NH GI KT QU

Gii thiu chng
Sau khi tm hiu l thuyt cng nh thut ton ca qu trnh x l nh, chng ny s
gip ta phn tch, nh gi kt qu nhn c t h thng xy dng, qua tm
hng pht trin ti cng nh nng cao cht lng ca h thng
Giao din chng trnh
n ny, em s dng tnh nng GUI (Graphical User Interface) l giao din
ha c nhiu thanh cng c c sn gip qu trnh tng tc gia ngi dng v
phn m phng ca h thng c thun tin.
Hnh 3.1: Giao din chng trnh.
Cc phm bm:
Load MRI Image: chn nh MRI no mun nhn dng.
Segmented Image: phn on khi u ca nh MRI no chn
RBF Accuracy in % : nh gi % chnh xc ca phn loi SVM ca
kernel Gaussian
Linear Accuracy in % : nh gi % chnh xc ca phn loi SVM ca
kernel Linear[8]
Cc thng bo:
Type of Tumor : Kt qu ca vic phn loi.
Entropy : Kt qu tnh gi tr entropy ca ma trn ng mc xm .
Contrast : Kt qu tnh gi tr tng phn ca ma trn ng mc xm .
Correlation : Kt qu tnh gi tr tng quan ca ma trn ng mc xm
Energy : Kt qu tnh gi tr nng lng ca ma trn ng mc xm .
Homogeneity : Kt qu tnh gi tr ng nht ca ma trn ng mc xm.
Kt qu thc nghim
3.3.1 C s d liu kim tra
C s d liu bao tin hnh kim tra bao gm 22 nh MRI c kch thc ca
mi nh l 256 x 256 m c ly t website ca trng H Harvard
(URL:http://med.harvard.edu/AANLIB/).
Trong s ta c cc loi bnh ph bin ca no nh : glioma, meningioma,
Alzheimers disease, Alzheimers disease plus visual agnosia, Picks disease,sarcoma
v Huntingtons disease [2] [4] [10] [13]
Hnh 3.2: Cc mu nh MRI no (a) nh no trng thi bnh thng; (b) glioma;
(c) meningioma; (d) Alzheimers disease; (e) bnh Alzheimers; (f) bnh Pick; (g)
sarcoma; (h) bnh Huntingtons
Kt qu thc nghim vi mu u lnh tnh
Hnh 3.3: Kt qu thc nghim vi u lnh.
Khi tin hnh phn loi, ta chn Load MRI v vo foder cha hnh nh MRI no
u lnh tnh , sau khi ta chn xong ta bt u phn on hnh nh khi U th ta thu
c kt qu trong khung Type of Tumor l BENIGN cho thy kt qu hon ton
chnh xc nh nhng g ta chn. Khung Features hin th cho ta nhng c trng
ring tnh c t hnh nh ta chn. Ta s chn mu khc tip tc kho st.
Hnh 3.4: Kt qu thc nghim vi u lnh.
Sau khi th vi nh MRI khc kt qu phn loi vn ng nh nhng g mong

i. Tip theo ta tin hnh kim tra t l phn trm chnh xc phn loi ca 2 Kernel
SVM l kernel RBF v kernel Linear.
Hnh 3.5:Kt qu thc nghim o t l % chnh xc ca 2 Kernel

Sau khi tin hnh o t l % chnh xc ta nhn thy t l phn trm ca 2 Kernel
RBF v Linear l ngang nhau u l 90% . iu cho thy rng chnh xc ca 2
cch ny l rt cao , tin cy gn nh tuyt i. S khc bit t r rt v d liu hun
luyn khng nhiu mc d theo gi thuyt chnh xc ca RBF l cao hn so vi
Linear.
Kt qu thc nghim vi mu u c tnh:
Hnh 3.6:Kt qu thc nghim vi u c.

