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  • ميكانيكا التربة أ.د السيد عبد الفتاح القصبي

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    Mohammed Alkelany
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    كتاب ميكانيكا التربة

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    كتاب ميكانيكا التربة

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    3 views420 pages

    ميكانيكا التربة أ.د السيد عبد الفتاح القصبي

    Uploaded by

    Mohammed Alkelany
    كتاب ميكانيكا التربة

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
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Upse ZaGLl cosy Yale | aoe / oil esxSteles (1) ploeeedinane tins gh deny ile tee (os) es28 celles (1) Bibel cleteall o—\ JSS 2 yy Lil le ayy SLRs els gi tw coil! plall ya Soil of Mechanics &3ll (utlSee omealiy LAI RIS Ta ells + gl aye Kewate dtly Solum (pa dad LA.aY 14K gl) Grew pe 5 Soil Uythl SG hall Sls ye TSU Lata fg Lyall Lele coe gilill ype! clad a Lgl AS, Roangy Updo cldlainy Mae ya gar Lay pbslly cbilgually BSI Spt Guo BEAL! 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WS 5 ab Fine grained Soils Coarse grained Soil Slyall bas slyall Ban ys poe Oe Get hi old ay paces T Gay SH jet oll pay Balad 3 Lal pay Sieg Lal pauty Cohesive Soil Cohesionless Soil gle — cabal ta Lag = Jal) pcb: Sta INV wee : Particle Arrangement 4,5U pos! cLadl 2 Tubal) Up pasa! ell (1) hy GY BYE phe cog f SU Gad GS Gp old pee all Lull oligaall plead le Bape Gable gS olla sly jbl aLall ga ols! sels olinell og hall ceed BO sy siy Gla Gall cals 13] Lage 586 OG ab Asal gh Gl Wha el shay + (Gebel! Stall) epee clare igs Deghesl Leet Honeycombed jegli ol] Loose Witla ols gl) Dense GAS obs ga Lal + (1+) SS gd LS b. Dene « Honaycambed Ermces fier pervs Ea ia SAY ee} + Lect! YyBll pusall Lill (ys) bagel oe sl ly Sle Coys [tts Lael Teil piace alll cagSe Bees Cad Le Ul dagen apttay chtid Uyityy yall! oluall aoa [bs HF OM Bas Oliell Gobel Rabel 5) cus. USS 4S obit! 2 gl] all peg ol lD pg gle tins baal oe Ge aS All May Dispersed or Oriented 554 oly old Geek G5 — (pclae i she lI Sat Golenl le lint! 4Ltd clad gy all © VVN JS2) tall ol peal fh ade ole tap paLa tll ge petty Le gay Floceulent ilptbe oly old Lacks Lyi — hae gf soll Guus sie eS toy Yodel le lid EY clus = lp) Ws gust Ge lat NMG ae eee 2 Dispersed b. Moderotily flocculent’ —_«. Highly floceulant lt water} @: ole Let Al gaye! «Gl (T¥1) Jet THe. | £2P | tb) 1D ee Sa 2 65 == (= See (cy (a) =e Clay structures: (a) dispersed, (6) flocculated, (q) bookhouse, (d) turbo- stratic, () example of a natural clay. eel 8 anal ill (4s VY) JS gua ll puis pigtail 13 Gy non-salt flocculation ally ab pil phe + ~ Salt flacculent elle .ilpsic « cis Leal oy 87 Gay Teckel! Ul gall oll ps AV clu Lay + (VN) Jt weed ple I sins UIs oly ygSy Lea Lael BHAI! Ls LEAS hy ekSl a VER. — + Clay mineralogy gyal! ime eS ill Zeeks YI Tel hell Soe Cush cre pst le tall Shall iS all (SLi! tsa Alumine octahalron pLuY! G3Lai! GaesMly Silica tetrahedron GLU Kaas Ce5ay + GpShuw 83 yo aS yiohs ai ge cSt Gell = (AN) SS. hydroxyl Sascha sug cpa cil cue Ugly pastatl 353.» cu @ Silicon © Aiuminium O Onygen O Hydroxy! Sites tetrahedron Alumina octahedron fa) Silica sheet ‘Alumina sheet (bt celal phan 8 all (AS) JS Ney Gabe Geel ll lal) Gua Ripe Lan yh Oe OS fxg : Kaolinite eytutylsll ( 1) RAL Gan lWl fe Bide Laat pe Geel SLI Goggle Bape Tas ot Ge Sp aay: Mite eal! (2) + pasealigll Sal ola al oGia dys aonssy Saclay! [Sbeall Ge cpio coliials oSly cul aS yi wid dy: Montmorillonite euish syeatigll ( 2) oe Va es a a SOL GT ageattll gi anol of pala oe cells puss Lull! LaglYl Lae iad LE ce dal Ny UG fiat Rt Al sik os 2 Lally Le » Swell Qaiths coats ygatiyl Jaady wollalell ou pulls LiLol ol asus + ual tsa Sl ISAT (4-1) JS ony — == ieee im ek- Ee H bond ay Hed = * 2 ee (a) (tb) fe) Clay minerals: (a) kaolinite, (b) illite, (c) montmorillonite, ell pall Sa JIA (AN) By Sita os oh Rl jg yl Terms and symbols Relating to soil Mechanics PSB gh coil lly UI) Sait ple gd pt ay gu ILI Rta Tne paSple gh Halll LusLM! Lonsiany Uyall (SSL pall! peel oul tl! Sell ell ollaanay ll 505 Lay Spall Lets (1-1) pte Ga LAlLally «AY ST silly Billy Balas pel abe Slings =; Wie gtd ileal! altri jas Definations and Relatioships Three phase system poll leu! lide dill Gligae 5 ROM) RED oS coo cath ST (pm sy Usa Nigh Gills hall Lestat «Abide yh dyade gab gh upte) Gloall olyall (1) = (Ags st tA) il paall (.) SN sl ela! (>) -olill Mr Gyall gb ol WN US Old ol Lal Tag Gyo Vs iy W go alec anal Guay Ul) cya aS 5 Sy lpedny LEAS sll cligSes Liokay ll ies GT ple ella! ail allay Zaelell Lgille gi Lendl, Lec apaills (NEN) ISS Gh Cie ok LAS Unde sills yk eagte SLySE GS Of ye wctlene Sot) pls 580 tus Two phitse system (Stl JLot! ali ga 5 Ai pls diay Gel pas) SLE all Jang ols Ine Lid Gulls ph Tenet yl oye TR (laselaelly ilgeall pads VG yal Hl pally oe oo Vs tall olal! poe - pare Vw oll pa = (soil) Water surrounding Avi cegutor » Wa elagll ape = ected ene slytll ppa ct olill aoay [sifnice met ing sma Sates eo ae 1 age cold all po (pay ; f We = Va + Vw Uplate (VV) CS Sexy = " ae 5 doe CaSiad W Lgl ISI cll La 2 weight of water Woy alll fviy— . Weight of soil solids Ws Glaall cLusall gy — « (NSNYIS iy Lak dead ll ay dats cue Weight Volume Weight Volume pally coisll alist (7-4) SS i Basie defrnitins cuwbul aisles D peal Uy past gif oGe w Weight - Volume Rel, Mass - Volume Rel. (TY) JSUT Gk past ple Tae pally ABS, poly gill Ob oll =i J Weight of oT Voturne of i. | aire, sol % Volume of T Ei voids = V, {Weight ol water= Wy) © = Water Votume of | ass, Nt Mass a! water = My | water = V,, ae PN as eee Weight of solids = W, ee 1 Volume of Mass of solids f i esate | vellds Vy, peallstisit(reny ss Total mi a z 3 3 2 » al LS ait Sty ally Leal oluall als] gpa o8 SI G5sll = W=W,s+ Wy oll aly Solids Uhall elusall sao gyaps gt Tolal Volume HII pall — elyell ppas elt] pom pect clEIally. Voids V=¥,t Vw + Va : Unit Weight y gliy¥l dang « Tilly Yc yarsy pl anal ll lS) Gill Lee pa se We ney 2 GST ab GIVI Bia clingy pef , kNjm? , gm/em3 , ym} 2 LOY) ola] pgdol ele Cy ad GNI Say « Wer unit weight Yer UL Gig s¥l day . Saturated unit weight You, Zand) gigV) Sey -— +: = Ws _ + Ww sat = v ase Gl ely (ples) Tepe Gall CLAUS GyS Lous Ulli ode Gasiy Ry Cel yl) Jats oF oll (gf byiatny. lpn py nae + Of/jyp) Submerged unit weight dygaatl gb yY) doay a st Ey Gall ile pi IS SUG WLU Gla UL pate Gall Gy Leas «+ (gilall Sel8) Quast) Sse) Ryall gay) adds WLM ola yy. alll Lialh ell hy tin Leaglee ol aed sal ooy agli Breall Ball sy ol ul + (Gog | Beli) CG pele ill uty G, yagill aol! Yay lam yi doy Yeu = EE = Ms Yu (Gs -1) Viotal Vs (1 +e) yu = oy, le 2 OY) Qa Tod ol EY Yon cased Saws Yeup soll = if Yout Soil Bas You GLewad Lal. LapLal} oda Gusbs gua aL) Und JLaa! a allay 459) clipe psa Youb Soll = Yaa, soil ~ Yw Youd SOU = Your. sou - 62.4 (in pel), Yaub = Year - 1 gem or em Yub = Ysa - 9.81 kN/m3 = We gaily pda Ube (£1) USS 2 Bagh paul BS yall! Day gett ULL gl Youn » Yr coe Gull Gyaly he adll Gash Ge Leip LI Gy cd Lyall LEI § SL ala ST em + mana s1 Saelll pod5y Byjaie Gall Fat Gisk Ge GAEL Ms ot GU Liga oll Gauite iyi Gall LI Decl AM ph ellS Samay (Aus Mla) LplEL 4 IS HLS GT dl! Gpatll Lolad Leany, Goel Loli yd Lady all ty Ly Spdde GLE sill ppp tom Us MLN adn 3 Gall yySGH OLE a JS gly Hy LBL Ga ope lal Sa wha GBS gS Ry LES GA ole el das ¥ Lekaees (Yr 8 pdt) «(Vary pussies) Tle Whall peally ojpll cilbLe Gi Teadtaull Yoy oLall Sill Bony 51 Late aes 2S aul te gall Sau w=624 pet yo =981 K Nim Yw = 1 gm/em3 Wwe! ym? SSN Water Content w gilall pgtinall w (4) =" X 100 DI lam Sha uel! OLN Gay cre Genlll 5 ‘ Void ratio e clélpall auui * e=u Yuba basal paay ole ill pam ps eal i Porosity n dialuall * qe + pS ppally cilé yall pom Our tenalll a v gly LS led pall Lesadly Ceol by, Sey V=Ve + Vy peeve. See ee ran VitVy v,lv,4 vy, +e Ten : Degree of saturation S guiil! dojo 5 (%0) = Ye x 100 ae All pane gl VN rae Gee aT ew : Air content Ac ulgall yigciagll * o2¥j * + aay + CASTE papal isl! + Eel! pene cate Geel ga : Specific Volume v segill wool # Adel obauoll Jy pel Bony le ceglins coll Lill ASI) penal pa Yei+e : Specific gravity of solids Hyd! GlualGs pegill gjgll ¥ «ela gull Bagg lf Teall Ll elasad yl Bday Obs Leal M, - M W. G,= = or G, = + -— Ve Pw Netw Vite = th : Bulk density p dslia/l# p= « ppally GSI SLSH cps Zeal pn Pw=l vm ell Gls, =1 glen? ply be gl] SIL cam Sail ESM pay Dry density, Pry =e (kg/m?) » May dbus) - «Payers Pe wet (bulk) density — (Ayagulall) Ayana) 44s) — Wet density, Pw = (kg/m?) . Py Saturated density 4estud) Adis} - S=1 = pttll gta Ute ode Sso: Uils Gigi Aya dis be s (Ajapall Mun) Mall si yeyhtt Dan oF» Gi + wy *) SiS Tea : Basic relationships dualal old|le * PGs, Sve. w ey Taal * uN Waly _wGe Yoel fw WG wo Veo. eye = WG, + goAl Bey Ti Lall aay ball 3 Ww = Vw Gu Yw = Vow Yo Rik as Yw = FA re. Ve ale Gehl Landy V. cb pe! bl Gets J + glig! gaag ola|Le * lal IgM) Buoy nig = = Sate v l+e 2g Al Gaby sf Also, since Yary = Vr as Gs¥w . VeGs¥w . GeYw Me Toa Wiahal ca MOPED 6) guts Ula (0-¥) US (0-¥) SS od LAS Se S15! Btany — eae de ee. iu ypu ee SW Gi tt ete ae Mh Vv l+e 2 lt US Yaar Ene spl Tha sbay 2 Lolo tenth G all Yi = Wr _ Ws + Ww. st Ve VA Fe) = M1 Gy Yo # Vw Yor = Vs Yu + OVE Yue Vs (1 +e) V,d +e (Gs +2) Yw (+e) Blake = seat (THY) JS Lanaalell sT ie lly) ULL SIH Bay — i yo + Ww _ Gps t+ wGs yor _ Gs Ww (1 +) Vv Vet Ve THe ie _G, 0+) aig ae y= G58, +e Leta Speed gls¥) dey — 4 Unzad Ga oly Leute Gal GS ( Ryall ola! cygeude Geat Ladses cs!) Gy + Yw Gee ly 1+e ie” iw Youd = dled Yeu = Ysut = Yw 7) oligUl dasa) y,5l GLilLe * (UM) Gb oH iaay UledLs (1) da Ve V+ Valea. Ww = WW, = w (L- 1) Gs Ye pote Wee We _ Um Gy tw Ge Gy, dna tw) Vv Vv t iY) = ee Sota =o ee 2 Gla! II Soy ee | va co = (1-1) Gy i ereeealie staph G1juH| Bass We = rGenti—m] mo = | aca re Ms =(L-n) Gy yw +n fw = [G, - n (Gy 1)] Ww psna—aital VNUs + UUSIL G. Be * :@,G,,e,A We * :Sin, A Mle ¥ poall = UII « pqall — gill tise Gdn jlasal pealle tholl. p pall = giyll lial pase (At) JCA antes an vaie Foatiw Fatih ate tat Pw Fn ‘teat * ¢Cteat ~ Fe) we Toe tna ed y tagtis Ula Utd Example 2-1: A sample of soil obtained from a test pit is one cubic foot in yol- ume and weighs 140 Th. Calculate the water content, wet unit weight, amd dry unit weight. W = [40lb wie osm weight of water= Wig = 140-125 = 15 Ib weight of dry soil= Wy = 125 — th total volume of sample= Vo =1.0 ie rears tee Vv ay = ary unit w 125.1b 125 pet 1.0 fr? < water content sw = “2 = 151b_ 9,12 = 12 perwent W, | 1251b Here Example 2-2 : Determine the wet density, dry unit weight, void ratio, water con tent, and degree of saturation for a sample of moist soil which has a mass of 18,18 ky and accupies # total yolume of 0.009 mm. When dried in an. oven, the dry mass is 16.13 kg. The specific gravity of the soil solids is 2.70. 