

‫א‬‫א‬
EF
٢٥٤
   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 

 
 
 W،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬        ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬         ‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 J ‫א‬‫א‬ ?‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
   ‫א‬  ?    ?   ? 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 
 EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

  

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Automatic control‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Plant‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬KKK‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 
 EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

  
Routh‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬James Watt’s‫א‬  ١٧٦٩
fly ball governor‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬J.C.Maxwell‫א‬  ١٨٦٨
 ‫א‬Henry Ford  ١٩١٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬H.W.Bode  ١٩٢٧
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬H.Nyquist  ١٩٣٢
Massachusetts Institute of Technology‫א‬‫א‬  ١٩٥٢
 
 George Devol  ١٩٥٤
 ١٩٦١‫א‬  ١٩٦٠
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٩٧٠
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٩٩٤
 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

١
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

  

 
 
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K Pt − 100 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
KTC-probe‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 KThermocouple‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

-١-
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
pt − 100 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K pt − 100 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 pt − 100 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ٨W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬GW‫א‬‫א‬
 KEF‫א‬G 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
-٢-
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

  
 
  pt − 100 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W
‫א‬١٠٠pt‫א‬ pt − 100 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K pt − 100 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
 

 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
K pt − 100 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
‫א‬‫א‬ pt − 100 ‫א‬‫א‬G
K
 K pt − 100 ‫א‬G
 

 W‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ pt − 100 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
RT = Ro (1+αT )
 W
KT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ = RT

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

  
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ = R0
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ = α
 K  3.85 × 10 −3 K −1 
 K‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬ = T
 
Rv − R0
 α 0 , 100 =
R0 × T
 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z α 0,100
 Kv‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ZRV
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ZRO
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ZT
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE pt − 100 F‫א‬‫א‬  J١
K  J٢
K  J٣
K٢،١٥  J٤
K‫א‬‫א‬  J٥
KEF  J٦
K  J٧
K‫א‬  J٨
 

-٤-
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

  
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 WE١ J١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١

 
K pt − 100 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١ J١F‫א‬
 
 
 
-٥-
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

  
  E pt − 100 F ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K٢
‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬ E ١ J١F‫א‬‫א‬
KEINT.F‫א‬ reference voltage ‫א‬‫א‬I = Constant‫א‬
   I ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ١  ‫א‬    K٣
 KE١ J١F٢١‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬١١‫א‬G
 W–١
 ‫א‬×‫א‬ZE‫א‬F‫א‬
 W‫א‬ K٤
 KEF‫א‬EDIFF.IN F‫א‬‫א‬G
١Eamplifier gain switch F‫א‬‫א‬G
 K‫א‬‫א‬?OFFS.ADJ?
 KEmultimeterF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
‫א‬?INPUT OFFS. ADJ?‫א‬١٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
 K
 K١‫א‬‫א‬G
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     K٨
K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٩

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

  
 W‫א‬ ;
 

 E pt − 100 F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
Va (oC)  ‫א‬‫א‬
  (oC)‫א‬ Rv (ohm) UA (mV)
        ٠
         ١
         ٢
         ٣
         ٤
         ٥
         ٦
         ٧
         ٨
         ٩
        

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

  
 W‫א‬ ;
 

 E pt − 100 F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
Va (oC)  ‫א‬‫א‬
  (oC)‫א‬ Rv ( ohm) UA (mV)
         ٩
         ٨
         ٧
         ٦
         ٥
         ٤
         ٣
         ٢
         ١
         ٠
  
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
NTC- probe‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K( NTC- probe )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
( NTC- probe )‫א‬‫א‬  W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K٢W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KK‫א‬G W‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬G    
     
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

  

 ENTC-probe F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FNTC ‫א‬KEthermistorsF
‫א‬ENegative Temperature Coefficient
‫א‬K ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٣٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 KNTC-probe‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
‫א‬K( Thermometer )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬
٢ J١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
  KE
 K( NTC- probe )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ G
‫א‬( NTC- probe )‫א‬‫א‬G
K‫א‬
 K( NTC- probe )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
 
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

  

 
 W‫א‬

R
  T
= R T0 × eb/ t

 
 
  K‫א‬‫א‬WRT 
K٢٠‫א‬‫א‬WRTo
 K٧٠٠٠ J١٥٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Wb
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WT
 K٢٠‫א‬‫א‬WTo
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KENTC-probeF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K K٢
K K٣
K٢L١٥ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
KEF K٦
K K٧
K‫א‬ K٨

 W‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
  I=const ‫א‬MODE‫• א‬
KINT ( reference voltage, VREF ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 K‫א‬( multimeter ) ‫א‬‫א‬ K٢

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

  
K١‫א‬٢١‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬U‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
W‫א‬ K٥
 KEF‫א‬ ( DIFF.IN )‫א‬‫א‬ •
(OFFS.ADJ ) ‫א‬ ١ ( Gain switch ) ‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬
 K١٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ( Heating control ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٨

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

  

 
  K( NTC- probe)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J١F‫א‬
 
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

  
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
U a (V ) Va (C o )
   ٠
   ١
   ٢
    ٣
    ٤
    ٥
    ٦
    ٧
    ٨
    ٩
   ١٠
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
U a (V ) Va (C o )
   ٩
   ٨
   ٧
    ٦
    ٥
    ٤
    ٣
    ٢
    ١
    ٠

- ١٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

  
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٩
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٠
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١١
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٢٠ ١٠٠  ٨٠  ٦٠  ٤٠  ٢٥  ٢٠ ٠
 EoCF
 ‫א‬‫א‬
١٩٤{٧ ٣٣٩ ٦٢٧{٥ ١٢٤٤ ٢٦٦٣ ٥٠٠٠ ٦٢٤٥ ١٦٣٢٥
 (ohm )
 
 