Ta chn Load MRI v vo foder cha hnh nh MRI no u lnh tnh , sau khi ta
chn xong ta bt u phn on hnh nh khi U th ta thu c kt qu trong khung
Type of Tumor l MALIGNANT cho thy kt qu hon ton chnh xc nh
nhng g ta chn. Khung Features hin th cho ta nhng c trng ring tnh
c t hnh nh ta chn. Tip theo ta tin hnh kim tra t l phn trm chnh
xc phn loi ca 2 Kernel SVM l kernel RBF v kernel Linear th chnh xc
vn tng t nh kt qu phn loi dnh cho khi u lnh.
M hnh nh gi :
Ta s dng phng php Hold-out nh gi chnh xc ca vic phn loi.
Trong phng php holdout, d liu da ra c phn chia ngu nhin thnh 2 phn l:
tp d liu o to v tp d liu kim tra. Thng thng 2/3 d liu cp cho tp d
liu o to, phn cn li cho tp d liu kim tra.
Ton b tp v d D c chia thnh 2 tp con khng giao nhau [4][7]
- Tp hun luyn D_train hun luyn h thng
- Tp kim th D_test nh gi hiu nng ca h thng hc
D = D_train D_test, v thng l |D_train| >> |D_test|
5
0
Cc yu cu:
Bt k v d no thuc vo tp kim th D_test u khng c s dng trong
qu trnh hun luyn h thng
Bt k v d no c s dng trong giai on hun luyn h thng (i.e., thuc
vo D_train) u khng c s dng trong giai on nh gi h thng
Cc v d kim th trong D_test cho php mt nh gi khng thin v i vi
hiu nng ca h thng
Trong phm vi n ny , chng em dng 160 nh MRI no kho st v chng ta s

phn chia : 128 nh dng hun luyn, 32 nh kim tra.
Hnh 3.7 : M hnh hold-out tin hnh nh gi
Hnh 3.8 : Kt qu nh gi ca 2 kernel Linear v GRB
51
Da vo bng nh gi ta c th thy c kt qu phn loi ca GRB (20 +

139)/160 = 99.38% v kt qu ca LIN (17 +135)/160 = 95% , iu cho thy rng
kernel RGB c chnh xc cao hn kernel LIN. Vy nu ta mun vic phn loi
nhanh hn v trnh hin tng overfitting ta c th s dng kernel LIN , cn nu ta
mun vic phn loi chnh xc hn ta s dng kernel RBF [5].
Phn tch thi gian thc hin:
Vic tnh ton thi gian l mt yu t quan trng nh gi c qu trnh phn
loi. Cng vic hun luyn SVM khng c xem xt, v cc thng s ca SVM gi
khng thay i sau khi hun luyn. Chng ti xem xt 160 hnh nh MRI vo phn
loi, ghi nhn thi gian tnh ton, tnh ton gi tr trung bnh, m t vic tiu th thi
gian ca giai on khc nhau trong hnh1. i vi mi hnh nh c kch thc 256
256, th thi gian cho vic tnh ton s c th mt bao nhiu lu [9] [11]
DWT 2D
PCA + GLCM
SVM Classification
Hnh 3.9: Tnh ton thi gian ca 3 giai on chnh

Tnh nng bin i wavelet ri rc, PCA, v phn loi SVM tiu tn thi gian
ln lt l 0,023 s, 0,0187, v 0,0031 s, tng ng. Vy giai on DWT l tiu tn thi
gian nht l 0,023 s. Cn cng vic gim s chiu d liu dng PCA tiu tn thi gian
l 0,0187 s. Vic phn loi SVM tn thi gian t nht ch 0,0031 s. Tng thi gian tnh
ton cho mi hnh nh kch thc 256 256 l khong 0,0448 s, iu cho thy rng
h thng cho cng vic chn on din ra nhanh chng [13][14].
Kt lun chng.
Qua thc nghim, nhn thy vic phn loi vi cc nh MRI u cho ra kt qu
chnh xc nh mong i. Khi ta thm mt nh no khc khng c trong c s d liu
th vic phn loi vn cho chnh xc cao. Chng em p dng hai loi kernel khc
nhau ca SVM so snh s khc nhau gia chng, th trong th nghim ny kernel
GRB th hin chnh xc cao hn LIN qua s kho st 160 nh MRI. Chng trnh
test c thi gian p ng kh nhanh v thi gian tiu tn tnh c l 0.0448s, iu ny
thun li cho vic chn on nhanh ca bc s .
H thng cn mt s hn ch nh l cha phn loi r loi bnh g m ch phn ra
hai loi c tnh v lnh tnh, v h thng c chnh xc cao v thi gian tiu tn nhanh
ng ngha vi vic dng nhiu thut ton phc tp
KT LUN V HNG PHT TRIN TI
KT LUN V HNG PHT TRIN TI

