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Pneumatic Handbook PDF
Pneumatic Handbook PDF
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Table of Contents
Section I
1-9
1-2
3
4
5
6-9
Valves
Understanding Circuit Symbols
Cv Defined
Pneumatic Valve Sizing
Valve Selection Guide
Frequently Asked Questions
Section II
10-19
10
11
12
13
14
15-19
Cylinders
Size Selection
Piston Rod Strength
Pneumatic Cylinder Force
Air Cylinder Speed
Air Consumption Rates
Frequently Asked Questions
Section III
20-24
20
21-24
Circuits
Basic Control
Advanced Control Circuits
Section IV
25-28
25
25
26
27
28
Charts
Pneumatic Pipe Size
Pneumatic Pressure Loss
Air Flow loss through Pipes
Friction of Air In Hose
Vacuum Flow Through Orifices
Section V
29-32
29-30
31
31-32
Conversions
Decimal Equivilents
English / Metric
Interchange Tables:
Torque
Length
Area
Volume
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Force
Mass
Unit Pressure
Velocity
Section I: Valves
Understanding Circuit Symbols
Directional air control valves are the building blocks of pneumatic control. Symbols
representing these valves provide a wealth of information about the valve it represents.
Symbols show the methods of actuation, the number of positions, the flow paths and the
number of ports. Here is a brief breakdown of how to read a symbol:
2 Position, Lever Actuated, Spring Return Valve
Every symbol has three parts (see figure to right). The Left and
Right Actuators are the pieces which cause the valve to shift from one
position to another. The Position and Flow Boxes indicate how the
valve functions. Every valve has at least two positions and each position has one or more flow paths.
When the Lever is not activated, the Spring Actuator (right side)
Right
Position & Flow
Left
Actuator
Boxes
Actuator
is in control of the valve; the box next to the actuator is the current
flow path. When the Lever is actuated, the box next to the Lever is in control of the valve. Each position
occurs when the attached actuator is in control of the valve (Box next to the actuator). A valve can only
be in one Position at a given time.
The number of boxes that makes up a valve symbol indicates the number positions the valve has.
Flow is indicated by the arrows in each box. These arrows represent the flow paths the valve has when it
is that position (depending upon which actuator has control over the valve at that time).
The number of ports is determined by the number of end points in a given box (only
count in one box per symbol as the other boxes are the just showing different states of the
same valve). In the example, there are a total of 5 ports. NOTE: Sometimes a port (such as
exhaust) goes directly to atmosphere and there is no port to attach to. To spot this, the
actual ports line will extend beyond the box, while the ports you cannot attach to will not.
A Port is blocked with this symbol:
Actuator Symbols
Manual
Push Button
Lever
Foot Operated
Spring
3-Position, 4-Way, 4-Ported
Closed Center
Detent
Solenoid
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Section I: Valves
Actuator Symbols
Lines
Internal Pilot
Main Line
External Pilot
Pilot Line
Lines Crossing
Lines Joined
Piloted Solenoid and
Manual Override
Lines Joined
Relief Valve
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Section I: Valves
Cv Defined
Q: What does CV mean?
A: Literally CV means coefficient of velocity. CV
is generally used to compare flows of valves. The higher the CV, the
greater the flow.
It is sometimes helpful to convert CV into SCFM(Standard Cubic Feet per Minute) and conversely, SCFM into CV. Although CV represents flow capacity at all pressures, SCFM represents flow at a specific air pressure. Therefore, the following chart relates CV to SCFM at a
group of pressures.
To obtain SCFM output at a particular pressure, divide the valve CV by the appropriate factor
shown below.
Cv to SCFM Conversion Factor Table
PSI of Air Pressure
Factor
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
.0370
.0312
.0270
.0238
.0212
.0192
.0177
Example: What is the output in SCFM of a value with a CV of 0.48 when operated at 100 PSI?
To convert SCFM into CV, simply reverse the process and multiply
0.48(CV)
= 27 SCFM
.0177(Factor)
the SCFM times the factor.
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Section I: Valves
Pneumatic Valve Sizing
Two methods are shown below to aid in the selction of a pneumatic valve. To
account for various losses in all pneumatic systems, remember to over-szie by at least 25%.
Method 1: Calculation
This formula and chart will give the Cv (Valve flow) required for operating a given
air cylinder at a specific time period.
Cv =
Area x Stroke x A x Cf
Time x 29
Table B
Bore
Size
Cylinder
Area
(Sq. In.)
1/4" 0.049
1/2" 0.196
3/4"
0.44
1-1/8" 0.99
1-1/2" 1.77
2"
3.14
2-1/4" 3.97
2-1/2" 4.91
3"
7.07
3-1/4" 8.30
4"
12.57
5"
19.64
6"
28.27
8"
50.27
10"
78.54
12" 113.10
Method 2: Chart
Index Cv against Bore Size vs. Inches of stroke per second.
Assuming 80 PSI and P = 80%.
Cv
0.1
0.2
0.5
1.0
2.0
4.0
8.0
16.0
32.0
0.75
26.8
53.7
134
268
537
1.13
11.9
23.9
59.6
119
239
477
1.50
6.7
13.4
33.6
67.1
134
268
536
5.00
0.6
1.2
3
6
12.1
24.2
48.3
96.6
193
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6.00
0.42
0.84
2.1
4.2
8.4
16.8
33.6
67.1
134
8.00
0.24
0.47
1.2
2.4
4.7
9.4
18.9
37.7
75.5
4
Section I: Valves
Valve Selection
Q: How do I select the right valve to control a
cylinder?
A: There are many factors that contribute to
the performance of a cylinder. Some of these factors are: quantity and type of fittings
leading to the cylinder, tube length and capacity, cylinder operating load, and air pressure.
Rather than attempting to place a value on these, and other contributing factors, it is more
practical to provide valve users with a general guide to valve sizing.
