Th nghim Qu trnh Thit b

Mch lu cht

TRCH YU :
-

1.1. Mc ch th nghim:
Kho st s chy ca nc phng th nghim trong mt h thng ng dn c ng
knh khc nhau v c cha lu lng k mng chn, ventruri cng cc b phn ni ng
nh cut, van, ch T.
Mc ch tng th nhim:
Th nghim 1: Xc nh h s lu lng ca mng chn C m v venture Cv theo ch
chy.
Th nghim 2: Xc nh tha s ma st f trong ng dn.
Th nghim 3: Xc nh chiu di tng ng, t o xc nh tr lc cc b xy
dng c tuyn ring v c tuyn van gn vo mng ng ny.
1.2. Phng php:
Th nghim 1: kho st gim p sut khi dng chy i qua mng chn v venturi vi
cc ch chy khc nhau t xc nh c h s lu lng ca hai lu lng k
trn.
Th nghim 2: cng da vo vic kho st gim p sut trn nhng an ng c
ng knh v chiu di khc nhau xc nh h s ma st trong ng dn.
Th nghim 3: ng vi mi m van khc nhau, ta kho st sp p hai bn van vi
nhng ch chy khc nhau, t tnh tan ra chiu di tng ng, x doing c
tuyn ring v c tuyn van.
1.3. Kt qu th nghim: s liu th
1.3.1. Th nghim 1

Bng 1 Thi gian ng vi lu lng chn, gim p ca mng chn v venture

Stt

W (l)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

t (s)
14.87
8.45
10.47
13.9
14.15
14.31
17.58
18.15
16.38

Pm
Pv
(cmH2O) (cmH2O)
2
5
9.5
16
21
29
37
45
58

1
2.5
4.5
4.5
6.5
9.5
12.5
16
20

Trang 1

Th nghim Qu trnh Thit b

Mch lu cht

1.3.2. Th nghim 2
Bng 2. gim p ca ng 1 , v mng chn
ng 1''
l =1.5 m
l = 0.9 m
Pm
P1
Pm
P1
S
TT (cmH2O) (cmH2O) (cmH2O) (cmH2O)
1
14
2.5
9
0.5
2
16
3
21.5
4
3
19.5
3.5
33
6
4
33
6.5
34.5
7
5
29
8
49
8
6
46.5
9
55.5
9
7
51
10
63
10
8
59
12
69
11.5
9
65
13.5
73
12
10
71.5
14.5
78
13
11
78
15.5
86.5
14
12
83
15.5
86
14.5
13
83.5
17.5
87
15
14
87
17
88.5
15
15
88.5
17.5
89
15

ng 1/2''
l =1.5 m

l = 0.9 m

Pm
(cmH2O)

P2
(cmH2O)

18
23.5
32.5
36.5
40
44
50.5
49.5
52
54.5
56.5
58
59
59.5

52.5
67
81
101
112.5
122
131
135
141.5
129
154
158
161
167.5

Pm
P2
(cmH2O) (cmH2O)
7.5
14.5
19.5
13.5
28
33.5
39.5
40.5
49.5
54.5
58
58.5
59

14.5
24
34.5
42.5
48.5
54
67
72.5
83.5
91.5
97
98.5
99.5

1.3.2. Th nghim 3
Bng 3. gim p ca van 9 v mng chn
ng m hon tan
ng m 3/4
S TT

Pm
(cmH2O)

Pvan
(cmH2O)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

6.5
24.5
39.5
54
74.5
81
86
88
89
89.5

0
0
0.5
1
0.5
1
0
2
3
3.5

ng m 1/2

ng m 1/4

Pm
Pvan
Pm
Pvan
Pm
Pvan
(cmH2O) (cmH2O) (cmH2O) (cmH2O) (cmH2O) (cmH2O)
3.5
12.5
28.5
39
64.5
72
77
82
87
88

0
0
0.5
1
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1
1.5

11.5
16.5
27
33.5
39.5
39.5
58.5
66.5
71
80
86.5

1
1.5
3.5
4
4.5
5
6
6.5
7.5
6.5
9.5

1
5
9
15
22.5
28.5
36
45.5
51
56.5
67

1.4. Nhn xt kt qu:

Kt qu sai lch vi l thuyt do sai s xy ra trong qu trnh th nghim.