5 M=18inke + | Mg = 16.18 ke: t wet density, p= M = 18:19 KE _ 920 ke mi? V 0.009 m? Lgm ec (16.13 kay pee] dry unit Weight, ‘yy, Ws Mew! Pw) ML emis! Roa Vv 0.009 m* =1818 kg/m? =1.82 8™ com? Sieg (1.82 SE) x(o.st my) water content, y= Mwy 199% = 18.18 = 16,13) kg/m? ; 16.13 kein’ = 127% oid sat c= V¥ = 0.0081 13 _ 9.53 ¥. 0.0059 ms [where = ae Pw 16.13 kg ou 6 cms (2.70)(1.0 =a 10) ae X 0.001 kg/em 16.13 kg 2.70 x 10° *8 0.9059 m3 im? an Vy = V,-V, = 0.009 m3 - 0.0059 m? = 0.0031 m3] se _(01279(2.70) e (0.53) ea kan Example 2-3 : A 150 ce sample of wet soil scales 259 g when 100 percent satu raitd, 1 is ovensdried and found to. weigh 162 g, Calculate the dry unit weight (really den- sity, since gram units are used), water content, Void ratio, and Gy Tw FP ow =250¢ Ws= 1622 | degree of stuutation, $9 = x 100 % = 64.7% T VelS0cc Ws _ 1628 1 9g 8 Vo 150cm* om? Yary = = (1.08 g / om?) (62,4 10/f* |_ 67.5 por 2 g/cm? Wy _ 2502-1628 ies a Ws 162g = 0.543 = 54.3 percent = - _ Wy 2508-1622 * Guity (1.0)(1.0 g fom’ Vy for this problem, since for } 100% saturation all yoids are filled with water Vy = Vr- Vy = 150 em} - 88 m3 = 62 emi em Ve. S8.om) _ | 47 Vs 62em Ws 16: ee eee: TS Vsw (62cm')(1.0.¢/ em’) Example 2-4 ; Laboratory test data on a sample of saturated soil show that the void ratio is 0.45 and the specific gravity of soil solids is 2.65 . For these conditions, deter= mine the Wet Unit weight of the soil and ity water content. ‘This sample is saturated; thus all voids ate filled with water. e= YY 20.45 8 but V, and V, are not known. On the block ditigram, assume that V,, is unity. Therefor Vr= Vs + €Vs = 1.04 0.45 = 1.45 ‘AS a result, Wy = ViGsyy = (1.0) (2.65) (62.4 pet) = 165 Ib and Ww = Vwtw = (0:45 tt!) (62.4-pef) = 28 Ib from which Wr= W, + Wy, = 165 Ib +28 Ib = 193 Ib Yer WT = 195b. 133 pot Wa 1450 Wy 2 = Whe 2816 9.17.5 17 pores W. fest O17 7 HT percent enon see Example 2-5 : An undisturbed, one-cubic-foot volume of soil obtained from a lest pit found 10 have a wet weight of 103.2 Ib. ‘The dry weight of the sample is 84,5 Ib, Whar Would be the effective unit weight of such a soil if it were submerged below the ground water table ? The specific zravity of the soit ix determined to be 2. 70. the effective submerged weight is approximately Youd = 4 Ywers + (103.2 pef) = 52 pot — y= ermination is a follows : W. Ya. See 5 © Ga¥w (2.70) (62.4 pef) ae -¥, = 1.018 - 0,501 =0.50 1° 2.50 _ 1.00 0 Got) “hw ee 2.701) (62 wet 53.2 pet or submerged weight, Wau = VsyelGs - Gy) = (0.50) (62.4 pet) (1.70) = and fora volume of onc cubie fost, Wau 53.2.1b _ 53.9 = ref t Ge hie i eeeee Example Assume that a one-cubie-foot Volume of soil similar to the soil from the preceding illustration is exéavated from a location below the water table. The soil is now 100 pescent saturated. What saturated weight would be expected ? Youb.= Year. - Yo or You. = You + Yw = 53.2 pel + 62.4 pef = 115.6 pet kina Example 2-7 : For a soil in natural state, given e = 0.8, w = 24%, and Gs = 2.68, (a) Determine the moist unit weight, dry unit weight, and degree of saturation, (b) If the soil is mide completely saturated by adding water, what would its moisture coment be at that time ? Also find the saturated unit weight. SOLUTION Part fa) : the moist unit weight is oy Sete (14 W) Ive Since jy - 9.81 KN? ; yo ZOSOBI)(L 40-28) og nym? = ane, Weight - yolume relationship for saturated soil with V= 1. fy ~ Sale l+e From Hig. (1.13), the degree of saturation is see Ge (2:68) x 100 = x 100 = 80.4 % Part (b): for saturated soils, ¢ = wG,, ot wih) = 2x 100 = 28 x 100-= 29.85 % . 2: the saturated unit weight is syeay = Sullve + Cts — 98126808) oF aN an! Ve 1+08 Example : In its natural condition a soil sample has a mass of 2290 g anda volume of 1.15 x10 4 m*. After being completely dried in an oven the mass of the sample is:2035 g. The vahic of Gs for the soil is 2, 68, Determine the bulk density, unit weight, water content, void ratio, porosity, degree of saturation and air content. Bulk density, p= Mi = 2-290 _ 1999 kg / m3(1.99 Me /m*) NLS De Unit weigh, y= = 1990 x 9.8 = 19,500 N/m’ = 19.5kN/m* ‘Water content, w = Me 2290-2035 _ 9.125 or 12.5 % M, 2085 Void ration ¢ = Gyl(1 + w)P%—1 = (2.68 x 1.125% 1000). | 1990 = yA = 0.52 Pordsity, n= -E—= en =0.340r 34% Demmee of saturation, SW Gs = ie ao = 0.645 or 64,5 % Air content, A =n{l -S}= 0.34 x 0.355 = 0.12) of 12.1 Example 2-8 ¢ Coinpute'the density, unit weight, void ratio, porosity, and degree of saturation of an undisturbed prism of moist soil, Pig. 2-9 a. Mesurement found a vol- tine of 0.0112 m and a mass of 19.8kg, After oven - drying at 105 C, the mass was 17 kg. ‘The average spe ay 2,69. 1. V—OOLL2 ni, M= 19.8 ke, Gi 2.60, Ma= 17 kg, Pig. 2-9 a. 2. Mw 198 -17=28ke. a a-4 . tw aM 4Ve ¢ = oat Fig, 2-9 : Computing phase relationships. with the aid of block diagrams + (a) example 2-10 (bh) Example 2-10. and 11 with Gs = 2.80, (c) Example 12 after initial Compaction. ane! (d) Example 2-12 after added compaction. dea (1. =) ee = to 3 19,8 / 0.0122 = 1768 kg/m’, a 7689.81 = 17,340\N fan} = 17.3.KN/m? = 1.768 g/em* = 1103p / 9 5- Vu =28+ 1000-= 0.0028 ms 6 = Vy= 17/1000 x 2.69 ) ~ 0.0063 7 Vy; = 0.00112 - 0,0063 ~ 0.0049 m3 8 V,-= 0.0049 0.00 9 c= OWNS / 0.0068 = 0.78 10- 1=(0,0049 / 0,0123}x100 11S = (0,0028/'0),0040)x100 % = 5798 12- w= 2.B/IT NIN H16.5% NOTE: Void riaio is usually rounded out to nenest 0.01 ar sometimes 0.601; porosity fo nearest percent or 0.1%; suluration to nearst percent or 0.1%; and water comient to near. eat percent or 0.1%. ‘The accuracy of the measurements seldom justifies more than three significant fivures, veer Example 2-10 : An undisturbed sample of saturated clay from) below: the ground- water table had a mass of 360 2 and 4 volume of 190 ern’, Fig, 2-9b. Dried, Its mass was 270.g. Find the-density, unit weight, weight. water conient, void ratio, porosity, and spe cific gravity of solids. 