COUPLINGS, GEAR TRAINS, AND V-BELT DRIVES Section 3 V-Belt DrivesSECTION 3 V-BELT DRIVES Introduction ‘This electric motor is going to be used as the prime mover for this compressor. ‘The prime mover and the driven equipment are placed (end-to-end /side-to-side). side-to-side 2. A flexible coupling such as a plastic block or rubber tire coupling (can/cannot) be used to join the two cannot shafts. 3. Which of these three methods of joining the shafts may bo used to couple that olectrie motor and eom- pressor? 644. ‘The shafts may be joined by a gear train or by a V- elt. drive, Since the shafts are so far apart, the (V-belt drive/ gear train) is more practical. V-belt drive A V-belt is a simple device for transmitting power between two parallel shafts, A sheave (wheel) is mounted on each. shaft, 5. ‘The sides of the sheave form a groove ————— 7. Name the parts of this V-belt drive, V-belt, or belt he A. shaft; B. groove oS ©. sheave; D. V-beltV-Belt Drives Can Be Used As Speed Changers 8. Shoave A is the samo size as sheave B. When sheave A turns, sheave B turns (faster than/ slower than/at the same speed as) A fat the same speed us 9. When hoth sheaves are the seme size, the speed and torque of the driven shaft are (the same as/different from) the speed and torque of the drive shaft. the same as 10. ‘The speed of motor A is the seme as the speed of motor B. Pump shaft (A/B) rotates the fastest. A 11. The smaller shoave turns the (slowest/fastont) shaft, Zastoct 12, This is (the same as/different from) the action of the same as gears, 6818, Which of these sheaves is turning the fastest when the prime mover shafts are rotating at the seme speed? Ry PRINE HOVER SK aaa B aaa 1, Sheave (A/B/C) turns the slowest. c 15. V-belt drives (can/cannot) be used as speed changers. can 16, ‘The speed ratio between the bwo shafts devends on the —________ of the two sheaves. sine 11. Replacing one of the sheaves with a sheave of a dif- feront siz (changes/doos not change) the epeed ratio changes between the shafts, 18. Replecing botli sheaves with sheaves 20% larger (changes/does not change) the speed ratio between does not change the shatts. or1. 20. 21, 22, 28, V-bolt sheaves transmit speed and torque much the way gears do. Ab the same speed, larger sheaves produce more __then small sheaves, Power is a combination of torque and speed, Low torque at high speed may be changed to __ torque at speod. ‘You may convert torque to speed or speeil to toraue, But, the amount of ___ransterred is still the same, So, V-belts can be used to change back and forth be- tweon and But, they con't change the amount of — transferred. ‘The form of power is being changed in this situation. PUMP OF COMPRESSOR ‘High (torque’speed) power is belny changed to Mz (torque/speed) power. 68. torque high low power torque; speed power speed torque25. A “low"-speed electric motor drives a “high-speed centrifugal pump. Which of these V-belt drives is used? 26. At the same motor speed, will V-lelt A transfer more power then B or Ct —— Yes: No 27. Using V-belt A, the amount of torque on the pump shaft (imereasex /decreases remains the samo). 28, Only the __o the pump shaft is inevensed Votiable-Speed Y-Belt Drives 29, Some shoaves are constructed ao that you can adjust the size of the sheave. When the sheave on the driven equipment is made larger, the speed of the driven equipment is (inereased/ decreased) 69 No decreases spood docreasod30, 31 34, 95, This is the way # variable-spead sheave works to make the sheave larger, One side of the sheave is fixed, and the other be Bringing the two sides together makes the sheave narrower The belt rides (higher/lower) in the groove. In offoet, the diameter of the sheave is now (laxger, smaller), ‘The sheove tua (faater/slower). ‘To make the sheaye smaller, the sides ave moved (toxether/apert). ‘Separating the sides makes the belt ride lower in the sheave. ‘The sheave turns (tuster/slower). 