VT LIU THNG MINH

TS. H Th Thu Nga

Khoa hc v cng ngh pht trin tuyt vi trong vic thit k cc thit b in t v my mc
s dng cc vt liu tiu chuNn, khng c tnh cht c bit c bit (v d nh thp, nhm,
vng). Hy tng tng mt lot cc kh nng, tn ti cho cc vt liu c bit c cc tnh cht
m cc nh khoa hc c th x l chng. Mt s vt liu nh vy c kh nng thay i hnh dng
hoc kch thc ch n gin bng cch thm mt cht nhit, hoc thay i t cht lng thnh
cht rn gn nh ngay lp tc khi gn mt nam chm, cc vt liu ny c gi l vt liu thng
minh.

Dng cht lng thng minh c pht trin ti Lab. ca Vin k thut Michigan
nh ngha vt liu thng minh:
Vt liu thng minh l vt liu c kh nng p ng vi cc kch thch hoc thay i mi trng
v thch ng cc chc nng tng ng ca chng. Vt liu p in, vt liu t v electrostrictive,
vt liu nh hnh dng v dng cht lng chc nng c s dng tc ng n tnh cht c
hc ca h thng. Hiu ng vt l l khng ging nhau: cm bin chuyn i nng lng c hc
thnh cc thng s o lng in, trong khi cc thit b truyn ng chuyn i cc dng nng
lng khc thnh nng lng c hc.
Khi nim nh hnh dng cp n kh nng ca mt s hp kim (Ni - Ti, Cu - Al - Zn ...) tri
qua bin dng ln, trong khi khi phc li cu hnh ban u ca chng vo cui ca qu trnh
bin dng mt cch t nhin hoc bng cch nung nng m khng c bt k bin dng d. Cc
thuc tnh c th ca SMA lin quan cht ch n mt s bin i pha rn-rn c th l do nhit
hoc ng sut. Hin nay, SMAs ch yu c p dng trong khoa hc y t, in, hng khng v
tr v k thut c kh v cng c th m cc ng dng mi trong k thut dn dng c bit
trong vic bo v a chn ca cc ta nh.

Vt liu thng minh c mt hoc nhiu tnh cht c th c thay i ng k. Hu ht cc vt

liu thng thng c tnh cht vt l, m khng th c thay i ng k, v d nu du c
nung nng, n s tr nn mng hn mt cht, trong khi mt vt liu thng minh vi ln lt
nht c th bin t mt cht lng chy mt cch d dng thnh mt cht rn. Mt lot cc vt
liu thng minh tn ti, v ang c nghin cu rng ri. Chng bao gm cc vt liu p
in, vt liu t tnh lu cht, vt liu in tnh lu cht, v cc hp kim nh hnh dng. Mt s
vt dng hng ngy c tch hp cc vt liu thng minh (tch cafe, xe hi, Trm v tr
quc t, knh eo mt) v s lng ca cc ng dng ngy cng tng.
Mi loi vt liu thng minh bn thn c nhng tnh cht khc nhau c th c thay i ng
k, chng hn nh nht, khi lng, v dn in. Tnh cht c th c thay i nh
hng n cc loi ng dng m vt liu thng minh c th c s dng.
Cc loi VLTM:

Hp kim nh hnh (shape memory alloys),

Gm p in (piezoelectric ceramics),
Vt liu t gio (magnetostrictive materials)
Cht lng in/t lu bin (electrorheological/magnetorheological fluids)
Cm bin si quang hc (Fibre-optic sensors)

1. Vt liu p in (Piezoelectric materials). Nhng vt liu ny hin ang c s dng rng

ri nht trong cc vt liu thng minh. Vt liu p in c 2 tnh cht c o c quan h tng
tc vi nhau: Khi ti trng tc dng ln VLA, to nn dng in tuy nh nhng c th o c
trn b mt. Ngc li, khi mt dng in chy qua VLA th n tng kch thc ng k (thay
i n 4% th tch).
Do , gm p in (Piezoceramics) c s dng nh cm bin o cc thng s c kh nh lc,
chuyn v v gia tc. Khi mt trng in c p dng bn ngoi, hiu ng p in gin tip
to chuyn v (bin dng) vt liu hay lc. Do , piezoceramics cng c s dng nh thit b
truyn ng. Piezoceramics c mt thi gian p ng cc k ngn khi ti trng ln, lm chng
thch hp cho vic kim sot rung ng trong phm vi m thanh nghe thy. Tuy nhin,
piezoceramics to nn bin dng tng i nh (0,1-0,2%). iu ny thng tng ng vi
chuyn v ch l mt vi micromet. Bt li hn na l in p cao yu cu (mt vi trm volt, ty
thuc vo loi xy dng) v mt nng lng tng i thp.
Mt li th ng k ca vt liu p in l chng c sn xut nh vt liu a tinh th v c th
c sn xut hng lot. iu ny dn n tnh a dng ca cc sn phNm v thit k, v d
cc thit b truyn ng c xp chng ln nhau v cc u d un. Tin b ng k nht l s
tch hp ca cc si piezoceramic hoc m-un l thnh nhng kt cu th ng.

