Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ch2 Before PDF
ch2 Before PDF
Chapter
3 1 0
SURFACE MINING
METHODS
REFERENCE:
BULLIVANT, DA. Current Surface Mining Techniques.
Journal for the Transportation of Materials in Bulk: Bulk
Solids Handling, vol 7, n6, December 1987, pp827-833.
2-1
P D Y
3 1 0
Figure 2.1
Note how the general classification system works, from stratified (or
layered) types of deposits, through the type of layering, the thickness of
overburden and finally the means by which overburden is handled;
specifically, in-pit or ex-pit systems.
A further consideration is the type of material (waste or ore) handling
systems that can be used in each type of mining operation, namely
cyclic (discontinuous) or continuous systems. Refer to Bullivants
reference for a description and analysis of the two systems and how
they could be applied (and under what circumstances) for each type of
mining method considered here.
2-2
P D Y
3 1 0
2-3
P D Y
3 1 0
Large scale floor slopes (ie. Coal seam inclinations) of more than 8
20 have in many cases lead to failures of waste dumps (usually
coinciding with heavy rains, poor drainage and clay material in the
bottom of the waste dump) and therefore modified terrace or even openpit mining methods have to be applied although these methods are
often not financially viable with a low unit-cost high volume product such
as coal. Note that small scale changes in floor (or coal seam) elevation
or inclination are not as problematic from a geotechnical point of view,
but nevertheless create extremely difficult working conditions when
dragline mining is used (refer to Chapter 10 for details).
Nowadays, several large strip mines operate in areas that were
previously mined by underground methods, for example New Vaal
Colliery. In such cases it is difficult to anticipate the stability of the
overburden and geotechnical surveys are required especially where
underground rooms are required to be blasted (by collapsing the pillars
between) prior to using a dragline on these areas. Irrespective of the
precise geology of the coal seam, the general approach remains similar
to conventional strip mining and Figure 2.2 and 2.3 show the
terminology used and typical method of strip mining.
2-4
P D Y
3 1 0
Figure 2.2
2-5
P D Y
3 1 0
Figure 2.3
Strip mining with dragline (on overburden) and rope
shovel (below, loading coal)
2-6
P D Y
3 1 0
Figure 2.4
Combined terrace (pre-stripping of soft overburden) and
strip mining (stripping deeper hard overburden) methods and associated
equipment.
In South Africa, Grootegeluk Colliery is a typical example of terrace type
of mining. Currently, 11 benches are mined, 6 of overburden waste and
5 of coal. A dragline cannot be used due to the depth of the coal and
width of the pit, but later on in the life of the mine, the mined-out terraces
will be back-filled with waste (ie. The mining method will change from
modified terrace to conventional terrace see Figure 2.1). On a smaller
scale Mooiplaas Dolomite is also a terrace mining operation (in this
case, ore is transported out of the mine using an in-pit crusher and
conveyor and waste is tipped directly as envisaged in a terrace mining
operation). Mine Figure 2.5 illustrates a typical 3 bench waste (OB1-3)
and 3 coal seam terrace operation with mining moving from R to L in the
diagram.
Where steeply dipping orebodies are encountered, the modified method
is most often applied as shown in Figure 2.6 in a more typical 3 waste
bench terrace operation with steeply dipping orebody. In this case, the
pit dimensions are limited by seam exposure (pit length) and available
working area (for mining and dumping faces) (pit width).
2-7
P D Y
3 1 0
Figure 2.5
Figure 2.6
Terrace mining method with around the pit conveyor and
hydraulic excavator and haul trucks
2-8
P D Y
3 1 0
Figure 2.7
2-9
P D Y
3 1 0
stability. Note that each pit slope can have a different angle according to
the requirements of the design with or without haul road, geology, etc.
Figure 2.8
2-10
P D Y
3 1 0
2-11
P D Y
3 1 0
EXAMPLE QUESTIONS
1
2-12
P D Y
3 1 0
d.
Overall (s)- and immediate (variable) stripping
ratio (S), with reference to the open pit mining method.
3.1
Illustrate a surface mining classification method that
differentiates between strip- and terrace mining methods. Refer
in your answer to a stratified ore body that lies relatively
horizontal and include the other factors that would allow either
method to be identified for a particular set of conditions.
3.2
With the help of diagrams, illustrate and discuss the
differences between the two methods mentioned in 3.1 above,
in terms of the mining process (especially overburden handling)
and the typical dimensions of each type of mining. It is NOT
necessary to discuss equipment choices.
2-13
P D Y
3 1 0
b.
c.
Increasing
Decreasing
STUDENT ASSIGNMENT
Compile your own notes from Bullivants reference paper, with particular
reference to;
The mining-method classification system
Transport systems flow diagram (continuous and cyclic
excavation and transport systems), component, combination and
the degree to which they may be successfully applied and used
in each type of mining method discussed.
2-14
P M Y
1 2 0