Qua qu trnh thc hin n v phng php phn loi nh MRI no, n
c c nhng kt qu nh sau:
o
Trnh by r cc ng dng ca phn loi nh MRI no.
Xy dng c s d liu ph hp vi thut ton SVM.
Kt qu phn loi c chnh xc cao.
Phn loi i vi cc d liu u vo khc nhau.
Hng pht trin ca ti :

o Xy dng mt h thng hon chnh kt hp vi phn cng.
o Xy dng mt h thng phn loi nh MRI no c chnh xc cao
hn v thi gian nhanh hn.
o Xy dng mt chng trnh khng ch phn loi nh MRI no m c
th chn on chnh xc loi bnh ang mc phi
Ti liu tham kho
TI LIU THAM KHO

[1]
Zhang, Y., L. Wu, and S. Wang, Magnetic resonance brain image

classification by an improved artificial b ee colony algorithm,
[2]
Mohsin, S. A., N. M. Sheikh, and U. Saeed, MRI induced heating

of deep brain stimulation leads: Effect of the air-tissue interface,
[3]
Golestanirad, L., A. P. Izquierdo, S. J. Graham, J. R. Mosig, and C.

Pollo, Effect of realistic modeling of deep brain stimulation on the
prediction of volume of activated tissue, Progress In Electromagnetics
Research, Vol. 126, 116, 2012.
[4]
Mohsin, S. A., Concentration of the specific absorption rate around deep

brain stimulation electrodes during MRI, Progress In Electromagnetics
Research, Vol. 121, 469484, 2011.
[5]
Oikonomou, A., I. S. Karanasiou, and N. K. Uzunoglu, Phasedarray

near field radiometry for brain intracranial applications, Progress In
Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 109, 345360, 2010.
[6]
Scapaticci, R., L. Di Donato, I. Catapano, and L. Crocco, A feasibility

study on microwave imaging for brain stroke monitoring, Progress In
Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 40, 305324, 2012.
[7] Asimakis, N. P., I. S. Karanasiou, P. K. Gkonis, and N. K. Uzunoglu,

Theoretical analysis of a passive acoustic brain monitoring system,
Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 23, 165180, 2010.
[8]
Chaturvedi, C. M., V. P. Singh, P. Singh, P. Basu, M. Singaravel, R. K.

Shukla, A. Dhawan, A. K. Pati, R. K. Gangwar, and S. P. Singh. 2.45
GHz (CW) microwave irradiation alters circadian organization, spatial
memory, DNA structure in the brain cells and blood cell counts of male
Ti liu tham kho
mice, mus musculus, Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 29,

2342, 2011.
[9]
Emin Tagluk, M., M. Akin, and N. Sezgin, Classification of sleep apnea

by using wavelet transform and artificial neural networks, Expert
Systems with Applications, Vol. 37, No. 2, 16001607, 2010.
[10]
Zhang, Y., L. Wu, and G. Wei, A new classifier for polarimetric SAR
images, Progress in Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 94, 83 104, 2009.
[11]
Camacho, J., J. Pico, and A. Ferrer, Corrigendum to The best

approaches in the on line monitoring of batch processes based on PCA:
Does the modelling structure matter? [Anal. Chim. Acta Volume 642
(2009) 59-68], Analytica Chimica Acta, Vol. 658,
[12]
Chaplot, S., L. M. Patnaik, and N. R. Jagannathan, Classification of

