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This is one of a series of guides designed to help you increase your confidence in
handling mathematics. This guide contains both theory and exercises which cover:1. Introduction:
2. Inequalities: (Basic facts, solution, fractional functions)
3. Modulus: (Meaning, solution of equations & inequalities)
There are often different ways of doing things in mathematics and the methods
suggested in the guides may not be the ones you were taught. If you are successful
and happy with the methods you use it may not be necessary for you to change
them. If you have problems or need help in any part of the work then there are a
number of ways you can get help.
For students at the University of Hull
Ask your lecturers.
You can contact a maths Skills Adviser from the Skills Team on the email shown
below.
Access more maths Skills Guides and resources at the website below.
Look at one of the many textbooks in the library.
Web: www.hull.ac.uk/skills
Email: skills@hull.ac.uk
1. Introduction
The easiest way to solve most inequalities is by sketching a simple curve and the
easiest function to sketch is one that has been factorised:- y (ax b)(cx d ) or
y (ax b)(cx d )(ex f ) etc. In many cases functions can be factorised without
having to multiply out complex expressions.
For example if you had (2 x2 4 x 1)2 (2 x2 3x 4)2 you can use the difference of
two squares to
simplify the working. The factors of x 2 y 2 are ( x y )( x y ) so
factorising (2 x2 4 x 1)2 (2 x2 3x 4)2 gives
-1
y
-2
2.5
x
-1
-10
page 1
2. Inequalities
A. Basic facts
(b) If
(c) If
(d) If
(a) If a b then b a
a b then k a k b for all values of k
a b and k 0 then ka kb
a b and k 0 then ka kb
Proof of (d)
Given
Then
If k 0 , then as ( () () ()
Expanding
So if
ab
ab0
k ( a b) 0
ka kb 0 or ka kb
a b and k 0 then ka < kb
x 3 2x 5
x 2x 8
x8
x 8
2x 2 x 3 0
( x 1)( 2 x 3) 0
page 2
True for x 2
All three inequalities agree in 1) for 1 x 2.5 and in 4) for x 2 but in no other
which gives the solution x 2, 1 x 2.5
page 3
Method 2
-1
1.5
which is as before but obtained more easily than dealing with all the inequalities!
The same method will also work for 4th, 5th, .... degree functions as long as they
factorise. When you have a function which does not factorise you can get some
approximate answers by knowing something about the general shape of the curve
and/or any maximum/minimum values it has (possibly using calculus). You could
draw the graph using a graph plotter but even here a lot of care needs to be taken as
some packages (especially those on calculators) can be misleading.
Exercise 1
Solve the following inequalities
1. x 2 4 x
2. 2 x 1 x 4
4. 2( x 1) 3( x 1)
5. 2( 2 x 1) 3 x 1
7. ( x 1)( x 2) 0
8. ( x 1)( 2 x 3) 0
3. x 5 x 2
6. 3( x 4) x 1
9. (3 x )(3 x 5) 0
10. x 2 4 x 5 0
11. 4 x 2 x 5
13. x 2 x 2
14. ( x 1) 2 4 x 2
12. 5 x 2 3 x 2
15. x( x 1)( x 3) 0
16. x 3 x 0
17. 4 x 3 3 x 2 x 0
18. x 2 x 3 0
19. x 3 3 x 2 x 0
20. x 4 3 x 3 4 x 2 0
3 Fractional Functions
Examples
(a) Find the range of values for which
x2
2
x
page 4
x 2x 2
x
2 x2
yy==x(2+x)
x(2 + x)
( x 2) x 2 x 2
2
x 2x 2x
xx
-2
0 2 x x 2 x(2 x)
x(2 x) 0
From the sketch this gives the same solution x 2 or x 0 .
If you had to solve x2 3x 1 0 which does not factorise, then solving the equation
x2 3x 1 0 by using the formula gives x 3 13 and a solution
2
x 3 13 or x 3 13 Check it on a graph!
2
( x 1) 2
1.
x5
As in the example above x 5 may be positive or negative so we multiply both sides
by x 52 which is positive and so does not affect the inequality.
(b) Find the range of values of x for which
giving
( x 1) 2 ( x 5) 2
( x 5) 2
x5
cancel the ( x 5)
( x 1) 2 ( x 5) ( x 5) 2
( x 1) 2 ( x 5) ( x 5) 2 0
( x 5) ( x 1) 2 ( x 5) 0
( x 5)( x 2 3 x 4) 0
( x 5)( x 4)( x 1) 0
simplifythe secondbracket
factorise
x
-5
-1
page 5
youd have to say for the product to be negative all 5 of the factors, or 3 of the five, or
1 of the five must be negative - 16 possible situations!! A sketch is much easier.
If the denominator is something like x 2 1 , there would be no need to multiply by
( x 2 1) 2 as x 2 1 is always positive.
(c) Find the range of values of x for which
x 1
x2 1
x 1 , giving
y = x3 - 1
x 1 x x2 1
x 1 x x
1 x3
x3 1 0
x 1x 2 x 1 0
Hence, as ( x 2 x 1) x 1
x 1
1
x( x 2) x 2
common denominator is x( x 2) but it could be positive or negative so
multiply by x ( x 2)
cancel down
x 2 ( x 2) 2 ( x 1) x 2 ( x 2) 2
x( x 2)
x2
x( x + 2)( x 1) x 2 ( x 2)
x( x + 2)( x 1) x 2 ( x 2) 0
factorise
x( x + 2)x 1 x 0
which gives
x( x 2)(1) 0
dividing by - 1 gives
x( x 2) 0
From the sketch
y = x(x + 2)
we can see the solution is
2 x 0
-2
page 6
Exercise 2
Find the set of values of x for which,
x5
2 x
2.