Hnh 1
Hiu ng p in l g?
Cc hiu ng cm bin v chp hnh (p ng) ca vt liu thng minh (Hnh 2) l mt trng
in c tc dng ln gm p in c chuyn i thnh bin dng c hc (hiu ng chp
hnh). Ngc li, vt liu gm p in c th chuyn i mt bin dng c thnh hiu in th
(hiu ng cm bin).

Hnh 2: Hiu ng p in

Dng in

nung nng

un cong

Hnh 3

Thit b truyn ng tnh in (Electrostatic Actuator)

Vt liu p in c s dng rng ri nht l cc cm bin trong cc mi trng khc nhau.
Chng thng c s dng o lng thnh phn cht lng, t trng cht lng, nht cht
lng, hoc lc tc ng. Mt v d ca loi vt liu p in trong cuc sng hng ngy l cm
bin ti kh trong xe ca bn. Vt liu cm nhn lc tc ng ln xe hi v truyn i v b
charge in m ti kh.
Cc hiu ng p in c pht hin bi anh em Curie trong nm 1880. p dng thc t ca vt
liu p in tr thnh hin thc nm 1916 nh Paul Langevin pht hin cc c tnh p in
ca tinh th thch anh. Sau pht hin ny, ngi ta quan st thy rng mt s vt liu tinh th c
s phn cc t pht dc theo trc ca tinh th, c tnh cht st t. Nhiu nm sau, mui Rochelle
l tinh th duy nht c bit l c tnh cht st t ny.

Lng cc in trong cc lnh vc; (1) Gm st in cha phn cc, (2) qu trnh phn cc v
(3) sau khi phn cc (gm p in)
Piezoelectrics l nhng vt liu thng minh ph bin nht. Chng b bin dng khi chu mt in
trng tc dng, v ngc li to ra in p khi tc dng lc, v do c th c s dng nh
thit b truyn ng v cm bin. Di tc dng ca trng lc, cc vt liu ny to ra chuyn v
nh nhng bao chm mt phm vi tn s dn ng rng. Vt liu p in l tng i tuyn tnh
( cc mng thp) v lng cc, nhng th hin t tr. Cc piezoceramics s dng rng ri nht
(chng hn nh ch zirconate-titanate) dng tm mng m c th d dng dnh kt hoc nhng
vo trong kt cu composite hoc xp chng ln nhau to thnh thit b truyn ng
piezostack ri rc.

Cc dng thit b truyn ng khc nhau

Bng so snh cc truyn ng

Bng so snh cc cm bin chuyn v

Nhiu polyme, gm s, v cc phn t nh nc phn cc vnh vin: mt s phn t mang in
tch dng, trong khi cc phn t khc mang in tch m. Khi mt in trng c p dng
cho cc vt liu ny, nhng phn t phn cc s gn kt bn thn vi in trng, dn n gim
s sinh lng cc trong cu trc phn t hay tinh th ca vt liu. Hn na, loi vt liu phn
cc vnh vin nh thch anh (SiO2) hoc bari titanate (BaTiO3) s to ra mt in trng khi
thay i kch thc ca vt liu do tc dng mt lc. l vt liu p in, v hin tng ny
c gi l hiu ng p in.
Ngc li, tc dng mt in trng c th lm thay i kch thc vt liu p in. Hin tng
ny c gi l hin tng t gio, hoc hiu ng p in ngc li.
Vt liu p in c s dng trong b chuyn i m thanh, chuyn i m thanh (m thanh)
thnh sng in trng, v ngc li. Cm bin ny c s dng trong in thoi, h thng m
thanh sterio, v cc nhc c nh guitar v trng. Thch anh, mt loi vt liu p in, thng
c tm thy trong ng h. Mt in trng dao ng lm cho cc tinh th thch anh cng
hng tn s t nhin ca n. Nhng rung ng ca tn s ny c m v c s dng
gi cho ng h chy ng gi.
Gn y, mt nh sn xut nhng vt liu p in trong vn trt loi cc dao ng ca
vn trt v gip gi cho cc cnh tip vn trt tuyt xc vi tuyt.