 ٪‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

ohm V  ( ohm ) EoCF
         ٢٥
         ٤٠
         ٦٠
         ٨٠
         ١٠٠

- ١٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
( Thermocouple )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K( Thermocouple )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K٢W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬G 
 KEF‫א‬G 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 

- ١٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

  

( Thermocouple ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬( Hot-junction ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ( Cold-junction )‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K ( compensation lines )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K( Thermocouple )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
 
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
 
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
( thermo-voltage )
 K( Cold-junction )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

  UM = Ue + ∆U
- ١٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

  

 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬( Corrected thermo-voltage )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ZUM
 K( hot-junction temperature, vM)
‫א‬( Measured thermo-voltage )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ZUe
 K( cold-junction temperature, vv )
Temperature of F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z△U
 K( Reference temperature, vb )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Ecold-junction ,vv
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬△ U 
 Kvbvv
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬vMvbvvG
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬vbZvb‫א‬G
 K△U ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KEThermocouple temperature probeF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K K٣
K K٤
K٢L١٥ K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
KEF K٧
K K٨
K‫א‬ K٩
 

- ١٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

  
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 WE٣ J١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١

 K( Thermocouple )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٣ J١F‫א‬

 
 

- ١٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

  
‫א‬‫א‬I=const ‫א‬MODE‫ א‬K٢
KINTEreference voltage, VREFF
EmultimeterF ‫א‬ ١٥ ‫א‬ •
K‫א‬
 ١٢١‫א‬‫א‬ •
 
K‫א‬
F‫א‬ ‫א‬U‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
E‫א‬
W‫א‬ K٣
KEF‫א‬EDIFF.INF‫א‬‫א‬ •
OFFS.ADJ ‫א‬١EGain switchF‫א‬ •
K‫א‬
 K١٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
WKZ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E heating controlF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
Ecold-junctionF‫א‬Eambient temperature control, vUF
K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K
‫א‬‫א‬Ecorrection boxF‫א‬ •
KE١٠٠٠‫א‬F١ZUe‫א‬‫א‬UT
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Ue‫א‬ •
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 

- ٢٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

  

  v = 0C o W٤&١‫א‬; vu = 0 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
vm Ue/1000 vm va  ‫א‬
o
  Co  (mV ) C  Co
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         

EMeasured thermo-voltage ,UeF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٥

KE Hot- junction temperature, VMF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٦
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
- ٢١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

  
 W‫א‬

 
K١٠K‫א‬‫א‬E٤ J١F‫א‬
 K‫א‬

- ٢٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

  

 
C o ‫א‬K،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٢٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

  

 
  C o 0 ‫א‬K،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٢٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

  

 
  C o ‫א‬K،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٢٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٢
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

  
 
 
 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
- ٢٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K٤W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬G W‫א‬‫א‬
 KEF‫א‬G    
 
  ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 

- ٢٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

  

 ( Flow Measurement ) ‫א‬

 

 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
Evan-type meterF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EQ F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
KEUAF‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
K‫א‬‫א‬G
KEUAF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E V F‫א‬‫א‬G
 
 W‫א‬

V
Q =
t
  V × 60
Q =
t
 W
 KELF‫א‬‫א‬W Q
 KEF‫א‬‫א‬W t
 K٠{٤Z١٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WV
 ‫א‬LE‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬FZEDeviationF‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE Flow-through meter F‫א‬ K١
KE Flow-through measuring amplifier F‫א‬ K٢
KE RotameterF‫א‬ K٣
KEFilling tank F‫א‬ K٤
KE PumpF K٥
KESet point valueF‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
KEMultimeterF‫א‬ K٧
KEpower supply F‫א‬ K٨
KEStop watchF K٩
K K١٠
K‫א‬ K١١
 

- ٢٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

  
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 WE١ J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١ J ٢F‫א‬

- ٣٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

  
 KE٠{٤Z١٠F١٠E volume F‫א‬ K٢
K١٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K١٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
KQ = V/t ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ K٧
 EL٠{١Z١F
K‫א‬‫א‬١٠،٩‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٨
 K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٩
 
UA‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ELF‫א‬  EF‫א‬
 EF
       ٢
       ٣
       ٤
       ٥
       ٦
       ٧
       ٨
       ٩
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١٠
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١١
 
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 ٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K٢W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬G W‫א‬‫א‬
 KEF‫א‬G    
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

  

 ( Pressure Measurement ) ‫א‬

 
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
 K‫א‬‫א‬G
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
 
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
K‫א‬‫א‬G
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
 
 W‫א‬
∆P = ∆h × ρ × g
Ua = ∆P × Fa
 
 K( Pa )‫א‬‫א‬W∆P
 K( m )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ∆h
 K٣L‫א‬١٠٠٠Z٢٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W Ρ
 K٢L٩{٨١Z‫א‬‫א‬Wg
 K△P‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W Ua
  KL٠{٠٠٨Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WFu

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

  
 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEDifferential pressure sensorF‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
 KERotameterF‫א‬ K٣
 KEPower amplifierF K٤
 KEFilling tankF‫א‬ K٥
 K K٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K٨
 K‫א‬ K٩
 K K١٠
 K K١١
 K‫א‬ K١٢
 
 

- ٣٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

  
 W‫א‬‫א‬
WE٢ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢ J٢F‫א‬

- ٣٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

  
 W‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Ka
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ Kb
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬P2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Kc
‫א‬١٠٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE١٢٥Z١F‫א‬١٠١٢٥٠‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Kd
K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬∆h K٣
 KEFUF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
Ua(V)  ∆P(Pa) ∆h(m)
       ٧
       ٨
       ٩
       ١٠
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K٢W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬G  
 EF‫א‬G  
 
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

  

 ( Level Measurement ) ‫א‬

 
 W
P1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KP2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬G
 K‫א‬‫א‬G
 K‫א‬‫א‬G
 
