BQMN MTK 2014 C3BomCanhDan PDF

Bi ging MTK-Chng 3.
Bm cnh dn
2014
MC LC
3.
BM CNH DN .............................................................................................. 2
3.1. Cu to phn loi ........................................................................................ 2
3.1.1.
Khi nim phn loi ......................................................................... 2
3.1.2.
Bm ly tm .......................................................................................... 3
3.1.3.
Bm hng trc ................................................................................... 6
3.1.4.
Bm hn hp: ...................................................................................... 7
3.1.5.
Phm vi s dng .................................................................................. 8
3.2. L thuyt c bn ............................................................................................ 8

3.2.1.
Phng trnh c bn ca bm ly tm: ................................................. 8
3.2.2.
nh hng ca kt cu cnh dn n ct p ca bm ly tm ........... 10
3.2.3.
Lu lng bm ly tm:...................................................................... 11
3.2.4.
Phng trnh c bn ca bm hng trc ......................................... 12
3.2.5.
Lu lng bm hng trc ............................................................... 13
3.3. Chn bm .................................................................................................... 13

3.3.1.
ng c tnh bm .......................................................................... 13
3.3.2.
Chn bm .......................................................................................... 16
3.4. Lut tng t: .............................................................................................. 17

3.5. Cc im cn ch trong s dng bm cnh dn ....................................... 18
3.6. Cc ku cu bm: ........................................................................................ 19
3.7. Bi tp: ......................................................................................................... 20
Nguyn Hi ng BM My STH&CB Khoa CKCN

Web: www2.hcmuaf.edu.vn/?ur=dangnh
FB: www.facebook.com/NguyenhaidangKCK
Page 1
Bi ging MTK-Chng 3. Bm cnh dn
3.
2014
BM CNH DN
3.1. Cu to phn loi

3.1.1.
Khi nim phn loi
Mt h thng bm bao gm ba phn chnh: Supply side Pump Delivery side.

Bm trong h thng c th c lp t theo cc s nh hnh 3.1.
Hnh 3.1. Bm trong h thng

Bm cnh dn l loi bm c dng ph bin nht trong thc t sn xut v i
sng, ng thi n c nghin cu k v c cng ngh ch to hon chnh nht
trong tt c cc loi my bm. Bm cnh dn lun c gn cc cnh vo bnh cng
tc, do n c gi l bm cnh dn. Mt khc, n to nn dng chy lin tc
Page 2
2014
cho cht lng nn cn gi l bm lin tc. Bm cnh dn c chia thnh ba loi:

Bm ly tm (Centrifugal pump); Bm hng trc (Axial pump) v hn hp (cho
trc) (Mixed flow pump), theo chiu chuyn ng ca cht lng trong lng bm.
Hnh 3.2. H thng bm

3.1.2.
Bm ly tm
Bm ly tm c kt cu theo s hnh 3.2.

Trc khi bm chy cn mi nc qua ng 10, v vy nu bm t cao hn mc
cht lng th phi c b phn tip nhn, gm xupap tip nhn v li tip nhn. Trc
Page 3
2014
quay lm quay gung c cc cnh gy ra lc ly tm lm chuyn ng cht lng v

pha ui gung v tp trung li theo rnh xon c xung quanh v. Tit din ca
rnh xon c thay i nhng vn tc cht lng khng i, v cht lng lun b sung
vo rnh. Nh vy, ming ht ca gung ng l chn khng, nn di tc dng ca
p sut ti b ht, cht lng s i vo bm. mt s bm ngi ta cn lm thm
thit b dn hng cht lng vo rnh xon nh nhng hn, gim va p v tng
thm p sut cho bm. B phn dn hng c cu to ging nh gung ng nhng
cc cnh t theo hng ngc li.
1. V bm
2. ng y
3. Gung ng
4. Trc
5. ng ht
6. Li tip nhn
7. Cnh dn
8. Ming ht
9. Ming y
10. ng mi
11. Xupap tip nhn
Hnh 3.3. S kt cu bm ly tm
Bm ly tm c phn loi theo nhiu cch:
+ Theo ct p ca my bm:
-
Ct p thp:
H < 20 mH O.
Ct p trung bnh:
H = (20 60) mH O.
Ct p cao:
H > 60 mH O.