2. Lu cht tnh in v t (Electro-rheostatic v Magneto-rheostatic)

Vt liu lu cht tnh in (Electro-rheostatic (ER)) v lu cht tnh t (magneto-rheostatic
(MR)) l cht lng, c th tri qua mt s thay i nht y kch tnh. Nhng cht lng ny
c th thay i t mt cht lng dy (tng t nh du ng c) thnh gn nh cht rn trong
khong mt phn nghn giy khi tip xc vi t tnh hoc in trng; hiu ng c th b o
ngc hon ton mt cch nhanh chng khi trng in t c loi b. Cht lng MR thay i
nht khi tip xc vi t trng, trong khi cht lng ER c nhng thay i tng t trong mt
in trng. Cc thnh phn ca tng loi cht lng thng minh rt khc nhau. Cc dng ph
bin nht ca lu cht MR bao gm cc ht st nh l lng trong du, trong khi cht lng ER c
th n gin nh s-c-la sa hoc bt bp v du.
Cht lng MR ang c pht trin s dng trong gim sc xe hi, rung ng my git, chn
tay gi, thit b tp th dc, v nh bng b mt cc b phn my. Cht lng ER ch yu c
pht trin s dng trong b ly hp v van, cng nh b gn ng c c thit k gim ting
n v rung trong xe.

Hnh 4: Cht lng MR khi cha c t trng (bn tri) v c t trng (bn phi)
ng dng:
B bin i m cng sut cao
Motors.
B truyn dn thy lc (Hydraulic actuators).
B gim chn iu chnh c.
H thng c lp dao ng
Ly hp, phanh.

Kim sot bn

3. Hp kim nh hnh (Shape Memory Alloys)

Hp kim nh hnh (SMA) l cc hp kim kim loi c th thay i hnh dng ca mnh thng qua
chuyn i vi cu trc do nhit hoc t trng. L nhng kim loi th hin hai c tnh rt
c o: tnh gi n hi, v hiu ng nh hnh dng.
Hp kim nh hnh l vt liu composite c th quay tr li mt hnh dng nh trc khi b nung
nng, tnh cht ny s c tm thy trn nhiu cht liu nh vng-Cadmium, ng, nhm,
niken-titan..v..
Arne Olander ln u tin quan st cc tnh cht khc thng vo nm 1938 (Oksuta v Wayman
1998), nhng cho n khi nm 1960's vn khng c bt k tin b no trong vic nghin cu
nghim tc lnh vc cc hp kim nh hnh dng. Cc hp kim c s dng rng ri v hiu qu
nht bao gm Niti (Nickel-Titanium), CuZnAl, v CuAlNi.

Hai tnh cht c o m t trn c thc hin thng qua mt giai on thay i trng thi
rn, l mt phn t sp xp li, xy ra trong cc hp kim nh hnh dng. Thng thng ngi
ta ngh n mt giai on thay i trng thi rn sang lng hoc cht lng chuyn sang kh. S
thay i pha trng thi rn tng t nh s sp xp li phn t, nhng cc phn t cn li vn
lin kt cht ch sao cho cht vn cn mt cht rn. Trong hu ht cc hp kim nh hnh
dng, mt s thay i nhit ch khong 10oC l cn thit bt u giai on thay i ny.
Hai giai on xy ra trong cc hp kim nh hnh dng, l pha Mactenxit, v Austenite.
Mactenxit l pha tng i mm v d b bin dng, tn ti nhit thp. Cc cu trc phn t
pha ny c lin kt vi nhau nh hnh 6 (gi l twinned martensite). Khi bin dng giai on
ny c dng th hai th hin trong hnh 6 (bn phi). Austenite, giai on mnh m hn ca hp
kim nh hnh dng, xy ra nhit cao hn. Hnh dng cu trc Austenit l dng khi, cu trc
th hin pha bn tri hnh 6. Hnh dng v kch thc tinh th ca pha mactenxit khi cha b
bin dng ging nh ca pha austenite dng v m, sao cho c th nhn thy khng c s thay
i kch thc v hnh dng trong hp kim nh hnh cho n khi pha martensite b bin dng.
Kt qu martensite c th d dng b bin dng, cc np gp ca tinh th cc k mm do. Do
cc cu trc c th "m ra" khi vt liu c kh bin dng, cho php hi phc ti a mc bin
dng khong 8%. Bin dng ny c gi l gi-n hi (pseudo-elastic) v l vnh vin min l
vt liu vn cn nhit thp. Tuy nhin, nu cc martensite bin dng c lm nng vt