The sizing table below relates various air valves to cylinder bore sizes between 34 and
6 . The cylinder operating speed resulting from the use of each valve at 80 PSI is rated in
general terms as:
F for High Speed Operation M for Average Speed Operation S for Slow Speed Operation
Cyl.
Valve Type
Cv
Type*
Micro-Line
0.11
SA
LTV
0.18
SA,DA
Nova
1.00
SA,DA
Duramatic
0.18
SA,DA
Duramatic
0.63
Capsula
0.75
Capsula
3.17
SA,DA
FT-1, FC-1
0.13
SA
4B-1, 4W-1
0.48
SA,DA
FC51, PC51
0.81
SA
FT-101, 201
1.15
SA
0.01-0.05
SA
Isonic V4
0.8
SA,DA
Isonic V3
0.03-0.11
SA
Isonic V5
0.8
SA,DA
Isonic V1
F
F
SA,DA
SA,DA
F
F
M
M
S
M
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Section I: Valves
SCFM Defined
Q: What does SCFM mean?
A: SCFM means Standard Cubic Feet per Minute. Standard is air at sea level and at 70 F.
Shuttle Valves
Q: Is there a valve that will direct air coming from either of two sources to a single destination?
A: Use a shuttle valve.
Stacking
Q: How may I reduce piping and simplify trouble-shooting when a
group of valves is used in an application?
A: Order your valves stacked to take advantage of a common air inlet,
common exhausts, and control centralization.
Time Delay
Q: Are there valves that allow me to delay a signal in my air circuit?
A: Yes, air timers can be used to delay an air signal. Up to 2
minute normally open or normally closed models are available.
Two-Position - vs - Three-Position
Q: What is the difference between 2-position and 3-position valves?
A: In two-position four-way directional valves, the two output ports are always in an opposite mode. When one is receiving inlet air, the other is connected to the exhaust port.
SYMBOL
When actuated, 3-position 4-way directional valves function the same as above. However, a
center or neutral position is provided that blocks all ports (pressure held), or connects both
output ports to the exhausts (pressure released) when the valve is not being actuated.
Pressure Held 3-Position Valves
SYMBOL
Pressure held models are ideal for inching operations where you want the cylinder rod to
move to a desired position and then hold.
Pressure Released 3-Position Valves
SYMBOL
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Section I: Valves
Five-Ported Valves
Q: What are the advantages of a five-ported four-way valve over a four ported four-way
valve?
A: Five ported valves have separate exhaust ports for each cylinder port. If exhaust silencers
with built-in speed controls are used, the speed of the cylinder motion may be individually
controlled in each direction.
Also, five ported valves can function as dual pressure valves where air flows from the exhaust ports to the cylinder and both cylinder ports use the inlet as a common exhaust.
Vacuum may also be used in five ported valves. Both the Nova line and the Capsula
line provide five ported flow patterns.
SYMBOL
Flow Control
Q: Are there valves available that provide adjustable control of air
flow?
A: Dylatrol valves perform this function. Also see the
SYMBOL
Cylinders; Speed Control question for application information.
Dura-matic directional valves have built-in flow controls. Exhaust silencers typically have
built-in needle valves that also provide speed regulation.
SYMBOL
SYMBOL
CSV
Section I: Valves
Air -vs- Solenoid Actuation
Q: What are the advantages of air actuation over solenoid actuation?
A: Solenoid actuation requires the presence of electric switches, wires, and all of the shielding necessary to reduce spark hazard and personal risk.
NOTE: The Solenoid Valve shown
here is N2-DCD.
Air actuation requires only 3-way air pilot valves and tubing. There is no explosion, spark, or
shock risk and the components are less expensive to buy.
NOTE: The Air Piloted Valve shown here
is the N2-DP. The 3-Way Pilot Valves are
from the MV series.
Detented Valves
Q: What is a detented valve and how is it used?
A: A detented valve is one that holds its position by some mechanical means such as a
spring, ball or cam. Most valves hold their position by means of the natural friction of the
rubber seals. Where natural friction is low, such as in packless valves, or
where it is not enough for safety purposes, detented models are recommended. Also, detents are used to locate the middle position in three
position valves.
Bleed piloting uses internal air from the directional valve to feed the pilot valve. Air flows
from the directional valve to the bleed valve. When the bleed valve is actuated, a pressure
drop occurs in the directional valve pilot section. This causes a differential pressure and
valve shift.
BLEED VALVE
The main advantage of bleed piloting is that only one line enters the bleed valve. However, if
the line is severed, a shift occurs. Pressure piloting is considered more positive and reliable.
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Section I: Valves
Low Force To Actuate
Q: Are there valves available that require an unusually low force to actuate?
A: Low-stress valves need only 6-8 oz. of force to initiate a signal. These valves reduce stress on workers hands. LTV four-way valves operate on a pressure differential basis that allows them to actuate on very little force.
Manual Overrides
Q: What are manual overrides in air valves used for?
A: Manual overrides permit the user to actuate the directional valves without using the
switches or pilot valves that would normally be used. In this way, a circuit may be tested
without actually moving the machine elements.
Both Capsula valves and Nova valves are available with manual overrides.
SYMBOL
SYMBOL
Panel Mounted
Q: Are there valves available that fit through knockouts in control panels?
A: MV 3-way valves and LTV 4-way valves have threaded mounting stems for
panels.
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Power Factor:
.4
.8
1.0
1.8
2
3.1
4.0
4.9
3
7.1
8.3
12.6
28.3
Example: Estimated force needed is 900 lbs. Air pressure to be used is 80 PSI:
80 PSI x Power Factor = 900 lbs.
Power Factor = 900 lbs / 80 PSI = 11.25
The power factor just above 11.25 is 12.6. Therefore, this job will require a 4 bore cylinder.