1- V= 190m} ~ 190 x 10-6 m4 M = 360g. Mr=270 y. 2. p =360/ 190.x 16% = 1,895, 000 g/m4 = 1805'ke / m?. 3— My, =360 27000 9, 4- w= 904270 x 100% = 33%, = 6- Vy = 907108 = 90 x 10% 1! = Va, (saturated) , Vy = 1908 10-6 -90.x 10% = 100 x 10m), T~ e=90/ 100 =0.90 R= n= (0/190) x 100% = 47%, 9- G. = (Mii Vy 0) = 2707 (100 x 10° x 1 x 10%) = 2.70 10 Y= 18.59KN Smt = 1.895 pf/ mi = 118 bs fs eer Example 2-11 if the specific gravity of solids in Example 2-10 Fig. 2-9 b, we 0.1 higher, what wauld the water content, density, and unit weight be, assuming no di ence involumes; TM = 100x109 m8, Va 90x 10° m4, Gee 2.8. 2- M, = 10010 x28 x 1x 10% 52808 -0.28 kg 3- w= 90/2808 100°% = 32% (increased 3%) . 4p =(280 + 90) / 190.0 108 = 1,947,000 p im} = 1947 kg fn} inerensed 2%), 5+ y= 19.03 kN im" (inereased 2%) NOTE ; Sovall changes in Gy do oot influence the other properties. Fur this reason, esti miatex of Cie are adequate for many computations, Example 2-12 : A clayey soil is being compacted in a fill . Its water content is 18% and the specific gravity-af solids 15 2.70. An undisturbed sample of the soil, 1/30 tr" » weighed 4.30 Ib. Fig. 2.9'c. Compute the voiel ratio, porosity, degiee of suluiration, and weight of solids in-u unit volume of soil. * Va 0.0388 10 , Wind. 20 Thy w= 18%) Ge = 2.70. Wie Wee d30; Wy +0.1R W, = 430; Wo = 0.66 Ib, = 0.0105, V. = 3.64 / (62.4 x 2.7) = 0.021683 4- V4 = 00333 - 0.0216 - 0.0105 =0,0012 fe. 3 $= 0.0105 / (0.0012 +0.0105) x 100% = 90% abt N tm ia om 6 e = (0.0012 + 0.0105) / 0.0216 = 0.54 _ 7. y= 4,3/0,0333 = 129 Ih t= 207 g/cm =203kNI i> p 8. yyh= 3,647 0.0333 = 109.3 Ib/ f= 1.75 g/ om? = 17.2 kN Lm yt = 1750 kg/m? 2070 kg fm If further compaction can increase the degree of saturation to 95% , compute the In. creased density and reduced void ratio, assuming that the Water content does not change, Fig. 2-9 4, 1- W=430lb; W,=3641b; Wy -0.661b; S$ -95%; Vy = 0.0105 1s Vy = 0.021 1 R= $= Vil Vy2095 =0.0105 / Vy; Vy = 0.01100. 0110+ 0.0216 ~ 0.0326 ft" . .30/ 0.0326 = 132 1b! i = 2.11 gf cn =20-7 Nim? p=2110kg/m? 64} 0.0326 = 112 Ih 13 = 1.79 pe / em? = 17.6 N/m Pg = 1790 kg / mt 6- (e=0.0110/00216=051 langle ja eo Baaly CaaS GLa Le Ll © SITIES GU Slag Say pS dah ee Gs Sl oleae /Saturaed Sol SI, Soil Damp. Sal $< 0.25 Moist Soil = 0.26 10 05 Very Moist Sail 0.5110075._ Wet Soil $ = 0,76 to 0.99 él ill Aasaly Sypll Bakaggl Coal Saat | pel yas © Yy Kyaltiyial od (FP) Sana Dey unit weight yw Void ratio Minimum ___Maximum Soit ype Mitimam SUnimim, Tite iin’ Tain Givel 0b O8 is a6 7 Comme 07S os we 5 wD sind Fine mad 0.8 a oa 4 im ay, Sundin" es a ut no ‘Onno ind Cevelly> 7 oe or i ae Sew ailiy sed 1 a4 ay i We iw Siky said 0.8 ots ” “ ia 03 uowvet vealél ll Guady oppll Baal Lulib sual alll yay Tagall Joos Glyaly 2.65 3 2.57 uy G, Cad gl si Conall Gall p Lat Gl pelt Soil type Gs a} Gravel 2,65- 2.68 G, dysbtiyiul oud (PT) Jgas Sand 2.65 - 2.68 Silt 2.66. Clay 2.68 = pee Gel pel tle! Permeability and Seepage eapacillg dy Laill I ng) LAGS ND ope Baye SLitce BSNL BL yey cee SUAS ele Gaus yal Lolly Gelity| si Zyal ole LA Sls oll Say woe Lag MG GL olds, SUIS 5 Leal) PLM aay ule olall oa opal Le lil, clues dye alll so JS iy, ya Wl oad SLAY LLY) Blips le Yaa ce Ups acct LAL ple Lith ola! 835g, Ugale pb pty Lys tue Lal «Uplift pressure olsall ,SGuenytagll Mint ale CRBVI Lawatgll clegedsl pty ead oll pacts UAB La lay « doabl gLy Zao All dys plow T IIA Gye slam — 1 «LY ge LLudll Zadgall oll! — 1 | Eayysagll tl ood bial aoe — 7 e oLLL Dep! Gall bagugll Jee Glau — £ : Capillarity dpc! dielall alll ui! eis cg! ggiuall y2 Ground water table Gaagall oll! Gyeie 6S Ladgall #LU Gayncie cond Sagal! LEI All Jy. Tanke sip ogi Gall iphas olttee! Saas) Submerged Fyyais G3] ySs ULM aa ly oLNl isle casS5 cpne g UY Salsa! LAM! cigaicle Gia Lab, Upall sgl SISLT usa Vide sog5 Gbil| oS Gedy « (Full Saturated dat) UL Spee GA olka gholel jill cle (51) oll, cle ill a 255 S15 olall ol ol getsll Ube Al Tasalall ag ge cle Al oda} culRtil Galpall SLL Cece Gok Ye he JSS . moist soil Us 4,5 ULall ode 3 45H andy Capallarity Gaal Tiga) oll! Gpeede ple oli JUS! Bale pe: Lpaatll LaLa i]. (1£) 2 hes jPl dill oleal sats Tye lL pany Le Js Gypa tll Lislll Ley! 5 alll Lasts NAT cecal AM igi Ll pin I gy Say atl ols gps lil ll ga BELL Aagady dd e Capallay rise pasa! oll ¢ lia)! Guilty. Surfuce tension oka GY Gyaadll OLLI ¢ Wajfigue al clay Se A BIN GS Ut ole US Sapettl Giahll clasp pean Say olde Qed ONS ges Tiga Layla Sbll Raya] lll g Uy! Lylass Lise Saul GALI Ground surlace ‘0 rnc SETI ren Dawnwned percowion $< y 04 Golan 2a oapenson By eapilary trees) al artial saturation due 10! 