Trang 2

1.5
8
15
25
37
47
60.5
74.5
83
91.5
109.5

Th nghim Qu trnh Thit b

Mch lu cht

2. L THUYT TH NGHIM :
2.1. Lu lng k mng chn v venturi:
Nguyn tc ca 2 dng c ny l s gim p sut ca lu cht khi chy qua chng o lu
lng.
d1

d2

d1

d2

Hnh 1: Lu lng k Venturi v mng chn

Vn tc trung bnh v tr (2) c tnh t cng thc tng k nng lng :
V2 C

2 gP
1 4

Trong :
C : h s ca mng chn v venturi, n tu thuc vo ch chy Re.
P: gim p sut qua mng chn hay venturi, mH2O
d2
: T s gia ng knh c venturi hay ng knh l mng chn trn ng
d1

knh ng.

Do lu lng qua mng chn hay venturi:

Q = V2 A2 = V1 A1
2.2. Tn thc nng lng do s chy ca ng:
Khi lu cht chy trong ng, ta c s mt nng lng do ma st thnh ng. Xt
trng hp mt ng trn u nm ngang.
T phng trnh Bernoulli ta c :

P V 2 Z H
g

2g

V 2
0 v Z 0
V
2g
Hf

P
g

Hf : Thu u tn tht ma st trong ng, m.

Tn tht nng lng ny lin h vi tha s ma st bng phng trnh
Darceyweibach:

Trang 3

Th nghim Qu trnh Thit b

Hf f

Mch lu cht

LV 2
2 gD

f : H s ma st, v th nguyn
L : Chiu di ng, m
D : Dng knh ng, m

a.

Trong ch chy tng

Tn tht ma st c tnh theo cng thc sau:

Hf

32 lV
gD 2

H s ma st f c th tnh theo cng thc ca Hagen Poiseuille

b.

64
64

DV Re

i vi s chy ri

H s ma st tu thuc vo Re v nhm tng i ca ng(). D0 nhm tng

i ca ng l t s gia nhm thnh trn ng knh ng D
Ngi ta c th tnh f t mt phng trnh thc nghim nh phng trnh Nikuradse,
hay thun tin ngi ta s dng gin f theo Re v () (gin Moody).
Ngoi s mt nng lng do ma st trong ng ni trn, ta cn c s mt mt nng
lng do tr lc cc b, v d : do s thay i tit din chy, thay i hng chy, hay do
thay i tit din van.
Trong trng hp ny ta c th tnh tr lc cc b nh sau:

ltd v 2
Pcb f
2 gD
ltd : Chiu di tng ng ca ct, vanChiu di tng ng c nh
ngha nh chiu di ca mt on ng thng c cng tn tht nng lng ti van, ct
trong iu kin nh nhau.
Tr lc ny bng th nng ring tiu tn thng tr lc do b phn ta ang xt gy
ra:

v2

Pcb
2g
So snh 2 v ca cng thc (8) v (9) ta c

l td
D

T ta c

Trang 4

Th nghim Qu trnh Thit b

l td

Mch lu cht

D
f

3. DNG C, THIT B & PHNG PHP TH NGHIM:

3.1. Dng c v thit b:
-

Th k tnh thi gian.

S liu kch thc 4 ng dn bng ng:

ng knh gi

ng knh ngoi

ng knh trong

1"

(2,54 cm)

1,125"

(2,68 cm)

1,025"

(2,6 cm)

3/4"

(1,90 cm)

0,875"

(2,22 cm)

0,785"

(2,0 cm)

1/2"

(1,27 cm)

0,625"

(1,59 cm)

0,545"

(1,39 cm)

3/8"

(0.951 cm)

0,5"

(1,27 cm)

0,43"

(1,09 cm)

nhm e = 0,000005

Mng chn: li vo: 2,60 cm

ng knh l : 1,59 cm

Venturi: li vo: 2,60 cm

ng knh c : 1,59 cm

3.2. S thit b:
Tham kho trong ti liu hng dn Th nghim Qu trnh & Thit b, hnh 2: S h
thng th nghim mch lu cht.
3.3. Phng php th nhim:
Trc khi lm th nghim:
- Trc khi m tt my bm phi ng van s 13 v s 15 trnh bt kh lt vo
h thng.
- M van 14 v ng van 4 v 5 trong sut thi gian lm th nghim.
3.2.1. Th nghim 1 - Trc nh lu lng k mng chn v venture:
- M van 16 v 17 cho nc vo n vch ti a (48 l)
- M van 1, 2, 3, 9 v ng van 12
- Cho bm chy v t t m van 13 sau kha li v kim tra mc nc trong ct
p k mng v venturi c bng nhau cha. Nu cha bng th tip tc m, ng van
13. Khi mc cht lng bng nhau trong tng nhnh (ca mng v venturi) ta tin
hnh lm th nghim.
- Chn lu lng trc ty . T t m van 15. ng vi mi lu lng chn ta
c ct p ca venturi, mng chn v thi gian. Khi heat nc trong bnh cha phi
ng li van 15, m van 13 v van 16 cho nc vo bnh cha. Lp li th nghim 1
t 2 n 3 ln.
3.2.2. Th nghim 2 - Thit lp gin f theo Re cho ng 1 v ng :
a. ng 1:
Ta gi nguyn m ca cc van trong th nghim 1. M van V A2 ng van VB1.
Kim tra mc nc torng coat p k ng 1. Nu mc nc bng nhau th ta tin
hnh th nhgim. Dng van 13 chnh lu lng (ging chnh van 15 trong th
nghim 1). ng vi mi m van 13 ta c gim p ca mng chn v ng 1