magnetic resonance brain images using wavelets as input to supp ort
vector machine and neural network, Biomedical Signal Processing and
Control, Vol. 1, No. 1, 8692, 2006.
[13]
Cocosco, C. A., A. P. Zijdenbos, and A. C. Evans, A fully

automatic and robust brain MRI tissue classification method, Medical
Image Analysis, Vol. 7, No. 4, 513527, 2003.
[14]
Zhang, Y. and L. Wu, Weights optimization of neural network

viaimproved BCO approach, Progress In Electromagnetics Research,
Vol. 83, 185198, 2008.
Ph lc
PH LC
Code chng trnh:
Chng trnh PCA v DWT :
close all
clc
clear all
[filename,pathname] =
uigetfile({'*.*';'*.bmp';'*.tif';'*.gif';'*.png'},'Pick an
Image File');
I = imread([pathname,filename]);
figure, imshow(I); title('Brain MRI Image');
I = imresize(I,[200,200]);
% Convert to grayscale
gray = rgb2gray(I);
% Otsu Binarization for segmentation
level = graythresh(I);
img = im2bw(I,level);
figure, imshow(img);title('Otsu Thresholded Image');
% K means Clustering to segment tumor
cform = makecform('srgb2lab');
% Apply the colorform
lab_he = applycform(I,cform);
% Classify the colors in a*b* colorspace using K means
clustering.
% Since the image has 3 colors create 3 clusters.
% Measure the distance using Euclidean Distance Metric.
ab = double(lab_he(:,:,2:3));
nrows = size(ab,1);
ncols = size(ab,2);
ab = reshape(ab,nrows*ncols,2);
nColors = 1;
[cluster_idx cluster_center] =
kmeans(ab,nColors,'distance','sqEuclidean', ...'Replicates',1);
Ph lc
%[cluster_idx cluster_center] =
kmeans(ab,nColors,'distance','sqEuclidean','Replicates',3);
% Label every pixel in tha image using results from K means
pixel_labels = reshape(cluster_idx,nrows,ncols);
% Create a blank cell array to store the results of clustering
segmented_images = cell(1,3);
% Create RGB label using pixel_labels
rgb_label = repmat(pixel_labels,[1,1,3]);
for k = 1:nColors
colors = I;
colors(rgb_label ~= k) = 0;
segmented_images{k} = colors;
end
%
figure, imshow(segmented_images{1});title('Objects in Cluster
1');
%figure, imshow(segmented_images{2});title('Objects in Cluster
2');
seg_img = im2bw(segmented_images{1});
figure, imshow(seg_img);title('Segmented Tumor');
%seg_img = img;
% Extract features using DWT
x = double(seg_img);
m = size(seg_img,1);
n = size(seg_img,2);
signal1 = seg_img(:,:);
%Feat = getmswpfeat(signal,winsize,wininc,J,'matlab');
%Features = getmswpfeat(signal,winsize,wininc,J,'matlab');
[cA1,cH1,cV1,cD1] = dwt2(signal1,'db4');
[cA2,cH2,cV2,cD2] = dwt2(cA1,'db4');
DWT_feat = [cA3,cH3,cV3,cD3];
G = pca(DWT_feat);
whos DWT_feat
whos G
g = graycomatrix(G);
stats = graycoprops(g,'Contrast Correlation Energy
Homogeneity');
Ph lc
Contrast = stats.Contrast;
Correlation = stats.Correlation;
Energy = stats.Energy;
Homogeneity = stats.Homogeneity;
Mean = mean2(G);
Standard_Deviation = std2(G);
