1

Freq. Desig.

Linkend A :

High

7624

dd
12
77

mm
49
2

ss
33.7
2

Linkend B :

Low

7470

dd
12
77

mm
37
4

ss
7
9.8

Re

Lat 1,2

Long 1,2

km

0.2238564147

1.3444949967

0.2202363109

1.3451145886

6366.705

Mandatory
To Play with
Results

Lattitude
Longitude

Hop Length
Frequency Band

Azimuth
km
37 GHz
18 GHz
15 GHz

23.3671311

Operating Frequency Sub-Band

GHz

Operating Frequency

7.617

GHz

23.37

Km

Hop length

Polarization

Antenna Dia in mtr @ End A

0.6

1-Jan-00
0.6

0.6

2 0.6

4
Tx Power
Radio Threshold
FkTB

25

dBm

-69
-97

dBm
dB

Feeder Losses

0.5

dB

Temperature
Water Vap. Density
Pressure

25
20
900

C
g/m3
mb

9.482090312 B

dB

Radio selection Successful !

dBm
dBm

Ant. Hts.@ Linkend A, and B

Deg.

78.00

58.00

C/I Objective (dB)

26

XPD (dB)

30

PL Value

50

XPIF (dB)

Geoclimatic Factor K 0.0008859822

Fading Occurance Factor, Po 192.061847551
Fading Activity Factor, (Neta) 0.2784079324

Prob. Of Flat Fade exceeded in W.M., Pns

#N/A
Outage due to Clear-Air X-Poln. For Co-Chan. System, Pxp 3888.47799039
Prob. Of Selective Fade exceeded in W.M., Ps 0.0047333605

Min Sig Width(Ghz) 0.026

Non-Min Sig Width(Ghz) 0.026

Min Sig Depth(dB)

Non-Min Sig Depth(dB)

%
%

17
17

0.0036725976

Total Outage due to Multipath Fading, Ptot

7.617
0.5
22.87
23.37
4.38

-98

Ant Gain @ End A

Ant Gain @ End B
Antenna Beamwidth

#N/A
#N/A
5

Atmos. Absorption, Aa
GHz
Km
Km
Km

#N/A

THDeg 2.53901891
INTMargin
3

30.28
30.28
5

dBi
dBi
deg.

dBm

0.2908861632

dB

Unavailability Due to rain

Rain Rate (0.01% of time)

k factor
Alpha factor
Specific Attn.,Yr

115

mm/h

0.00301
1.132

Effective Hop Length

0.5528
5.8535

dB/km
km

Reqrd FM against Rain

3.2358

dB

#N/A

0.0012308892

Unavail. Due to Rain, Pr

Outage due to Precipitation Effect,PXPR

Copyright: Alok K Tiwari

3.1415926536

Atmospheric Absorption

THRESHOLD DEGRADATION
Threshold= C/N + NF+ BW +kT [ All in dB,i.e., 10*LOG value]
Total Noise Power = -114 dBm/MHz + 10*LOG(noise BW)+10*LOG(NF)
Icumulative

189.4820903125

1.5671261189

WARNING !!

FRESNEL RADIUS

1st. Fresnel Radius

PI

-1.081391840E-005

Antenna Gain

Tx-Power has been set within Range!

Antenna size not available in this band

Hop Length(d)

Altitude

MULTIPATH

Rx LEVEL
Rx Level #N/A
FFM #N/A

Frequency
d1
d2

Eqpt. Signature Factor, sf

FREE SPACE LOSS

Loss free space 137.458853

Meridian Angle

N
E

NERA INTERLINK

15
Q

Rain Region

Horizontal

Antenna Dia in mtr @ End B

Radio Type

N
E

dB
dB

01/12/2017 14:24:35

Antenna Height Estimation

Site
A
B

AMSL
710
645

m
m

Hop Length

23.37

km

AMSL ( m )

PATH - PROFILE
800

Kfactor

780

1.333333333 11

Max Earth Budge,heb

760

1/3
7.99

Want to Fix the Antenna Ht !