2
1.
3
4x 1
x7
x 1
5 2x
5.
3
4.
1
1 7x
2x 3
x
3
2x 8
x
x
6.
x 2 x 1
x2
9.
0
( x 1)( x 3)
1
2x
12.
2
x x 2
3.
8. (1 x)(1 x) 2 0
7. ( x 1)( x 3)( x 5) 0
x 2 2 6 x 2 8x 1
10.
2
x5
11.
5x
2
x 6
if x 0
x
The formal definition of the modulus of x is x
x if x 0
Or, numerically, it is the distance from 0 on a number line
|
-4
|
-3
|
-2
|
-1
|
0
|
1
|
2
|
3
|
4
|
5
|
6
|
7
|
8
3 and | -3 | are the distances of the two points given by 3 and 3 on the number line
from the origin. In both cases the distance is 3 ie 3 | -3 | 3
Similarly - 4 4;
6 6;
- 2 2;
6.43 6.43;
- 3.75 3.75;
0 0.
For those who have met Complex Numbers this definition fits in with the distance of,
say, a 0 j or 0 bj from the origin. For those who have worked with Vectors it also
fits in with the distance of, say, ci 0 j or d i 0 j from the origin.
The alternative definition is to say that x is the unsigned part of the number x .
That again gives | -4 | = 4, | 3 | = |+3| = 3 (as 3 is shorthand for +3).
(a) Sketch the graph of y x
values of x
values of y x
Values of y x
-4 -3 -2 -1 0
-4 -3 -2 -1 0
4 3 2 1 0
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
4
5
5
5
6
6
6
0
- 4
- 2
Note that the part of y =- x2 below the x-axis is reflected in the x-axis.
- 4
Graph of y = x shown
Graph of y = | x | shown
page 7
Examples
(a) Find the range of values of x for which x 3 5
There are, at least two methods of solution!
(i) If x 3 is positive ie x > 3
If x 3 is negative ie x < 3
then x 3 5 x 3 5 x 8
then x 3 5 ( x 3) 5 x 2
(ii) Squaring both sides gives x 3 52 and we can remove the modulus sign to
2
get x 32 as both represent the square of the distance on the number line between
the point given by -3 and the point given by x .
This gives
x 32 52
y
x 32 52 0
use difference of 2
squares
x 3 5x 3 5 0
x 8x 2 0
-2
y = (x - 8)(x + 2)
x
2
x2
x
squareboth sides
4 - two possible methods here
x 2
Multiply out, collect terms,
Or use difference of two
factorise
squares
2
2
2
x 2 4x 22 2( x 2)2
x 4x 2 4 x 16 x 16
0 2x 22 x 2
0 2x 2 x 2x 2 x
0 3x 4x 4
0 4 x 2 16 x 16 x 2
0 3 x 2 16 x 16
0 3x 4x 4
In both cases 3x 4x 4 0
4
3
page 8
Factorising gives y x3 x x x 2 1 xx 1x 1
The graph of y x3 x
y
x
-1
-1
x2
1
x2
x2
2
2
1 x 2 x 22 x 2 x 22 0
Square
x 2
2
But x 2 x 2 x 1 7
2
4
y x
-2
y
x
x2
x 2 x 2 x 2x 1 so
x2 x 2x2 x 2 0
x2 x 2 0 x 2x 1 0 2 x 1 (see sketch)
x 1
4
x2
6.
2 p2
1
3p 2
1
z
1 4.
2
x3
z 3
2
1
7.
1 8. y 2 y 2 1
x 1
y4
3.
page 9
4. y x 2x 22 x 1
3. y x 2 2 x 3
5. y x 3
6. y x 4 5 x 2 4
ANSWERS
Exercise 1
1. x 1
4. x 5
7. x 1,x 2
10. x 1, x 5
13. x 1, x 2
16. x 1, 0 x 1
2 . x 3
5. x 1
6.
8. 1 x 3
2
9.
11. 5 x 1
4
14. x 1, x
19. x 3 5 , 0 x 3 5
2
2
Exercise 2
1. 7 x 23
2
4. 4 x 1
5
3. x 1
7. x 5, 3 x 1
10. 2 x 4, 5 x 1
17. x 0
20. 1 x 4
1
3
2
x51
2
5
x3
3
12. x 1, x 2
5
15. x 0, 1 x 3
18. 1 13 x 1 13
2
2. x 1 , x 1
3. 4 x 24
5. x
6. x 0, 1 x 2
9. x 3, 1 x 2
4
3,
2
x8
8. x 1 x 1
11. x 2, x 3
12. x 2 , 0 x 2
Exercise 3
1. All x except for x 11
2. 2 w 2
3. 2 x 4
4. z 2, 6
5. 9 x 7
6. p 22 p 1 2 p 2 3 p 2 0 1 p 2
7. x 0, x 2
8. y 2, 1, 2, 3
page 10
Exercise 4
1.
2.
3.
4.
-3
5.
-1
-2
-0.5
6.
-2
-1