Entropy = entropy(G);
RMS = mean2(rms(G));
%Skewness = skewness(img)
Variance = mean2(var(double(G)));
a = sum(double(G(:)));
Smoothness = 1-(1/(1+a));
Kurtosis = kurtosis(double(G(:)));
Skewness = skewness(double(G(:)));
% Inverse Difference Movement
m = size(G,1);
n = size(G,2);
in_diff = 0;
for i = 1:m
for j = 1:n
temp = G(i,j)./(1+(i-j).^2);
in_diff = in_diff+temp;
end
end
IDM = double(in_diff);
feat = [Contrast,Correlation,Energy,Homogeneity, Mean,
Standard_Deviation, Entropy, RMS, Variance, Smoothness,
Kurtosis, Skewness, IDM];
load Trainset.mat
xdata = meas;
group = label;
svmStruct1 = svmtrain(xdata,group,'kernel_function', 'linear');
species = svmclassify(svmStruct1,feat,'showplot',false)
% To plot classification graphs, SVM can take only two
dimensional data
data1
= [meas(:,1), meas(:,2)];
newfeat = [feat(:,1),feat(:,2)];
pause
%close all
Ph lc
svmStruct1_new = svmtrain(data1,group,'kernel_function',
'linear','showplot',false);
species_Linear_new =
svmclassify(svmStruct1_new,newfeat,'showplot',false);
%%
% Multiple runs for accuracy highest is 90%
load Trainset.mat
%data
= [meas(:,1), meas(:,2)];
data = meas;
groups = ismember(label,'BENIGN
')
; groups =
ismember(label,'MALIGNANT');
[train,test] = crossvalind('HoldOut',groups);
cp = classperf(groups);
%svmStruct =
svmtrain(data(train,:),groups(train),'boxconstraint',Inf,'showp
lot',false,'kernel_function','rbf');
svmStruct =
svmtrain(data(train,:),groups(train),'showplot',false,'kernel_f
unction','linear');
classes = svmclassify(svmStruct,data(test,:),'showplot',false);
classperf(cp,classes,test);
Accuracy_Classification = cp.CorrectRate.*100;
sprintf('Accuracy of Linear kernel is:
%g%%',Accuracy_Classification)
%% Accuracy with RBF
svmStruct_RBF =
classes2 =
svmclassify(svmStruct_RBF,data(test,:),'showplot',false);
classperf(cp,classes2,test);
Accuracy_Classification_RBF = cp.CorrectRate.*100;
sprintf('Accuracy of RBF kernel is:
%g%%',Accuracy_Classification_RBF)
%% Accuracy with Polynomial
svmStruct_Poly =
svmtrain(data(train,:),groups(train),'Polyorder',2,'Kernel_Func
tion','polynomial');
6
0
Ph lc
classes3 =
svmclassify(svmStruct_Poly,data(test,:),'showplot',false);
6
0
Ph lc
Accuracy_Classification_Poly = cp.CorrectRate.*100;
sprintf('Accuracy of Polynomial kernel is:
%g%%',Accuracy_Classification_Poly)
%%
% 5 fold cross validation
% 5 fold cross validation
load Normalized_Features.mat
xdata = norm_feat;
group = norm_label;
indicies = crossvalind('Kfold',label,5);
cp = classperf(label);
for i = 1:length(label)
test = (indicies==i);train = ~ test;
svmStruct =
svmtrain(xdata(train,:),group(train),'boxconstraint',Inf,'showp
classes =
svmclassify(svmStruct,xdata(test,:),'showplot',false);
%class =
svmclassify(meas(test,:),meas(train,:),label(train,:));
end
Chng trnh giao din:

function varargout = BrainMRI_GUI(varargin)
gui_Singleton = 1;
gui_State = struct('gui_Name',
mfilename, ...
'gui_Singleton', gui_Singleton, ...
'gui_OpeningFcn', @BrainMRI_GUI_OpeningFcn, ...
'gui_OutputFcn', @BrainMRI_GUI_OutputFcn, ...
'gui_LayoutFcn', [] , ...
'gui_Callback',
[]);
if nargin && ischar(varargin{1})
gui_State.gui_Callback = str2func(varargin{1});
end
if nargout
[varargout{1:nargout}] = gui_mainfcn(gui_State,
varargin{:});
61
Ph lc
else gui_mainfcn(gui_State, varargin{:});

end
% End initialization code - DO NOT EDIT
% --- Executes just before BrainMRI_GUI is made visible.

function BrainMRI_GUI_OpeningFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles,
varargin)
handles.output = hObject;
ss = ones(200,200);
axes(handles.axes1);
imshow(ss);
axes(handles.axes2);
imshow(ss);
% Update handles structure
guidata(hObject, handles);
% --- Outputs from this function are returned to the command

line.
function varargout = BrainMRI_GUI_OutputFcn(hObject, eventdata,
handles)
varargout{1} = handles.output;
% --- Executes on button press in pushbutton1.

function pushbutton1_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
[FileName,PathName] = uigetfile('*.jpg;*.png;*.bmp','Pick an
MRI Image');
if isequal(FileName,0)||isequal(PathName,0)
warndlg('User Press Cancel');
elseP = imread([PathName,FileName]);
P = imresize(P,[200,200]);
% input =imresize(a,[512 512]);
axes(handles.axes1)
imshow(P);title('Brain MRI Image');
handles.ImgData = P;
Ph lc
%
handles.FileName = FileName;
guidata(hObject,handles);
end
if isfield(handles,'ImgData')
%if isfield(handles,'imgData')
I = handles.ImgData;
gray = rgb2gray(I);
% Otsu Binarization for segmentation
level = graythresh(I);
%gray = gray>80;
img = im2bw(I,.6);
img = bwareaopen(img,80);
img2 = im2bw(I);
axes(handles.axes2)
imshow(img);title('Segmented Image');
%imshow(tumor);title('Segmented Image');
handles.ImgData2 = img2;
signal1 = img2(:,:);
%Feat = getmswpfeat(signal,winsize,wininc,J,'matlab');
%Features = getmswpfeat(signal,winsize,wininc,J,'matlab');
[cA1,cH1,cV1,cD1] = dwt2(signal1,'db4');
DWT_feat = [cA3,cH3,cV3,cD3];
G = pca(DWT_feat);
whos DWT_feat
whos G
g = graycomatrix(G);
stats = graycoprops(g,'Contrast Correlation Energy
Homogeneity');
Contrast = stats.Contrast;
Correlation = stats.Correlation;
Energy = stats.Energy;
Homogeneity = stats.Homogeneity;
Mean = mean2(G);
Standard_Deviation = std2(G);
Entropy = entropy(G);
RMS = mean2(rms(G));
%Skewness = skewness(img)
Variance = mean2(var(double(G)));
a = sum(double(G(:)));
Smoothness = 1-(1/(1+a));
Kurtosis = kurtosis(double(G(:)));
Skewness = skewness(double(G(:)));
% Inverse Difference Movement
m = size(G,1);
n = size(G,2);
in_diff = 0;
for i = 1:m
for j = 1:n
temp = G(i,j)./(1+(i-j).^2);
in_diff = in_diff+temp;
end
end
IDM = double(in_diff);
feat = [Contrast,Correlation,Energy,Homogeneity, Mean,
Standard_Deviation, Entropy, RMS, Variance, Smoothness,
Kurtosis, Skewness, IDM];
load Trainset.mat
xdata = meas;
group = label;
svmStruct1 = svmtrain(xdata,group,'kernel_function',
'linear');
species = svmclassify(svmStruct1,feat,'showplot',false);
if strcmpi(species,'MALIGNANT')
helpdlg(' Malignant Tumor ');
disp(' Malignant Tumor ');
else helpdlg(' Benign Tumor ');
disp(' Benign Tumor ');
end
set(handles.edit4,'string',species);
% Put the features in GUI
set(handles.edit7,'string',Entropy);
set(handles.edit14,'string',Contrast);
set(handles.edit15,'string',Correlation);
set(handles.edit16,'string',Energy);
set(handles.edit17,'string',Homogeneity);
end
load Trainset.mat
%data
= [meas(:,1), meas(:,2)];
Accuracy_Percent= zeros(200,1);
itr = 80;
hWaitBar = waitbar(0,'Evaluating Maximum Accuracy with 100
iterations');
for i = 1:itr
data = meas;
%groups = ismember(label,'BENIGN
');
groups = ismember(label,'MALIGNANT');
%svmStruct =
svmStruct_RBF =
classes2 =
svmclassify(svmStruct_RBF,data(test,:),'showplot',false);
%Accuracy_Classification_RBF = cp.CorrectRate.*100;
Accuracy_Percent(i) = cp.CorrectRate.*100;
sprintf('Accuracy of RBF Kernel is: %g%%',Accuracy_Percent(i))
waitbar(i/itr);
end
delete(hWaitBar);
Max_Accuracy = max(Accuracy_Percent);
sprintf('Accuracy of RBF kernel is: %g%%',Max_Accuracy)
set(handles.edit1,'string',Max_Accuracy);