740

Antenna Height @ Linkend A

Antenna Height @ Linkend B

720
700
0

10

Height @ B

20

Hop Length
( Km )
Column M

Freznel Zone

Height @ A

15

78
58

Y
78
58

Extra Attenuation Due to Obstruction:

1st Fresnel Clearance:
Clearance to Direct Path:

4
3

Mtr
Mtr

Actual Terrain

1Y

Y1

Attenuation (dB)
-3.7843
Rx-Level
#N/A

Terrain Details

m
m

25

Distance
Particulars from A
END A
X1
X2
X3
X4
X5
END B

AMSL

0
1
2
5.7
13.4
21
23.37

Obstacle
Height

710
760
740
730
670
650
645

Back to Sheet: Calculations

Path Profile:

Site A : 7624

Site B : 7470

12 49' 33.7"

12 37' 7"

77 2' 2"

77 4' 9.8"

Pol
Horizontal

Freq
F4

Link Ends
0
11.685
23.37
11.685
0

0
15
15
15
15
15

Freq

Hop LengtAMSL
23.37
710
23.37
677.5
23.37
645

Fresnel
radii

AGL

Obstruction

0
710
710
6.1327853 781.1327853
775
8.47699697 763.476997
755
13.0130911 758.0130911 781.13279 745
14.9873465 699.9873465
685
9.14762999 674.14763
665
0
645
645

0
1
2
5.7
13.4
21
23.37

7
Ant Hts
78
58

Ant Hts AMSL Max F1

788
0
745.5
15.8050707
703
0

Ref+
788
703
761.31 225
703
200
729.69
788

71.13279
0
17.65579
23.11969
0
106.9852
136.1328

Back-to-Back coupled Passive Receiver

Rx Level at Active Sites :
Frequency of Operation

7.00

GHz

Tx Power

28.00

dBm

Site B

Site A
Gr1

G1
Lfs1

Lfs2

Lc

G2

Gr2

Reppassive

Gain: G1, G2
Tx Antenna Dia, m
Rx Antenna Dia, m

2.40
2.40

42.33
42.33

Feeder Loss

0.00

dB

Branching Losses

0.00

dB

Other Losses ( Attenuation, ThDeg)

Attenuation due to Atmos. Gases

0.00
0.00

dB
dB

Free Space Loss- Path1: Lfs1 128.44 dB

Free Space Loss- Path2: Lfs2 131.63 dB
Rx Signal Level -69.76 dBm

Hop Length: Reppassive to Site A:Path1

9.00 Km
Hop Length: Reppassive to Site B:Path2 13.00 Km
Gain: Gr1, Gr2
Repeater Ant1 Dia, m
Repeater Ant2 Dia, m
Coupling Loss Between Antennas, Lc

1.80
1.80
2.00

39.83
39.83
dB

Antenna Dia Antenna Gain

0.3
34
0.6
38.7
1.2
44.9
1.8
48
2.4
3.0

H
V

Y
N

K-values
1 1/3
1.00
2/3
1/3

Antenna Dai Antenna Gain

0.3
31.9
0.6
36.6 15 GHz
1.2
42.6
1.8
46

Back to Sheet: Calculations

Antenna Dai Antenna Gain

1.2
36.4
1.8
40.5 7 GHz
2.4
42.5
3.0
44.5

Frequency:
1
2
3
4
5
6

F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
F6

Center Frequency
18.6175
18.645
18.6725
18.7
18.7275
18.755
18 GHz

Lo
18.1125
18.14
18.1675
18.195
18.2225
18.25

Hi
Center Frequency Lo
Hi
Center Frequency Lo
19.1225
14.725
14.515
14.935
7.533
7.456
19.15
14.753
14.543
14.963
7.561
7.484
19.1775
14.781
14.571
14.991
7.589
7.512
19.205
14.809
14.599
15.019
7.617
7.54
19.2325
14.837
14.627
15.047
0
0
19.26
14.865
14.655
15.075
0
0
15 GHz
7 Ghz

