Cu 1:

S cn kit ngun nc:

Tt c cc dng sng trn th gii b khai thc cn kit:

Lm thy in.

B u c bi cht thi cng nghip

B u c bi phn bn ha hc v thuc tr su.

B u bi nc thi sinh hot

. Hu qu:
-

Nhiu dng sng khng ra c ti bin.

a dng sinh hc kg cn.

Sng tr thnh h thng cng khng l.

Hng t ngi ngho khng cn ngun sinh sng

S cn kit ngun nng lng:

Du m: ch cn dng trong khong 50 nm na, cha c ngun thay th kh thi.

Nng lng ti sinh :

NL mt tri;

NL gi.

NL a nhit.

Nhin liu sinh hc.

.u nhc im ca tng loi nng lng trn

Cn kit ngun cung cp lng thc, thc phm:

Din tch t trng trt gim

Khai thc chn nui, trng trt, phn bn, thuc tr su qu mc nn b sa mc ha.

Qu trnh th ha v cng nghip ha.

t c dng s/x nhin liu sinh hc: ng, sn, ma,

Nng sut gim do bin i kh hu, thin tai

Cu 2:
Formosa
Formosa Vng ng l mt cng ty nm trong khu kinh t Vng ng, H Tnh. Formosa c tn
chnh thc l Cng ty TNHH gang thp Hng Nghip Formosa H Tnh (FHS), chi nhnh
ca Tp on nha Formosa, i Loan.
Bt u u t nm 2008.
Quy m: 10 t giai on 1, 27 t giai on 2
Tng din tch thc hin d n hn 3.300ha
FHS ng k kinh doanh 11 ngnh ngh, mt s ngnh ngh quan trng nh: ch to v mua bn
gang thp
Hot ng

Nh my lin hp gang thp: giai on 1: cng sut 7,5 triu tn/nm, giai on 2 : 22,5
triu tn/nm;
(ii) Cm cng Sn Dng vi 11 bn tu giai on mt trong tng s 32 bn tu;
(iii) T hp Nh my Nhit in Formosa vi tng cng sut 650MW, bao gm 5 t my
pht in.

Mi trng
Formosa l mt d n thuc lnh vc luyn kim (c gn vi cng bin v sn xut nhit in t
dng). Cng ngh ca nh my thuc loi lc hu (phi s dng than cc luyn gang). Quy
trnh sn xut gang thuc loi lin tc. Khi lng cht thi cc loi (rn, lng, kh) rt ln, c
cha nhiu cht c hi, v c thi ra lin tc. Ch ring cht thi lng c ph duyt thi ra
mi trng ti hng chc nghn m3/ngy.
Th nhng, vic quan trc, gim st t pha cc c quan ca nh nc li ch thc hin theo chu
k. c bit, vic x l cc cht cc c pht sinh t cng ngh luyn than cc-gang-thp
khng c kim sot khch quan v lin tc. y l mt k h ln m ch u t c th li
dng ch cn trong vng vi pht c th thi ht ra bin hng tn cht cc c nh Chlorine,
Phosphorous, Arsenic.
Tai ting

Nm 2009, t chc bo v mi trng ca c Qu Ethecon trao gii "Hnh tinh en" cho
Tp on nha Formosa, i Loan. Gii ny dng bu tn doanh nghip gy nh hng mi
trng ln nht trong nm.[13]
Ti i Loan, Formosa nm trong top 10 cng ty gy nhim nht v "ng gp" n 25% tng
lng kh nh knh ca i Loan.
Formosa x thi trn b

Hng chc tn cht thi ca Cng ty Formosa chn lp tri php ti bi rc th trn Thin
Cm, huyn Cm Xuyn vo thng 5/2015.

Formosa k hp ng x l cht thi vi Cng ty mi trng th th x K Anh, Cng

ty mi trng th K Anh tip nhn, vn chuyn x l 267,83 tn bn t Cng ty
Formosa, mc d cng ty ny khng c chc nng x l cht thi cng nghip.

Chiu ngy 28/7/2016, ngi dn a phng pht hin 4 xe ti ang trm cht thi
ca Formosa gn khu dn c, thuc th x K Anh (H Tnh).

