W

-1-

K W

? ? J ?

?
K

-2-

:1.1

:2.1

:3.1

:4.1

:5.1

:6.1

:1.6.1

:2.6.1

:7.1

:1.2

:2.2

:3.2

:4.2

:1.4.2

:2.4.2

-3-

:3.4.2

:5.2

:1.5.2

e :2.5.2

:3.5.2

E :6.2

:7.2

:8.2

:1.8.2

:2.8.2

:3.8.2

:9.2

:1.9.2

:2.9.2

:3.9.2

:10.2

:11.2

:1.11.2

:2.11.2

:1.3

:2.3
-4-

:3.3

:4.3

:1.4.3

:2.4.3

:5.3

:1.4

:2.4

:3.4

:4.4

:5.4

:1.5

:2.5

:3.5

Charpy :1.3.5

Izod :2.3.5

:4.5

:5.5

:1.5.5
-5-

:2.5.5

:3.5.5

:4.5.5

:6.5

:1.6

:2.6

:3.6

:4.6

Brinell:5.6

:1.5.6

:2.5.6

:3.5.6

:4.5.6

:5.5.6

:6.5.6

Vickers:6.6

:1.6.6

:2.6.6

:3.6.6

:4.6.6
-6-

:5.6.6

Rockwell:7.6

:1.7.6

:2.7.6

:3.7.6

:4.7.6

:5.7.6

:8.6

:1.7

:2.7

:3.7

:4.7

:5.7

:6.7

:1.6.7

:2.6.7

:3.6.7

:4.6.7

:5.6.7

:6.6.7

:7.6.7
-7-

:7.7

:1.7.7

:2.7.7

:3.7.7

EF

EF

EF

EF

-8-

K
W

KKK

KKK

KKK

KKK

K W

- 11 -

EF

Engineering Materials and their Properties
W
K

W
W
K

KEKKKF

F
KEKKK

W
K100%

W
K

W
K

- 12 -

W :1.1

WK

K
K

W:2.1

KW

KKK

K



- 13 -

W1.1W

KKK

KKK

KKK

KKK

KKK

KKK

KKK

KKKK

KW1.1

W:3.1

KKK

K










- 14 -

WElasticity K
K

WPlasticity K
K

K K

K
K

WDuctility K

WBrittleness K
K

WMalleability K
K

WStrength K
KKKK

- 15 -

WStiffness EF K

WToughness K
K

WResilience K
K

WHardness K
K

W:4.1

WDestructive Testing
WKKK
Tension test

Compression test
Hardness test
Impact test

KKKTorsion test

WNondestructive Testing
W

Visual inspection

Liquid penetrant inspection

- 16 -

Leak test

Magnetic particles test

Radiographic test

Ultrasonic test

Eddy current test

W:5.1

K
W

W:6.1

- 17 -

K
W:1.6.1

W:2.6.1

K


W

The American Society for Testing and : A.S.T.M.

Materials

British Standards Society: B.S.S.

Deutsches Institut fr Normung: D.I.N.
...

E International Standards Organization ) I.S.O.

K

- 18 -

W:7.1

( SI )
K 1960

2.1K
K3.1

( SI )
m
Kg
s
K

EF

( L )

( m )

( t )

( T )

KW2.1
( SI )

m2

m3

m/s
rad/s
m/s2

rad/s2
N
N/m2 = Pa

EF
( A )
( V )
( s )

( )

(F

( F )

( P )

KW3.1


- 19 -

W4.1

W
W 11.11.1

WW1.1

J
KKK

J
WElasticityW2.1

J
WDuctilityW3.1

- 20 -

WStiffnessW4.1

WCompression TestTension TestW5.1

J
J

WHardness TestW6.1

J
J

WMagnetic Particle TestW7.1

J
J

WUltrasonic TestW8.1
- 21 -

J
J

W9.1

Elasticity

Plasticity

Ductility

Brittleness

WW10.1

Elasticity

Plasticity

Ductility

Brittleness
WW11.1

Elasticity

Plasticity

Ductility

Brittleness

5 cm W12.1

WK16.981 cmEF15 T17.000 cm

K
K

Young's ModulusE K
- 22 -

- 23 -

EF

Tensile Test

W
K

W
W
K

KKK

EF

KKK

W
K100%

W
K6

W
K

- 24 -

Tensile test W :1.2

K
K

W:2.2

KW1.2

( Universal Machine Testing )

( loading ( balancing )

K)

K1.2
- 25 -

W:3.2

2.2 K
K

KW2.2

K

K

- 26 -

W:4.2

K K

KF

K N/m2 Pa

WK3.2

KW3.2
( F ) ( F W :1.4.2

K( Ao )

F
E 1.2F
Ao

[N/m2][Pa]W

[N]WF

[m2]WAo
- 27 -

W1.2

m = 350 a = 2.5 cm
KPaKKg
W

Ao = a2 = (2.5 10-2)2 = 6.25 10-4 m2 = 0.000625 m2

WF g 10 m/s2

F = m g = 350 10 = 3500 N

3500
F

56 105 N / m 2 56 105 Pa
-4
Ao 6.25 10

K{

WK

( F )WEF:2.4.2

WE 1.2F ( Ao )