Hi
7.610
7.638
7.666
7.694
0
0

1
2
3

18
15
7

Frequency
1
2
4
6
7
8
10
12
15
18
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
60
70
80
90
100
120
150
200
300
400

Kh
0.0000387

Kv
0.0000352

Alpha_H
0.9116

Alpha_V
0.8802

0.000154
0.000138
0.9632
0.9234
0.00065
0.000591
1.121
1.075
0.00175
0.00155
1.308
1.265
0.00301
0.00265
1.132
1.312
0.00454
0.00395
1.327
1.31
0.0101
0.00887
1.276
1.264
0.0188
0.0168
1.217
1.2
0.0367
0.0335
1.154
1.128
0.0577762095 0.0530054 1.11914317 1.0880730835
0.0751
0.0691
1.099
1.065
0.1244
0.113
1.061
1.03
0.1871
0.1674
1.02
0.9997
0.2629
0.2334
0.9789
0.9633
0.3495
0.3098
0.9391
0.9287
0.4424
0.3932
0.9032
0.8965
0.5362
0.4793
0.8725
0.8683
0.7069
0.6419
0.8621
0.8243
0.8514
0.7836
0.793
0.7925
0.9753
0.9063
0.7687
0.7693
1.064
0.9992
0.7529
0.7537
1.12
1.06
0.743
0.744
1.18
1.13
0.731
0.732
1.31
1.27
0.71
0.711
1.45
1.42
0.689
0.69
1.36
1.35
0.688
0.689
1.32
1.31
0.683
0.684

Back to Sheet: Calculations

INTERPOLATION

fx
f1
f2

18 Ghz
15 Ghz
20 Ghz

Alpha_h
Alpha_v

0.057776
0.053005

Kh
Kv

1.119143
1.088073

%age of Time
Region
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
J
K
L
M

N
P
Q

Rain
1
0.12
0.5
0.7
2.1
0.6
1.7
3
2
8
1.5
2
4

0.3
0.8
2
2.8
4.5
2.4
4.5
7
4
13
4.2
7
11

0.1
2
3
5
8
6
8
12
10
20
12
15
22

0.03
5
6
9
13
12
15
20
18
28
23
33
40

0.01
8
12
15
19
22
28
30
32
35
42
60
63

0.003
14
21
26
29
41
54
45
55
45
70
105
95

0.001
22
32
42
42
70
78
65
83
55
100
150
120

5
12
24

15
34
49

35
65
72

65
105
96

95
145
115

140
200
142

180
250
170

Back to Sheet: Calculations

NOKIA FLEXIHOPPER
Frequency
Duplex Frq.
13
15
18

154
420
1010

NERA CITYLINK
Frequency

Duplex Frq.

Min. Phase
Sig. Width.( Ghz)
Notch Depth, Bn(dB)
0.026
13.1
0.03
10.8
0.031
10.7

Non-Min. Phase
Sig. Width.( Ghz)
0.026
0.03
0.031

Min. Phase
Sig. Width.( Ghz)
Notch Depth, Bn(dB)
0.026
17

Non-Min. Phase
Sig. Width.( Ghz)
0.026

15

420

NERA INTERLINK
7

154

0.026

17

0.026

CERAGON:FibeAir 3128
15

420

0.026

17

0.026

-97
-97
-97
-97

Max Tx-Poer
18
19.5
18
28

RADIO TYPE
1
2
3
4

Radio Name
THRESHOLD @^ -6 FkTB
NOK FLEXI HOPPER
-77
NERA CITYLINK
-69
CERAGON:FibeAir 3128
-68
NERA INTERLINK
-69

Back to Sheet: Calculation

Non-Min. Phase
Notch Depth, Bn(dB)
13.1
10.7
10.6

Non-Min. Phase
Notch Depth, Bn(dB)
17

17

17
C/I @ 10^-6 BER
23
26
28
26

N.A.
Tx-Power Out of Range !
Freq Out of Range !
Radio selection Successful !
Radio dos'nt support this FREQ !
FREQ selection Successful !
Tx-Power has been set within Range!
Antenna size not available in this band
Antenna selection OK