Nghi vn x thi ra bin

Vo thng 4 nm 2016 xy ra hin tng rt nhiu c bin cht hng lot ri tri dt vo b ti
vng bin Vng ng (H Tnh). Hin tng ny sau lan ra vng bin Qung Bnh, Qung
Tr, Hu. C ni mi ngy, ng dn dc b bin vt c hng tn c cht. Nhiu kin cho
rng hin tng trn l do ngun nc b nhim bi cc nh my ti khu kinh t Vng ng x
thi gy c. Qua phn tch, c nc bin ln nc m Lng C (Hu) u b nhim, nng
PO4 tng y gp i ch s cho php, lm tng pH trong nc, nhiu kh nng y l
nguyn nhn lm c cht hng lot. Ngoi ra to bin pht trin mnh, cng vi kh c y
lng khin c thiu oxy. T kt qu phn tch, kh nng c cht do dch bnh c loi b.
Cty Formosa (Khu kinh t Vng ng, H Tnh) nhp 296 tn ha cht, gm 45 loi, trong ba
thng u nm 2016. iu ng ni l trong s ny c nhiu loi ha cht m theo nh gi ca
cc nh khoa hc l thuc dng "c v cc c".
Tr li bo ch, Formosa tha nhn dng axit sc ra ng ng, ng thi tha nhn khng
thng bo cho chnh quyn khi sc ra v khng bit quy nh ny.
Pht ngn gy sc

Sng 25/4/2016, Tr li phng vin bo Tui Tr, ng Chu Xun Phm - trng vn
phng Formosa ti H Ni pht biu: "Mun bt c, bt tm hay nh my, c chn i.
Nu chn c hai th lm th tng cng khng gii quyt c"

Bi thng
17h ngy 30/6, Chnh ph hp bo cng b kt qu iu tra nguyn nhn v th phm gy c
cht hng lot min Trung l do Formosa H Tnh. Formosa H Tnh nhn trch nhim v
cam kt thc hin bi thng thit hi kinh t cho ngi dn, bi thng x l mi trng
bin vi s tin 11.500 t ng, tng ng 500 triu USD.
Nh my giy Hu Giang
- Nh my giy Hu Giang c tn chnh thc l nh my giy Lee & Man. L mt d n
cha i vo hot ng. y l d n 100% vn u t Trung Quc (1,2 t USD), l nh
my giy ln nht Vit Nam, thuc top 5 th gii. Hin khu vc ny khng c h thng x l
nc thi trung tm m bo yu cu an ton. Gii chuyn gia cnh bo d n ny c nguy c
gy mt trng ngun nc ngt v trit tiu ton b ngun li thy sn sng Hu.
Tai ting
-

Nm 2008, theo cng vn ca B Bo v mi trng Trung Quc, nh my giy Lee & Man ti
Changshu b yu cu ngng hot ng do x thi tri php vo lu vc sng Changjiang.
Theo Qu Bo v thin nhin quc t (WWF), Lee & Man nm trong danh sch cc nh sn xut
khng chu cung cp s liu lin quan n du chn mi trng.
Theo WWF, Lee & Man l mt cng ty ng top trong s cc cng ty khng cng khai d liu ca
mnh.

Quy m:
- Nh my s dng cng ngh sn xut ca Trung Quc nn lc hu
- nh my sn xut bt giy ty trng cng sut 330.000 tn/nm, tng lng nc thi l
143.478 m3/ngy m
- nh my sn xut giy cng bao b cao cp cng sut 420.000 tn/nm, tng lng nc
thi l 79.130 m3/ngy m.
Mi trng:
- sn xut ra c 1 tn giy hay bt giy cn n 50 kilogram sud lm cht ty. Nu
nh lng sud ra sng Hu v ra bin th s tr thnh mi nguy ln hy hoi ngun
thy sn trn sng v bin, cng nh gy nh hng nghim trng n vic nui trng
thy sn khu vc ng bng Sng Cu Long. Nh my thi ra khong 28.500 tn sud
(NaOH) mi nm xung Sng Hu.
- sn xut 330.000 tn bt giy mi nm th phi trng rng lm nguyn liu vi quy
m ln n hn 600 ha.

Nm 2007, d n ny lp bn cam kt bo v mi trng (BVMT) v c UBND

huyn Chu Thnh cp giy xc nhn ng k cam kt BVMT

Cng nghip giy c xp vo loi gy nhim hn c cng nghip khai khong bi

phi khai thc cc ngun xen-lu-l t nhin (rng), s dng nhiu cht ty (c hi) trong
qu trnh sn xut v c bit vic ti ch giy cng thi ra nhiu cht c hi v nguy
him.

Nu nh my c h thng nu sn xut bt giy th nhim mi trng ln nht l dch

en (black liquor). Dch ny cha nhiu ha cht c hi nn cc nh my ln thng
phi u t l hi t dch en thu hi ha cht.