2 movell higher Langer slower apart foster86. ‘These identical compressors are being driven by the seme electric motor, but A has a larger sheave than B, ‘The compressors are being driven at (the same speci/ different speeds) different speeds 27. Compressor (A/B) is being driven at the faster speed, B 88. ‘Tp decrease the speed of compressor B, it is necessary to (inerease/decrease) the dizmeter of sheave B. increase 89, If the sheave is adjustable, this change can be made by moving the sides of the sheave (apart/together). together 40, A varinble-speod drive may be adjusted for different speed ratios without replicing the — sheave 41, Which of these sheaves is part of a variable-speed drive? a42, Variable-specd drives ara usually limited to about 10 HP, because the higher hub pressures at highor horse- powers inerease tie tendeney of the sheave parts to bind, wear, or freeze together. For loads requiring more than 10 HP, @ variable speed drive (is/is not) ordinarily used, |. A large as turbine unit is driving: a compressor at 5000 RPM. A (coustant/variable) -speed drive would be used. Y-Belt Slippage aa, 45, 46, 40, 43, 49, Powor is transferred from the prime-mover sheave to the driven equipment sheave through the V-balt ‘The belt transmits power by the friction of the belt ayainst the —______fn the sheave. Where thera is not enough friction for the belt to completely “grip” the sides of tha groove, the belt _____ in the groove. When the belt slips, —_ is not being tran ferred officiently from ono machine to another. ‘This slippage causes —____ loss, And wear (inereases/decroasos) if slip is excessive. Compare these two belts. (A/B) would be more likely to have a power loss, 2 is not constant sroove slips, or slides power, or torque power inereases59, A loose belt allows (more/less) slippage than a tight belt. 51, Compare these two belts, There is more tension on (A/B) 52. You can increase the tension on a belt by slightly Gncreasing/decreasing) the distance between the shatits. 53, Here is another way to reduce slippage. ‘When multiple beits ave used, each belt handles (more/ Jess) power. Using more bells (increases/veduees) the loud on each Delt. 5B. With a decreased load por belt, the chances of slippage ‘on oach belt is, (increased reduced) 3. more inereasing less reduces reduced56, Compare thee belts carrying the seme power load. A G Slippage ls reduced in (A/B) B 69, Pixed-epeed V-belt drives may use many belis to trans- mit very: amounts of power. large 4.How V-Belts Are Constructed 60, 6 62, 68. 67. A V-belt must transmit___between two rotating sheaves. A V-belt must be both strong and (flexible/rigid). The drawing shows # cross section of » V-belt The belt is made in___ sections, Buch seetion of the belt does something different. ‘The tension section must (streteh/squeeze) as the belt passes around the sheave, ‘The tension section is made out of relatively (hard/ soft) olastie rubber. As the belt rons around a sheave, the section Ts squeezed Into the groove, ‘This compression section is formed of relatively hard rubber for strength and resistance to wear, ‘This section gives the belt a strong frictionerip on tho of the groove. [As the V-belt runs aronnd a sheave, the section stretehes and the squeezed, soetion is 16 power exible three streteh, soft compression sides tension compression68. ‘The tension seetion gets (longer/shorter) 69. The compression section gets 70. ‘The size of the strength section does not change As it passes around the sheaves, the strength section of the belt (stretches/compressos/romaine tho seme ength). 71. ‘he belt is covered by a tough, wear-resistant material ‘This material must be able to ith the tension section and to______with the com- pression section of the belt, 72, Name the lotteved parts of this V-belt. How Belts Are Adjusted 7. Careful adjustment of a V-belt drive minimizes wear Bell (A/B) will wear more quickly, TA, In A, the two sheaves are nh Tined up. ‘This micalignment ______ the belt. 75. ‘Twisting the helt causes the grooves to wear down the of the belt. 16 longer shorter remains the same length stretch compress, or squeeze A, tonsion B. strength 6, compression ‘twists, or bends, or wears sides%. 80, 8h 83, at 85. 