OUTAGE DUE TO PRECIPITATION EFFECTS FOR CO_CHANNEL SYSTEMS

Coefficient, U

41.45352

Coefficient, V

19.002

dB

Path Attenuation,A0.01

3.235815

dB

Equivalent Path Attn.,Ap

6.505152

dB

Parameter ,m

28.47239

Parameter, n

-2.909781

ATMOSPHERIC ABSORPTION
Yp
Y0
Yw

0.88845
0.004853
0.007594

dB/Km
dB/Km

SYSTEMS

Wireless Supporting Information

Free-space Loss. The Friis free-space propagation equation is commonly used to determine the attenuation of a
signal due to spreading of the electromagnetic wave.
Free space loss is given as:
Attenuation (dB) = 92.467 + 20 log10(fGHz) + 20 log10(Dkm); or,
Attenuation (dB) = 96.6 + 20 log10(fGHz) + 20 log10(Dmi)
Where: fGHz = frequency in GHz, and
Dkm = distance between antennas (link) in kilometers; or,
Dmi = distance between antennas (link) in miles.
Frequencies above 10 GHz. For frequencies above 10 GHz there are several additional issues that effect
propagation, including:
Absorption due to gasses or water vapor;
Attenuation due to mist, fog, or rainfall.
Many gasses and pollutants have absorption lines in the millimeter bands but, due to their low densities, their effect
is negligible in microwave and millimeter wave frequencies below 30 GHz. Water vapor, though, has an absorption
line at 22.235 GHz and can effect microwave frequencies above 10 GHz. The amount of water vapor in the
atmosphere at sea level can vary from 0.001 grams per cubic meter in a cold, dry climate to as much as 30 grams per
cubic meter in hot, humid climates. In addition, the effects of precipitation can be significant at microwave
frequencies above 10 GHz. The attenuation due to rainfall is dependent on the size and distribution of the water
droplets. Because snowfall rates are generally less than rainfall rates, propagation is less effected by snowfall. For
both snow and fog, the attenuation loss is a function of temperature and can vary by a factor of 3 between 0C and
40C .
Total transmission loss for a microwave/millimeter link is given by Freeman as:
Attenuation (dB) = 96.6 + 20 log10(fGHz) + 20 log10(Dmi) + excess attenuation (dB) due to water vapor, mist, fog,
and rainfall.
Where: fGHz = frequency in GHz, and
Dmi = distance between antennas (link) in miles.
Total Path Loss. The total path loss (dB) is the gain of both antennas (dB) added together, minus the free space
loss (dB) and any additional loss (water vapor, mist, fog, rainfall, and Fresnel reflection loss).
Fading. Fades, or variations with time, in path loss are encountered during abnormal propagation conditions. The
most common type of fading is that due to multipath transmission. Combinations of irregularities and fluctuations in
atmospheric temperature, humidity, and pressure cause more than one and often many propagation paths to exist
between the transmitting antenna and the receiving antenna. As the atmospheric conditions vary, the routes and
distances of paths also vary, causing signals of differing phases and amplitudes to arrive at the receiving antenna at
the same instant. Multipath, or interference, fading is characterized by rapid fluctuations of received carrier power.
Fade Margin. Fade margin is the depth of fade, expressed in dB, that a microwave receiver can tolerate while
still maintaining acceptable circuit quality .
Fresnel Loss. The primary component to path loss is the free-space signal loss from the transmitting antenna to
the receiving antenna. But additional path loss may also exist from multi-path reflections (sometimes called Fresnel
reflective loss) due to reflective surfaces such as water near the direct wave, and intervening obstacles such as
buildings, mountain peaks, etc., in the Fresnel zone.
Fresnel Zone. Fresnel (fr nel'), named after Jean Augustin Fresnel, 1788-1827, French physicist. The Fresnel