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ G
 
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
a piezo-resistive F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Eoverpressure gauge
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٣٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EDifferential pressure sensorF‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 KE Power amplifierF K٢
 KEFilling tankF‫א‬ K٣
 K K٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
 KEmultimeterF‫א‬ K٧
 K‫א‬ K٨
 K K٩
 K K١٠
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
KE٣ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 KEfull scale deflection FEpump controller F‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
W‫א‬
  U a = 0V , P = 0 Pa
 

‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬  E mm-scale F ‫א‬   K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬١٥٠‫א‬‫א‬Emeasurement range F
K١٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٦
KE △h F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
KEUA F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٨

  Pmeas = U A × 200 ( Pa / V )

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

  

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٣ J٢F‫א‬
 
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٩
p cal = ∆ h × ρ × g

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٠
‫א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 EPaFPcal  EPaFPmeas  EmmF△h  (VFUA  EmmFH
         ١٥٠
         ١٤٠
         ١٣٠
         ١٢٠
         ١١٠
         ١٠٠
         ٩٠
         ٨٠
         ٧٠
         ٦٠

W‫א‬‫א‬ K١١
 K١‫א‬‫א‬١٥‫א‬‫א‬ •
K١٠‫א‬‫א‬١٥٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١٢
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
H ( mm ) UA ( V )
   ١
   ٢
   ٣
   ٤
   ٥
   ٦
   ٧
   ٨
   ٩
   ١٠

KE UAF‫א‬‫א‬EHF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١٤
 
 
 
 
 

- ٤٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬

٣
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K ‫א‬
 ‫א‬( Control action )‫א‬( Error Signal )‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬( Comparator )‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K( Set point device )
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- ٤٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K٦W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬G W‫א‬‫א‬
 KEF‫א‬G    
 
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 

- ٤٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ( Two-position controller with differential gap )
 
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EfrequencyF‫א‬EamplitudeF‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Edelay time constantF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEcontroller hysteresisF

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬G
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G

 W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
 
 W‫א‬
  △X = Xmax - Xmin WE AmplitudeF‫א‬
 WEPeriodic time, TxF‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE controller hysteresisF‫א‬WXU

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K K٣
K٢L١٥ K٤
KEdelay lineF K٥
K‫א‬ K٦
K K٧
K K٨
K‫א‬ K٩
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
  w = 5V E set point valueF‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 KT1 = T2 = 5 sEsimulated lineF‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K١ZEcontroller hysteresisF‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    K٢
controlled F ‫א‬  ‫א‬   Edelay line 1st. OrderF
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Evariable
delay F‫א‬‫א‬Econtrolled lineF‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Eline 2nd . Order
‫א‬٣ ‫א‬٣‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬٣‫א‬2V7V‫א‬‫א‬ K٥

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١ J٣F‫א‬
 W
Eoscillation amplitudeF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
switching F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Econtrolled variableF‫א‬
 KEfrequency
Ew = 5vF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٥٠Eset valueF‫א‬‫א‬G
‫א‬KEresidual controller deviationF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Ew = 2 vFEset valueF‫א‬‫א‬G
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Ew = 7 vF Eset valueF‫א‬‫א‬G
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K٢W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬G
 KEF‫א‬G 
 
 ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ( PID Controller )
 

 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Econtinuous controllerF،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Edifferential gapF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G

 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Epre-hold duration, TnF‫א‬‫א‬G
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Eintegral action time, TvF
 KEPDF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EPIF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
 
 W‫א‬
 

1
XP = × 100 0
0
KP
 E proportional timeF‫א‬‫א‬WXP

- ٤٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

KP
Tn =
KI
 
 E Integral action timeF‫א‬‫א‬WTn
K
  T v = D
K P

 KEthe pre-hold durationF‫א‬‫א‬WTv

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K K١
K K٢
K K٣
K٢‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
K٢L١٥ K٦
K K٧
EXY- PlotterF‫א‬‫א‬ K٨
K K٩
 K‫א‬ K١٠

 W‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
  KD = 1 s ,KP = 3 , KI = 1 1/s
 .(1v)Estep functionF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EFunction generatorF‫א‬‫א‬G
 .‫א‬ XY(t) plotterE step functionF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢ J٣F‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬ Y(t) plotter ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢

 2v / cmZE Deflection sensitivity F‫א‬‫א‬G
 K1cm / secKEPaper feed F‫א‬G
 K( PID-controller )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬( D-section )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 KETnF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
 K2 v / sec‫א‬ (triangular voltage)
Tv F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
 KE 1KPF‫א‬‫א‬Epre-hold duration
‫א‬‫א‬(PI-controller)‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
KD KI 
 ‫א‬ ،(PD-controller)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
(PID-controller)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٨
 K‫א‬‫א‬(D-section)‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬

٤
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

  

 ‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K٤W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬G W‫א‬‫א‬
 KEF‫א‬G    
 
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

  

 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EF‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KMPCT/L‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬Ka
KMPCT/P‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬Kb
KMPCT/T‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬Kc
 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬KModular Process Control Trainer (MPCT)‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
- ٥٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
KTwo-position controllers with Differential gap ‫א‬ •
KContinuous controllers •
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 

W( Digital-type electronic controllers )‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬

EF
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٤F‫א‬،
( process )‫א‬‫א‬( Analogue signal y ) ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Kx
 



 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١ J٤F‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

  
،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 KMPCT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 K( Actuating signal )‫א‬WX
 K( Noise )Wn
 K( Set point )‫א‬W SP
 K( Controlled quantity )‫א‬‫א‬WY
 

 KMPCT‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٤F‫א‬

 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- ٥٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

  

 ( MPCT )‫א‬

 
 W‫א‬
 


 ،( MPCT ) ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K( AD/DA Board )L
 KE٣ J٤F
 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ‬