qu nhit chuyn tip, n phc hi cu trc tinh th Austenit, v do tr v hnh dng ban
u ca n.
Kt qu gy nn bin dng, v mt k thut, c th c khai thc nh l mt hiu ng chp
hnh.

Pha Martensite v Austenite phases

Hnh 5: Chuyn bin pha ca t chc t vi kim loi

Hnh 6: Hnh nh vi m v v m ca 2 pha chuyn bin cu SMA

Nhit m ti cc giai on bt u v kt thc hnh thnh c i din bi cc bin nhit
sau y: Ms (bt u chuyn bin pha Martensite), Mf (kt thc pha Martensite), As (bt u
chuyn bin pha Austenite), Af (kt thc pha Austenite).
Tng lc t trn mt mnh hp kim nh hnh dng lm tng gi tr ca cc bin s nhit ny
(hnh 7). Cc gi tr ban u ca cc bin cng b nh hng ng k bi cc thnh phn ca dy
(tc l tng s ca mi phn t hin din).

Hnh 7: S ph thuc ca nhit chuyn bin pha vo ti trng

Hnh 8: Biu vi m ca hiu ng nh hnh

Cc hiu ng nh hnh dng c quan st thy khi nhit ca mt mnh hp kim nh hnh
c lm lnh n di nhit Mf. giai on ny, hp kim hon ton bao gm martensite m
c th d dng b bin dng. Sau khi bp mo SMA, hnh dng gc c th c phc hi ch n
gin bng cch nung nng dy in trn nhit Af. Nhit c truyn cho dy l cng lm sp
xp li phn t ca hp kim, tng t nh nhit lm bng tan chy thnh nc nc, nhng hp
kim vn cn trng thi rn. Lc ny Mactenxit bin dng c chuyn sang pha austenite dng
khi, c cu hnh hnh dng ban u ca dy.

Hnh 9

Cc tnh cht ca vt liu nh hnh:

Tnh gi n hi (Pseudo-elasticity)

Tnh gi n hi xy ra trong cc hp kim nh hnh dng khi hp kim hon ton gm austenite
(nhit ln hn Af). Khng ging nh hiu ng nh hnh dng, tnh n hi gi xy ra khng
c mt s thay i nhit . Ti trng tc dng trn cc hp kim nh hnh dng tng ln cho n
khi austenite bin thnh Mactenxit n gin l do ti trng, qu trnh ny c th hin hnh
trn. Ti trng c hp th bi martensite mm hn, nhng ngay sau khi gim ti Mactenxit bt
u chuyn i tr li Austenite v nhit ca dy vn cn > Af, v l xo dy tr v hnh dng
ban u ca n.

Mt vi ng dng ca tnh gi n hi:

Gng knh
Dy o ngc
Dng c y t
Antennae in thoi di ng
Cung ning rng

Cc ng dng ca hp kim nh hnh:

Cc tnh cht khc thng c cp trn c p dng cho mt lot cc ng dng trong mt
s lnh vc khc nhau nh: hng khng v tr, dng c phu thut, c bp cnh tay robot

Cnh tay robot

My bay

Dng c lp ghp xng

Mt s trang webs ch cc ng dng ca SMA:
http://webdocs.cs.ualberta.ca/~database/MEMS/sma_mems/flap.html
http://webdocs.cs.ualberta.ca/~database/MEMS/sma_mems/bone.html
http://webdocs.cs.ualberta.ca/~database/MEMS/sma_mems/muscle.html
Hiu ng nh hnh hin nay c thc hin trong:

Coffe pots (Bnh pha cafe)

The space shuttle (phi thuyn khng gian)
Thermostats (phch gi nhit)
Vascular Stents (Stents)
Lp ghp thy lc dng cho my bay
B chp hnh c kh (White et al. 1998).
ng thng tnh mch (Lee et al. 2000).
k thut ma st mi mn (Li, 2000).
Ly hp v phanh nhit thng minh (Fawcett and burdess, 1999).
SMA Micro-pump (Makino et al., 2001).

h thng lm tan bng da trn SMA (NASA Lewis Research Center, 1999).