zone is an elliptically shaped conical zone of power that propagates from the transmitting antenna to the receiving
antenna due to cancellation of some part of the wavefront by other parts that travel different distances. If the total
path distance between the transmitting antenna, mountain peak, and receiving antenna is one wavelength greater than
the direct distance between antennas, then the clearance is said to be two Fresnel zones.
The first Fresnel zone: R = 72.1 ((d1mi)(d2mi) / (Dt)(f))
Fresnel boundaries. The outer boundary of the first Fresnel zone is defined as the additional path length of all
paths, which are one-half wavelength (1/2 ) of the frequency transmitted longer than the direct line-of-sight path
between antennas. If the total path distance is one wavelength (1) longer than the direct path, then the outer
boundary is said to be two Fresnel zones. There are an infinite number of Fresnel zones located coaxially around the
center of the direct wave path. Odd number Fresnel zones reinforce the direct wave path and even order number
Fresnel zones cancel the direct wave path.
Clearance. For reliability, point-to point links are designed to have at least 0.6 of the first Fresnel zone clearance
from any obstruction from all sides (top, bottom, left and right of the first Fresnel zone).
Refraction. The earth's curvature, as well as atmospheric conditions (temperature, pressure, and water vapor), can
refract or bend electromagnetic waves either up, away from, or down toward the earth's surface. This bending can
change frequently, hour to hour, day to night, season to season, and weather pattern to weather pattern. Refractivity
is usually greatest close to the earth's surface and becomes smaller the higher above the surface you go. To
compensate for this effect, a refractivity gradient, or 'K' factor, is used when designing point-to-point communication
links. The 'K' factor is the ratio of the effective Earth radius to the actual Earth radius. A 'K' factor of 1 indicates no
bending of the signal; a 'K' factor of less than one means the electromagnetic wave is bent up, away from the surface.
A 'K' factor greater than one indicates a slight bending downward, towards the earth. The 'K' factor value commonly
used for microwave links is 1.333 (4/3) for normal atmospheric conditions, which means that the radio horizon is
further away than the visual horizon.
Earth's curvature at obstruction: h = ((d1mi)(d2mi) / (1.5)(K)) ft
Antenna Gain. For a paraboloid reflector microwave antenna (greater than 960 MHz) consisting of a dishshaped
surface illuminated by a feed horn mounted at the focus of the reflector, the antenna gain is given as [6]:
Antenna Gain (dBi) = 20 log10(Dft) + 20 log10(fGHz) + 7.5; or,
Antenna Gain (dBi) = 20 log10(Dm) + 20 log10(fGHz) + 17.82
Where: dBi = decibels over an isotropic radiator
Dft = Antenna dish diameter in feet; or,
Dm = Antenna dish diameter in meters, and
fGHz = Frequency in GHz.
Note: The above formula is based on the efficiency of a paraboloid antenna being on the order 55%. Some
manufacturers may be able to improve on this number, therefore, the gain given by a manufacturer for a specific
antenna should be used, when available, otherwise the above formula will suffice.
The general formula for computing the gain of any antenna is given as: 4A / 2
where A = effective area of antenna ( efiiciency of 55% for a parabolic dish reflector antenna)
= wave length
Area and Wavelength must be in same unit (feet, meters, etc.)
Beamwidth. Antenna beamwidth refers to the width of the main radiated beam (main lobe) between two equal
power levels that are 3 dB down from the peak power of the center of the main beam. Antenna gain and beamwidth
are interrelated quantities and are inversely proportional; thus the higher the gain an antenna has, the smaller the
beamwidth[3]. Therefore, increased care must be taken when aligning high gain antennas to insure that the antenna is