MPCT  


 KMPCT‫א‬WE٣ J٤F‫א‬
 
 
 
 W‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

  
 W‫א‬‫ א‬K١
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
EKKK‫א‬،،F‫א‬ •
KA/D‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬ •

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤ J٤F‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

  

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٤ J٤F‫א‬
 

 WW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J1
 K( PC-External )W‫א‬ J2
 K( Level-Pressure-temperature )‫א‬W‫א‬ J3
  (0 − 100%,0 − 5Volts ) ( Actuating signal ) ‫א‬ J4
  (0 − 100%,0 − 5Volts ) ( Disturbance signal )‫א‬ J5
  (0 − 100%,0 − 5Volts ) ( Controlled variable )‫א‬‫א‬ J6
 K( Pressure transducer gain potentiometer )‫א‬ J7
 K( Pressure transducer zero potentiometer )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J8
 K٢‫א‬‫א‬ J9
 K (0 − 100%)  ٢‫א‬ J10
 K( manual/automatic )L٢ J11
 K( On/Off )٢ J12
 K١‫א‬‫א‬ J13
 K (0 − 100%) ١‫א‬ J14
 K( manual/automatic )L١ J15
 K( On/Off )١ J16

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

  
 KE٥ J٤F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٥ J٤F‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEMPCT/FF J17
 Minreg‫א‬ J18
KAD/DA J19
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J20
 K‫א‬‫א‬( Fuses )‫א‬ J21
K 220V ,50 − 60 Hz ,6 A  J22
 K‫א‬ J23
 K‫א‬ J24
 K٢‫א‬ J25
 K١‫א‬ J26
 K‫א‬ J27
  pt − 100  J28
 KARTAN‫א‬ J29
 
- ٥٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

  
  W( Process simulator )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬
 ( process simulator )‫א‬
 ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦ J٤F

 
 K‫א‬WE٦ J٤F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K١‫א‬ J30
 K١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J31
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J32
 K( Thermometer )  J33
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J34
K‫א‬ J35
 K‫א‬ J36
 K‫א‬ J37
 KU J38
 K٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J39
- ٦٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

  
 K٢‫א‬ J40
K‫א‬ J41
 K J42
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J43
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- ٦١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬MPCT/L
 W‫א‬E٧ J٤F‫א‬

 
 KMPCT/L‫א‬‫א‬WE٧ J٤F‫א‬
 W
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١‫א‬ x
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢‫א‬ n
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ y
 K
 

- ٦٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
W‫א‬E٨ J٤F

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٨ J٤F‫א‬

KE٤ J٤F‫א‬E1F‫א‬،‫א‬ K٣
K0‫א‬٢١E10FE14F‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
KMANE11F٢‫א‬E15F١‫א‬ K٥
KONE12F٢‫א‬E16F١‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
0‫א‬‫א‬E10FE14F‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
KE5FE4F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F100%
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٨

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

  
K‫א‬٪٣٢،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٩
K?PR/LIV?‫א‬ K١٠
KE10F٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١١
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬E8FOFFSET‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K١٢
K?000?
KE100%F‫א‬‫א‬E14F‫א‬‫א‬ K١٣

 ‫א‬E7F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٤
K100%
‫א‬E8F‫א‬E7F‫א‬١٤١١‫א‬‫א‬ K١٥
K‫א‬
K٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٦
KOFF‫א‬E12FE16F٢‫א‬‫א‬ K١٧
KAUTO‫א‬E11FE15F‫א‬ K١٨
KPCE2F‫א‬ K١٩
KMPCT/L K٢٠
KONE12FE16F‫א‬ K٢١
 
 W( On-Off Controller )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
50 %‫א‬،5 %‫א‬،50 %‫א‬
  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K30 %‫א‬‫א‬K
 

E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
W‫א‬
K? PR/LIV?E3F‫א‬ •
K?PC?E2F‫א‬ •

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

  
KE37F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K?AUTO?E15FE11FL٢١‫א‬ •
 KONE16FE12F‫א‬٢١‫א‬ •
K‫א‬MPCT/L K٢
KOK‫א‬" MPCT level " ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬" Main menu " K٣
K( File → New ) ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K٤
KOK‫א‬?On-Off Regulator??Select Exercise Type? K٥
Test ?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬" Operator "‫א‬‫א‬  K٦
KOK‫א‬?description
KOK " Set point = 50 % "‫א‬" Set Point Setup " K٧
W‫א‬‫א‬?On-Off Parameters? K٨
 
Hysteresis = 5 %
Open time = 2 s  
Gain = 0.5  
 OK‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬?Noise Setup? K٩
 
DC Function ( Continuous noise )
Amplitude = 30 %  
Offset =0%  
 
 OK‫א‬
" noise "‫א‬? time diagram?‫א‬‫א‬ K١٠
K " Enable "
K" Start "‫א‬‫ א‬K١١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٢
 

KE٩ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

  

 
‫א‬KMPCT/L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٩ J٤F‫א‬
 K1.0 0.5 E‫א‬‫א‬F " Gain "‫א‬
 
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K( Set Point , Param , Noise ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K60 % ‫א‬" Set point " K١٣
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬" Param "  K١٤
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬" Noise " K١٥
K" square wave "‫א‬ •
K" triangular wave "‫א‬ •
K" sinusoidal disturbance " •
 K" random "‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
- ٦٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

  
K? cancel ?? stop?‫א‬‫א‬ K١٦

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ K١٧
K( File → save )‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١٨
K‫א‬File-Data-Browse‫א‬File-Data-Browse
K،‫א‬L‫א‬ K١٩
KCloseFile‫א‬ K٢٠
K٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢١
 