load Trainset.mat
%data
= [meas(:,1), meas(:,2)];
itr = 100;
iterations');
for i = 1:itr
data = meas;
%groups = ismember(label,'BENIGN
');
groups = ismember(label,'MALIGNANT');
svmStruct =
unction','linear');
classes = svmclassify(svmStruct,data(test,:),'showplot',false);
%Accuracy_Classification = cp.CorrectRate.*100;
sprintf('Accuracy of Linear Kernel is:
%g%%',Accuracy_Percent(i))
waitbar(i/itr);
end
delete(hWaitBar);
sprintf('Accuracy of Linear kernel is: %g%%',Max_Accuracy)
load Trainset.mat
%data
= [meas(:,1), meas(:,2)];
itr = 100;
iterations');
for i = 1:itr
data = meas;
')
; groups =
svmStruct_Poly =
svmtrain(data(train,:),groups(train),'Polyorder',2,'Kernel_Func
tion','polynomial');
classes3 =
svmclassify(svmStruct_Poly,data(test,:),'showplot',false);
sprintf('Accuracy of Polynomial Kernel is:
waitbar(i/itr);
end
delete(hWaitBar);
%Accuracy_Classification_Poly = cp.CorrectRate.*100;
sprintf('Accuracy of Polynomial kernel is: %g%%',Max_Accuracy)
function edit1_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)

% hObject
handle to edit1 (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of
MATLAB
% handles
structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)
% Hints: get(hObject,'String') returns contents of edit1 as
text
%
str2double(get(hObject,'String')) returns contents of
edit1 as a double
% --- Executes during object creation, after setting all
properties.
function edit1_CreateFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject
MATLAB
% handles
empty - handles not created until after all
CreateFcns called
% Hint: edit controls usually have a white background on
Windows.
%
See ISPC and COMPUTER.
if ispc && isequal(get(hObject,'BackgroundColor'),
get(0,'defaultUicontrolBackgroundColor'))
set(hObject,'BackgroundColor','white');
end

end
% hObject
MATLAB
% handles
% Hints: get(hObject,'String') returns contents of edit3 as
text
%
str2double(get(hObject,'String')) returns contents of
edit3 as a double

properties.
% hObject
MATLAB
% handles
CreateFcns called
Windows.
%
end

properties.
end

end
% hObject
MATLAB
% handles
CreateFcns called
Windows.
%
end
properties.
% hObject
MATLAB
% handles
CreateFcns called
Windows.
%
end

properties.
end

properties.
end

properties.
% hObject
MATLAB
% handles
CreateFcns called
Windows.
%
end

7
0

properties.
end

properties.
%
end

properties.
end

properties.
71
end
72

properties.
%
end

properties.
end
properties.
%
end

% hObject
handle to pushbutton6 (see GCBO)
MATLAB
% handles
load Trainset.mat
%data
= [meas(:,1), meas(:,2)];
itr = 100;
iterations');
for i = 1:itr
data = meas;
')
; groups =
svmStruct4 =
unction','quadratic');
classes4 =
svmclassify(svmStruct4,data(test,:),'showplot',false);
%Accuracy_Classification_Quad = cp.CorrectRate.*100;
sprintf('Accuracy of Quadratic Kernel is:
waitbar(i/itr);
end
delete(hWaitBar);
sprintf('Accuracy of Quadratic kernel is: %g%%',Max_Accuracy)

properties.
end
properties.
function axes6_CreateFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles)
imshow('D:\Brain_Tumor5\1.bmp')

properties.

