]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

EF

EF

W
K

? ? EF ?
?
K

W
K

EF

K
W

KK


]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

EF

EF

KW

W
W

K
K

W
K

W
K
W
K
K0.01 M
K

K
K

W
K

--

EF

W
pH

[ ]
+

P = - log H
K
H

WKw

K W = [H + ][OH ] = 1 10

-14

(1)

log K W = log [H + ] + log [OH - ] = - 14

EJ F
log Kw = (-log [H + ] ) + (-log [OH - ] ) = 14
Wp- log

pKw = pH + p OH = 14.
pH

= pOH

= 7

pH= 14

pH= 7

pH= 1

0.1pH pH = 7.4

K
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

--

EF

EF
K E F

.combined electrode
W

pH = ?

EF

(Ecell)

E cell = K 2.303

RT
log [ H + ]
nF

Ecell = K + 2.303

RT
pH
nF

K59.1 mVT,F,R
K

KEFK

KKKKK
KpH = 4 or 9 and pH = 7KEF
W
:Electrode Storage J

K3M

K123M

: Maintenance of Refrence Elelctrode J

6(3M KCl)

K
--

EF

K
: Life-Time of the pH elelctrode J

KClassymslope adjust
K

K

J
K CO2

pH = 7 J
K

KpH = 4 or 7

K J

--

EF

W
W
K

KW

W
W
K J

K J

--

EF

W
(I)
(ohm)(R) (E)

I=

E
R

ohm-1(G)(I/R)
KSiemens, S

W(a)(L)W
R=

P.L
a

resistivityP
P=

R.a
L

WP
Kohm cmP

WK

K=

L
1
=
P Ra

KScm-1Sm-1K

3000700K
700 S cm-1
K3000

W
KTotal Dissolved SolidsT.D.S

EiF

EiiF

K EiiiF

--

EF

W
E
F

(0.01M)
R1KEF K

R3R2

W
KLR1ZR3/R2

R1
G
R2

R3

KWEF

R3, R2, R1

KK
W
K -
-
K

W
KW
KW

--

EF

W
W
T.D.S. K
T.D.S.

a. T.D.S. = x0.6

. K

--

EF

200

E
E
E
E
E

--

EF

W
K

K3 M

Kx0.6 Z
E
200 x0.6 = 120 mg/l
E
K

EKE
K

Kohm-1 E

KScm-1Sm-1 E

- -

E
E


]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

EF

EF

KW

W
W
K

K
W
K

W
K
K

K
K
K
K

K
K

K
W
K
- -

EF

E
F
W

: Indicator Electrodes EFE

KKKKKK
: Reference ElectrodesE

W()

HCl0.1

WE)

W
KEF .
K .
- -

EF

EF
W

K
K

KEFEFEF

E/V

10

20

30

40

50

10

20

30

50

EFEF
KEFEFW()

- -

40

EF

W
25250
K pH meter

W
W

E v-Lim. To 55 mlF

K E Dos

to 5 ml/minF

E Dos to 100 ml/minF

EF

EHFcombined electrode

KpH?Go?

pH

KpH

K250

K1.0pH

K0.5ml

W
K K
K K

KNaOH K

KL K
- -

EF

W
E0.07 MF25
KK20HCl

10

20

30

40

50

W
W

NaOH + HCl NaCl + H 2 O

1:1

1 NaOH

=
HCl
1
1 = VNaOH M NaOH
1
VHCl M HCl
1 = 25 M NaOH
1 20 0.07

20 0.07
25

NaOH =

0.06Z

- -

EF

E702 S TitrinoF

W
K0.1 M .
KEF2.0 .
K50 .

Kcombined pH glass electrode .

W
K

W
W
WKL
RSI = EPI x COI/COO;g/l
KL

.
.

W
LEFNH4Cl=RSI

KNaOH= EPI
E53.5F XE0.1FNaOH= COI

K= COO

- -

EF

(702 Titrino)
W
0.1 M KOH(0.5 M)(E.D.T.A) .
K50 .