 W( PID Controller )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
0.5 ‫א‬286 % ‫א‬‫א‬،50 %‫א‬،
‫א‬K30 %‫א‬‫א‬K0 min. ‫א‬‫א‬،min
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K٤١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
KOK‫א‬" PID Regulator " ‫א‬" Select Exercise Type " K٢
KOK‫א‬" Test description "‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
KOK" Set point = 50 % "‫א‬" Set Point Setup " K٤
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬" PID Parameters " K٥

 
Proportional Band = 286 %
Integrative time = 0.5 min  
Derivative time = 0 min  
 
 KOK ‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

  
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬" Noise Set up " K٦

DC Function ( Continuous noise )  

Amplitude = 30 %
 
Offsite = 0 %
 
 KOK ‫א‬
" Regulating signal "‫א‬‫א‬" Manual Alignment " K٧
KOK ‫א‬٠
K" Enable "‫א‬" time diagram " K٨
K" Start "‫א‬‫א‬ K٩
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ K١٠
 

 E١٠ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 KMPCT/LPID‫א‬‫א‬WE١٠ J٤F‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

  
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K( Set Point , Param , Noise ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K60 % ‫א‬" Set point " K١١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬" Param "  K١٢
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬" Noise " K١٣
K" square wave "‫א‬ •
K" triangular wave "‫א‬ •
K" sinusoidal disturbance " •
 K" random "‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K? cancel ?? stop?‫א‬‫א‬ K١٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٥
K( File → save )‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١٦
K‫א‬File-Data-Browse‫א‬File-Data-Browse
K،‫א‬L‫א‬ K١٧
KCloseFile‫א‬ K١٨
K٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٩
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬E١١–٤F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 50 %Z‫א‬ •
K60 %‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K60 %‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 KE١٢ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬ •
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

  

 
 MPCT/LPID‫א‬‫א‬WE١١ J٤F‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 
MPCT/LPID‫א‬‫א‬WE١٢–٤F‫א‬
 K‫א‬60%‫א‬،

- ٧٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬MPCT/P
 W‫א‬E١٣ J٤F‫א‬
 


 KMPCT/P‫א‬‫א‬WE١٣ J٤F‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،١‫א‬
x
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،٢‫א‬
n
 K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ y

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬MPCT/P،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٣ J٤F
‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
" PID ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬" On-Off Controller "‫א‬
 KController "
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
W‫א‬E١٤ J٤F

 KMPCT/P‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٤ J٤F‫א‬
 

- ٧٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

  
KE1F‫א‬،‫א‬ K٣
K0‫א‬٢١E10FE14F‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
KMANE11F٢‫א‬E15F١‫א‬ K٥
KONE12F٢‫א‬E16F١‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
‫א‬‫א‬E10FE14F‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
KE5FE4F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،100%0
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٨
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Ksyringe
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
 3 %٢،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٩
K?PR/LIV?‫א‬ K١٠
KE10F‫א‬‫א‬٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١١
‫א‬،
 0 Volts‫א‬ K١٢
K‫א‬E8F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬٣٠٠‫א‬١ ‫א‬ K١٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ KEMax pressure‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K100%E6F‫א‬ K١٤
K‫א‬‫א‬E7F
‫א‬E8F‫א‬E7F‫א‬١٤١١‫א‬‫א‬ K١٥
K‫א‬
KE14F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٦
KOFF‫א‬E12FE16F٢١‫א‬‫א‬ K١٧
KAUTO‫א‬E11FE15F‫א‬ K١٨
KPCE2F‫א‬ K١٩
KMPCT/P K٢٠
KONE12FE16F‫א‬ K٢١

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

  

 W( PID Controller )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K( PID Controller )
K35 %W‫א‬ •
K286 %W‫א‬‫• א‬
K0.5W‫א‬‫• א‬
K٠W‫א‬‫• א‬
K10 %‫א‬W‫א‬ •
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 ?PR/LIV?E3F‫א‬ •
?PC?E2F‫א‬ •
KE37F‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K?AUTO?E15FE11FL٢١‫א‬ •
 KONE16FE12F‫א‬٢١‫א‬ •
KMPCT/P K٢
K( File → New )‫א‬ ‫א‬ K٣
KOK‫א‬" PID Regulator " ‫א‬" Select Exercise Type " K٤
KOK‫א‬" Test description "‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
KOK" Set point = 35 % "‫א‬" Set Point Setup " K٦
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬" PID Parameters " K٧
 

 
Proportional Band = 286 %
Integrative time = 0.5 min  
Derivative time = 0 min  
 KOK ‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬" Noise Set up " K٨
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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

  

DC Function ( Continuous noise )  

Amplitude = 10 %
 
Offsite = 0 %
 
 KOK ‫א‬
" Regulating signal "‫א‬‫א‬" Manual Alignment " K٩
KOK ‫א‬٠
K" Enable "‫א‬" time diagram " K١٠
K" Start "‫א‬‫ א‬K١١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١٢
 

 KE١٥–٤F‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 KMPCT/PPID‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٥ J٤F‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

  
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K( Set Point , Param , Noise ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K40 % ‫א‬" Set point " K١٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬" Param "  K١٤
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬" Noise " K١٥
K" square wave "‫א‬ •
K" triangular wave "‫א‬ •
K" sinusoidal disturbance " •
 K" random "‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K? cancel ?? stop?‫א‬‫א‬ K١٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٧
K( File → save )‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١٨
K‫א‬File-Data-Browse‫א‬File-Data-Browse
K،‫א‬L‫א‬ K١٩
KCloseFile‫א‬ K٢٠
K٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢١
 
،40 %35 % ‫א‬‫א‬E١٥ J٤F‫א‬
 K25 % 10 % ‫א‬K50 % ‫א‬
 
‫א‬،PID ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٦ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬
( ‫א‬،50 % 35 %‫א‬‫א‬
 KSinusoidal noise )
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