accurately aligned on the center of the main beamwhich could be only a few degrees wide. For example; a 6-foot
parabolic dish antenna at 6 GHz has an antenna gain of 38.63 dB and a beamwidth of only 1.91.
Beam Width is given as:
(70 * cm 100) (antenna ft * 0.3048), or
(70 * cm 100) antenna meters
where cm = wave length in centimeters
Radiation Fields. There are three traditional radiation fields (regions) in free space as a result of the radiated
power of an antenna. These three radiation fields are known as:
1. The near-field, also called the reactive near-field region, is that region that is closest to the antenna and
for which the reactive field dominates over the radiative fields.
2. The, Fresnel zone, also called the radiating near-field, is that region between the reactive near-field and
the far-field regions and is the region in which the radiation fields dominate and where the angular field
distribution depends on distance from the antenna (see earlier definition of Fresnel Zone).
3. The far-field, or Rayleigh distance (historically called the Fraunhofer region), is that region where the
radiation pattern is independent of distance.
Polarization. The polarization of an antenna refers to the orientation of the electric field vector in the radiated
wave. For linear polarization (horizontal or vertical), the vector remains in one plane as the wave propagates through
space. To eliminate polarization mismatch loss, the receiving antenna must have the same polarization orientation as
the transmitting antenna (Note: If the waveguide connection at the antenna is vertically oriented, the antenna is
said to have horizontal polarization, and vice-versa).

How To Use : The Guidelines...

Important: If the file name is changed from the supplied "Link Planning Tool.xls," some of the macros will not function
properly. It would be best to save the completed workbook under a new name, then start on new systems with the original file.
Here is the description for using the utility:
1. We mainly enter the parameter value into the sheet
"Calculations".
a. Entries shown in YELLOW cells are mandatory.
b. Entries shown in GREY cells are to play with in order to
get the desired result wrt Standard Link Design Criteria.
c. Entries shown in LIGHT BROWN are ONE-TIME entries like
temperature, pressure etc.
PASSWORDS: Sheet "Calculations" : Password "link"
Sheet "Antenna Heights": Password "antennae"
Sheet "Report": Password "report"
Sheet "DB_Ant1(18Ghz)": Password "antennae"
Sheet "DB_Ant2(15Ghz)": Password "antennae"
Sheet "DB_RadioEqpt": Password "radio"
Sheet "PassiveRepeater": Password "passive"
Above Passwords are activated.
Please be careful while making any change to Sheet "Calculations" for
it contains the most important formulae.
The "Calculation" sheet looks up for the required data :
a. For Antennae (of 18 GHz band) from the sheet: "DB_Ant1 (18GHz)
Using the Password sizes and gains can be modified.
Note that only FOUR sizes are permissible to provide into
this sheet.
b. For Antennae (of 15 GHz band) and Frequency of
Operation from the sheet:"DB_Ant2 (15GHz). Using
Password sizes and gains can be modified. Note that
only FOUR antennae sizes EIGHT Frequencies in TWO
separate bands can be used. Also do not change the
frequency named F1,F2,....F6,G1,G2.Only their respective
values can be changed.
c. For Radio Specific Data form the sheet:DB_RadioEqpt.
Using Password we can also modify the Radio Names,
their signature data and Radio Parameters. Here THREE
different type of Radios can be used.
2. The Sheet "Antenna Heights" is to calculate the antennae
heights based on LOS survey feedback data.
3. The Sheet "Report" is just the compilation of information used in link implementation.
This is to bring to your kind notice that formulae used into this workbook are as per ITU-T.As I'm using the Tool like Nokia's
NETACT PLANNER and CTE's PATHLOSS, I've observed the similar results at least for Link Design parameters.
NEW (v2): Passive Repeater worksheet

Back-to-back coupled Passive Repeater calculations. Use: 'passive' to unlock the worksheet to edit values.
Hope this will suffice. For further clarification/suggestion feel free to contact under signed.
NEW (v3): Selection Buttons
To make this spreadsheet more useful I have made this spreadsheet more user friendly by putting some "buttons" so that one
can select the values by using these buttons without typing or looking for the other sheets.
NEW (v4): Graphical Link Analysis
Provision to view/analyse the link graphically ( Addition of : Path Profile) over a approximated Terrain.
NEW (v5): "Technical Information"
A "Technical Information" page has been added in order to have easy understanding of the principles involved in a Microwave
Link Designing. Also, more automated buttons have been added.
Alok K Tiwari
Transmission Planning
Idea Cellular Ltd - Delhi(INDIA)
alok.tiwari@ideacellular.com
Mobile # +91 9891005329
Landline # +91 51679999 Ext- 5338
FAX # +91 51679999 Ext- 5399