E 2 MTrishydroximethylamino methane + 0.1 M F

W
KE 0.2 M CaClF EiF
KEF EiiF

W
K

W
W
WL .
Z K
Z K

Z K

- -

EF

W
RSI = EPI*COI* CO2LCOO;

RS2 = (EP2-EP1) * CO1*CO2/COO;

RS3=EP2*COl*CO2/COO;
COO = 50
CO1 = 0.05
CO2 = 1000

W
L

= RS1

= RS3

= RS2

= COO

(0.05M)

= CO1

= CO2

.
KEF

- -

EF

E Fe+2F
E702

SM TitrinoF

W
.0.02 M(

K 40H0.5 M10H

Fe2+ 2.0E

combined Pt electrode
W
K
W
W

WL Fe2+ E
RSI=EPI*COI*CO2/COO;g/1
COO = 2

COI = 0.13955
CO2 = 55.5

KFe2+ (
5Fe2+ + MnO-4 + 8 H+ 5Fe3+ + Mn2+ + 4H2O

W
W

( g/l ) LFe2+=RSI
= x x=COI
0.02 x 1.3955 x 5 = 0.13955
Fe2+ =COO
55.85=(Fe2+) =CO2

- -

EF

Na+F

KECl-FE

E F
Kion selective meter

E cell = E ind E ref + E j .......... .(1)

W
K=Ecell

KEF=Eind
KEF=Eref
K= Ej
KE Xn+F

W

E ind = L

0.0592
0.0592 X
log a x ..........(2)
P = L+
n
n

W
KEF=L
.= px
K= ax
WE2FE1F

- -

P X = - log a x = -

EF

E cell (E j + E ref + L )
........( 3 )
0.0592
n

P X = - log a x = -

E cell K
.......... ( 4 )
0.0592
n

EAn-F

E cell K
.........( 5) P
0 .0592
n

(5)(4)(5)(4)
K Ecell
W Ecell

E cell = K

0.0592 X
P .......... (6)
n

WE5F

intercept = K

Slope= Ecell

0.0592

PX

W Ecell

E cell = K +

0 . 0592 A
P .......... ( 7 )
n

- -

EF

WE6F

0.0592

Slope=
Ecell

intercept = K

PA

EiF

K

EiiF
K

E
Cu 101
Anti log10
=
100Cu + Cs

G
K

E FG

KEj

- -

EF

ECl-F

W
KAgCl
K

EF

Cl-ion selective meter

W

E = E

+ S log A

KEF

Eo

KEactive concentrationF

EF

Ionic Strength

Adjustor "ISA"
K

?ISA?K5M
K
W
K10 % KNO3 3M KCIW K

42.5 K5M NaNO3

ISA K

K100

W(10-1M) 0.1 M NaCI K

- -

EF

5.84
K10010-5M, 10-4M, 10-3M, 10-2M,

W
KElectrode Slope?W
100 150ECl-HF K
KmVISA2.0

(10-1M)0.1 M 1.0 K
K

(10-1M)0.1 M 10 K
K

57 2mV K

K
K20 25

EF

WW
ISA2.010-5M100 K
K
K K
W
W
W
KE 57 2mV F
W
(i)
- -

EF

ideal slope

2 . 303 RT
F

.8.314JK- mol-1==R
K273+= =T
K96510C ==F
= (ii)

W
W K
K K
WG
K K
.p.p.m K

- -

EF

ECl-F
K
W

K( matrix)

KEF
W
K 0.1 M K

KE5.0 M FISA K
K K

W
K{{E FW
W W

K2.0 100 K
K K

K1.0M1.0 K

W
W

K K

E K

E
Cu 101
=
Anti log10
100Cu + Cs

K E =
E 57 2mV F=
- -

EF

K= Cu
K= Cs

K ( p.p.m )E
K{{















- -

EF

( NO3- )
W
KEF
K

KE
F

FEF

WKE
E = E o S log (A )

K=E
KEF=Eo

KEF=A
K=S

W
1003M KCl K
K ISA 2.0H
26.4KE2.0 MF ISA

1006.2WEF

K100

KE1001.0F
K

(10-1M)0.1W

W
K10010-5M, 10-4M, 10-3M, 10-2M,
- -

EF

W
{{
W
W
W
K
W
K .
K .
W
K .

