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hhECA9 PDF
hhECA9 PDF
Workout
Page 1 of 8
Authors: Springhouse
Title: Anatomy & Physiology: An Incredibly Easy! Workout, 1st Edition
Copyright 2009 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
> Table of Contents > 2 - Genetics and chemical organization
2
Genetics and chemical organization
i
P.8
Warm-up
Genetics and chemical organization review
Genetic facts
Chromosomes
Genes
Trait predominance
Autosomal inheritance
Sex-linked inheritance
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The male has only one copy of most genes on the X chromosome; inheritance of those genes is
called X-linked
A man transmits one copy of each X-linked gene to his daughters and none to his sons
A woman transmits one copy of each X-linked gene to each child, male or female
Some recessive genes on X chromosomes act dominant in females
Genetic defects
Mutations
Autosomal disorders
Sex-linked disorders
Usually recessive traits caused by genes located on the sex chromosomes (most on X
chromosome)
Single X-linked recessive gene can cause disorder to be exhibited in a male
All daughters of an affected male are carriers
Multifactorial disorders
Result from a less-than-optimum expression of many different genes, not from a specific error
Examples apparent at birth (cleft lip, cleft palate) or later (type II diabetes mellitus, hypertension)
Chromosome defects
Types
Principles of chemistry
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Chemical composition
Elementmatter that can't be broken down into simpler substances by normal chemical reactions
Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen account for 96% of the body's total weight
Atomic structure
Subatomic particles
Protons (p+)
Positively charged particles
Each element has a distinct number of protons
Neutrons (n)
Uncharged, or neutral, particles
Electrons (e)
Negatively charged particles
Play a key role in chemical bonds and reactions
Chemical bonds
Types
Chemical reactions
Inorganic compounds
Water
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Electrolytes
Compounds whose molecules consist of positively charged ions (cations) and negatively charged
ions (anions)
Acidsseparate into a positively charged hydrogen ion and a negatively charged anion
Basesseparate into negatively charged hydroxide ions and positively charged cations
Saltsform when acids react with bases
Body fluids must attain acid-base balance for homeostasis
More hydrogen ions = more acidic solution
More hydroxide ions = more basic (alkaline) solution
Organic compounds
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Water-insoluble biomolecules
Triglyceride
Most abundant lipid in food and the body
Insulates and protects
Body's most concentrated energy source
Phospholipids
Major structural components of cell membranes
Sterolssimple lipids with no fatty acids in their molecules
Bile saltsemulsify fats during digestion and aid absorption of the fat-soluble vitamins (A,
D, E, K)
Male and female sex hormonesresponsible for sexual characteristics and reproduction
Cholesterola part of animal cell membranesneeded to form all other sterols
Vitamin Dhelps regulate calcium concentration
Lipoproteinshelp transport lipids throughout the body
Eicosanoids
Prostaglandins (modify hormone responses, promote inflammatory response, open airways)
Leukotrienes (play role in allergic and inflammatory responses)
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Proteins
Nucleic acids
P.10
Boxing match
Fill in the answers to the clues below by using all of the syllables in the box. The number of syllables for
each answer is shown in parentheses. Use each syllable only once. The first answer has been provided
for you as an example.
i
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P.11
Coaching session
Gene expression
Gene expression refers to a gene's effect on cell structure or function. Types include:
Dominant: Expressed even if only one parent passes the gene
Recessive: Expressed only if both parents pass the gene
Codominant: Allow equal expression of two alleles
Sex-linked: Carried on sex chromosomes (most on X and are recessive; those on Y are dominant)
Strike out
The following statements pertain to genes and gene expression. Cross out all of the untrue statements.
Dominant genes can be expressed and transmitted to the offspring even if only one parent
possesses the gene.
Recessive genes are expressed only under the influence of environmental factors.
Males have more genetic material than females.
Sex-linked genes are carried on sex chromosomes.
Almost all sex-linked genes appear on the X chromosome and are recessive.
Because sex-linked genes are recessive, they are rarely expressed.
Some genes are only expressed under certain environmental conditions.
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Parallel bars
Complete each of the analogies below by determining the relationship between the given word pair and
then determining the missing term in the second word pair.
P.12
Jumble gym
Use the clues to help you unscramble words related to genetic defects. Then use the circled letters to
answer the question posed.
Question: Which term is used to describe a disorder that results from an error at a single gene site?
__
__ __ __ __ __ __
Type of disorder resulting from a number of genes and environmental influences acting together
C A M L I AT F L U T I R O
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__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
__ __ __ __
Class of disorders resulting from aberrations in chromosome structure or number
ACONTINGLESEALAMION
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
__ __ __ __
__ __ __ __
The relocation of a segment of a chromosome to a nonhomologous chromosome
CANTORLASTION
__ __ __ __ __ __ __
__ __ __ __
Condition in which the number of chromosomes present is one less than normal
OMMYSOON
__ __ __ __
__ __ __
The presence of an extra chromosome
MISTYOR
__ __ __ __ __
__
Occurs when chromosomes fail to separate properly during meiosis or mitosis, resulting in an
unequal distribution of chromosomes between the two resulting cells
SICUNDOJINNTON
__
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
Answer: __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
Pep talk
Energy and persistence conquer all things.
Benjamin Franklin
P.13
Cross-training
Complete the following crossword puzzle to test your knowledge of body chemistry.
Across
1. Matter that can't be broken down into simpler substances by normal chemical reactions
5. Dynamic equilibrium of the body
7. A form of an atom that has a different number of neutrons and, therefore, a different atomic
weight
9. Compounds containing carbon
10. Formed by the combination of the atoms of two different elements
12. Most abundant organic compound in the body
13. Dense central core of an atom
14. Smallest unit of matter that can take part in a chemical reaction
15. The capacity to do work
Down
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P.14
Match point
Match the terms on the left with the definitions on the right.
1. Water _______
A. Force of attraction that binds a molecule's atoms
together
2. Electrolytes _______
B. Help transport lipids to various parts of the body
C. Compounds whose molecules consist of positively
3. Salts _______
and negatively charged ions that separate in solution
4. Carbohydrates _______
D. Main function is to release and store energy
5. Triglycerides _______
E. Most abundant substance in the body
F. Neutral fats that insulate and protect
6. Phospholipids _______
7. Lipoproteins _______
G. Major structural components of cell membranes
8. Peptide bonds _______
H. Form when acids react with bases
9. Polypeptide _______
I. Emulsify fats during digestion and aid absorption of
the fat-soluble vitamins
10. Bile salts _______
J. Link amino acids together
11. Nucleic acid containing two long chains of K. Many amino acids linked together
deoxyribonucleotides _______
12. Nucleic acid having a single-chain structure L. RNA
_______
13. Chemical bond _______
M. DNA
i
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