  

 
( MPCT/PPID‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٦ J٤F‫א‬
 K50%35%‫א‬Ksinusoidal noise )
 
 
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬MPCT/T
 W‫א‬E١٧ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬

 
 KMPCT/T‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٧ J٤F‫א‬
 
 KMixer‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،٢‫א‬ x
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،١‫א‬ n
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
y
 K‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

  
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
W‫א‬E١٨ J٤F

 KMPCT/T‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٨ J٤F‫א‬

KE1F‫א‬،‫א‬ K٣
K0‫א‬٢١E10FE14F‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
KMANE11F٢‫א‬E15F١‫א‬ K٥
KONE12F٢‫א‬E16F١‫א‬‫א‬ K٦

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

  
0‫א‬‫א‬E10FE14F‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
KE5FE4F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F100%
K‫א‬
 ٪٣٢،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٨
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٩
K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬FE20F‫א‬ K١٠
K" TEMP " E3F‫א‬‫א‬ K١١
KE33F‫א‬80‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١٢
KE10FE14F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٣
KOFFE12FE16F‫א‬ K١٤
KAUTOE11FE15F‫א‬ K١٥
KPCE2F‫א‬ K١٦
K‫א‬MPCT/T K١٧
KONE12FE16F‫א‬‫ א‬K١٨

 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

  

 W( PID Controller )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬286 % ‫א‬‫א‬،45 %‫א‬،
K10 %‫א‬‫א‬K0 min. ‫א‬‫א‬،0.5 min
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K" TEMP "E3F‫א‬ •
K" PC "E2F‫א‬ •
K‫א‬E32F‫א‬‫א‬ONE20F‫א‬ •
K‫א‬E43F‫א‬‫א‬ •
KAUTOE15FE11F٢١‫א‬ •
 KONE16FE12F‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬MPCT/T K٢
K‫א‬  K٣
KOK‫א‬" PID Regulator " ‫א‬" Select Exercise Type " K٤
KOK‫א‬" Test description "‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
KOK" Set point = 35 % "‫א‬" Set Point Setup " K٦
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬" PID Parameters " K٧
 
Proportional Band = 286 %
Integrative time = 0.5 min  
Derivative time = 0 min  
 KOK ‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬" Noise Set up " K٨

DC Function ( Continuous noise )  

Amplitude = ٢0 %
 
Offsite = 0 %
 KOK ‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

  
" Regulating signal "‫א‬‫א‬" Manual Alignment " K٩
KOK ‫א‬٠
K" Enable "‫א‬" time diagram " K١٠
K" Start "‫א‬‫ א‬K١١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 KE١٩ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬
 

 KMPCT/TPID‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٩ J٤F‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K( Set Point , Param , Noise ) ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
K40 % ‫א‬" Set point " K١٢

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

  
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬" Param "  K١٣
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬" Noise " K١٤
K" square wave "‫א‬ •
K" triangular wave "‫א‬ •
K" sinusoidal disturbance " •
 K" random "‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K? cancel ?? stop?‫א‬‫א‬ K١٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٦
K( File → save )‫א‬
File-‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١٧
K‫א‬File-Data-Browse‫א‬Data-Browse
K،‫א‬L‫א‬ K١٨
KCloseFile‫א‬ K١٩
K( 32 )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢٠
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢١ J٤FE٢٠ J٤F‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

  

 
 MPCT/TPID‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢٠ J٤F‫א‬
 K( sinusoidal noise )
 

 
 MPCT/TPID‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢١ J٤F‫א‬
K( square wave noise )‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٥
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K٤W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬G W‫א‬‫א‬
 KEF‫א‬G    
 
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 WE١ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬F85-HS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬W‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬،Jet-pipe‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ •
KFlapper nozzle
،‫א‬،ON/OFF‫א‬‫א‬W •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬،،W •
K‫א‬
 ‫א‬ •
،L ،‫א‬ W
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬W‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 85-HS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١ J٥F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬W 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
K‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١

 
 K85-HS‫א‬‫א‬WE٢ J٥F‫א‬

KE٢ J٥‫א‬‫א‬F?ON?‫א‬‫ א‬K٢

?ON?ESERVO CONTROLF‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
K?ON?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE٣٥‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
W
 EFOFFWCommand A G
 EFOFFWCommand BG

- ٨٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 EF?A?W‫א‬Command A-BG
 EF?CH1?W‫א‬CH1-CH2G
 

 
 K‫א‬WE٣ J٥F‫א‬
 
KCOMMAND VOLTAGE ‫א‬(Command A)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
KPotentiometer‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬EFBA-B READ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KCOMMAND A
0.0COMMAND A‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 Command B
KEfully CCWF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KCOMMAND VOLTAGE
 ‫א‬COMMAND B‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
‫א‬‫א‬KBA-B READ‫א‬‫א‬
fully F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬0.0COMMAND B‫א‬
KECCW
CH1‫א‬‫א‬COMMAND A‫א‬ K٨
FEEDBACK ‫א‬KE٤ J٥F ‫א‬
KCOMM A‫א‬VOLTAGE
KOFFA0.000volts‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
 KCH1A‫א‬WE٤ J٥F‫א‬

‫א‬COMM A،EFONCOMMAND A‫ א‬K٩

COMMAND VOLTAGE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KCH1‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،FEEDBACK VOLTAGE
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-10.000volts
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K١٠
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬COMMAND A
COMMAND ‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١١
WFEEDBACK VOLTAGEVOLTAGE

Dial setting‫א‬ COMMAND Voltage ( V) FEEDBACK Voltage ( V)

0    
1    
2    
3    
4    
5    
6    
7    
8    
9    
10    
- ٩٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