Vic ny cng cn kim sot k v nhiu trng hp ni hi trc trc l nh my thi dch
en ra mi trng v khng c ch cha. Dch en thi ra ngun nc th s gy nguy hi
n sc khe con ngi v mi trng sinh thi.

Trong qu trnh sn xut giy th cng on ty trng cng dng nhiu ha cht c hi
cn x l trc khi thi ra mi trng nc.

Ngoi ra, cn phi kim sot thm kh thi ca l hi. Nh my ln th l hi ln nn

nhim mi trng tt cng gh gm.

T khi thnh lp, d n Nh my Giy Lee & Man khng lm bo co nh gi tc

ng mi trng (TM) m ch lm bn cam kt BVMT.

Tng gim c Tng Vi Ph (Chung Wai Fu) ca Lee & Man Vit Nam cho bit nh my
ch c mt ng ng x thi trn mt t v khu vc ca x cng khai.

Vi nhng nh my giy, ha cht, ng lo ngi nht l pht thi dioxin v cc cht ging dioxin,
trong khi vic qun l cht ny nc ta cn rt km.

Vi nhng nh my giy, ha cht, ng lo ngi nht l pht thi dioxin v cc cht ging
dioxin, trong khi vic qun l cht ny nc ta cn rt km.

Bin i kh hu ng bng sng Cu Long

-

Thm kch thin nhin s hu hoi mi trng BSCL. Theo d bo n nm 2030

khong 45% din tch ca BSCL i mt vi nguy c nhim mn.
Khng cn l kch bn d on na?
Bin i kh hu hin din thc t. BSCL ang b nc mn xm nhp, t ai b
mn ha. Thm ha ny ngy cng gia tng bi tc ng kp ca bin i kh hu do
nc bin dng cao v do vic tch nc hng lot ti cc p thy li, thy in ca cc
quc gia ln cn thng ngun, lm gim cao mc nc h thng sng Cu Long
vo ma kh.

Cc dng sng Long An, Tin Giang, Bn Tre, Tr Vinh, Vnh Long ang b xm nhp
mn vo ni a trn 70 km, v c chiu hng tng nhanh. Hin mt s a phung
trong vng BSCL xut hin tnh trng thiu nc ngt trm trng.
Ngi dn cc tnh Cn Th, Hu Giang, Bc Liu, C Mau, Kin Giang ang phi
Chy mn tng ngy.
Cc tiu vng nc ngt quanh nm b o ln, b mn xm nhp, e da c trm
ngn hecta t nng nghip, nhiu vn cy n tri nm trn nguy c xa s, thy sn
nc ngt b tn tht ln.
Mt s tht hin nhin ang e da c dn BSCL l vn nhim mn ang hy dit
mi trng sng, li ch nhn c s th ca nhiu tng lp x hi, ca truyn thng
bo ch, khng thy s ln ting i hi chnh ph v trch nhim, k hoch v phng
php hu hiu gii quyt thm ha, v gi tr u t ph hp v hiu qu cho gii
php chng xm nhp mn ang l mi e da hin hu n kinh t, n an ton lng
thc v dn sinh khu vc, thm ch e da n s mnh ca c quc gia.
c tnh trong 5 nm tr li y Vit Nam nhn c khong trn 1,3 t USD cho
ng ph vi bin i kh hu.
Thc trng thm ha trn mn, thm mn trn din rng ang din ra BSCL cho thy
hiu qu ca gii php chng xm nhp mn ca nhng nm gn y hu nh tht bi
Theo tnh ton, khi mn vt qu 1 phn nghn l khng th s dng c cho sinh hot,
nu vt qu 4 phn nghn th cy la khng sinh trng c v cht ngay.

Gii php
Vic nng cao mc nc an ton ti thiu ngn xm nhp mn c v nc mt v
thm mn ton vng, tr c lng nc ngt ln, s dng c phn ln lng nc
ngt do thng ngun v, to dng chy mt chiu ca cc ca sng h thng sng
Cu Long ng lot, bin BSCL thnh ng bng vng nc ngt pha trn v vng
mn pha di gn bin. l bin php gii quyt ph hp v trit vn xm
nhp mn ng thi ci thin rt tt vic thot l cho ma l.
Hnh ng v BSCL
Theo Tng cc Lm nghip, h sinh thi rng ven bin vng BSCL c vai tr quan
trng trong vic bo v b bin, bo v mi trng, cung cp sn phm g, cung cp ni
sinh sng v sn xut cho ngi dn vng bin
Hng nm, xi l b bin trong vng xy ra vi tc ln ti trn 40m.