Page 4
2014
+ Theo s bnh cng tc lp trong bm:

-
Bm 1 cp (1 bnh cng tc).
Bm nhiu cp: gm nhiu bnh cng tc lp ni tip nhau to ra ct p ln

hn.
+ Theo cch dn cht lng vo bnh cng tc:

-
Bm 1 ming ht
Bm 2 ming ht
+ Theo cch truyn chuyn ng c:

-
Bm trc tip
Bm c c cu truyn chuyn ng.
+ Theo v tr trc c: thng ng, nm ngang

+ Theo h s cao tc ns (vng/pht) c: vn tc chm ns = 40 80; vn tc va ns =
80 150; ln ns = 150 300; cho: ns = 300 600 vng/pht v hng trc: ns =
500 1200.
Hnh 3.4. Phn loi bm theo h s cao tc

-
Dng p ng cc yu cu khc nhau bm ly tm c nhiu dng cnh,

bnh cng tc:

Page 5
2014
Hnh 3.5. Cc dng bnh cng tc ca bm

3.1.3.
Bm hng trc
S kt cu bm hng trc nh hnh 3.6.

Kt cu bm hng trc n gin v chc chn. N gm cc phn ng v phn
tnh. Phn ng gm bnh cng tc gn lin vi trc. Bnh cng tc hnh khi tr c
gn cc cnh dn mt cong phn b u xung quanh. Thng s cnh dn ca bnh
cng tc t 3 6 cnh. Phn tnh l v bm c dng hnh trc rng, pha trong c
cc cnh dn hng v b phn trc. Pha trn b phn dn hng thn bm un
cong tin b tr cc b phn dn ng trc bm.

Page 6
2014
1. Ming ht; 2. Thn bm; 3. Bnh cng tc; 4.

Mc cht lng; 5.Trc
Hnh 3.7. Bnh cng tc bm
Hnh 3.6. Nguyn l cu to bm hng trc
hng trc
Trc ca bm c ni trc tip vi ng c. Khi bm lm vic, bnh cng tc quay

trong mi trng cht lng v do cc cnh dn mt cong dng cng xn (cong
theo khng gian ba chiu) nn cht lng c ht vo bm v di chuyn theo
phng song song vi trc vi lu lng ln.
3.1.4.
Bm hn hp:
Kt hp u im ca bm ly tm v bm hng trc. Lu cht i vo nh bm

hng trc, c roto ly tm ra v v theo cc v thot ra ngoi.

Page 7
2014
Hnh 3.8. Bm hn hp
3.1.5.
Phm vi s dng
Bm ly tm s dng rng ri trong cng nghip v i sng hng ngy v c
u im: chy m, lu lng iu ha, vn tc quay ln, ni trc tip vi

ng c in, loi b c cu bin tay quay, xupap, bu kh, nn mng nh
khng chim nhiu din tch; c th iu chnh rng ri, r tin, vn hnh n
gin, cu to khng phc tp, c th bm cht lng c, hiu sut cao,
Nhng n vn cn cc nhc im nh: phi c b phn mi nc, khng
nn to ra p sut qu 7 at, hiu sut ca bm c cng sut nh khng ln
lm, nng sut ph thuc vo chiu cao H,
Bm hng trc dng khi cn lu lng ln m p sut li thp. Loi ny rt
gn chc nhng chiu cao ht ch ti 2 m v rt nhy cm vi hin tng xm

thc do lu lng ln. Thng thng ngi ta t gung bm hng trc
di mc cht lng c vn chuyn.
3.2. L thuyt c bn
3.2.1.
H l
Phng trnh c bn ca bm ly tm:
H 2 cu 2 H1cu1
(1)
g

Page 8
2014
Trong cc bm ly tm hin i, a s cc bnh cng tc c cc kt cu li vo hoc

b phn dn hng vo sao cho dng cht lng ca li vo ca mng dn chuyn
ur
ur
ng theo hng knh, ngha l: c1 u1 ; Phng trnh trn tr thnh:

H l
H 2 c2u
(2)
g
Ct p thc t: Cc phng trnh c bn ca bn ly tm (1) c lp nn t
cc iu kin gi tuyt:
o Cnh dn nhiu v cng v mng v cng. Vi gi thuyt th nht, ta
c vn tc phn b u trn cc mt ct ca dng chy qua cc mng dn.
o Cht lng l tng (khng nht).Vi gi thuyt th hai, ta b qua vn
tc ca dng chy trong cc mng du
V th nn ct p ca bm tnh theo phng trnh c bn (1) hoc (2) gi l ct p l
thuyt ng vi s cnh dn nhiu v cng. V th nn ct p ca bm tnh theo
phng trnh c bn (1) hoc (2) gi l ct p l thuyt ng vi s cnh dn nhiu
v cng.
Trong thc t cnh dn c chiu dy nht nh (2 20 mm)v s cnh dn c hn (6
12) gy nn s phn b vn tc khng u trn cc mt ct ca dng chy to nn
cc dng chuyn ng xoy, dng qun trong cc mng dn. Mt khc cht lng lm
vic thc t c nht nht nh, gy nn tn tht trong dng chy. Ct p thc t
c tnh theo cng thc:
H z . H .H l
Trong tnh ton gn ng c th s dng cng thc:

H .
u22
2g
- Ta nhn thy ct p ca bm ly tm ph thuc vo:

+ ng knh ngoi ca bnh cng tc (D2).
+ S vng quay ca trc bm (n).
Page 9
2014
+ Thnh phn vn tc c2u trong tam gic vn tc li ra ca bnh cng tc.Vi lu

lng v s vng quay nht nh ca bnh cng tc th c2 ch yu ph thuc vo gc
ra ca cnh dn 2.
-Trong thc t k thut, kh nng cc i lng ny c hn.S vng quay ca
bnh cng tc b hn ch bi kh nng chng xm thc ca bm. ng knh ngoi
ca bnh cng tc v tr s thnh phn vn tc cng khng c qu ngn.
- Qua phng trnh c bn ca bm ly tm, ta cn nhn thy mun c ct p c li
nht th bnh cng tc phi c s cnh dn ph hp v gc kt cu cnh dn hp
l.
3.2.2.
nh hng ca kt cu cnh dn n ct p ca bm ly tm
Hnh 3.9. Cc cch b tr cnh dn

+ 2 < 90o cnh dn cong v pha sau, thng bm cht lng nh nc, du.
+ 2 = 0 cnh dn hng knh
+ 2 > 90o cnh dn cong v pha trc, thng gp qut v my nn dng cho
cht kh.
-
nh hng ca gc 1:
L gc b tr ca cnh dn v cng l gc biu th phng ca vn tc tng
i li vao ca bnh cng tc. Trng hp c li nht v ct p ca bm khi tam

gic vn tc li vo l tam gic vung, khi gc 1 ch ph thuc vo u1 va c1.
Page 10
2014
Gc 1 khng nh hng trc tip n ct p ca bm. Nhng nu tr s khng

thch hp th s gy va p dng chy vi cnh dn li vo bnh cng tc, nh
hng xu n hiu sut, ct p ca bm.
-
nh hng ca gc 2:
L gc b tr cnh dn v cng l gc hin th phng trnh ca vn tc li ra
ca bnh cng tc. L thuyt v thc nghim chng t rng tr s ca gc 2 c nh

hng trc tip ti phng v tr s cc thnh phn vn tc ca dng cht lng trong
cc mng dn. Do nh hng quyt nh ti ct p ton phn v ct p thnh
phn ca bm.
Gc 2 c bit c ngha quan trng.Cn chn gc hp l bm c th lm vic
vi hiu sut cao v p ng c cc yu cu c th.
3.2.3.
Lu lng bm ly tm:
Cng thc tnh: Q1 cm Db

Lu lng qua bnh cng tc xem nh lu lng l thuyt (Q1) ca bm. Lu lng
thc t (Q) qua ng y nh hn Q1 (Q < Q1), v khng phi tt c cht lng sau khi
ra khi bnh cng tc u i vo ng y m c mt phn nh Q tr v li vo
bnh cng tc hoc r r ra ngoi qua cc khe h ca cc b phn lt kn A v B.
Vy: Q1 Q Q
nh gi tn tht lu lng ca bm, ngi ta dng hiu sut lu lng:
Q
Q
Q
Q1 Q Q
nQ <1 ph thuc vo kt cu v cht lng lm vic ca cc b phn lt kn.Thng

thng i vi bm ly tm nQ = 0,95 0,98. Bm c lu lng cng ln th nQ cng
cao.