F
E 1.2F
Ao

( F )WEtrF:3.4.2

K ( Ai )

tr

F
E 2.2F
Ai
- 28 -

W:5.2

K L mmK

% mmLmm
We

FEFEe FW:1.5.2

ELoFEL
L
e
E 3.2F
Lo

K% [] [ mm/mm]We
[mm]EFWL

K[mm]WLo
K[mm]WLf

LfL

WLo

L L f L 0 E 4.2F

W2.2

Lo = 160 mm
KKL = 50 mm

- 29 -

L 50

0.3125 0.3152 100 % 31.25%

Lo 160

W
EFWEe F:2.5.2
e

L
E 3.2F
Lo

WELoFELF

E LfF WE F :3.5.2

WELoF

L
ln f E 5.2F
L0

WE 4.2FE 3.2F
e

L Lf Lo Lf

1 E 6.2F
Lo
Lo
Lo

Lf
e 1 E 7.2F
L0

L
(5.2) ln f
L0

ln(e 1) E 8.2F
- 30 -

W3.2

102 100 mm

WKmm

KE

KE

L f 102 mm

L 0 100 mm

WE
WE 3.2F

L L f L 0 102 100

0.02

L0
L0
100

WE

WE 5.2F
L
102
ln f ln

0.0198
100
L

E F E 8.2 F

W0.02

ln(e 1) ln(0.02 1) 0.0198

Homogenous

WE 2.2Fdeformation

- 31 -

F A0

Ai A0
A
tr 0 E 9.2F
Ai
E F
tr

V0 Vf E 10.2F

A0 L0 Af Lf E 11.2F

A0 Lf
E 12.2F
Af L0

W(12.2)(9.2)

L
tr f E 13.2F
L0

W(7.2)
tr (e 1) E 14.2F

EFWYoung's ModulusE:6.2

E PaK
KPa

E 15.2F
e
- 32 -

W:7.2

K
K K

E4.2FW K

KWK

4.2FW K

K
KW

W K

E4.2FK

KWK

( Super Elastic W K

100% )

K4.2

- 33 -

WW4.2

WEFWE FWE FWEF

K

W:8.2

J J J J J

J J J J J
- 34 -

5.2

W5.2
K

KW6.2
- 35 -

W6.25.2
W:1.8.2

( O WHook's lawProportional Limit K

F ( A ) )
F K E

WE

E e E16.2F E

E 15.2F
e

[N/m2][Pa]W

[]We

[N/m2][Pa]Young's ModulusWE

( A )

P
E 17.2F
eP

( Stiffness )

F
F KE
- 36 -

FK7.2E

KW7.2

KEF 8.2

EInitial tangent modulusF

KEF8.2

- 37 -

W8.2
KEFEF

K9.2

- 38 -

W9.2
K

WElastic Limit K
(

KEB )

WYield Stress K
K

- 39 -

K K
KY( C )

WProof Stress K
K

0.5 % 0.1 %
WK0.2 %

L=
proof

Fproof
E 18.2F
Ao

Kproof10.2

- 40 -

KW10.2

W:2.8.2

WUltimate Tensile Strength E F K

KUTS ( D )
F max
E 19.2F
UTS
A0

UTS
( D ) K

WFracture Strength K

KF ( E )
- 41 -

W K
W( % El )
E

% El

20.2

L
Lf L 0
100
100 Maximum strain 100
L0
L0

WL0
WLf

( % RA )

W

% RA

A
Af A 0
100
100 E 21.2F
0
0
A
A

WA0

WAf

W:3.8.2

F
WE6.2

WE F ) 11.2 W
K

WEF11.2W

WEF 11.2W

K
- 42 -

EFEFEF

WEFEFWW11.2
KWEF J

W:9.2

WResilience:1.9.2

F
WErKE

EF1/2=

1
Er FP LP E 22.2F
2

- 43 -

Ur

W
LP
1 FP LP 1
1
Ur FP

P eP
A 0 L0 2 A 0 L0 2
2

1
Ur P eP E 23.2F
2
12.2 E F 1/2
K

KW12.2
E

P
P
WE 17.2F
eP
eP
E

EE 23.2F
P

P 1 P 2
1
E 24.2F
Ur P
2
E 2 E
- 44 -

E Hyper-elastic resilience F

E Recoverable energy F

13.2

W13.2
K

- 45 -

WToughness:2.9.2

K
K
K

.14.2
K

KW14.2

14.2KW

E F

F
K KE

K15.2

- 46 -

WEFW W15.2
FWEFEF
WE FE F WE F E

KEF

- 47 -

E+F1/2=E 25.2F

L=T

E+F1/2]=TE 26.2F
L[

WHysteresis:3.9.2

KEF 16.2

KEF16.2

EFEF

KEFEFW16.2

- 48 -

W:10.2

W
W K

W K
K

KW K

W
W K

W K

K
K

W K


- 49 -

K18.217.2

W17.2

KEFEFEF

KW18.2

- 50 -

W:11.2
W:1.11.2
W K

W K

K19.2

KW19.2
W K

K
K20.2E

- 51 -

W20.2
K

W:2.11.2
W K

21.2

- 52 -

KW21.2

- 53 -

W K
WK
W

K22.2

EF

200

KGPa

- 54 -

KW22.2

- 55 -

W K

EF

W
K

1.2
K










- 56 -

% El
L0 =
50 mm

x103
B
2
[Kg/mm ] [Kg/mm2]