2 ‘se, Goward percotanion anc acct id winter: Hip Bell esis ()-f) a 1 dy pestall ep LeHfl ont abel! of Lably Gy atl! oll ee etd ts glad edged YL SI a ly Lge Gilats tube REN Go Yo pSi je Glee Say ellily . Lp Ue cle Ute al Lal pe sll ot5a! Loskaly olay! (9-8) ESI GIT gas Bal Lally pole ell dongs tae Lill pis) Luly Cod, 2 Manca Fros weater surface Asli Dalal (X-$) sat ~MAE = i aullly Ul spabe ya giavl ease ph ges eit Ua Ty yl gb Gal (AUN plane jad 1s SSL Gol BY tell bd Lakes pjyll Ty pale + cakes Lal Rly, Gall Gynyl (tube circumference) x (Tg) x (cos 6) pelea Ss oll Whe iy Uytyl plang paFll yulon en yl get OF dae Off Lay l har cus Cooa = 1 gh =o oi gel Gust! glam clas ple adil § cggluud Laud 3a! + ggglensh RSH) oll! ager cuiy Le Qm) (1) where ris the radius of the capillary tube . + jglend Lt! roll ayac Gaby Led (xr?) x (h) x (p) * (ge) where l= height of the column of water P = density of water, mass per volume, taken as.) gm/em? or 1.95 slugs/ft? . g = acceleration of gravity, 980 cm/sec or 32.2 fi/sec? . + dia GIT) Uh bk La all ¢ Us! eel ga he GIS 131 eho? Qn yam h, SeeBHD (volume) = RP? De fy where ‘Ww = unit weight of water, taken as 62.4 pef or 980 dynes/em} , ‘oa tll oll p WS, peal cal D2 mg) S28 2 Te ATS (nr?) (p) (g) —@)&) Ce) Cyw) dw) where d= the diameter of the capillary tube . ha 3 Tyludl Uslell li dhaad ipa ola Ty celal! yall yl tums + Os Gall Gans —\o — he= Ce cm. (approximately) provided that d is in centimeters . she plaad yasetal (VE) oly JLLLy Example 4.1 : Compute the height of capillary rise for water in a tube having a diameter of 0.005 cm. In metric units : ee ca) (73 SES) d) (P) (2) _ (9,005 em) (1 2) (989 cin ‘ a ( = aD = 60 cm= 2 feet In customiry or British units : 0.005 em Free or = 1.64x 107 2.54 12 im (50am) (in) n= ATS 2) O.005 IMM) ng d%w (1.64 x 107 fy) (62.4 pel) Ummm 3] YAS gl Ly paetll GY olay aes ota Y Gaya aball ¢ UiiyLy (T-€) St Ball 31,9 ks (Ft) sas / Tension at Uh 4 2ySh Lyall Gasca oLilly hy g bit! puoi dhe tie ull ISany =NA- = ty Lad tae Sly US ol le sth Lysee ual eset Eats quad Sans ay (4-8) JSS V ine JSS Leg aay Guaalete eles yal 1 (0-8) py IS GF LS Lad obeall oy JS - Capillary Rise agi yd gtpentill 2Lic,\II SPE Hy Gye Gul ge REY clus oy oll all Jb Mall ph Utbogual Zeal! gle atl LaLa pees dy pally JEM Space Sule dS 1 UyabeLnay ecg” ary pilary se Cant Ghose plate (pan cool ile te Laat alll (0-8) J Aad HEA gL cc geal ¢ UL DM Hage pall Uday cn (Vt) sans AAV — eel clei) nee gl a5, YN I-2) Jgaa REPRESENTATIVE HEIGHTS OF CAPILLARY RISE IN SOILS ‘Apprasinate Capitery Heights 5 LasAll Ah cel p Us gle tha (YL) tha cay Example 4.2 ; Limited laboratory studies indicate that ood @ cer~ lain silt soil, the effective pore size for height of capillary rise is 1 ZOD, . where D,, is the percent particle size from the grain-size distribution curve. If the D,, size for such a soil is 0.02 mm, estimate the height of ca- pillary rise . d =effective capillary diameter = Dig =§ (0.02 mm) = 0.004 mm = 0.0004 em he= 0.3L ad = OS) es a0 0.0004.em - 4-104¢m =7.75 x 10° cm=775 cm= 25 ft. : Permeadility dalaill cetsls SIU Ue Ls tate 5 (ay Lt) Ltt Gly + diya 4.25, Darcy's law q= Aki or blo 4 = where q = vol- ume of water flowing per unit time, A = cross-sectional area of soil corresponding to the flow q, k = co- efficient of permea- bility, 1 = hydraulic gradient, and y = discharge. velocity. ‘The units of the‘coe!- ficient of permeabili- ty are those of yeloc- Let ity (rv/s) - ae gue Lys gale Se oes Ge pull clingy .p4 Ching) K USUI Uolany as) yall cada psell call cas ile satay EAU JaLagy , ESL Toayb Geol Gil Jelae gl LS. (cee BILE alee phat Rytall oleae » (Ve8) USE cle All Guat an SS a pica | wit. k gw Ubi (Gob! Uae dk os dele gi LS. Lend JL Lilia! lay she all Lal hind oll Lays! J ooo 200 300 4006001000 she GAL ale Permeability, 10°4 em/anc, ga ghee V+ dao oa peavey Void ratio cold pill aay BSL Sige (VE) J =\AN = vag aT all ple @ V+ Tajo ate SUM les Talal Bball 4 Dio sal! pepe! Goa k Lai! alae slo! 3Seay k= 107 Diy” (m/s) where Dj 9 is the effective size in mm. + WAU sg LoS) Band SUI abe od das (T-£) » (YE) yl gaaty * ayeill eg il aySL_as (TE) Jgn a TYPICAL RANGES OF PERMEABILITY FOR DIFFERENT SOIL TYPES Aelative Degree k, Coat. of Drainage ‘Sail Type of Pormeabilty Parmentelity (cm/sec) Properties Clean gravel High 110 10 Good Clean sand, sand = Medium 1107 Good and gravel mixtures Fine sands, Low 10°? 10 10-* silts Sand-silt-clay ‘Very low 10 to 1077 mixtures, glacial tills Homogeneous Very low to Less than 10-7 Practically clays practically impervious impermeable practically ous A a ae Nore; To convert crass ta fA'min, multiply cm/sec by 2; ie. 1 em/sex 2 fmin, also Riday emlice #34 10" dota Jal es 3) fg ‘Coefficient of Permeability (m/s) (CP 2004: 1972) 1o-' 107? 10°? 10-* 10-3 30° 10-7 10-® 10-? 19-1 1 1 L 1 L L | Clean | Clean sands and [Very finesands, | Unfissured clays and gravels | sand-gravel silts and clay-silts (> 20% clay) mixtures Iclay-silt laminate Desiccated and fissured clays - aydlaill pales gpses Determination of Cocffictent of Permeability (Laboratory Methods.) + Constant cu apes Logie ls¥l « Ceiiisytes Leal! gi HSU fale cpas Falling head jakie spas UL, chal! Gal! Gall head permeabilily ollie UBL alee cpa! p 5g) olyell Leek] Uys padaaye permenbility undisturbed sample Uilia a2 Gaul The Constant head permeability test cul ppp UUall loa! cy Gall k UsUiall Gales creat Constant fevel Goarse-grained Soil olsall Gahall Cone cyt agay GAM! LS! askin GAB ge Gg Sl pally stand head ULB adgy Ueaday Gall tye liad cages gle als Gi lle ole oS Geeuld ¢ Uy! ale SIAN Lela et gall yiligy (ACE) JS Dill Ghee otiy sl Uuilys coll head ob lal hell Ji aly led + Qa cas USL! alongs GLiSall als ae k At q = Gyoill =V/t Ji elt age (Art) Soe PS V1 = ee V =olll ape Gaal gaB3all =\\ = : The fatling-head Constent eval ate (Ke test” ita gos LAW! jleal ( y ) Dall k USL Lalas cpaaity Fine-grained Soil olissal! Cael! pebhe age GSU! LSI put Sue (44) JSA Falling head test upshl oa Tall ILS ol sies aes spell agen pS! pd ptt Tsaly De) a wall ol chs Lyell iy Gel Salty. TI Sally Apel ya US cna; GU delae GF dad Gals = al jy to 9,3 al joy to k Ak ae ees OE CAE ST LS. 856 apy GIL Gyoal ATS (V.