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10
10
20
13/16
15/16
1
1-3/16
1-3/8
1-1/16
2
2-3/8
2-3/4
3-1/8
3-3/4
4-3/8
5-3/8
5/8
11/16
3/4
7/8
1
1-1/8
1-1/4
1-7/16
1-3/4
2
2-7/16
2-3/4
3-1/8
3-3/4
4-3/8
5-3/8
40
3/4
13/16
7/8
15/16
1
1-1/8
1-3/16
1-5/16
1-7/16
1-5/8
1-7/8
2-1/8
2-1/2
2-7/8
3-1/4
3-7/8
4-3/8
5-3/8
60
1
1-1/16
1-1/8
1-3/16
1-1/4
1-3/8
1-1/2
1-9/16
1-3/4
1-7/8
2-1/8
2-3/8
2-3/4
3
3-3/8
4
4-1/2
5-1/2
70
1-1/4
1-3/8
1-7/16
1-9/16
1-5/8
1-3/4
1-7/8
2
2-1/4
2-1/2
2-3/4
3
3-1/2
4
4-3/4
5-1/2
80
100
120
1-3/8
1-1/2
1-9/16 1-3/16
1-5/8 1-7/8
1-3/4
2
2-1/4
1-7/8 2-1/8 2-3/8
2
2-1/4 2-1/2
2-1/8 2-7/16 2-3/4
2-3/8 2-11/16 3
2-5/8 2-7/8 3-1/4
2-7/8 3-1/4 3-1/2
3-1/4 3-1/2 3-3/4
3-1/2 3-3/4
4
4-1/8 4-3/8 4-1/2
4-3/4 4-7/8
5
5-1/2 5-3/4
6
CAUTION: Horizontal or angle mounted cylinders (anything other than vertical) creates a
bend stress on the rod when extended, just from the weight of the rod and cylinder itself.
Trunnion mounting should be utilized in a position which will balance the cylinder weight
when extended.
11
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60
PSI
106
88
59
70
PSI
124
102
69
80
PSI
142
117
79
90
PSI
159
132
89
100
PSI
177
146
98
110
PSI
195
161
108
120
PSI
230
190
128
None
5/8
1
3.14
2.83
2.35
188
170
141
220
198
165
251
227
188
283
255
212
314
283
235
345
312
259
377
340
283
2-1/2
None
5/8
1
4.91
4.60
4.12
295
276
247
344
322
289
393
368
330
442
414
371
491
460
412
540
506
454
589
552
495
None
5/8
7.07
6.76
424
406
495
431
565
540
636
608
707
676
778
744
848
814
3-1/4
None
1
1-3/8
8.30
7.51
6.82
498
451
409
581
526
477
664
601
545
747
676
613
830
751
681
913
826
818
996
902
818
1006
943
887
1571
1508
1452
2262
2143
2069
4022
3903
3829
6283
6091
6032
9048
8797
8655
1131
1061
998
1768
1697
1634
2544
2411
2328
4524
4391
4308
7069
6852
6786
10179
9896
9737
1257
1178
1109
1964
1885
1816
2827
2679
2586
5027
4879
4786
7854
7614
7540
11310
10996
10819
1283
1296
1219
2160
2074
1997
3110
2946
2845
5530
5366
5265
8639
8375
8294
12441
12095
11901
1508
1415
1330
2357
2263
2179
3392
3214
3104
6032
5854
5744
9425
9136
9048
13572
13195
12983
10
12
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12
82
55
32
20
14
NOTE: These values are an approximate speed, under average conditions, where the force required is
50% of available 80-100 PSI inlet pressure, the directional valve internal flow is equal to the porting and
an unlimited supply of air. Acceleration distance is assumed to be relatively short compared to total
stroke based upon sufficiently long stroke.
13
1/64
0.062
0.068
0.073
0.083
0.095
0.105
0.123
0.140
0.158
0.176
0.194
0.211
0.229
0.264
0.300
0.335
0.370
0.406
0.441
0.476
0.494
1/32
0.249
0.272
0.293
0.331
0.379
0.420
0.491
0.562
0.633
0.703
0.774
0.845
0.916
1.06
1.20
1.34
1.48
1.62
1.76
1.91
1.98
1/16
0.993
1.09
1.17
1.32
1.52
1.68
1.96
2.25
2.53
2.81
3.10
3.38
3.66
4.23
4.79
5.36
5.92
6.49
7.05
7.62
7.90
Orifice Diameter,
1/8
1/4
3/8
3.97 15.9 35.7
4.34 17.4 39.1
4.68 18.7 42.2
5.30 21.2 47.7
6.07 24.3 54.6
6.72 26.9 60.5
7.86 31.4 70.7
8.98 35.9 80.9
10.1 40.5 91.1
11.3 45.0 101
12.4 49.6 112
13.5 54.1 122
14.7 58.6 132
16.9 67.6 152
19.2 76.7 173
21.4 85.7 193
23.7 94.8 213
26.0 104 234
28.2 113 254
30.5 122 274
31.6 126 284
in Inches
1/2
5/8
63.5 99.3
69.5 109
75.0 117
84.7 132
97.0 152
108 168
126 196
144 225
162 253
180 281
198 310
216 338
235 366
271 423
307 479
343 536
379 592
415 649
452 705
488 762
506 790
3/4
143
156
168
191
218
242
283
323
365
405
446
487
528
609
690
771
853
934
1016
1097
1138
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7/8
195
213
230
260
297
329
385
440
496
551
607
662
718
828
939
1050
1161
1272
1383
1494
1549
1
254
278
300
339
388
430
503
575
648
720
793
865
938
1082
1227
1371
1516
1661
1806
1951
2023
60
PSI
0.009
0.018
0.028
0.039
0.046
0.072
0.113
0.162
0.291
0.455
0.656
70
PSI
0.010
0.020
0.032
0.044
0.053
0.081
0.128
0.184
0.330
0.516
0.744
80
PSI
0.012
0.022
0.035
0.050
0.059
0.091
0.143
0.205
0.369
0.576
0.831
90
PSI
0.013
0.025
0.039
0.055
0.065
0.100
0.159
0.227
0.408
0.637
0.919
100
PSI
0.015
0.027
0.043
0.060
0.071
0.110
0.174
0.249
0.447
0.698
1.010
110
PSI
0.016
0.029
0.047
0.066
0.078
0.119
0.189
0.270
0.486
0.759
1.090
120
PSI
0.017
0.032
0.050
0.070
0.084
0.129
0.204
0.292
0.525
0.820
1.180
130
PSI
0.018
0.034
0.054
0.076
0.090
0.139
0.219
0.314
0.564
0.881
1.270
140
PSI
0.020
0.036
0.058
0.081
0.096
0.148
0.234
0.335
0.602
0.940
1.360
150
PSI
0.021
0.039
0.062
0.087
0.102
0.158
0.249
0.357
0.642
1.000
1.450
Example: What is the SCFM of a cylinder in a stamping application, that moves a 2250 lbs. wieght
60 times per minute through a 6 stoke?