.
K

KEF

- -

Kp.p.mEF

EF

( F- )
W


(II)
EL
FK

K 0.1 ME
K 0.1 ME

Kcomplexing agents

Fe 3+ OH-

OHJ K

. pH= 5K

0.75MCH3COOH 0.25MNaCl1.0M

K1.0
CH3COOH NaCl
K
W
E=K

2 .303 RT
log aF
F

E=K

[ ]

2 .303 RT
log F
F

- -

EF

W
K1508 K

K K

K K

. ion selective meter K

K 1008 K

W
K K

KEF K
W
K W
WW

KE 110F1.0

.desicator

K1008

K10

EF0.42

10

10-5M, 10-4M, 10-3M, 10-2M

K

1508

KE10-1MF

WK

- -

EF

K K

W
W
W

K K
K K

K K
K

E
F
FJ

- -

EF

EF
K

J
J
J

K J
J

J
J

- -

EF

EF

K
W

E
K

K E

K E

K E

- -

EF

EF

WEF E
pH E pH E
V

W E
KEK

Kii

W E
KEKE

W E
KEE

K E

KEE

W E
KE

KE





- -

EF

EF

AgCl J
K

E cell = E ind - E ref + E j W J

E cell = K +

0.0592 X
P
n

0.0592 X
P
n
W J
EF

K
EF
K
E cell = K

E
Cu 101
=
Anti log10
100Cu + Cs

KW J

- -

EF

EF

J
K

J
K
J
K

- -

EF

EF

KpHE K
KE K

KE K
KE K
KE K

 KE K

- -


]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

EF

- -

EF

KW
W

W
K

KC
W

K
W

- -

EF

Em1v1= m2v2F

NaCl + H2O
HCl + NaOH
+
+
Na + Cl + H2O
H +Cl + Na + OH
+
H + OH H2O
+

NaOH H+ Cl-HCl

NaOH-H+
WEFCl-

H+

OH-

Na+
C

10

Cl-

20
30
40
50
NaOH

EF

Cl-Na+H+C
H+
C K

KNa+ OH-H2O

- -

EF

.C

K
K

- -

EF

E0.2MF

KEF

W
K400100 E
K

F E
KE

FK E
KE0.5
E
K

W
W
K E

K E

K E
HCl E

- -

EF

W
K

K
K

W
E0.1 MF E
K E

K E

K E

K250 E
K250 E

W
K250 E
K15 E

K30 E
K E

K250100 E
K E

E
K

K0.5 E

E
K10
- -

EF

W
W

K E

K E
K E
K E

E188ZF E

- -

EF

Electrogravimetry

EF

KWEF

- -

EF

W
W

Cu 2 + + 2e Cu

Eo = 0.337 V
+

Eo = 0.000 V H + e

1
H 2 O O 2 + 2 H + + 2e
2

1
H2
2

Eo = 1.229 V

EEoF
EF2.10VE 2 SO4 2- S2 O82- + 2e-)