Trang 5

Th nghim Qu trnh Thit b

Mch lu cht

di l=0.9m. Van 13 chnh n m ti a. o xong cho an 0.9m ta kha

van VA2 v m van VB1, tip tc o gim p cho an ng l=1.5m.
Lu : Th nghim 2 v 3 u dng van 13 chnh lu lng.
b. ng :
Ta m van 12, ng van s 2. M van VA2, ng van VA3. Tng t nh o trn
ng 1, ta kim tra mc nc trong coat p k ca ng . Nu bng nhau ta tin
hnh o. Nu khng bng nhau ta ng m van 13 nh th nghim 1. Khi mc
cht lng bng nhau ta tin hnh th nghim. o xong an 0.9m, ta kha V A2 v
m van VA3 ri tin hnh o an 1.5m.
3.2.3. Th nghim 3 - Xy dng c tuyn ring v c tuyn van:
M van s 2 v ng van 12.
ng van Vb1. Van 9 vn m han tan. Dng van 13 chnh lu lng ging
th nghim 2. ng vi mi m van 13 ta c gim p ca mng v van (van
13 t nht chnh c 8, 9 m).
Xong th nhgim vi m han tan ca van 9 (khi gim p ca mng v van
khng i na), ta ng van 9 li 1 vng s c m , ri tip tc o nh
trn. Tip tc kha van 9 1 vng ta s c m . Tng t cho m van .
Do khng kim nghim c h s ma st f theo tng m van ca th nghim 3
nn khi tnh lt s dng kt qu ca th nghim 2 cho ng 1 chiu di 1.5m
4. KT QU TH NGHIM:
4.1.
Th nghim 1:
Bng 4. H s mng chn v Venturi
Pm/g Pv/g
W
Pm
Pv
t (s) Q (l/s)
(l)
(cmH2O) (cmH2O) (10-8 N/m2)(10-8 N/m2)
1 14.87 0.067
0.0002
0.0001
0.0206
0.010
1
8.45 0.118343195 0.0005
0.00025
0.0514
0.026
2 10.47 0.191
0.00095 0.00045
0.0976
0.046
3
13.9 0.215827338 0.00161 0.00045
0.1644
0.046
4 14.15 0.282685512 0.00211 0.00065
0.2158
0.067
5 14.31 0.349
0.00291 0.00095
0.2980
0.098
6 17.58 0.341296928 0.00371 0.00126
0.3802
0.128
7 18.15 0.386
0.00452 0.00161
0.4624
0.164
8 16.38 0.488
0.00582 0.00201
0.5960
0.206

Trang 6

Re
4081.777397
7182.962118
11594.27505
13099.86257
17157.88831
21207.55762
20715.36856
23408.93715
29643.97064

V
(m/s)
0.339
0.596
0.963
1.088
1.424
1.761
1.720
1.943
2.461

Cm

Cv

50.070
55.726
65.256
56.813
64.952
68.318
59.079
60.536
67.525

70.809
78.809
94.815
107.127
116.747
119.363
101.643
101.522
114.990

Th nghim Qu trnh Thit b

Mch lu cht

th 1 Lu lng Q i vi hiu s thy u

Pm
Pv
v
qua mng chn v ng venturi
g
g

th 2 H s lu lng k Cm v Cv theo Re

Trang 7

Th nghim Qu trnh Thit b

Mch lu cht

4.2.