E١ J٥F

٩٠‫א‬‫א‬،E٥ J٥F‫א‬ K١٢

١٠‫א‬‫א‬K١٠٩٠‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٥ J٥F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١٣

،REFERENCE MARK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE٦ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬

 
K1.0‫א‬‫א‬E٦ J٥F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Feedback‫א‬‫א‬Command‫א‬ K١٤
KE١ J٥F‫א‬1.0،Dial setting
١٤١٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Command A
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K١٥
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬Dial setting

- ٩١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

+10volts‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K-10volts
‫א‬KEFCH2Feedback CH1-CH2 K١٦
KCH20.000 Volts
 ‫א‬‫א‬،BA-B READ K١٧
− 10.000V COMMAND VOLTAGEKE٧ J٥F
 

 
 ‫א‬WE٧ J٥F‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬،EFONCOMMAND B‫ א‬K١٨

‫א‬COMMAND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KFeedback CH2
W‫א‬E٢ J٥F‫א‬FEDDBACK‫א‬
 
 
 
 

Dial setting‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

COMMAND VOLTAGE (V) FEEDBACK VOLTAGE ( V )
0    
1    
2    

- ٩٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

3    
4    
5    
6    
7    
8    
9    
10    
E٢ J٥F

1.0 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬COMMAND B‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٩

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬١٩‫א‬ K٢٠
K − 10Volts   + 10Volts  ‫א‬K
OFF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢١
KOFF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٩٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

 
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬
 
Amplifier GA Servo valve Cylinder
 
 Gsv ‫א‬‫ ∫ א‬Gcyl
 
 
Rectifier LVDT  
 
 
85-HS‫א‬WE٨ J٥F‫ א‬ 

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
W‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
 K( Polarity )‫א‬G
K( Saturation )‫א‬G
 K( Gain )‫א‬G
 

- ٩٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
  E٩ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K85-HS‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،LVDT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KKKK‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 K85-HS‫א‬WE٩ J٥F‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
‫א‬K85-HS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩ J٥F‫א‬
‫א‬KE٨ J٥F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬A‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
- ٩٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 


 Ecable no. 16219F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬
KB‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
cable no.16218‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Actuator/Transducer‫א‬L
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،
،‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 
Actuator/transducer‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٠ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 

- ٩٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
 KWE١٠ J٥F‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬E١٠ J٥F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
LVDT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K0 Volts‫א‬،2.0 inch‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K2.0 Volts/inchEGfF،‫א‬‫א‬K
 

K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬E١٠ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 KE١١ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K3.0Volts
  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،K‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬،5.0 inches ‫א‬‫א‬ W ‫א‬‫א‬ J
،K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K-3.0volts
K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K-3.0 volts+3.0 volts‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١١ J٥F‫א‬
 
 E١٢ J٥‫א‬FW‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 + 3.0Volts 
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ J
 K − 3.0Volts 
 − 4.0Volts ‫א‬K − 1.0Volts ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K (−1.0) + (−3.0) = −4.0volts
 ‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 0Volts 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬ ‫א‬ + 1.0Volts ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ J

‫א‬‫א‬ − 1.0Volts ‫א‬، 2.5Inches ‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K − 1.0Volts
 

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٢ J٥F‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
- ١٠٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 WPOLARITY‫א‬
‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬،HARDOVER‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬EHARDOVERF ‫א‬ K
 ‫א‬،‫א‬

 ،‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬LoHi‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ J
 KBA‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬ J
‫א‬E١٠ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬E١٣ J٥F‫א‬،
 
 E١٣ J٥‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬KLoHi‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ J
 K0volts‫א‬0volts‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
+3.0volts‫א‬K+3.0volts‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
+1.0 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬،+3.0volts‫א‬KKKKK+2.0 voltsvolts

 ،4 inch‫א‬‫א‬ WHARDOVER،‫א‬‫א‬ J
+7 volts‫א‬ ‫א‬K+4.0volts‫א‬‫א‬
 KHARDOVER‫א‬
 

- ١٠١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٣ J٥F‫א‬
 
 W( Saturation effect ) ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٠٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

K  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 5 ma/volt=Amp Gain‫א‬
 2.5 gpm max @ 10 ma=Servo valve Size‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KSaturation‫א‬E١٤ J٥F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
K‫א‬‫א‬WE١٤ J٥F‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K+4volts0volts‫א‬،T1‫א‬
 ‫א‬10 ma‫א‬K
 ‫א‬20 ma+4.0volts
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬( saturated )
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،T2‫א‬
 KE١٤ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬( Slew velocity )‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬T3T2‫א‬
 K(saturated )
‫א‬‫א‬K10 ma‫א‬‫א‬،T3‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 K50%‫א‬5 ma‫א‬‫א‬،T4‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،T5‫א‬
 
 W( Gain ) ‫א‬
K  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،5 ma/voltK ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،2.0 volts‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K2.0 volts
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1 inch‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
40%‫א‬،4 ma‫א‬‫א‬،1.0 ma/volt‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 
 W( Effect of load )‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫ א‬K٥
K K٦
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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 

 W‫א‬‫א‬G
 
 ‫א‬ Model No‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 85-HPS

 ‫א‬‫א‬ 85-HDP

 ‫א‬‫א‬  100 J81

 ‫א‬ 85-SC

LVDT‫א‬‫א‬ 85-SLD

 ‫א‬‫א‬ 16215

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 16218

LVDT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 16219

 ‫א‬‫א‬ 16210

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 16231

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٥ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٥ J٥F‫א‬
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
W‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
 OFFWA‫א‬ •
OFFWB‫א‬ •
AWA-B READ‫א‬ •
PropWInt/Prop‫א‬ •
 10.0 WServo Amp Gain‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
  0.000Volts WCommand A •
 CWGain sensitivity‫א‬ •
 CH2WCH1-CH2 Read •
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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 Kread DC currentMultimeter‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦

K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KLVDT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
W‫א‬‫א‬،manifold servo‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Load valve
 KE١٦ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 

 
 KLVDT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٦ J٥F‫א‬
 
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K5.0WLVDT phase adjust‫א‬ ƒ
K10.0WLVDT excitation voltage‫א‬ ƒ
K10.0 MaxWLVDT freq. Adjustment‫א‬ ƒ
 KCH2WCH1-CH2 Read switch ƒ
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،11volts10‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫• א‬
K‫א‬
،4.0inch‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K2.0 inch‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬W‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬K0.000 volts
0.000 volt‫א‬‫א‬KE١٧ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬،
KLVDT‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬K4 inches16 volts‫א‬‫א‬K8.000 volts
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K4volts/in
 
 
 
 
 
 

- ١٠٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٧ J٥F‫א‬
 
K16218‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٨
K450psig/3105kpa‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٩
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٠
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬CB،A‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١١
K0.000 ma‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
K5.0‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١٢
KA‫א‬ K١٣
‫א‬‫א‬Command A‫א‬‫א‬ K١٤
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١٥
KE٣ J٥F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

Command A ‫א‬ ‫א‬

Feedback Current
0.0    
+1.0    
+2.0    
+4.0    
+6.0    
-1.0    
 J2.0    
 J4.0    
 J6.0    
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،B‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

K‫א‬ K١٧
‫א‬A‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،A‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١٨
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬LVDT‫א‬‫א‬K2.0 volts
K2.0 volts/inch‫א‬K1.0 inch‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١٩
K0 volts
K − 1.000Volts B + 3.000Volts A‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢٠
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬A‫א‬ K٢١
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

- ١١٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
OFFAONB‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ALoDHi‫א‬‫ א‬K٢٣
B‫א‬‫א‬KHARDOVER‫א‬K  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬K‫א‬
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KDLoAHi‫א‬ K٢٤
KOFFBONA K٢٥
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
A‫א‬‫א‬K5.0 volts‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ K١
٢‫א‬K5.0 inches‫א‬‫א‬ON
 KE5.0=‫א‬F
 ‫א‬  EvoltsF‫א‬  EvoltsF‫א‬
scale position 5.0‫א‬  10.0‫א‬
0.5    
1.0    
2.0    
3.0    
3.5    

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬A‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢

KA‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٣‫א‬‫א‬،٢١‫א‬‫א‬10.0‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
‫א‬K3.5 inchesA‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
KK‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
K5.0LVDT‫א‬ K٥
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 +1.000volts‫א‬Command A،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
KIntInt/Prop‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- ١١٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
KOFFWA •
KOFFWB •
KPropWInt/Prop •
K2.0 voltsWCommand A •
K8.0WLinear position Gain‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
KAWAmp Gain Sensitivity‫א‬ •
K ‫א‬10.0
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
K‫א‬
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
K‫א‬
  ‫א‬، K٣
K‫א‬
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
0.0‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
A‫א‬،ONA‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K+6.000volts
KOFFA‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
 

- ١١٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

K-6.000volts‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ONA‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KOFFA‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
KC‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
K٤٣‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
٤٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬
KOFFA‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٨
 
 LOAD‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬
 spring ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K7.0W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
CW‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬16128‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬E A , B ,CF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ONA‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
‫א‬‫א‬
K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
،E١٨ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
K‫א‬

- ١١٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
 K‫א‬WE١٨ J٥F‫א‬

K450 psig/3105 kpa‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٨

KD‫א‬5.0‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٩
3/4"‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬A‫א‬‫א‬ K١٠
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬١‫א‬ K١١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٢

‫א‬ Command AEVoltsF‫א‬ FeedbackEVoltsF‫א‬ ErrorEVoltsF‫א‬

Scale      
position Low gain High gain  Low gain  High gain  Low gain  High gain
Inches
3/4            
1-1/8            

١٢١١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬A‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٣
K1/8" J1
K ‫א‬‫א‬A‫א‬ K١٤
KC‫א‬7.0‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١٥

- ١١٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٣١٠‫א‬‫א‬ K١٦
K1/4" J1
K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ K١٧
K ‫א‬E ،D  ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 KB ‫א‬‫א‬C ‫א‬ K١٨
K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬A‫א‬‫א‬ K١٩
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢٠
 
 

- ١١٦ -
   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬
 
1. Study of Automatic Control ( IBC1/SO5157-1V) . LUCAS-NULLE
company.
2. Temperature Measurement ( IMT1/SO5157-2M )K LUCAS-NULLE
company.
3. Pressure, Fluid level and Flow-Through Measurements. ( IMT1 /
SO5157-2Q ) . LUCAS-NULLE company>
4. Application of control circuits ( IMT1/SO5157-1X). LUCAS-NULLE
company.
5. ELECTROHYDRAULIC SERVO SYSTEMS. AMATROL.
6. MODULAR PROCESS CONTROL TRAINER JUSER MANUAL.
DIDACTA ITALIAK
7. OUTLINE OF CONTROL THEORY FOR DIDACTA EQUIPMENT.
DIDACTA ITALIA.
8. MPCT SOFTWARE. DIDACTA ITALIA.
9. Introduction to control system technology- fifth edition. Robert-
N.Bateson. Prentice Hall.
10. Feed back Control systems. Bruns and saunders. Mc Graw-Hill 1995K
11. Control systems Engineering-third edition. Norman S.Nise. John
Wiley & Sons, IncK
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K١٩٨٩‫א‬،‫א‬K‫א‬LK‫א‬‫א‬ K١
   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ١KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 ٢KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK pt − 100 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٩KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKNTC-probe ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٦KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKThermocouple ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٦KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 ٢٧KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣٢KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣٧KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٤٣KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 ٤٤KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٤٨KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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