E0.1MF0.05M 0.01 M:
Wo
, Cu = 0.337- 0.0592/2 log 1/10-2 = +0.278 V ECu2+

, H2 = 0.000 0.0592 log 1/10-1

= -0.059 V

EH+

, H2O = 1.229 0.0592/2 log 1/(10-1)2 = 1.170V EO2

W

Eo = 0.337 V

Cu 2 + + H 2 O Cu +

Cu 2 + + 2 e Cu o

1
O 2 + 2H
2

W
+

- -

EF

W
K E
K3M E

K E

K E
K E

K E

W
E
K
3MH2SO45.0 25025

1.0

K2.02
K

K
K45K

- -

EF

K
3 110
K

Kparts per millionEppmF

W
EEo = +0.34VF K
K

W K

2H + + NO3 + 2e NO2 + H 2O
NO-2

2 NO-2 + 2H+ + (NH2)2CO

K NO2 -

CO2 + 2 N2 + 3 H2O

KEEo = - 0.763F
W

K
25
16.5016.45

p.p.m

- -

EF

W
16.50= H
16.45=

0.05=

0.0525
1000

1000
2.0= x 0.05= 1000
25
L2.0=L

2000 p.p.m=1000x2=

p.p.m

1p.p.m = 1mg / Litre

- -

EF

W
(Eo = 0.34 V)

K(Eo=-0.763 V)
K

H+NO3-

K
W
K K

K K
KE2 MF K
K K

K K
K K

K K
K K

K K

W
WW
KEF101.0 K
K K

K5.0 K
K K
- -

EF

5.0 K
K

KE200F500 K
K
K

WW

K
K5

K1.025050 K
KK K

F2-3 A K
KE

6045 K
K

K
K

3E110F K
K

EF

WW

2M K
K

EF K
K4.0 Volt6060

K K
- -

EF

F K
KE

K K

W
W
F50050K K
KE

W K
50

500
1
100

500

------- --- Z

50




- -

EF

Voltammetry
W
E F
Kmicro electrode
K

KEF

auxilary electrode working electrode

Kreference electrode

KEF

limiting current

id = diffusion current

0E1/2EF

0
EF

KEF E?id? F
KEF E 1
2

- -

EF

W
K3.0MEF K

KE1000 p.p.mFL1.0 K
K K

W
E F K
Test pb in standard solution
KO.K K
K20 K
KE3MF0.5 K

EOKF100 K

EFE1000 p.p.mF100 K
EOKF

KEOKF K

EF
K
K

- -

EF

ECF

KE 3.0 M NH3H2.0 MF K
E1000 p.p.mFC K

K K

W
WEF K

10ZE
1.0E

0.25EFE

ECF50E
K K

W
EF
K

- -

EF

EF

K
J

J
J

K J

H2SO4

K20ZE0.1MFNaOH

KK100ZH2 SO4

- -

EF

EF

HCl J
KEF

EF

EF

EF

EF

H+EF

NO3-EF

NO2-EF

KEF

EF

W J

W J
NO2-EF

W J

W J

W J
EF

EF

W J
EF

EF

- -

EF

EF

NaOHHCl J
KEF

KHCl J

J
K

K J
K J

K J
K J

- -

EF

EF

W J

K
K

K J
K

K J
K J

K J

W J

H 2 SO 4 + 2 NaOH Na 2 SO 4 + 2H 2 O

W
no of mmoles of H 2 SO4 2
=
no of mmoles of NaOH
1
M H 2 SO4 VH 2 SO4 2
=
M NaOH V NaOH
1

M
2
H SO 100

2
4
=
0.1 20
1
2(0.1 20)
M H 2 SO4 =
= 0.04M
100

- -

EF

EF

K J
K J
H+ J
NO2- J
K J

K J

K J

- -

EF

EF
KNa+KOH- H2O H+ J
KCl2 J

KEF J
K J
K H+NO3-

J
K

K J

- -

EF

W
KK

K E702 S TitrinoF

(702 Titrino)
E Fe+2F

KE702 SM TitrinoF
ECl-F

ECl-F

( NO3- )

EF

( F- )

EF

EF

EF

EF

EF

EF

Voltammetry

EF

ECF

EF

EF

EF

EF

EF

EF

EF

GOTEVOT appreciates the financial support provided by BAE SYSTEMS