By selecting a 6 bore, the 2250 lbs. force is realized at 80 PSI. Then add 25% more pressure (20
PSI), to account for system losses and set the regulator at 100 PSI. Then using the table above we have
the following calculation:
0.249 x 6 (stroke) x 60 (cycles per minute) = 89.64 SCFM
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14
Non Lubricated
Q: Are there cylinders available that do not require lubrication?
A: Centaur cylinders have Teflon seals that glide over the cylinder tube surface without the aid of a lubricant. Other cylinders
have a non-lube option.
15
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Speed Boost
Q: How do I get more speed out of a cylinder?
A: You may increase the inlet pressure to within the recommended limits and/or you may
place a quick exhaust valve in either or both cylinder port(s).
Speed Control
Q: How can I control cylinder speed?
A: Use any of the following methods:
1. Place Dyla-Trol flow control valves in each cylinder port. Install
them so that the air leaving the cylinder is controlled.
2. Use right-angle flow controls in the cylinder ports. These feature recessed screw driver adjustment and convenient swivel for ease
of tubing alignment.
3. Place speed control silencers into the exhaust ports of the control
valve that is being used to power the cylinder.
4. Purchase a directional valve that has built-in-flow controls. See
Dura-Matic Valves.
See Page 7, Flow Controls.
Cushioning
Q: How do I prevent a cylinder from impacting at the end of its stroke?
A: Generally, it is best to order your cylinders with built-in cushions if you anticipate unacceptable end-of-stroke impact. Cushions decelerate the piston rod
through the last 1116 of stroke. The degree of cushioning may be adjusted by
means of a needle control in the cylinder head.
DM1, DM2 and HD1 Series cylinders offer adjustable cushion cylinders.
Centaur cylinders are all supplied with rubber bumpers at no extra charge.
Adjustable cushions and bumpers eliminate the clank that occurs at stroke completion.
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16
Increasing Power
Q: How do I get more power out of a particular cylinder?
A: You should increase the pressure of the air that feeds the cylinder within the recommended limits.
NOTE: The Control Valve
shown here is from the
Nova Series.
Pressure Maintenance
Q: How do I maintain a constant cylinder force output when my air pressure supply fluctuates?
A: Set an air regulator ahead of your valve at a pressure that may always be maintained.
Example: Depending on the time of day and workload, a plants air pressure fluctuates between 80 and 95 PSI. Set the regulator at 80 PSI and the cylinder power output through the
plant will remain constant. Also, an air reservoir may be used to solve an air shortage problem. By mounting a reservoir close to a cylinder, an adequate amount of air will be supplied
when needed.
Reciprocating
Q: How do I get a cylinder to reciprocate automatically?
A: Order your cylinder with Inter-Pilots, Hall Effect or Reed switches, or stroke completion
sensors . These devices will send signals to double pressure or solenoid operated valves
that will shift each time a stroke has been completed. Reciprocation may also be achieved by
having a cam, mounted on the cylinder rod, trip external limit valves.
NOTE: The Valve shown here is from the Nova
Series. The 3-Way Limit Valves are from the MV
series.
17
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DMA-625
DMA-750
DMA-875
2-20
18-18
3 -16
4
7 -14
8
1
5
DMA-1000
1-14
DMA-1250
1 14-12
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18
Collet Fixtures
Q: Is there a way of firmly holding smooth round bars with an air powered
device?
A: Use an air collet fixture. The device operates just like a double acting
cylinder; air to close and open. The collet fixture uses standard industrial
collets and can not only handle round bars but also hex bars.
19
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Timing Circuits
Sample Components
3-Way Air Pilot - MV-140
Control VAlve - N2-DP
Normally Closed Timer - KLC-105
In this circuit, the 3-way valve is actuated and air is sent to the control valve. The control
valve shifts, sending air to the rear of the cylinder causing the cylinder to extend. Air also
flows to the timer where it begins to time to the pre-setting. Once reached, the timer opens,
allowing the air to flow through to the control valves other pilot port, shifting the valve back.
Air flows through port B, retracting the cylinder.
Sample Components
Normally Open Timer - KLH-105
Control Valve - N2-SP
In this circuit a constant air signal is sent to the timer. The normally open timer allows air to
flow through until the set time period expires. While air flows to the pilot of the control
valve the cylinder extends and remains extended. When the time period expires the cylinder returns even if the air signal remains. NOTE: In this set-up if the air signal is removed
before the timer, the cylinder will retract. The circuit will only recycle once the air signal is
removed and re-applied.
Sample Components
3-Way Pilot Valve - MV-140
Control Valve - N2-DP
Impulse Relay - 414B
3-Way Limit Valve - MV-15
When actuated, the 3-way valve sends a signal to 414B, which emits a signal to the control
valve. The 3-way valve remains actuated. The valve shifts, allowing air to flow through port
A, extending the cylinder. 414B senses the back pressure caused by the shifted valve, closes,
and exhausts. Since the signal from valve #1 is blocked by the closed 414B, valve #2 (when
actuated) shifts the control valve back. Air flows through port B, retracting the cylinder.