imshow('D:\Brain_Tumor5\2.png')
properties.
imshow('D:\Brain_Tumor5\3.bmp')

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Li cam oan

Nng, ngy 18 thng 12 nm 2016

BNG PHN CNG NHIM V

Tm hiu ni dung l thuyt v x l

nh no, vit chng trnh Matlab v

cc k thut s dng gim c trng,

Tm hiu ni dung v chng trnh giao

din GUI, xy dng c s d liu mu

Chng 2: Xy dng chng trnh phn loi MRI no 35

xut tng quan chng trnh .. 35

Xy dng cc thut ton .. 36

Cc thut ton gim c trng . 36

Trch xut c trng s dng ma trn ng mc xm ( GLCM) . 43

Phm lp s dng SVM ... 44

Kt lun chng ... 44

Chng 3: Thc nghim v nh gi kt qu . 45

Gii thiu chng . 45

Giao din chng trnh . 45

C s d liu kim tra .. 46

Kt qu thc nghim vi mu u lnh tnh 47

Kt qu thc nghim vi mu u c tnh ... 49

Phn tch thi gian thc hin ... 52

Kt lun chng ... 53

Kt lun v hng pht trin ti..............................................................................54

Bin i wavelet ri rc ca tn hiu..........................................................16

Qu trnh phn tch bin i tn hiu dung DWT mt chiu....................17

Minh ha DWT hai chiu cho nh..............................................................18

Phn tch tn hiu a mc.............................................................................19

Minh ha DWT kiu dynamic mc 3.........................................................19

nh DWT ca MRI no...............................................................................20

Minh ha PCA: php chiu ln cc trc ta khc nhau c th cho cng

Minh ha PCA: tm cc trc ta mi sao cho d liu c bin thin..

Phn chia bin rng......................................................................................27

nh hng ca hng s bin mm C trn ranh gii quyt nh 29

SVM cho phn lp phi tuyn......................................................................31

nh hng a chiu Gaussian kernel cho mt gi tr c nh i vi 33

S chung ca h thng x l v phn loi nh.....................................35

nh MRI sau khi bin i DWT ba mc...................................................37

Tp c s d liu hnh nh MRI no...........................................................38

Giao din chng trnh.................................................................................45

Cc mu nh bnh MRI no........................................................................47

Kt qu thc nghim vi u lnh tnh...........................................................47

Kt qu thc nghim vi u lnh tnh khc.................................................48

Kt qu thc nghim o t l % chnh xc ca 2 Kernel...........................49

Kt qu thc nghim vi u c tnh...............................................................50

M hnh hold-old tin hnh nh gi....................................................51

Kt qu nh gi ca 2 Kernel Linear v GRB..........................................51

Tnh ton thi gian ca 3 giai on chnh...................................................52

Graphic User Interface

Gray-Level Co-Occurrence Matrix

Discrete Wavelet Transform

Principal Component Analysis

Magnetic resonance imaging

Support Vector Machine

2. Phng php nghin cu n

Tm hiu phn mm v cc Toolbox trong Matlab R2013a.

phn loi nh. T kt qu m phng, ta c th nhn ra u, nhc ca cc thut ton x

Em xin gi li cm n n c Nguyn Th Anh Th cung cp ti liu, hng

Nhm sinh vin thc hin:

CHNG 1: TNG QUAN C S L THUYT V CC THUT TON V X L MRI NO

CHNG 1: TNG QUAN C S L THUYT V CC

CHNG 1: TNG QUAN C S L THUYT V CC THUT TON V X L MRI NO

lc chp, sng radio p vo cc v tr t ca cc nguyn t trong c th, cc tn hiu