Tuy nhin, hin cc ai rng ngp mn ven bin cha m bo din tch v cht lng
bo v h thng bin, phng chng thin tai; tnh trng ph rng ngp mn canh
tc nui trng thy sn, khai thc lm sn v s dng t vo mc ch khc c xu
hng ngy cng tng ang lm suy yu din tch v cht lng rng ngp mn.
Cu 3:

Hi ngh thng nh v bin i kh hu ton cu ca Lin Hp Quc

(COP21) (30/11 - 11/12/2015)
Mc tiu: t c tha thun c tnh rng buc php l u tin hn ch kh thi nh knh,
lm chm qu trnh bin i kh hu, khng ch nhit Tri t khng tng qu 2 C. ngng s gy ra ngp lt ton cu theo khuyn co ca cc nh khoa hc.
M l nc gy nhim mi trng ln th hai trn th gii. Obama cam kt ct gim khong
26-28% tng lng kh thi nh knh ca quc gia vo nm 2030.
t mc tiu trn, cc quc gia phi chuyn i sang cc ngun sch hn nh nng lng mt
tri v gi v nng cao hiu sut nng lng. Mt s nc cng y mnh vic theo ui nng
lng ht nhn, khng to ra kh thi nh knh.
V vn ti chnh, cc nc ang pht trin cho rng nc giu phi gnh vc phn ln trch
nhim gii quyt bin i kh hu bi nhng quc gia ny to ra lng kh thi ln t thi k
trn.
M v cc quc gia pht trin khc phn i vic h phi gnh phn ln trng trch v cho rng
cc nn kinh t mi ni cng phi lm nhiu hn na. Cc nc ang pht trin to ra lng ln
kh thi hin nay v l nguyn nhn khin tri t nng ln.
Tuy nhin, cc nc pht trin ng ng gp t nht 100 t USD mt nm, k t nm 2020
gip cc quc gia ang pht trin nhng do s phn i ca M, iu ny khng c ghi trong
phn rng buc php l ca tha thun. Trong n lc nhm tng cng s cam kt ca cc quc
gia, tha thun s tin hnh nh gi cam kt 5 nm mt ln, bt u t nm 2030.

Cu 4:

Bung lng bi:

Thit b n gin. Trong thi gian kh i qua thit b, cc ht bi di tc dng ca lc hp dn
lng xung pha di v ri vo bnh cha hoc c a ra ngoi bng vt ti hay bng ti.
u im: cu to n gin, dng lng th cc ht > 100 m, tr lc thp
Nhc im: hiu qu thu hi bi khng phi lc no cng t yu cu.
Xiclon (thit b xoy gi):
u im:
- Khng c phn chuyn ng.
- C th lm vic nhit cao (n 5000 C)
- C kh nng thu bi mi mn m khng cn bo v b mt xiclon.
- Thu bi dng kh
- Tr lc hu nh c nh v khng ln
- Lm vic tt p sut cao
- Ch to n gin
- Nng sut cao
- R
- Hiu qu khng ph thuc s thay i nng bi
Nhc im:
- Hiu qu x l km vi bi c kch thc nh hn 5m
- Khng th thu bi kt dnh
Thn xiclon thng l tr, y l chp ct. ng kh vo thng c dng khi ch nht, c b
tr theo phng tip tuyn vi thn xiclon. Thu bi trong xiclon din ra di tc dng ca lc ly
tm.
Nguyn l hot ng:
Dng kh nhim bi c a vo phn trn ca xiclon. Kh vo xiclon thc hin chuyn ng
xon c, dch chuyn xung di v hnh thnh dng xoy ngoi. Lc cc ht bi di tc
dng ca lc ly tm, vng vo thnh xiclon v ri xung di y chp. Dng kh bt u quay
ngc li v chuyn ng ln trn hnh thnh dng xoy trong. Cc ht bi dch chuyn xung
nh lc y ca dng xoy v trng lc ra khi xiclon qua ng x bi. Kh sch (sau x l) c
a ra pha trn nh thit b bi ng trn t ti tm thn tr.
Thit b lc vi tay o:

a s thit b lc vi c vt liu lc dng tay o hnh tr, c gi cht trn li ng v trang b

c cu gi bi. ng knh tay o c th khc nhau, ph bin nht l 120-300mm v chiu di
2200-3000mm.
Vi lc phi tha mn iu kin sau:
- Kh nng cha bi cao v ngay khi phc hi bo m hiu qu lc cao
- Gi c kh nng cho kh xuyn qua ti u
- Bn c, bn nhit v bn ha
- C kh nng c phc hi
- R