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20
For an All Ports Blocked Three Position Function, an additional 2-way valve must be
used as for blocking the exhaust of the two valves. This 3rd valve is actuated when ever
either one of the other valves is actuated.
21
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Legend:
A
Two Hand Control
B
Shuttle Valve
C
Air Pilot Spring Return 4 Way Control Valve
D
Three Way Normally Open Push Button
E
Stroke completion Sensor
Operation:
1)
A (2 Hand Control Unit) is activated, sending a signal through shuttle valve.
2)
The signal shifts the C (4-way, single pilot), extending the cylinder. If A is
released prior to full extension of the cylinder, the cylinder will retract.
3)
When the cylinder reaches full extension, E (Stroke Completion Sensor)
sends a signal through D (Normally Open Valve), through B (Shuttle valve),
holding the pilot signal on A.
4)
To retract the cylinder D is depressed, removing the pilot signal from C, shift
ing the 4-way valve.
A CSV-101
CSV-101 LS
CSV 107 LS1
CSV 107 LS2
B SV-1
Shuttle valve
C N2-SP
C2-3
C5-3
D MV-140
MV-ES
KLH-105
MV-
E SCS-112
SCS-250
SCS-375
SCS-500
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22
Operation:
1)
2)
3)
A CSV-101
CSV-101 LS
CSV 107 LS1
CSV 107 LS2
B MV-35
MV-TP
C C2-2H
23
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CSV-102 when actuated, pilots the Double Air Pilot 4-Way Valve to allow air to the Air Pilot
Spring Return Valve. When released the CSV-102, pilots the Double Air Pilot 4-Way Valve
back to the original position. The Impulse Relay takes the constant input from the CSV-102
and changes it to an impulse allowing for the auto-return from the Limit Switch.
Part Number
CSV-102
414B
N2-DP
SV-1
N2-SP
MV Type
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24
SCFM
Flow
6
18
30
45
60
90
120
150
180
240
300
360
450
600
750
25
1/2
1/2
3/4
3/4
3/4
1
1
1-1/4
1-1/4
1-1/4
1-1/2
1-1/2
2
2
2
50
1/2
1/2
3/4
3/4
1
1
1-1/4
1-1/4
1-1/2
1-1/2
2
2
2
2-1/2
2-1/2
75
1/2
1/2
3/4
1
1
1-1/4
1-1/4
1-1/4
1-1/2
1-1/2
2
2
2
2-1/2
2-1/2
300
1/2
3/4
1
1-1/4
1-1/4
1-1/2
1-1/2
2
2
2-1/2
2-1/2
2-1/2
3
3
3-1/2
500
3/4
1
1-1/4
1-1/4
1-1/2
1-1/2
2
2
2-1/2
2-1/2
3
3
3
3-1/2
3-1/2
100
3/4
1
1-1/4
1-1/4
1-1/2
2
2
2-1/2
2-1/2
3
3
3
3-1/2
4
4
Compressor
HP
1
3
5
7-1/2
10
15
20
25
30
40
50
60
75
100
125
25
3/4 INCH
80
125
PSI PSI
0.11 0.08
0.40 0.28
0.90 0.60
1.55 1.05
2.40 1.60
3.45 2.35
4.75 3.15
6.15 4.10
7.75 5.15
9.60 6.35
15.50 9.80
23.00 14.50
1 INCH
80
125
PSI PSI
0.04 0.02
0.15 0.08
0.30 0.20
0.45 0.30
0.75 0.50
1.00 0.70
1.35 0.90
1.75 1.20
2.25 1.50
2.70 1.80
4.20 2.80
5.75 4.00
8.10 5.45
10.90 7.10
0.18
0.25
0.35
0.45
0.56
0.65
1.05
1.45
2.00
2.60
4.05
5.80
7.90
10.30
0.12
0.17
0.23
0.30
0.40
0.45
0.70
1.00
1.30
1.75
2.65
3.85
5.15
6.75
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0.16
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.45
0.65
0.90
1.15
1.80
2.55
3.55
4.55
5.80
7.10
0.10
0.14
0.17
0.20
0.32
0.45
0.60
0.80
1.20
1.70
2.35
3.05
3.80
4.70
1/2
12.7
50.7
114
202
316
456
621
811
3/4
1.2
7.8
17.6
30.4
50.0
70.4
95.9
125
159
196
282
385
503
646
785
950
2-1/2
1.2
1.5
2.2
2.9
3.8
4.8
6.0
7.2
8.6
10.1
11.7
13.4
15.3
17.6
19.4
21.5
23.9
28.9
34.4
40.3
46.8
53.7
1.1
1.5
1.9
2.3
2.8
3.3
3.9
1.4
5.2
5.9
6.7
7.5
8.4
9.3
11.3
13.4
15.7
18.2
20.9
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26
Long
Radius
Elbow*
0.41
0.57
0.77
1.1
1.3
1.7
2.2
3.0
3.9
5.1
Medium
Radius Standard Angel
Elbow** Elbow*** Valve
0.52
0.84
1.1
0.73
1.2
1.6
0.98
1.6
2.1