85, a7. ‘The grooves of the drive sheave and the driven sheeve should be lined up on the shafts so that the — lies squarely in both sroaves. With the shafts parallel and the sheaves Iined up exactly, the belt rests firmly in the groove without The tightness of a belt is called its tension. ‘The helt must have enough tension so that it doow not at full toa. A loose belt makes a squealing sound as it stips along, the sides of the —__ Slippage creates heat that may —___ _ the belt. Slippoge may couse two things: loss of transferred, and creation of ___ whieh damages the belt. You can adjust for slippage by —____belt tension. Whena check of a slipping belt shows that it is properly: adjusted, then tho belt is slipping beenuse it ia over- Toaded, One solution is to ____ the lead, Another solution is to use a multiple-belt. drive. Each additional belt reduees the amount of. each belt has to carry, and thus reduces Sometimes a belt in too tight, SHAFT BEARINGS A tight bolt pulls the shaft toward one side of its ‘This causes Increased _____on that side of the bearing. Also, if the belt Is tov tlght, extra power is needed to move the belt drive, A too-tight belt ______power and may eause 10 bolt to______in operation, 7 V-belt twisting slip grooves, or sheaves damage power heat inereasing, or tightening roduec, or decrease power, or load slippage bearing loses, or wastes break88, In any V-bell drive, the belt should give its thickness for every 4 feet of span. If the span fs less thon 4 feet, the belt should give (moro/less) than its thickness, 89. When the sheaves are 4 feot apart, a V-belt should give aS much as its thickness if you press down on it while the unit is shut down, ‘A Linch belt set on sheaves 4 feet apart should give when it is pressed down on, 90. When sheaves are closer than 4 feet, there should be fa little more tension, If tha sheaves connected by a 1-in apart, the belt should give (14 inel pressed down, bolt aro 2 foot /2 inches) whon 91. If the span is more than 4 feet, the belt should give than its thickness. 92, Here is @ Linch belt on a V-belt assembly. 3) FEET, Tf you press down pn the top of the belt to check the tension, the bell should give _____ inch Or, 4 Linch bell should give ___ineh for every foot of its span, ‘A2-inch belt should give foot of its span, inch for every 98, The span on a V-belt drive ie the distance between the centers of the 94. A Y-bell cannot be tested for tension while the unit is 95, Belt slippage ean be corrected by: inoreasing bolt __, or the load, or changing from a single-belt to 2 __. Delt drive, less 1 inch Yy inch more % Mw sheaves, or shafts running, or operating tension edu multiple96, 9. 98, 99, Belt 100. 101, 102, 108. 0a, 106. ‘Too maneh tension can cause wear on the — in the machines, Belt dressing should never be put on V-belts to soften, them and make them grip better. ‘This softer tho belt matorial, ng —— ‘V-belts should be clean and dry and free of oil and grease, Belt dressing (should /should never) be used on V-belts, An electri motor is driving a compressor unit with a V-belt drive, The belt is slipping, Which of the following things can be done to reduce this slippage? increase belt tonsfon decrease the load on the compressor soften the belt with belt dressing to make it grip better ‘use a multi-belt: drive Replacement ‘The strength section is not made to stretch very much. P, ing @ belt off a sheave will probably weaken the ______seetion of the belt. ‘The batter way to remove a belt Is to frst —___ the tenston and then litt it off, ‘To release belt tension, loosen the motor-mounting bolts and slide the motor until the belt is —___. Lift off the old balt and drop the naw one into the groove. ‘Then, move the motor back into position, teat the ten- sion, and ‘the bolts, After you adjust a new bell for proper tension, re- check the tension in a few hours. A new belt may streich a little at: the beginning, The belt (must/nood not) be checked again after it ig rst installed Rolts streteh somewhat from tension in normal use. An old belt is s little _______ than a new belt of the same speeifications, When one V-belt in @ matching set becomes worn and stretched, the load on the other belt (ineroases/ dcereases/vemaing the samo) 9 bearings: weakens, or damages should never increase belt tension ‘decrease the load use a multi-belt drive strength decrease, or loosen slacls, oF loose tighten aust. Ionger inerenses107. 108, 109, 110, a, 112, 113. 1d, The 16. 116. If the worn belt is replaced by a brand new one, the new bolt is not stretched at all, and carries (more/less) ‘than its share of the loxd. One ol belt among several new ones bears almost {all/none) of the load. One new belt among several old ones bears almost ‘of the load. Unless exch bolt carries an equal share of the load, one belt may break. When any belt in a set: becomes worn, (the worn belt/ the whole set) should be replaced. When one belt of a set breaks, (the broken belt/the whole set) should be replaced. ‘Multiple belts are sold (in matched sets/singly) Suppose you neod to replace a worn belt to an olectrie raptor, First, loosen the motor-mounting . then slide the motor to bring the two ____eloser. to each other, then Tift off the old belt, and drop the new helt into the To the belt, slide the motor back to position, then test for tension, and then the motor-mounting bolts. For safety, the V-belt drive Is eovered by a guard while the unit is operating, ‘The rapidly-moving belt and sheaves can injure the rator seriously if the guard is removed for a re- job and not hefore the anit ie started up. 