—£) JE ey = SU gu 25 SU bee ¢Lal UES Gly (££) « (T-£) queaed sill =NAY = Time whee water fevel Falliog hd tah = fin : ; a BI og pote ae (V8 Example 4-3 : Aconstant-head permeability test is performed on a sample of granular soil. The test setup is as indicated in Fig. 4-8. The length of soil sample is 15.cm and the cross-sectional area is 10 om? Ifa 24 cm? yolume of water passes through the soil sample ina 3-minute per- iod, when Ah is 30 cm, compute the coefficeent of permeability . a(R) (2E= & =(2) (se) Where Q =24 cm? t =3 minutes L-=15em A =Wen? Ah =30¢m « = (24m?) (em __ ( 3min ) Gone x so a4cme cm. 0.4 S. = 0,006 $2 -\ay = Example 4-4 : A falling-head permeability test is performed on a silty soil. The test setup is as. shown in Fig. 4-9 for the test data: sumar- ized below, what is the coefficient of Permeability for this sample 7 Sample length = 8 cm Cross-sectional area of sample = 10 cm? Area of standpipe = 1.5 em? Height of water in standpipe at stat of test period hy =. 100 cm Height of water in standpipe at end of test period hy = 90 cm ‘Time for change from h, to-hz = 60 minutes £2) ah be ie (4) toe) by = @:303) (8 om) ¢ 1.5 om? 100m meee oem?) 28 pan = 0.00212 Sh = 3.5 x 19-5 om min sec + Aquifers Glugyi «loll alalal! Lill PU Alalt olia! pen Lest Goal oliL i Leiyell sll wal Usd) cial 955 aay. Aquifers (olla) Susan ga oll! Gb tum: unconfined Aquifers Suytoe yak Wala olish (1) + Baie gab lL On) Bypuns 2 | VSpbll Gs eum : confined Aquifers Gagioe) Bpemme tlle olise (S ) Tlaledl TRH oe S55 Lal yGRRe ud cpt cys Bjpeane ee Lall Zaladl GT gl St she gins oll ola Maly Sly oa bial Lok pie o Lal Sapam Qld olGabll Sys pS Nia Ui pets yb ae (I eypuls » Artizian well 513,91 LVL | ier Sel eae ose _tiched water table ARVs! SSS < ‘arvicus woler-bea a ML (8) es 0 5lg Yl Lay all LL (V4) BySlall Jalen gusetl (dyedgall) alas! asLall FIELD PERMEABILITY TESTS LSU Galas wast “4S cohesiontess Soil Muli pall Lal! le a UA Uhay WIAA Lalne SUL ally, all pi Chueh Guo Gis AST eight (pi diay Ugase gpl ULaYL lly e Lasbll ph Golem isis GUUS Loldy Gehl Lalas caus GSany ¢ Saubete pill Qe ill undistuibed Uilke jut The pole Lyall + Uphe Ginko Basay dl (gh LIUGI : Well pumping test, Gravity wells wiell LI 1) ail ola Tela G5 GIL Jolee Riyal Losiyl! Gail! oda cp2t LAT glytyy Ge ell! Gol yb Gat Gadi! eat unconfined Aq, tyyuane Uelad! LN chs tes Leal pSly Legal Leip oll) yuh aanyy Tas “pla he Une Sl ylat amy lly FAALe gual pldeall Mla peatny Cilyall olvall Veale aasmsys ype oda (VTE) JSitll pods. camel q=kiA ‘is approximately equal to dvdr 13.q [log (m/ ni) 1 sn (ns - hi) —\te = Observation Phreating tine during pumping according to Oupuit's essunat ‘Actual phresting line t i voll | 1 impermeable layer seal! SUT bo Ulli athe gia (NPE) the values off), rz, hj, he, and q are known from field measurements R 1c, 433 Vg where 1 = porosity ‘gels La gM 5G ad oyu pea LS R= radius of influence t =timé during whieh discharge of water from well has been ¢sta- blished. tpl osuplly hy &try = ny and ho =H atr; = R, ER hay Uiliall Jules sleal yas je = 2-303 q [log (Ritw) 1 am (1 - he) tll Lal Sea LS I «= 2:303 4 [ log (rhtw) | a me th? - 3) = \A 1 alally R goa dal Ge cg) io Dalya oll g Gy! oe b= 4/2308 tog te he nk tw EUS call Malady Rygemoe gail GEL gf Lib m cueall oo Gu Ia] Lal MSVI ULL ya cass GAUL ales ld (VE-£8) ISS 4 | £1 [1+ (0304 Mt) sin LBs] 2.303 log (Ritw) H H | (\E-8) JS i Tias Wala) aha syns Imparmenble I Ua Gy all Gall Ge aml! (VEE) St : Artesian wells Ujlg¥l JUV! ( 9 ) col giy! gfe Gus lly Bye alia Ualad coligall ple Som ade cs se5 | ke USA alae dewey Sup dT Thadte Guia Jae ps (3. Seiyall oll! dhe git ightS =A = Observation | oer Walle Amperineable lover Contined aguilier (Saat all) U8 ga SUI Lg Gast (V8) J qekiA=k Sd get dr he thickness of the confined aquitier, or Solution of Eq. (2.39) gives _ Glog (r/r1) 2.727 T (ha - hh) + Uslall Gs LIU! oles Gued Ladd pSes LS = 4 log (Rib) 2727 TU - by) pal saga ag hy = hy atry ty and hg = FP arrg = R haa + Maal kaa) slby sat spall ult Oe ) Varlable-head tests by means of piezometer observation wells + plsStouly USUI lakes Cran atch! spall oles Gans (f-#) Jaee (VIE) SISA 3 pase (E#) dasall Jabbe odes ol nus Und sh » (MAB) « (WWE) doped Eppa Lheattt LaF ge UAL alan glee (Int) ee = a | u i ae = F i ‘tip spr niet sone premier sg armed 10 Tee amon see wu ‘asap ‘ati yy Separzug (umnnt so01> ema jo 2m worrauiargd my) tar psy ayqeues ios) Aypqeeuuted yo wererndy cine ‘Gicerati wel pecans In amuifer with ingerionr upper ayer ‘Med LS: Mery, 19 Ahmar mabe of Rot 100 fi satis wl beret rs ‘evade (aetna sci alee wry 9) Saal ales (VE) SS 4 6810 2 4 688100 2 4 681000 (Unessed lange /reciva, LIF, Cj Sutll Jalan (Wt) J -NV= In generat hope TeetOr Of intake point A = standpipe arse k = mean