Mt s u im chnh ca hp kim nh hnh:

Tnh tng thch sinh hc
Cc lnh vc ng dng khc nhau
C tnh tt (tnh bn cao, tnh chng mi mn)
Hin nay vn cn tn ti mt s kh khn i vi cc hp kim nh hnh dng cn phi c
khc phc trc khi c th th hin y tim nng ca chng. Vic ch to cc HK ny
v my mc cn tng i t tin so vi cc vt liu khc nh thp v nhm. Hu ht cc
SMA c tnh cht bn mi km, iu ny c ngha rng vi cng cc iu kin ti trng (tc
l xon, un, nn) mt chi tit thp c th tn ti hn 100 ln so vi chu k mt yu t SMA.
Cc vt liu nh hnh s dng rng ri nht l hp kim ca niken v titan c gi l
Nitinol. Hp kim c bit ny c tnh cht in v c tuyt vi, bn mi cao, v kh nng
chng n mn cao. L mt thit b truyn ng, n c kh nng bin dng ln n 5% v 350
MPa ng sut phc hi, cho ra ~ 1 Joule / gm cng u ra.
Nitinol c sn dng dy, que, v thanh vi nhit chuyn bin trong khong -100 n
100 + C. Gn y hn, cc ng dng trong H thng vi c in t (MEMS) dn n s
pht trin ca Nitinol dng mng mng ph phn x (sputter)

Bng mt s hp kim c hiu ng nh hnh:

4. Si quang.
Si s dng cng , tn s, giai on hoc phn cc ca iu ch o bin dng, nhit
, trng in / t, p lc v s lng o lng khc. Chng l nhng cm bin tuyt vi.

Cm bin o bin dng bng si quang da trn k thut Bragg-grating

5. Vt liu vi cc chc nng b sung:

Vt liu cm bin c th pht hin cc tn hiu no , iu chnh nhy cm ty thuc

vo s thay i mi trng, hoc phc hi nhy b gim st.
Vt liu xc tc c th pht hin qu trnh tin trin ca mt phn ng hoc phn bit cc
phn ng ca mt sn phNm.
Vt liu dt c th pht hin mt lot cc tn hiu t c th con ngi v iu kin thi
tit cho php thoi mi hn. (V d: o T-shirt thng minh)

6. Xu hng pht trin:

Ngy nay, cc cng ngh ha hn t hiu qu v ci thin tin cy sut i bao gm vic
s dng vt liu v cu trc thng minh. S hiu bit v kim sot thnh phn v cu trc ca
bt k vt liu mi l mc tiu cui cng nghin cu trong lnh vc ny, v rt quan trng
cho vic sn xut vt liu thng minh tt. Nhng hiu bit t c bng vic thu thp cc d
liu ng x ca cc cu trc tinh th bn trong ca mt vt liu khi nung nng v lm ngui,
bin dng v thay i, s lm tng tc pht trin vt liu mi s dng trong cc ng dng
khc nhau.
Kt cu gm s, dy siu dn v vt liu cu trc nano l v d in hnh cc vt liu phc
tp s l thi trang cng ngh nano. Hoc vt liu tin tin gim trng lng, loi b m
thanh, phn chiu nh sng nhiu hn, lm gim rung v x l nhit nhiu hn s dn n
cc cu trc v h thng thng minh nht nh s nng cao cht lng cuc sng chng ta.

Cu thng minh

Gy nh bng chy in thng minh s dng vt liu thng minh gim chn

Cng ngh nh hnh trong thit b truyn ng khi kp c da trn s chuyn i pha ca hp
kim niken titan khi n di chuyn t Martensitic n pha Austenitic. S chuyn i ny c

tinh ch c mt kt qu kh nng hun luyn, lp li, v d on c. Cc thit b truyn

ng trong cc hot ng kp khi hp kim c lm nng bng in, vt liu gin n, gii phng
p lc kp. Thit k ny, s dng nng lng in m kp, cung cp p lc kp ng tin cy
khi kp c ngt kt ni.