Page 11
3.2.4.
H l
2014
Phng trnh c bn ca bm hng trc
w w 2 c22 c12
uc2u
hay H lt 1
2g
2g
g
Ct p ca bm hng trc to nn do s chnh lch v tr s ca cc thnh phn

vn tc tng i v tuyt i li ra v li vo ca bnh cng tc.
- Ct p ca bm hng trc khng c thnh phn do lc ly tm tham d nn
c nhng c im sau:
-
Ct p ca bm hng trc khng th ln ln ct p ca bm hng tm
Ct p tnh ca bm hng trc ch o m rng cc mng dn ca bnh cng

tc nn ( w1>w2 ).
H lt
w12 w 22
2g
Dng cht lng qua bnh cng tc bm hng trc c cn bng th cnh
dn phi c kt cu sao cho ct p ca mi dng nguyn t dng cht lng
c to nn bi cnh dn mi v tr phi nh nhau, ngha l:
H l
uc2u
const
g
Vy H l
ncm
30 g
R(cot 1 cot 2 )
- Bnh cng tc bm hng trc ch to c ct p khi cc gc ra ln hn cc gc

vo tc l mt cnh dn khng th l mt phng m l mt cong.Tr s cc gc cng
khc nhau nhiu th cng ca mt cnh dn cng ln. Nu hai bm hng trc c
ct p nh nhau, bm no c s vng quay lm vic ln hn, th bnh cng tc bm
c cong t hn. iu kin m bo khi:
R(cot 1 cot 2 ) const

Page 12
2014
Lu lng bm hng trc
3.2.5.
Xc nh theo cng thc: Q cm F

F l din tch mt ct li ra, xc nh theo cng thc: F
Vy: Q
(D2 d 2 )
( D 2 d 2 )cm
3.3. Chn bm
3.3.1.
ng c tnh bm
Cc quan h: H = f (Q); N = f (Q); h = f (Q) biu th c tnh lm vic ca

1
bm:
Biu din di dng phng trnh gi l phng trnh c tnh; biu din di dng
th l ng c tnh.
Cc ng c tnh xy dng t tnh ton gi l ng c tnh tnh ton.
Nu xy dng t thc o gi l ng c tnh thc nghim.
ng c tnh H = f (Q) l ng c tnh quan trng nht gi l ng c
1
tnh c bn.
n = const:
gi l ng c tnh lm vic.
n const:
gi l ng c tnh tng hp.
Cng dng ca ng c tnh: bit c 1 cch tng qut cc c tnh lm

vic ca bm, cho php ta m rng phm vi lm vic v s dng hp l cc
ch lm vic khc nhau ca bm.

Page 13
2014
Hnh 3.10. Pump Curve
Hnh 3.11. System curve

Page 14
2014
Hnh 3.12. ng c tnh thc nghim ca bm ly tm
Hnh 3.13. ng c tnh thc nghim ca bm hng trc.

Page 15
3.3.2.
2014
Chn bm
Da vo tnh cht ca cht lng: lu nht, tp cht
Da vo h s quay nhanh ns
Trong Q = m3/s, n = rpm, H = mH20
V mt s yu cu khc:
Nh gn, t n, chi ph u t v vn hnh, bo dng
C cng dng ring: nh lng, o m..
Da vo ng c tnh ca bm v c tnh h thng.
Trnh chn bm qu ln.
Bm cnh dn ch yu dng cho bm nc, mt s hn hp c nht thp
Chn bm th tch hay bm cnh dn?
Chn bm ly tm, hng trc hay hn hp?