'Y-Belt Drive in Operation In nommal operation, belt drives require little care. Since grease snd______damaye a belt, the belt is kept clean and dry. ‘The belt should he examined periodically for tension, because belts always tend to streich in-use. If the belt feels or looks louse, its _______ should de tested and adjusted, 20 more all the whole set: the whole set in matched sete holts: shafts, or sheaves grooves tighten tighten replaced, or put back oll tension417. The temperature of surrounding air should Le kept below 140°F, if possible, High ____weakens the rubber body, fabric temperature covering, and fiber cords of a belt. REVIEW AND SUMMARY 118, V-belt drives (cen/eannot) be used as speed changers. can 119. You change speod by changing tho size of the (shoave/ belt). sheave 120. Look at this V-telt avive. TL is a speed (increaser/redueer) , reducer 121, V-belts are driven by between the belt friction tnd the sides of the groove, 122. Compare these two sheaves, Sheave (A/B) isa variable-speed sheave. B 81122. A bolt ix constructed in (one/two/threo) different sections, 124. The tension section is the (ontside/eore) of the belt 125, For most efficient, power transfer: the shafts must be exactly ___, the __ must be lined up exactly. 126, Lubrication _____belt. material; belts should he lubricated. 127. If a belt is noisy or seems to be dried out, it (should / should not) be lubriestod, portant thingy an operator has to do with an operating V-belt drive is to check belt. COMPARISON OF GEAR AND BELT DRIVES 129. Gears and V-belts haye advantages and disadvantages, In each of the following situations, identify which kind of drive you would use. You need a choap way to reduee speed, gears pelt drive You neat to connect a motor to a fan over # relatively long distance, — gears V-bolt drive You naed a very dependable drive that requires the least shutdowns for adjustment or repairs. we! ‘V-belt drive 196, V-belts are inefileient at low speeds. When very high torque must be transmitted at low peed, use (roars/V-belts). 181, Some gear drives may be damaged or may suffer exeos- sive wear from shoek-loading during startup, Because they ate more flexible, V-belt drives take shock loads (hetier/worse) than wear drives, 192, Sinee they can't “give,” (gear drives/V-bell. drives) hold apeods more constant, ry three outside parallel sheaves wealcens, or damages nover, or not should not tension V-belt drive V-belt drive gears goons better sear drivesPILOT FIGHT—PUMP AND COMPRESSOR DRIVERS UNIT FOUR--IC ENGINES page Lay tO CHAINED cre craiesyrennigrearneeetereerentys ‘The Internal Combustion Engine i 5 Principles of the IC Engine 7 ‘The Combustion Cyale i oar B Cylinder Arrangement 15 ‘The 2-Cyele Engine YW Raview and Summary : : 20 Section Two Construction of IC Enginos . 7 23 MBACRED cadeatsininswioiesiomatnncernmnecnee ‘The Carburetor 26 Jas Admission Syste wacseiniennas 2 Governors 28 Hydraulic Governors al Overspeed Trip Mechanism ........ sb ve 8 ‘The Electrical System = sauinerent: a ‘The Battery vse 9B Magneios and Pulse Generators * sevens BF ‘The Dictributer vo... ec. aus 39 Diesel Engines ..... cen sii at Roview and Summary rasiharneae a Section Three Auxiliaries of the IC Engine : 46 ‘The Cooling Syatem .. ane etasena ioe ae Lubricating Systems . _ Rs eel What is Friction? 51 Lubricating the Engine 53 Oil Cooling. 56 Oil Pressure 7 Air Cleaners... see . seein 8 Superchargers s Seana peeaeees e100 Exhaust Systoms Pogo ey Oe Review and Summary... eee if 63 Section Four Conttol of Operation of the 1¢ Engine... Bae 66 ‘The Instrument Panel 6 Prestart Procedures . 2 ts or Engine Starting Procedures... ., : ee) Procedures for Stopping y a Preventive Maintenance be : tine Deily and Weokly Proventive Maintenance Checks... 4 Monthly Preventive Maintenances Chocks ....0ccsecsceecss TA Review aad Summary... Hal ‘ 6