permeability In HH, 7H), and ty — 1, are obtained from plot of observations Fi, Plot of abvervetions “Eavilibrivm water level Initeal Hy unbslsnced L head Hy Time, t Observation well im isotropic * | Piezomoeter in isotropic soll: ‘Test in anlsatropic sail; wil ‘Obtein shape factor from Radius of intake point, A, Estimate ratio of horizontal to Table 4.4 , differs [ram radius of atand- | vertical permuability and di: onder: pipe, ide Horizontal dimensions of Pe ee ‘the intake point by: a m = Jipfiy to com: eee Fe kaw permentttiry k= tm (LER) In tL/RY ‘condition (C), Tab! d Hh Hy eg tl ep Se aut) AH Fi, —t) 4, in tmU/R) 4 te intinet Jee 2ut,—t) ROH, TMA alan alas (VA 8) Sab + (ft) Lose oll Lat Of kar os a Tle (VA-£) JES aus LS + oLddall donee yl Tdall ayLaall Joab GMb B pcacs URAL) pa ls Haly. lls Goa gu Lager Lenya Galt ogelally cgBill] cualeaul (gh JAM QUEM alee cna oe + UML ala (A oll UBM! dale (1) aT ete (88) . old ll Saas LG satiny Tiss JS 1518S alnny Upp oly aull algal ple pletY) (gk ep enttl Jarey 2 Hidlalla lors htY! q=o+ @tmtut & dame ad eee Baas cobb yd Glaul! hie Ws Bane ge cla (F-) JS ial S07! caldisbal) gh dale yal | Jaime pe Gedy oles! pay) BAY! ol gaYl (pd GL ull a} backs. cial le 1.2.3 = Waly esGabell JSD ceiglaate .Sily yagl! Jal oS Gl (Ssucll Lyall = kui Hy Lal aM a= Kaa He = kyg i Hy ihe ee + OS Elpll (2. [say and g=Kgyifl where i= hydraulic gradient Rago = effective coefficient of permeability for How in horizontal dircetion H, Hy, Hy = thicknesses of layers 1, 2,3, respectively H= H+ th+ T+... Stab all dy 1 agg pall les 4 TEL pals agatllay =a Ns ood Hie fey Hi Kip He-+ by Ht (Kin Hh + ey Fh os Ha+,J= 2428 =H b gultl alae a Atl Usual ule ( y ) OW ON) Use TALIS, SII lb aM olga Lact VeN = Ve= v5 Va, wherevj, ¥2, Vas fire the discharge velocitids in layers 1, 2, 3, .., respectively; W= Korwi= ky ti = ky = key b= igh where Kew = effective coefficient of permesbility for flow in vertical direction kn, Kes Kose = coflicients of permeability of kryets 1,2, 3,.., respectively, for flow in vertical direction. i, in i, hydraulic gradient in soil layers 1, 2,3, .., respectively 1 LV tag OLS aay ‘Total head loss = Hheaid loss in layer 1)-+ (head loss in layer 2) +. iH = iy Hy + ip Fa+ ty igh Wye Y 4 hs YB Fakes ised coll ay Key Ke Ba Bis soit citys ae Sree Huky + Halkvs+ Tales +. Aka ob liv) se BAe tisha saat! Ut + Flownets jlijaull abet (guts Lis}! Naele) Gall JoLS 489 pel cond obit gluutl gl Sl puupld Goth Gales ULall oS (gig laminar flow pola 3} ab GLuuil pains q=kiA 1 Mayall ILE LAL oh le (NYS8) LEE Uhl Male le GAT GM Gla Gee Teall oLatl Glas Lastey Ayla) Wala ye LdsT aaa Lect) Lat) AS GL River surlace, slavation A | Morizantal distance, L > Sanat Suri ah=8 A868 avraium eo SN pla a cis yall (NE) JS te Example 4-5 ; A river and a canal run parallel to each other bur at different elevations; as indicated by Fig. 4-22. If the difference in the water surface elevations is 16 ft, the horizontal distance is 400 ft, and the thick- ness of the permeable strarum is 6 ft, compute the seepage loss between river and.canal, per mile of river-canal length. Permeability k= 1.0 fvday. Mh : =kiAek “A= 16 ft q in A= (1.0 fi/day). 0 fi (G ftx 2580 fi/mi) = 1,270 f/day/mile of length wee Shey Dall pf ALUN Ryo las Lela Biase yoo Sl pull oats gh gall GU peal Uke ye hall BO gn) ool pala sll Ges thay, Flow lines jUijos byes G5 i oll! lout! fio laminar a5 lial! ose cla tall yi Glas Gam 15) Hilsea gl) sloue geal io olyll doa oaths =-VYro= tall daghaidy cl paul dyples (YEmE) JS C9St9 + ouled piode JSS le pile Gilets gla ull deglas Ghul Slee of p4dt thee Ay bs cons (1T-£) JSR Clad ped Gall J lal + glare OGLE Op Soy Gb pally 1 (head) spell Gh Gylll clas Gbypawbybd (le Ties bis sey Seipgliass pilates tite BU) Loyalty. (It) Jer gl age old Lal oils pall gs. ee JS Equipotential liner Gaull bybdys (VEL) en Chl 6) es spel bohas dS goty ESL Lb gd ats stile gtyually GLspel lel ally spall byhidy glial bahay Flow Sl jaa! 8 Gy lsSy bee lee ood padiad ol ner tapi] US Gl) oll! ales GST! Gal ath, Ce Spm pea olipaall 8 lb Ll peaks Leal SI Jules alec phy QS Gu wolsth tT SS) Bll! lel Lay «Gl glad ga pall hgh dangled Gyo nbee Cs Talal 2 Flow channel gle pull LG) Sl pull Sah pony! (Glau east eile Ue Glapuall Sub (Yat) US cnaay = ¥= 1 Flow lines bb Flow lines and aquigtential lines Tell Saal nd ofall at (Vo—t) J Wipe yy Dh lal eid ay Bis DEVELOPMENT OF THE FLOW NET-ISOTROPIC SOIL : aes Gu pul) Lyall LS Goad! ayes ge Tle ge (PE) ist + obeal geglaude yaAll p GY! cinsh dell gi BSG as USE BUS cpg ball et UAL (al 4 aH TES aya ses lal Ua 1 ca ball Lt. gly bd A cyl Gloate Leas cold , ab dnshesll (¥1-£) abel gall LS ga bd Sl! Laas he gl spell gylit! apall bi ga bd, galaSll gl Les qisll bigs po Tey Wl bold! oddly HO Sl! spel ~(XW—£) JSS ape a8 5319 Us) ga ca. Dbpall gysnyelali Ue (Pt) Jd weniy (pba) Bly LMI olinall dghed) oles Glpeall glad pa gh 9 GUipaall Legh tay ULAR! Ugad gS cell GULL gf Laie jected eAaylutte SEN a Vine. Yor flow, ‘ ore eh —igll Ga ayes (YE) Js 215 EA p85 5H LyglSll pay) spall bybd 935 Glypeall doybs pauy ay Reedy cabal Ga gis (cyl spall Wow hbk & (YA-£) St seeped yb (TARE) JS a gay DLA QL Sl eull oh Us ak ts gq = IA. cashes ail Gilby — ¢ eh Goll gai (hystraulic grad) 4] Ubadke pa gy ga ys UMS as ga yg Dy gf spell gu SbG gas GLAU ple Lyyudis Ah apa! ANAL, (where 1,,'l, are AL) 5 (ple ollS as mest = SG) (1) 00, 2 ate (yy) ) 0, hh Ab