Th nghim 2:
4.2.1. ng 1:
Bng 5. Tha s ma st trong ng dn 1 c chiu di l=0.9m
ng 1''- l=0.9
Pm/g
P1/g
Q (l/s)
V(cm/s)
(cmH2O)
(cmH2O)
S TT
0.0009
0.0000502
1
0.17
32.76
0.00216
0.0004016
2
0.27
53.70
0.00331
0.0006024
3
0.35
68.48
0.00346
0.0007028
4
0.36
70.23
0.00492
0.0008032
5
0.43
85.71
0.00557
0.0009036
6
0.47
91.98
0.00633
0.0010040
7
0.50
98.85
0.00693
0.0011546
8
0.53
104.08
0.00733
0.0012048
9
0.54
107.47
0.00783
0.0013052
10
0.57
111.58
0.00868
0.0014056
11
0.60
118.33
0.00863
0.0014558
12
0.60
117.94
0.00873
0.0015060
13
0.60
118.72
0.00889
0.0015060
14
0.61
119.88
0.00894
0.0015060
15
0.61
120.26
Bng 6. Tha s ma st trong ng dn 1 c chiu di l=1.5m
ng 1''- l=1.5
Pm/g
P1/g
Q (l/s)
V(cm/s)
(cmH
O)
(cmH
2
2O)
S TT

Trang 8

f
0.0000026
0.0000077
0.0000071
0.0000079
0.0000061
0.0000059
0.0000057
0.0000059
0.0000058
0.0000058
0.0000056
0.0000058
0.0000059
0.0000058
0.0000058

Re
10307
16896
21547
22098
26968
28943
31102
32751
33815
35111
37234
37112
37356
37720
37841

Re

Th nghim Qu trnh Thit b

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

0.00141
0.00161
0.00196
0.00331
0.00291
0.00467
0.00512
0.00592
0.00653
0.00718
0.00783
0.00833
0.00838
0.00873
0.00889

Mch lu cht

0.000251004
0.000301205
0.000351406
0.00065261
0.000803213
0.000903614
0.001004016
0.001204819
0.001355422
0.001455823
0.001556225
0.001556225
0.001757028
0.001706827
0.001757028

Trang 9

0.21
0.23
0.26
0.35
0.32
0.42
0.44
0.48
0.51
0.54
0.57
0.59
0.59
0.60
0.61

42.09
45.41
50.80
68.48
63.64
83.20
87.67
95.23
100.61
106.21
111.58
115.59
115.98
118.72
119.88

0.0000047
0.0000049
0.0000045
0.0000046
0.0000066
0.0000043
0.0000043
0.0000044
0.0000044
0.0000043
0.0000042
0.0000039
0.0000043
0.0000040
0.0000041

13244
14287
15985
21547
20024
26178
27587
29966
31659
33419
35111
36371
36495
37356
37720

Th nghim Qu trnh Thit b

Mch lu cht

th 3 Tha s ma st theo Re i vi ng 1

4.2.2. ng :
Bng 7. Tha s ma st trong ng dn c chiu di l=0.9m
ng 1/2''- l=0.9
Pm/g
P1/g
Q (l/s)
V(cm/s)
(cmH
O)
(cmH
2
2O)
S TT
0.00075
0.00146
1
0.15
29.53
0.00146
0.00241
2
0.22
42.94
0.00196
0.00346
3
0.26
50.80
0.00136
0.00427
4
0.21
41.23
0.00281
0.00487
5
0.32
62.38
0.00336
0.00542
6
0.35
69.07
0.00397
0.00673
7
0.38
75.84
0.00407
0.00728
8
0.39
76.92
0.00497
0.00838
9
0.44
86.20
0.00547
0.00919
10
0.46
91.04
0.00582
0.00974
11
0.48
94.31
0.00587
0.00989
12
0.48
94.77
0.00592
0.00999
13
0.48
95.23

Trang 10

f
0.0000462
0.0000362
0.0000372
0.0000695
0.0000346
0.0000315
0.0000324
0.0000341
0.0000312
0.0000307
0.0000303
0.0000305
0.0000305

Re
9293
13511
15985
12974
19629
21732
23863
24204
27124
28646
29676
29821
29966

Th nghim Qu trnh Thit b

Mch lu cht

Bng 8. Tha s ma st trong ng dn c chiu di l=1.5m

ng 1/2''- l=1.5
Pm/g
P1/g
Q (l/s)
V(cm/s)
(cmH
O)
(cmH
2
2O)
S TT
0.00181
0.00527
1
0.25
48.54
0.00236
0.00673
2
0.29
56.48
0.00326
0.00813
3
0.34
67.89
0.00366
0.01014
4
0.37
72.51
0.00402
0.01130
5
0.39
76.38
0.00442
0.01225
6
0.41
80.63
0.00507
0.01315
7
0.44
87.18
0.00497
0.01355
8
0.44
86.20
0.00522
0.01421
9
0.45
88.65
0.00547
0.01295
10
0.46
91.04
0.00567
0.01546
11
0.47
92.92
0.00582
0.01586
12
0.48
94.31
0.00592
0.01616
13
0.48
95.23
0.00597
0.01682
14
0.48
95.69

Trang 11

f
0.000037
0.000035
0.000029
0.000032
0.000032
0.000031
0.000029
0.000030
0.000030
0.000026
0.000030
0.000030
0.000030
0.000031

Re
15275
17771
21362
22816
24034
25370
27433
27124
27893
28646
29238
29676
29966
30110

Th nghim Qu trnh Thit b

Mch lu cht

th 4 Tha s ma st theo Re i vi ng

4.3.