1.4
2.2
2.9
1.6
2.6
3.5
2.2
3.6
4.8
2.8
4.4
5.9
3.6
5.7
7.7
5.0
7.9
10.7
6.5
10.4
13.9
Close
Return
Bend
1.3
1.8
2.3
3.3
3.9
5.3
6.6
8.5
11.8
15.5
Tee
Thru
Side
1.7
2.3
3.1
4.4
5.2
7.1
8.7
11.4
15.8
20.7
Globe
Valve
2.5
3.5
4.7
6.5
7.8
10.6
13.1
17.1
23.7
31
27
60 PSI
1.3
4
8.4
14.8
23.4
70 PSI
1
3.4
7
12.4
20
28.4
0.3
0.6
1.2
1.9
2.8
3.8
5.2
6.8
8.6
11.2
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
1
2
2.6
0.2
0.5
0.9
1.5
2.3
3.2
4.2
5.5
7
8.8
0.1
0.2
0.4
0.5
0.7
1
1.3
1.6
2
80 PSI
0.9
2.8
6
10.8
17.4
25.2
34.6
0.2
0.5
0.8
1.3
1.9
2.8
3.6
4.7
5.8
7.2
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.5
0.7
0.8
1.1
1.4
1.7
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Orifice
Dia.,
Inches
1/64
1/32
1/16
1/8
1/4
3/8
1/2
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
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28
Section V: Conversions
Decimal Equivalents
(of Fraction, Wire Gauge and Metric Sizes)
Sizes
107
106
105
104
103
102
101
100
99
98
97
96
95
94
93
92
.2mm
91
90
.22mm
89
88
.25mm
87
86
85
.28mm
84
.3mm
83
82
.32mm
81
80
.35mm
79
1/64
.4mm
78
.45mm
77
.5mm
76
75
.55mm
74
.6mm
73
72
.65mm
71
29
Decimal
Inches
0.0019
0.0023
0.0027
0.0031
0.0035
0.0039
0.0043
0.0047
0.0051
0.0055
0.0059
0.0063
0.0067
0.0071
0.0075
0.0079
0.0079
0.0083
0.0087
0.0087
0.0091
0.0095
0.0098
0.0100
0.0105
0.0110
0.0110
0.0115
0.0118
0.0120
0.0125
0.0126
0.0130
0.0135
0.0138
0.0145
0.0156
0.0157
0.0160
0.0177
0.0180
0.0197
0.0200
0.0210
0.0217
0.0225
0.0236
0.0240
0.0250
0.0256
0.0260
Decimal
Decimal
Sizes
Inches
Inches
.7mm
0.0276
1.95mm
0.0768
70
0.0280
5/64
0.0781
69
0.0292
47
0.0785
.75mm
0.0295
2mm
0.0787
68
0.0310
2.05mm
0.0807
1/32
0.0312
46
0.0810
.8mm
0.0315
45
0.0820
67
0.0320
2.1mm
0.0827
66
0.0330
2.15mm
0.0846
.85mm
0.0335
44
0.0860
65
0.0350
2.2mm
0.0866
.9mm
0.0354
2.25mm
0.0886
64
0.0360
43
0.0890
63
0.0370
2.3mm
0.0906
.95mm
0.0374
2.35mm
0.0925
62
0.0380
42
0.0935
61
0.0390
3/32
0.0938
1mm
0.0394
2.4mm
0.0945
60
0.0400
41
0.0960
59
0.0410
2.45mm
0.0965
1.05
0.0413
40
0.0980
58
0.0420
2.5mm
0.0984
57
0.0430
39
0.0995
1.1mm
0.0433
38
0.1015
1.15mm
0.0453
2.6mm
0.1024
56
0.0465
37
0.1040
3/64
0.0469
2.7mm
0.1063
1.2mm
0.0472
36
0.1065
1.25mm
0.0492
2.75mm
0.1083
1.3mm
0.0512
7/64
0.1094
55
0.0520
35
0.1100
1.35mm
0.0531
2.8mm
0.1102
54
0.0550
34
0.1110
1.4mm
0.0551
33
0.1130
1.45mm
0.0571
2.9mm
0.1142
1.5mm
0.0591
32
0.1160
53
0.0595
3mm
0.1181
1.55mm
0.0610
31
0.1200
1/16
0.0625
3.1mm
0.1220
1.6mm
0.0630
1/8
0.1250
52
0.0635
3.2mm
0.1260
1.65mm
0.0650
3.25mm
0.1280
1.7mm
0.0669
30
0.1285
51
0.0670
3.3mm
0.1299
1.75mm
0.0689
3.4mm
0.1339
50
0.0700
29
0.1360
1.8mm
0.0709
3.5mm
0.1378
1.85mm
0.0728
28
0.1405
49
0.0730
9/64
0.1406
1.9mm
0.0748
3.6mm
0.1417
48
0.0760
27
0.1440
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Sizes
Sizes
3.7mm
26
3.75mm
25
3.8mm
24
3.9mm
23
5/32
22
4mm
21
20
4.1mm
4.2mm
19
4.25mm
4.3mm
18
11/64
17
4.4mm
16
4.5mm
15
4.6mm
14
13
4.7mm
4.75mm
3/16
4.8mm
12
11
4.9mm
10
9
5mm
8
5.1mm
7
13/64
6
5.2mm
5
5.25mm
5.3mm
4
5.4mm
3
5.5mm
Decimal
Inches
0.1457
0.1470
0.1476
0.1495
0.1496
0.1520
0.1535
0.1540
0.1562
0.1570
0.1575
0.1590
0.1610
0.1614
0.1654
0.1660
0.1673
0.1693
0.1695
0.1719
0.1730
0.1732
0.1770
0.1772
0.1800
0.1811
0.1820
0.1850
0.1850
0.1870
0.1875
0.1890
0.1890
0.1910
0.1929
0.1935
0.1960
0.1969
0.1990
0.2008
0.2010
0.2031
0.2040
0.2047
0.2055
0.2067
0.2087
0.2090
0.2126
0.2130
0.2165
Section V: Conversions
Decimal Equivalents
(of Fraction, Wire Gauge and Metric Sizes)
Sizes
7/32
5.6mm
2
5.7mm
5.75mm
1