yy (1) 04) i =—vA= Raglstis G9St Gl pall pb py olall olecS GU Gaulite elSphll els Ii]s dagladry Glpnull daybhd ty Sypemall LiLull) wlSsl feats «Ab, = Ah, 4 AyLMH aga cyte Uy 381 psy Say Gl gl eae Cee GA GT Gea (aged qi=kAh $paeod Wala! (aly. G91 ell gg. (18) Ng tgall daybed see glo Lagaatle gf! gall ipa Ah an= Be Ni lpi sce ga Nor Gly a BUT US Gail ull giant ga IN QL ally RSG Stall ll Jus od. la paall q=q Neskah Nea ke He ny Na a Nx és fie soll = kHy (35) (Cor isotropic soit es) aul Glilagy + Gael Bat pay olyhed (F--£) USE caay == ees ° ‘ldesama? ie vab\tt t= ‘08 J. at aldearmaqenl mmurente ta) fa A) Ha = p= opsqeed “vA] ™ (rtbiw Yo 99 1) 2) (31 BE)(yab\ee 1) = rihbiw to sP\yeb\ 1 8 = (o) jgentl woll Ishi (d) :enoltibnos 'o gniwmab ele (a) -lan woll s priwayd ni egal. -noirsiugmoo egaqeee bataiar bre len wel lenit (0) :eenll Labnalogiupe lait; Gk aR, tp alphas (Te) Jt Sites Cisum LS Flow nets gly) 168 Gs tegeme (aud (T1-£) JOM LI Nps Ny tell aig (a) Flow net around a single row of sheet piles. Constant hydraulic heed slong an squipetantiat ne eparcnabe lvat N=4 (Q) Flow nel around w single row of sheet piles, Nj=6 1, AB is an equipotentia} line 2, EP isan equipotential tine 3, BODE (\e., thesides of the sheet pile) is.a flow line 4. GH isa flow line Nye é N,=15 impermeable boundary bogeall AS (Tf) Joo =-W- N= a Nos Water surtace ey | Sheet pile watt Flow tines: A side b Foundation: pit Impervious stratum e,giclay @ Conerete am -15 Sheet piting Foe FE /mmeqvens Equipatentiél chp “Sail Nines HH Aya Impervious stratum (da) bi Ny=i3 Rolled (ill dam_ov fine clean ‘Sand impervious stratum © pial JSS citi dod gh ul) olka 201 (TIE) Ut ye Lis Ob peall Sis pany ale Gale east ts m Seine brome at " _Flow as fot raprananiative nsepage problems: (a) masonry dam with shoot pile cutotl ai hoo); (0) sheeinle: (c) masonry dam wilh shestaia culol! and tilor of toa: () earth dam; (6) masonry dam with upstream impervious blanket and dowivst eam filter, (}) earth gam with downsteam rock tos filter. SUR Ga Yh alll tsb (rvet) IS —viT- 25m 28211 wena ep ae a «. Scale drowing shewing boundarles b, Tria! Naw lines & Tal equipotential lines d. Final adjusted Now net sel il alt pasos (FYE) Je Example 4-6 : Compute the quantity of seepage under the dam in Fig. 4.33 if k= 1.5 x 107 mm/cec and the level of water upstream is 18 m Above the base of the dam and downstream is 6 m above the base of the dam. The length of the dam (perpendicular to the direction of seepage) is 250 m. 1 - From the flow nel Np=3and ND =9.5, 2-k=15x 10° mace, ah= 12m, 3-qporm=15x10%% 3.5) x12 qperm =5.7x 10% m/see, 4-g=5.751 0% 250=1.4%1 0" mijsce= 3 fe/min, Example 4-7 : A river bed consists‘of a layer of sand 8-25 m thick overlying impermeble rack: the depth of water is 2.50 m, A long cofferdam 5.50 m wide is formed by driving two lines of sheet piling to a depth of 6,00 m below the level of the river bed and excavation 10 a depth of 2.00m below bed level is carried out within the cofferdam, ‘The water level with- in the coffercam is kept at excavation level by pumping. If the flow of wa- ter into the cofferdam is 0.25 m‘/h per unit length, what is the coefficient tv e— of permeability of the sand ? What is the hydraulic gradient immediately below the excavated surface ? ‘The section and flow net a appear in Fig. 4.34 In the flow net there are 6.0 flow channels and 10 equipotential drops; The total head loss is 4,50-m, The coctficient of permeability is given by : x-a/ 8) =— 0.25 __ = 26x10" mis 4,50x 6/10 x60" (¥-4) JBa(FE-f) Use cose Sulajsagll all 0.9 mm Lagdlly oly sem phd oS co AS Dll 2 gas bh AS = 4505 0.50 Wx09 — We - + (GLiigl! pale ale betes) uci!) es Seepage pressure (uplift on a structuse) : Gall le Lite 3S Les Ql olne Gul disease GU Hot lel ill Gi uasSs 29, » (Te) cb OL a Let UU iy daha doy Lyall coldly Rabel LAW cnt Gill (Vo-£) Ee ihe inal Nay LAU! p Li le Se Wik LI Maka LAAN ay ay cel leD ll eal oe = (Hy) NA chiles ANZ ek wie agiall ogall gah, « Udtall LUSH dalull A tus nae 5 play gay e ULL daa A + Void area ole! sal] ts Lice pa Ay th GS Neutral stress coofficent «Uy Laied Jala 32.504 N Concrete 05 100.75 Fractoned Rock 05 to Porous sandstone oF limestone 0.75 01 Marble, granite 0.1.0 05 Soil 1 thesS Gea URL! oli LAH aylll ge T pal ll oh! dokaa duly Lotsa Ul dead ea YIy 43g B55 41 EVR yy eoll oT L Wall Gas oF Say us P,=(H,-n. Sh) yw where P, = Scopiyge presiuse == H =towil head Ah =drop hey! Namber of drop heads a ‘fe = waler unit weight (density), ple Cassy Lal il J Like pian EARS nds (IN AAT aay pls bnals taba) stad) Example 4-8; For the flow net shown in Fig. 4.36. (a) How high would water rise if a piezometcr is placed at ().A, (i) By (ii) C? (b) If k ='0.01 mm/s, determine the seepage loss of the dam in ma(day.m), (c) Draw uplift distribution aiid calculate the up lift force on the structine. Determine mascimum Impermenble leyer 10m ‘Seale seal ont ily all St (AB) SOLUTION ‘The maximum hydraulic head b is 10m, In Fig, 4.36, Ny = 12, Ah = h/Nj= 10/12 =0833 Part (a), (i): ‘To reach A, water has to go through three potential drops. So head Jost is equal to 3 x 0.833 = 2.5m. Hence the ctewation of the water level in the pigzometer At A will be 10- 2.5'= 7.5 m above the ground surftice, Part (a), (ii) : The water lovel in: the piezometer above the ground level ix 10 = 5 (0.833) = 5.84 m.

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