Page 16
2014
3,65
Ns < 500:
th tch
Ns = 500 4000:
ly tm
Ns = 2000 8000:
mixed flow
Ns = 7000 20 000:
hng trc
1
2
3
4
1- Cnh ly tm vi Ns = 40-80,
2- Cnh ly tm vi Ns= 80-150,
3- Cnh dng Fracis vi Ns =150-300,
4- Cnh dng hn hp vi Ns= 300-600,
5- Cnh dng hng trc vi Ns= 600-1200
3.4. Cc quy lut ng dng:

-
ng dng lu lng:
QM nM
QN nN
D
* M
DN
ng dng ct p:

Page 17

H M nM
H N nN
DM
*
DN
2014
ng dng cng sut:

3
N M nM DM
*
N N nN DN
3.5. Cc im cn ch trong s dng bm cnh dn

Chn bm ng yu cu k thut, da vo ng c tnh ca h thng v
ca bm, ch ng c tnh c bn (H Q)
Cc thit b v ng h o p sut, o chn khng, o in nn c y .
Trc khi bm lm vic, phi mi bm.
-
To chn khng trong bm v ng ht bng bm chn khng hoc bm phun

tia.
Cho cht lng trn b mt cha chy v bm v ng ht qua ng y hoc

mt ng ng ph.
Dng ng cao su dn nc my vo mi bm.
Trc khi khi ng bm cn kim tra du m trong bm v ng c,cc

mi ghp bulng,
Khi khi ng bm, cho ng c quay n nh ri m t t kha ng y.
Trong khi bm lm vic, cn theo di ng h o, ch nghe ting my
kp thi pht hin nhng biu hin bt thng v x l kp thi.
Khi chun b tt my,lm th t ng tc ngc vi khi cho my chy: ng
van ng y trc,tt my sau.
Khi bm lm vic cht lng khng ln hoc ln t, cn dng my v kim tra
li:
-
Cc van hoc kha ng y v ng ht.

Page 18
Li chn c rc b lp kn hoc ming ng ht khng ng su
Bnh cng tc qua ngc (bm in hay u dy ngc pha).
2014
3.6. Cc ku cu bm:
Hnh 3.14. Bm ly tm mt cp

Page 19
2014
Hnh 3.15. Bm ly tm hai ming ht
Hnh 3.16. Bm ly tm nhiu cp.
3.7. Bi tp:
BT01: c TL1. L.X. Ha N.T.B. Ngc. Chng 3. Bm cnh dn trang 30 91.
t 03 cu hi, km tr li gi .
BT02: Lm cc bi tp sau
BT02.1. Mt bm ly tm c ng knh ngoi D2 = 300 mm, n = 1450 v/ph,
lu lng Q = 1266 m3/h v ct p H = 31 m.
tng lu lng v ct p, tng ng knh ngoi D2 = 1,5D2 v tng s vng
quay n = 1,5 n.
1. Tnh cc thng s lu lng Q, ct p H v cng sut trn trc N, bit
hiu sut ca bm = 83%.
2. Khng thay i ng knh ngoi, ta thay i s vng quay n sao cho cng
sut ca my ch bng cng sut ban u.
BT02.2. Bm hng trc c lu lng Q =1300 m3, n = 580 v/ph.
Page 20
2014
1. Xc nh ng knh ngoi, ng knh bu ca bm, bit vn tc thnh

phn cm = 3,28 m/s; t s db/D = 0,5.
2. Xc nh ct nc thc v cng sut ca bm, bit gc 1 = 90o; 2 =
23o40 ca dng nguyn t trung bnh Dtb = (D + db)/2 ; = 84% ; CK = 97,6%.
BT03. Tm trn Internet vi cc t kha, mi t 2 ti liu: Vit li theo dng ti liu
tham kho.
Piston pump
Gear pump
Vane pump
Screw pump
3.8. Tiu lun

Sinh vin thc hin cc ni dung sau theo nhm, v s bo co theo k hoch ln.
Khi nim phn loi, phm vi s dng cc loi bm.
Cu to nguyn l hot ng cc loi bm (Cu to: khuyn khch v li cc
hnh).
Cc thng s hnh hc, c tnh ca bm.
BEP, POP?
Cch tnh v chn bm trong h thng.
Cc phng php lp t vn hnh, iu chnh bm, phng php iu chnh
Q.
Cc phng php kho nghim bm.