Th nghim 3:

Bng 9. Chiu di tng ng ca van

Trang 12

Th nghim Qu trnh Thit b

S
TT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

S
TT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Mch lu cht

ng m hon tan
Pm/g
(cmH2O)

P1/g
(cmH2O)

Q (l/s)

V(cm/s)

0.00065
0.00246
0.00397
0.00542
0.00748
0.00813
0.00863
0.00884
0.00894
0.00899

0.00000
0.00000
0.00005
0.00010
0.00005
0.00010
0.00000
0.00020
0.00030
0.00035

0.14
0.29
0.38
0.46
0.55
0.58
0.60
0.61
0.61
0.61

27.23
57.83
75.84
90.56
108.71
114.00
117.94
119.49
120.26
120.64

V2/2g
0.003779
0.017045
0.029313
0.041804
0.060239
0.066239
0.070900
0.072775
0.073714
0.074184

f
0.008414573
0.017842634
0.023386291
0.027918069
0.033500857
0.0351265
0.036338799
0.036815125
0.037051527
0.037169296

Re

le

8568
18196
23863
28497
34208
35871
37112
37599
37841
37961

0.0000
0.0000
0.0019
0.0022
0.0006
0.0011
0.0000
0.0019
0.0028
0.0032

ng m 3/4
Pm/g
(cmH2O)

P1/g
(cmH2O)

Q (l/s)

0.00035
0.00126
0.00286
0.00392
0.00648
0.00723
0.00773
0.00823
0.00873
0.00884

0.00000
0.00000
0.00005
0.00010
0.00015
0.00015
0.00015
0.00015
0.00010
0.00015

0.10
0.20
0.32
0.38
0.51
0.54
0.56
0.58
0.60
0.61

V(cm/s)
19.16
39.47
63.01
75.29
100.17
106.63
110.77
114.80
118.72
119.49

Trang 13

V2/2g
0.00187
0.00794
0.02024
0.02889
0.05115
0.05795
0.06254
0.06717
0.07184
0.07277

f
0.0059
0.0122
0.0194
0.0232
0.0309
0.0329
0.0341
0.0354
0.0366
0.0368

Re
6030
12419
19827
23691
31521
33551
34855
36122
37356
37599

le
0
0
0.00324
0.0038
0.00242
0.00201
0.00179
0.00161
0.00097
0.00143

Th nghim Qu trnh Thit b

S
TT

Mch lu cht
ng m 1/2

Pm/g
(cmH2O)

P1/g
(cmH2O)

Q (l/s)

V(cm/s)

Trang 14

V2/2g

Re

le

Th nghim Qu trnh Thit b

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
S
TT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

0.00115
0.00166
0.00271
0.00336
0.00397
0.00397
0.00587
0.00668
0.00713
0.00803
0.00868

0.00010
0.00015
0.00035
0.00040
0.00045
0.00050
0.00060
0.00065
0.00075
0.00065
0.00095

Mch lu cht
0.19
0.23
0.31
0.35
0.38
0.38
0.48
0.52
0.54
0.57
0.60

37.64
46.21
61.11
69.07
75.84
75.84
94.77
101.93
105.79
113.20
118.33

0.00722
0.01088
0.01903
0.02431
0.02931
0.02931
0.04578
0.05295
0.05704
0.06531
0.07137

0.01163
0.01426
0.01885
0.02130
0.02339
0.02339
0.02921
0.03141
0.03260
0.03488
0.03646

V2/2g

11845
14539
19228
21732
23863
23863
29821
32072
33286
35619
37234

0.03
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01

ng m 1/4
Pm/g
(cmH2O)

P1/g
(cmH2O)

0.00010
0.00050
0.00090
0.00151
0.00226
0.00286
0.00361
0.00457
0.00512
0.00567
0.00673

0.00015
0.00080
0.00151
0.00251
0.00371
0.00472
0.00607
0.00748
0.00833
0.00919
0.01099

Q (l/s)
0.05
0.12
0.17
0.22
0.28
0.32
0.36
0.42
0.44
0.47
0.52

V(cm/s)
9.41
23.46
32.76
43.77
55.10
63.01
71.95
82.17
87.67
92.92
102.36

0.00045
0.00281
0.00547
0.00977
0.01547
0.02024
0.02638
0.03442
0.03918
0.04401
0.05340