5.8mm
5.9mm
A
15/64
6mm
B
6.1mm
C
6.2mm
D
6.25mm
6.3mm
E
1/4
6.4mm
6.5mm
F
6.6mm
G
6.7mm
17/64
6.75mm
H
6.8mm
6.9mm
I
7mm
J
7.1mm
K
9/32
7.2mm
7.25mm
7.3mm
L
Decimal
Inches
0.2188
0.2205
0.2211
0.2244
0.2264
0.2280
0.2283
0.2323
0.2340
0.2344
0.2362
0.2380
0.2402
0.2420
0.2441
0.2460
0.2461
0.2480
0.2500
0.2500
0.2520
0.2559
0.2570
0.2598
0.2610
0.2638
0.2656
0.2657
0.2660
0.2677
0.2717
0.2720
0.2756
0.2770
0.2795
0.2810
0.2812
0.2835
0.2854
0.2874
0.2900
Sizes
7.4mm
M
7.5mm
19/64
7.6mm
N
7.7mm
7.75mm
7.8mm
7.9mm
5/16
8mm
O
8.1mm
8.2mm
P
8.25mm
8.3mm
21/64
8.4mm
Q
8.5mm
8.6mm
R
8.7mm
11/32
8.75mm
8.8mm
S
8.9mm
9mm
T
9.1mm
23/64
9.2mm
9.25mm
9.3mm
U
9.4mm
9.5mm
3/8
Decimal
Inches
0.2913
0.2950
0.2953
0.2969
0.2992
0.3020
0.3031
0.3051
0.3071
0.3110
0.3125
0.3150
0.3160
0.3189
0.3228
0.3230
0.3248
0.3268
0.3281
0.3307
0.3320
0.3346
0.3386
0.3390
0.3425
0.3438
0.3445
0.3465
0.3480
0.3504
0.3543
0.3580
0.3583
0.3594
0.3622
0.3642
0.3661
0.3680
0.3701
0.3740
0.3750
Sizes
V
9.6mm
9.7mm
9.75mm
9.8mm
W
9.9mm
25/64
10mm
X
Y
13/32
Z
10.5mm
27/64
11mm
7/16
11.5mm
29/64
15/32
12mm
31/64
12.5mm
1/2
13mm
33/64
17/32
13.5mm
35/64
14mm
9/16
14.5mm
37/64
15mm
19/32
39/64
15.5mm
5/8
16mm
41/64
16.5mm
Decimal
Inches
0.3770
0.3780
0.3819
0.3839
0.3858
0.3860
0.3898
0.3906
0.3937
0.3970
0.4040
0.4062
0.4130
0.4134
0.4219
0.4331
0.4375
0.4528
0.4531
0.4688
0.4724
0.4844
0.4921
0.5000
0.5118
0.5156
0.5312
0.5315
0.5469
0.5512
0.5625
0.5709
0.5781
0.5906
0.5938
0.6094
0.6102
0.6250
0.6299
0.6406
0.6496
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Sizes
21/32
17mm
43/64
11/16
17.5mm
45/64
18mm
23/32
18.5mm
47/64
19mm
3/4
49/64
19.5mm
25/32
20mm
51/64
20.5mm
13/16
21mm
53/64
27/32
21.5mm
55/64
22mm
7/8
22.5mm
57/64
23mm
29/32
59/64
23.5mm
15/16
24mm
61/64
24.5mm
31/32
25mm
63/64
1
Decimal
Inches
0.6562
0.6693
0.6719
0.6875
0.6890
0.7031
0.7087
0.7188
0.7283
0.7344
0.7480
0.7500
0.7656
0.7677
0.7812
0.7874
0.7969
0.8071
0.8125
0.8268
0.8281
0.8438
0.8465
0.8594
0.8661
0.8750
0.8858
0.8906
0.9055
0.9062
0.9219
0.9252
0.9375
0.9449
0.9531
0.9646
0.9688
0.9843
0.9844
1.0000
30
Section V: Conversions
Conversions Between US Units (English) and SI Units (Metric)
Quantity
Length
Pressure*
Vacuum**
Flow***
Force
Mass
Volume****
Temperature
Torque
Power
Frequency
Velocity
US Unit
inch (in.)
pounds / sq. in.
inches of mercury (in. Hg)
cubic feet per minute (cfm)
pound (f) or lb. (f)
pound (m) or lb. (m)
gallon (US gallon)
degrees Fahrenheit (F)
pounds (f) - inches (lbs (f) - in.)
horsepower (HP)
cycles per second (cps)
feet per second (fps)
SI Unit
Coversion Factor
millimeter (mm)
1 in. = 25.4mm
bar
1 bar = 14.5 PSI
mm of mercury (mm Hg)
1" Hg = 25.4mm Hg
cubic decimeters per sec (dm3/sec) 2.12 cfm = 1 dm3/sec
Newton (N)
1 lb (f) = 4.44 N
kilogram (Kg)
1 Kg = 2.2 lbs
liter (l)
1 US Gal = 3.71 l
degrees Celsius (C)
C = 5/9 (F-32)
Newton-meters (Nm)
1 Nm = 8.88 lb(f)-in.
kilowatt (kw)
1 kw = 1.34 HP
Hertz (Hz)
1 Hz = 1 cps
meter per second (m/s)
1 m/s = 3.28 fps
*Above Atmospheric (PSI or Bar); **Below Atmospheric (Hg); ***Gas; (f) = force; (m) = mass
Interchange Tables
How to Use: The following charts interchange units from the SI International Standard,
the US system (or English System) and older metric systems. The left column is the basic SI
unit. Equivalents are in the same line. To best use these charts, find the unit that is to be
converted and move to the row with the 1 in it. Move in the same row to the unit you are
changing the value to and multiply by that number to make the conversion.