Page 21

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Bi ging MTK-Chng 3.

Khi nim phn loi ......................................................................... 2

Bm hng trc ................................................................................... 6

Phm vi s dng .................................................................................. 8

3.2. L thuyt c bn ............................................................................................ 8

Phng trnh c bn ca bm ly tm: ................................................. 8

nh hng ca kt cu cnh dn n ct p ca bm ly tm ........... 10

Phng trnh c bn ca bm hng trc ......................................... 12

Lu lng bm hng trc ............................................................... 13

3.3. Chn bm .................................................................................................... 13

3.4. Lut tng t: .............................................................................................. 17

Nguyn Hi ng BM My STH&CB Khoa CKCN

Bi ging MTK-Chng 3. Bm cnh dn

3.1. Cu to phn loi

Khi nim phn loi

Mt h thng bm bao gm ba phn chnh: Supply side Pump Delivery side.

Hnh 3.1. Bm trong h thng

Bi ging MTK-Chng 3. Bm cnh dn

cho cht lng nn cn gi l bm lin tc. Bm cnh dn c chia thnh ba loi:

Hnh 3.2. H thng bm

Bm ly tm c kt cu theo s hnh 3.2.

Bi ging MTK-Chng 3. Bm cnh dn

quay lm quay gung c cc cnh gy ra lc ly tm lm chuyn ng cht lng v

Nguyn Hi ng BM My STH&CB Khoa CKCN

Bi ging MTK-Chng 3. Bm cnh dn

+ Theo s bnh cng tc lp trong bm:

Bm 1 cp (1 bnh cng tc).

Bm nhiu cp: gm nhiu bnh cng tc lp ni tip nhau to ra ct p ln

+ Theo cch dn cht lng vo bnh cng tc:

+ Theo cch truyn chuyn ng c:

Bm c c cu truyn chuyn ng.

+ Theo v tr trc c: thng ng, nm ngang

Hnh 3.4. Phn loi bm theo h s cao tc

Dng p ng cc yu cu khc nhau bm ly tm c nhiu dng cnh,

Nguyn Hi ng BM My STH&CB Khoa CKCN

Bi ging MTK-Chng 3. Bm cnh dn

Hnh 3.5. Cc dng bnh cng tc ca bm

S kt cu bm hng trc nh hnh 3.6.

Nguyn Hi ng BM My STH&CB Khoa CKCN

Bi ging MTK-Chng 3. Bm cnh dn

1. Ming ht; 2. Thn bm; 3. Bnh cng tc; 4.

Hnh 3.7. Bnh cng tc bm

Hnh 3.6. Nguyn l cu to bm hng trc

Trc ca bm c ni trc tip vi ng c. Khi bm lm vic, bnh cng tc quay

Kt hp u im ca bm ly tm v bm hng trc. Lu cht i vo nh bm

Nguyn Hi ng BM My STH&CB Khoa CKCN

Bi ging MTK-Chng 3. Bm cnh dn

Bm ly tm s dng rng ri trong cng nghip v i sng hng ngy v c

u im: chy m, lu lng iu ha, vn tc quay ln, ni trc tip vi

gn chc nhng chiu cao ht ch ti 2 m v rt nhy cm vi hin tng xm

Phng trnh c bn ca bm ly tm:

Nguyn Hi ng BM My STH&CB Khoa CKCN

Bi ging MTK-Chng 3. Bm cnh dn

Trong cc bm ly tm hin i, a s cc bnh cng tc c cc kt cu li vo hoc

ng theo hng knh, ngha l: c1 u1 ; Phng trnh trn tr thnh:

Ct p thc t: Cc phng trnh c bn ca bn ly tm (1) c lp nn t

Trong tnh ton gn ng c th s dng cng thc:

- Ta nhn thy ct p ca bm ly tm ph thuc vo:

Bi ging MTK-Chng 3. Bm cnh dn

+ Thnh phn vn tc c2u trong tam gic vn tc li ra ca bnh cng tc.Vi lu

Hnh 3.9. Cc cch b tr cnh dn

i li vao ca bnh cng tc. Trng hp c li nht v ct p ca bm khi tam

Bi ging MTK-Chng 3. Bm cnh dn