0.00291
0.00725
0.01012
0.01351
0.01700
0.01944
0.02219
0.02534
0.02703
0.02864
0.03155

th 5 Lu lng Q theo m ca van mt vi p sut

Trang 15

Re
2961
7383
10307
13773
17338
19827
22638
25857
27587
29238
32208

le
2.9
1.0
0.7
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2

Th nghim Qu trnh Thit b

Mch lu cht

Trang 16

Th nghim Qu trnh Thit b

Mch lu cht

Trang 17

Th nghim Qu trnh Thit b

Mch lu cht

th 6 c tuyn ring ca van 9 khi

P
= 0.5 cm H2O
g

5. BN LUN :
Cu 1 : Nhn xt v cc gin v so snh vi kt qu trong sch.
Pm
Pv
1. Gin biu din lu lng Q i vi hiu s thy u
v
qua mng chn v
g
g
ng venturi:
chnh ct p tng theo lu lng Q (l/s) tng dn. an u tng chm (Q < 0.3
l/s). n an sau (Q > 0.3l/s) th gim p sut tng nhanh hn do khi lu lng
tng th ma st dng chy cng tng gy tn tht p sut cho dng chy nhiu hn.
ng vi mt gi tr Q, pm > pv th tn tht nng lng qua mng ln hn qua
venture. Do venturi co hp ng knh dn, vn tc dng chy tng dn, do tn
tht p sut khi qua venturi l khng ln so vi mng chn. Cn mng chn th co
hp t ngt, vn tc dng chy tng t ngt ri gim xung t ngt gy tn tht
p sut ngay lc ln hn nhiu so vi venturi.
2. Gin biu din h s lu lng k Cm, Cv theo Re :
H s lu lng k khng thay i i vi mt loi lu lng k nht nh, khng
ph thuc vo ch dng chy trong khu vc.
Trong thc t, h s Cm, Cv dao ng quanh mt gi tr nht nh Cm=0,5
Cv=0,8
H s Cm, Cv dao ng do dng chy khng n nh v :
Lu lng do bm cung cp khng n nh.
Thay i m ca van 15.
C biu th mc tn tht nng lng khi dng chy qua lu lng k

Trang 18

Th nghim Qu trnh Thit b

Mch lu cht

Cv > Cm: Tn tht nng lng ca lu lng khi dng chy qua lu lng k venturi
nh hn tn tht nng lng ca lu lng ca lu lng k mng (nguyn nhn nh
nu trn).
3. Gin biu din tha s ma st f theo Re :
Theo l thuyt :

Khu vc chy tng f=f1(Re)

Khu vc chy ri thnh trn f=f2(Re)

Khu vc qu t chy ri thnh trn sang chy ri thnh nhm: f=f 3(Re,
/d)

Khu vc chy vi thnh nhm hon ton f=f4( /d)

Theo thc nghim :
T gin ta nhn thy cng mt nhm tng i nhng s ph thuc ca
f theo Re khc nhau khi kho st trn nhng chiu di ng khc nhau s khc bit
trn l do s khng ng nht m ca van 13 gia cc ln th nghim , s r r
cht lng dc ng ng , nhm ca ng khng ng u dc theo ng (do g st).
S phn chia cc khu vc ch chy ph thuc vo nhm tng i, ng knh
ca ng v vn tc lu cht trong ng do vng Re chy tng ca ng ny c th l
vng Re chy ri ca ng kia
ng 1": f thay i theo Re chia lm hai khu vc :

f tng nhanh khi Re tng t trong khang <20000 : Khong Re ny th hin

ch dng chy l chy tng. Nhn chung, tha s ma st ca ng 1.5m ln hn
tha s ma st ca ng 0.9m, do c chiu di ln hn nn ma st gy ra khi dng
lng qua ng cng ln hn.

f khng i khi Re > 20000 : Khong Re ny th hin ch dng chy qu

l chy ri thnh trn sang chy ri thnh nhm, khi ny f t gi tr gn bng
0.035. u ny c th thy ng biu din ca ng 1.5m, an ny c dng
thoai thai, f tng chm khi Re tng. Tha s ma st hai an ng c chiu di khc
nhau gn bng nhau, khng khc nhau lame khi khu vc chy tng.
ng : f thay i theo Re chia lm hai khu vc :

f gim khi Re tng trong khang < 20000 : Khc vi gin l thuyt (Re th
hin ch dng chy l chy tng, Re tng th f tng). Do im u ca gin
thc nghim c tha s ma st cao hn nhiu so vi tha s ma st cc giai an
khc. Nguyn nhn c th l tn tht p sut ln khi va m van 13 tin hnh th
nghim, dng chy lc u cha n nh. Nu nhn bng s liu th ngai tr im
u th f tng dn theo Re.