Gravity Due to Acceleration
Torque
NewtonMeters
1
KilopondMeters
1.020 x 10
0.01
1.356
1
3
-1
7.376 x 10
7.233
1.382 x 10
1.130 x 10
Foot-lbs
-1
1.52 x 10
-1
-2
Inch-lbs
-1
8.851
86.80
12
8.333 x 10
-2
Length
(Linear Measurement)
Meter
1
Centimeter
0.01
100
3
1x10
-3
1x10
1x10
3
1x10
1.609x10
2.540x10
3.048x10
1x10
0.10
1x10
1.609x10
-2
2.540
-1
Kilometer
30.479
4
5
Inch
6.214x10
-6
6.214x10
6.214x10
1.609
2.540x10
3
Mile
6.214x10
3.048x10
1
-5
-4
-4
39.370
-6
Foot
3
3.937x10
-7
3.937x10
-7
3.281
-1
-2
3.937x10
6.336x10
1.578x10
1.894x10
-5
-4
3.281x10
-2
-3
3.281x10
5280
12
3.281x10
8.333x10
3
3
-2
AREA
Square Meter
1
1x10
1x10
Sq. Centimeter
1x10
-3
-6
1x10
6.452x10
9.290x10
1x10
-4
-2
2.590x10
1x10
1x10
1x10
(Square Measurement)
Sq. Kilometer
Square Inch
-2
1x10
10
6.452
0
2
10
1.550x10
-10
1.550x10
-12
1.550x10
-10
9.290x10
2.590
-8
10.764
1.076x10
6.944x10
2.788x10
1
7
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Square Mile
3.861x10
-3
-5
1.076x10
-3
2.788x10
31
1.076x10
144
Square Foot
-1
1.550x10
6.452x10
9.290x10
2.590x10
3.861x10
3.861x10
-13
3.861x10
2.491x10
1
-1
-10
3.587x10
7
-7
-11
-8
Section V: Conversions
Volume
Cubic Meter
1
1x10
1x10
Cu. Decimeter
1x10
-3
-6
4.546x10
3.785x10
1.639x10
2.832x10
-3
-5
-2
1x10
1x10
1x10
-3
Cu. Centimeter
-3
4.546
3.785
2.642x10
2.642x10
2.642x10
4.546x10
3.785x10
1.639x10
28.317
-2
16.387
(Cubic)
US Gallon
1.200
0
4
6.102x10
-1
61.024
-4
2.310x10
7.481
-3
35.314
3.531x10
2.774x10
Cubic Foot
4
6.102x10
4.329x10
2.832x10
Cu. Inch
3.531x10
1.605x10
1.337x10
5.787x10
1.728x10
-2
-5
-1
-1
-4
1 imperial gallon = 1.2 US gallon = 0.004546 cu. meter = 4.546 liter = 4546 cu. centimeters
Force
Newton
1
Dyne
1x10
1x10
9.807
9.964x10
8.896x10
4.448
1.020x10
1.020x10
9.807x10
9.807x10
3
3
3
Kilopond
9.807x10
9.964x10
8.896x10
4.448x10
-6
1x10
1
9.072x10
1.020x10
1.016x10
1.020x10
1000
Metric Ton
-1
4.536x10
-9
1.124x10
1.102x10
1.102
0
9.072x10
-1
1.124x10
-3
1.016
US Ton
-4
4.536x10
1.120
-1
-4
Pound
-4
2.248x10
-9
2.248x10
-3
2.205
-6
2.205x10
2.240x10
5x10
-1
2000
-4
3
3
1 long ton = 9964 Newtons = 1016 Kiloponds = 1.016 metric tons = 1.120 US tons = 2240 pounds
Mass
Kilogram
1
1x10
Gram
1000
-3
1x10
4.536x10
14.594
-1
-1
1x10
1x10
1x10
1.020x10
Metric Ton
1.020x10
4.536x10
1.459x10
9.072x10
9.072x10
Pound
9.807x10
2.205
-3
9.807x10
1.459x10
9.807
-6
4.536x10
Newton
-3
1.020x10
(Not Weight)
9.072x10
-4
-4
2.248x10
0
1.431x10
-1
1
-2
8.896x10
Unit Pressure
-3
2.205x10
4.448
-2
1.102x10
2.205x10
US Ton
1.102
-1
5x10
2000
1x10
1
Kilopond/m
(Pascal)
-5
1.020x10
1x10
9.807x10
9.807x10
1.013
-5
-1
4.789x10
6.897x10
9.807
1.020x10
9.807x10
-2
47.893
4.884
6.897x10
9.869x10
9.678x10
9.678x10
1.033x10
Atmosphere
9.869x10
1x10
1.013x10
-4
-1
7.033x10
-1
-5
-1
2.088x10
6.806x10
1.45x10
14.5
-1
2.048x10
-4
1.422x10
14.220
14.693
-3
6.944x10
1.440x10
(PSI)
-2
2.088x10
2.048x10
-4
-2
Pounds/Inch
Pounds/Ft
2.116x10
4.726x10
2
-2
Newton/m
Bar
-4
-4
1.609x10
1.120x10
32.170
-3
1.102x10
-3
1 kiloponds / sq cm = 0.9807 bar = 98070 Pascal = 0.9678 atmos = 2048 lbs / sq ft = 14.22 lbs / sq in
Velocity
Meters / Second
1
1x10
Kilometers / Hour
3.6
-1
2.778x10
4.470x10
5.080x10
3.048x10
4.233x10
1x10
-1
-1
-3
-1
-4
Miles / Hour
2.237
-4
6.214x10
1.609
6.214x10
0
1.829x10
1.097
1
-2
1.524x10
6.818x10
-3
1.968x10
-5
-1
1.136x10
9.470x10
Feet / Minute
5.468x10
5.468x10
88
-2
-1
-4
-3
-1
3.281
9.113x10
9.113x10
1.467
60
Feet / Second
8.333x10
1
-2
2.362x10
-5
-1
1.667x10
6.562x10
6.562x10
12
7.2x10
-3
-2
1.056x10
-2
1.389x10
Inches / Minute
1 decimeter / second = 0.1 meters / second = 0.005468 feet / minute = 0.06562 inches / minute
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