Cu 6:

Kh CO
Kh CO (cacbonoxit):

- Tc hi:
Khi ht phi, CO s i vo mu, chng phn ng vi Hemoglobin (c trong hng cu) thnh mt
cu trc bn vng nhng khng c kh nng ti xy, khin cho c th b ngt. Nu lng CO ht
phi ln, s c cm gic au u, chng mt, mt mi. Nu CO nhiu, c th bt tnh hoc cht
ngt rt nhanh. Khi b xy ho, CO bin thnh kh cacbonic (CO2). Kh CO2 cng gy ngt
nhng khng c bng CO.

- Ngun pht sinh:

Kh CO hnh thnh nhng ni t than thiu xy, nh t khi thi ca l gch ni m than
chy khng trit , ng khi nh my nhit in dng than , cc ni nu nha ng, kh x
ng c hay bp than t ong...

- Phng trnh:
Khng xy l gch ngi th cng trong khu dn c; khng t than t ong nhng ni cht hp
khng thng thong; khng trong nhng cn nh nm trong din tch ph khi ca nh my
nhit in; khng n ng c xe my, t trong nh kn.

Kh SO2
- Tc hi:
Kh SO2 xm nhp vo c th qua ng h hp hoc ho tan vi nc bt, t qua ng
tiu ho ngm vo mu. SO2 c th kt hp vi cc ht nc nh hoc bi m to thnh
cc ht axt H2SO4 nh li ti, xm nhp qua phi vo h thng bch huyt. Trong mu, SO2 tham
gia nhiu phn ng ho hc lm gim d tr kim trong mu gy ri lon chuyn ho ng
v protin, gy thiu vitamin B v C, to ra methemoglobine chuyn Fe2+ (ho tan) thnh
Fe3+(kt ta) gy tc nghn mch mu cng nh lm gim kh nng vn chuyn xy ca hng
cu, gy co hp dy thanh qun, kh th.

- Ngun pht sinh:

SO2 pht sinh khi t mi th nguyn liu hng ngy (than , kh, g v cc cht hu c khc
nh phn kh, rm rc). Khi nng SO2 t n 5 phn triu th cc hi chng bnh l
ngi tip xc bt u xut hin.

- Phng trnh:
Khu vc un nu cn thng thong v ci tin bp un c th chy trit nhin liu. c
bit lu n ni c tr thuc khu vc chu nh hng ca khi cc nh my nhit in dng
than hoc du, kh, cc l gch, l gm th cng. Nhng vng chu tc ng ca khi l cc
c s sn xut ny l nhng ni c tr nguy him.

Kh Nox
- Tc

hi:
Oxit nit c nhiu dng, do nit c 5 ho tr t 1 n 5. Do xy ho khng hon ton nn nhiu
dng oxit nit c ho tr khc nhau hay i cng nhau, c gi chung l NOx. C c tnh cao
nht l NO2 , khi ch tip xc trong vi pht vi nng NO2 trong khng kh 5 phn triu c
th gy nh hng xu n phi, tip xc vi gi vi khng kh c nng NO2 khong 15-20
phn triu c th gy nguy him cho phi, tim, gan; nng NO2 trong khng kh 1% c th gy
t vong trong vi pht.

NOx b xy ho di nh sng mt tri c th to kh zn gy chy nc mt v mn nga da,

NOx cng gp phn gy bnh hen, thm ch ung th phi, lm hng kh qun.

- Ngun pht sinh:

Kh NOx xut hin trong qu trnh t chy nguyn liu trong cc ng c t trong (kh x ca
phng tin giao thng...), trong cng nghip sn xut axt HNO3 , qu trnh hn in v qu
trnh phn hu nha celluloid.

- Phng trnh:
Cc tuyn giao thng ng xe c l ngun nhim quan trng nht ca NOx v k c nhiu loi
kh c hi k trn. Kim sot kh x ng c v khng c tr dc theo cc tuyn giao thng
chnh nhiu xe c gii l gii php tt nht trnh tc hi ca NOx; ng thi cng cn trnh
xa vng x khi ca nh my ho cht. C ba im ny rt kh thc hin trong hon cnh nc
ta hin nay.