f khng i khi Re > 20000 : f tng chm khi Re tng. Khong Re ny th

hin ch dng chy qu l chy ri thnh trn sang chy ri thnh nhm, khi
ny f t gi tr gn bng 0,031, f gn nh khng tng. Cc gi tr f ca ng 0.9m v
ng 1.5m khu vc ny l gn bng nhau. Lc ny f khng ph thuc vo ch

chy na m ph thuc vo h s
ging nh trong l thuyt.
d
4. Gin biu din lu lng Q theo m ca van ti mt vi p sut :
T gin ta nhn thy : Van cng m ln th lu lng qua van cng ln ng
vi mt tn tht ct p. Van cng m ln th tn thc p sut cng nh.
Mc tn tht nng lng cng th hin chiu di tng ng l e (bng s
liu cho th nghim 3). m cng ln th l e cng nh tc tn tht cc b cng

Trang 19

Th nghim Qu trnh Thit b

Mch lu cht

nh. Do khi m van cng ln th lu lng gia hai bn van l gn nh nhau, tn

tht p sut do van gy ra cng t hn. Khi van m han tan th tr lc ca van
lc ny gn bng tr lc ca ng ng. Khi ng van dn th h s tr lc tng
nhanh.
m han tan v m th khi khi Q < 0.3 l/s, tn tht p sut gia hai
bn van tng chm khi Q tng. Cn m van v m th tn tht p
sut do van gy ra tng nhanh theo Q, do tr lc ca van ln hn nhiu so vi tr
lc van ca trng hp m van han tan v m . Ta c th thy iu
bng sau:
m
Han tan
3/4
1/2
1/4
0.26
2.06
17

ca ng
P
= 1 cm H2O ti cc m khc nhau :
g
ng c tuyn ring ca van nm di ng 45 0 tc l van s dng l van
ca. Tuy nhin vn c an cao hn ng 45 0, do sai s xy ra trong qu trnh
thc nghim, v gin ny ch l mt gi tr p sut nht nh nn thc t
khng mang tnh khi qut cho cc trng hp khc.
m ca van nh hng nhiu n tn tht nng lng ca h thng, gin
cho thy ng vi cng mt tr s lu lng Q th tn tht p sut qua van m 1/4
l cao nht v qua van m hon ton l nh nht.
Tn tht nng lng qua van nn p sut u ra ca van gim chnh lch p
sut gy ra tr lc.

5. c tuyn ring ca van 9

Cu 2 : Nhn xt v mc tin cy ca kt qu v cc nguyn nhn ca sai s.

Mc tin cy ca kt qu trn khng phi l 100%. C nhiu yu t tc ng n qu trnh th
nghim. Thc nghim cho kt qu gin khng chnh xc nh gin trong sch. Mc tin
cy ca th nghim ny l va phi, cng c th chp nhn c. Tuy nhin, nu dng n
lm s liu cn c cho cc th nghim khc th cn phi c tin hnh nhng iu kin v
ch cht ch, hp l hn.

Nguyn nhn ca sai s:

a. Nguyn nhn khch quan:
S r r cht lng dc ng ng, lm tn tht nng lng.
S hot ng khng n nh ca bm. Bm hat ng lu ngy khng t th nhiu
cng xy ra hin tng xm thc lm gim hiu sut bm.
S g st khng ng u bn trong ng dn n nhm thnh ng khng u.
S chy khng u gia cc an hnh thnh nn cc vng c ch chy khc
nhau gy ra nhng khc bit trong qu trnh o.
m ca cc van khng ng nht gia cc ln th nghim.
Trong thi gian th nghim, nhit lu cht tng dn nh hng n nht
cng nh h s ma st, gy ra s sai lch gia cc ln th nghim.
b. Nguyn nhn ch quan:

Trang 20

Th nghim Qu trnh Thit b

Mch lu cht

Do thao tc tin hnh trong th nghim. th nghim 1, va bm ng h va

chnh van kh c th ng thi vi nhau. Gy ra vic tnh tan lu lng khng
chnh xc.
Vic ghi s liu i hi phi nhanh khi gim p thay i nhanh ri li nhanh
chng i n n nh, do c nhng sai lch trong qu trnh ghi m ngi ghi
khng bit. V cng v phi i hi phi ghi nhanh s liu cng lc vi vic
chnh van, khng ghi kp s liu ng lc gy ra sai s.
i vi th nghim 3, vic iu chnh m ca cc van 9 c th khng chnh
xc vi tng m khc nhau.
Ngai ra, do khng kim nghim c h s ma st f theo tng m van ca th
nghim 3 nn khi tnh chiu di tng ng s dng kt qu ca th nghim
2 cho ng 1 chiu di 1.5m. iu ny gy ra sai s khng th trnh khi trong
qu trnh tnh tan. ng thi, do phi dng s liu ca th nghim 2, nn th
nghim 2 i hi phi chnh xc, m sai s l iu khng th trnh khi nn s
dn n nhng sai s th nghim 3.
Vic tnh tan lu lng th nghim 2 v 3 l cn c vo lu lng k mng
chn. Nh bit lu lng k mng chn c chnh xc km hn venturi nn
cng gy ra sai s.
Tt c cc s liu hu nh l tnh tan thng qua cc cng thc l thuyt klhng
mang tnh thc nghim cao. Gy ra s sai khc gia thc nghim v l thuyt.
Tm li, trong qu trnh th nghim c nhiu sai s do nhiu nguyn nhn khc nhau gy
ra. C nhng sai s khng th chp khi th c th tm chp nhn. Tuy nhin, nhng sai s
do thao tc th nghim th phi ht sc hn ch v nay l nhng sai s c th gim trnh
c.

Cu 3: Da trn gin o c ngh mc ch s dng van.

Qua gin ta thy c vic m van khng han tan gy ra tn tht p sut,
to tr lc ln. iu ny l khng tt trong qu trnh vn chuyn cht lng; va
hao tn nng lng do vic tn tht p sut, va tn thi gian. iu ny l khng
tinh t. V vy, khi s dng nn m van han tan.
Tuy nhin, do tn tht nng lng qua van nn p sut u ra ca van gim.
iu ny c ng dng lm van tit lu thay i p sut trong h thng dn kh.
Nu khng phi trong nhng trng hp nh th nghim hay cn iu chnh lu
lng dng lu cht th nn m van han tan.

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Th nghim Qu trnh Thit b

Mch lu cht

6. PH LC :
6.1. Lu lng chy trong ng:
W
Q
(l / s)
t
Vi:
W : lu lng chn trc (l)
t : thi gian lu lng chn chy ht (s)
6.2. Tnh Reynold:
Re

vD

Q
Q
4Q

2
A D
D2
4
4QD
4Q
Re
2
D D
: nht ng hc ca nc 300C
= 0,00805 St = 0,00805.10-4 m2/s = 0,00805.10-2 dm2/s
D: ng knh ng (dm)
v

Trong :

6.3. H s mng chn v venturi:

V2 C

2 gP
1 4

C V2

1 4
2 gP

6.4. Xc nh lu lng Q trong th nghim hai v th nghim 3:

p m

T th nghim mt ta dng c th pm-Q. ng

vi mi gi tr pm xc nh trong cc th nghim hai
v ba , da vo th ta xc nh c Q

Pm
6.5. Vn tc chy trong ng:
Q 4Q

(cm/s)
A D2
Q(l/s)
v

Q1

Trang 22

Th nghim Qu trnh Thit b

Mch lu cht

6.6. H s ma st f trong th nghim 2:

lv2
H f p0 f
2gD
4Q
8lQ2
ma v
p0 f 2 5
D2
g D
g 2 D5 p0
f
8 l Q2

Trong :
g : Gia tc trng trng =9,81 (m/s2)
D : ng knh ng (m)
l : Chiu di on ng kho st (m)
Q : Lu lng nc chy trong ng (m3/s)
p0 : Tn tht ct p ti hai u ng kho st (m H2O)
6.7. Xc nh h s ma st trong th nghim 2 v th nghim ba:
T th f = Re trong th nghim hai , ng vi mi gi tr ca Re ta c gi tr tng ng ca
f (s dng th ng vi ng kho st)
f
ng 1" l=1,5m

f
1
1
1
Re
6.8. Chiu1 di tng ng le:

Re

p v p f f
le

Le.v 2
8Q 2
f .l e
2 gD
g 2 D 5

g D 5 p v
8 f Q2

Trang 23

Th nghim Qu trnh Thit b

Mch lu cht

7. TI LIU THAM KHO :

[1] Ti liu hng dn Th nghim Qu trnh & thit b", B mn my v thit b
Trng i hc Bch Khoa TP.HCM, 9/2003
[2] Cc tc gi, S tay qu trnh v thit b cng ngh ha cht, Tp 2, NXB Khoa hc v
k thut, H Ni, 1999.
[3] B mn My v thit b Trng HBK. TP. H Ch Minh Cc qu trnh v thit b
cng ngh ha hc, Tp 10: V d v bi tp, 1992.
[4] Cc tc gi, Gio trnh c lu cht, NXB Trng i hc Bch Khoa TP.H Ch
Minh.

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