(0.02%) Y
proof
[Kg/mm2]

37

21

40

30

30

21

52

35

20

20

55

35

34

20

83

51

12

20

152

97

30

19

35

21

0.50

11

18

16

17

15

35

33

66

57

11

34

33

60

11

22

69

50

34

15

28

15

38

14

45

76

13

30

11

24

33

40

21

14

21

KW1.2

- 57 -

50 mm W1.2

WK51.7 mm

WeE 3.2F J
Lf = 51.7 mm

Lo = 50.0 mm

L Lf Lo 51.7 50.0
e

0.034 3.4%
Lo
Lo
50.0

WE 5.2F J

51.7
Lf
ln ln
0.0334 3.34%
50.0
L0

WE 8.2F
ln(e 1) ln(0.034 1) 0.0334 3.34%

- 58 -

W2.2

K Do = 20 mm Lo = 100 mm

WmmT

10.0 11.5 12.5 12.0 11.0 8.5

32

29

24

18

12

4.0

7.5

7.5

3.75

TEF

1.4 0.12 0.06 EF

mm

W
J

- 59 -

WAo

D 2 20 2
A0

314 mm 2
4
4

WYE 1.2F J

7500

23.88 Kg / mm2
Y
Ao 314

W UTSE 19.2F J

UTS

Fmax 12500

39.90 Kg / mm 2
Ao
314

e%

We % J

32
100 32 %
100

WEE 15.2F J

E
P

E

P
E =LEF
eP

3750
0.06
0.0006
11.94 Kg / mm 2 eP
314
100

11.94
19900 Kg / mm 2
0.0006

1
Ur P eP WUrE 23.2F J
2
WePP

1 7500 0.12
1
Ur P eP

0.0143 Kg.mm / mm 3 143 10 -6 J / mm 3

2 314 100
2

- 60 -

E 26.2F J

L [ E +F 1/2 ] =W T

1
( 7500 12500 ) 32
2
T
10.1911 Kg.mm / mm 3 101911 10 -6 J / mm 3
314 x 100

J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J
J J J J

1 cm W3.2

mm KgK 5 cm

1150

1100

1000

900

800

600

400

200

0.270 0.160 0.105 0.083 0.072 0.054 0.036 0.018 0.000

KgEF
mmEF

W
0.2% J

WW

- 61 -

W J
Lproof = 0.2 % Lo = (0.2 / 100 ) 50 = 0.1 mm
Fproof = 1130 Kg

Wproof

10 2
A0
78.5 mm 2
4

Fproof 1130
proof

14.8 Kg / mm 2
Ao
78.5

WA0

LEFWEE 15.2F J

F Lo 200
50

7077 Kg / mm 2
e Ao L 78.5 0.018

WE 23.2F J

F 1/2] = Ur

L[E

1
800 0.072
2
Ur
0.00734 Kg / mm 2
78.5 50

- 62 -

W 8.21.2

E eFEF W 1.2
W

J
J

EF W 2.2
W

EF J
J

WYoung's ModulusEW3.2

Hook's LawW4.2
W

J
- 63 -

EF J

WEeW5.2

E = / e J

e J
+ e J

e J

E eFEF W 6.2
Resilience

J
J
L J

E e F EF W 7.2
Toughness

J
J
L J

WW8.2

E J

E J

E J
J

- 64 -

5 cm W 9.2
mm T 25 cm

13.750 13.500 12.500 11.250 10.000

7.500

5.000

2.500

0.8750 0.6875 0.4375 0.3125 0.2500 0.1875

0.125

0.025 EF

EF

W
0.2% J

- 65 -

- 65 -

EF

Compression Test

W
K

W
W

F
KE

W
K100%

W
K

W
K

- 66 -

W:1.3

Compression test

K1.3

KW1.3

W
- 67 -

K K

K K

K
K

K
W:2.3

K2.3

- 68 -

KW2.3

W:3.3

A0 F

F
E 1.3F
Ao

[N/m2][Pa]W

[N]WF

K[m2]WAo

W
WE F K
K

- 69 -

WE F K

50

Kmax

max

F max
E 2.3F
Ao

K[N/m2][Pa]Wmax
K[N]WFmax

K[m2]WAo
WE F

60 55

K3.3

KW3.3

- 70 -

F
WE 1.3F
Ao

L
WE 3.3FW
Lo

K[N]WF

K[m2]WAo
K[mm]WL

K[mm]WLo

F
WE4.3

tr
ln

F
WE 3.3FW
Ai
A
WE 4.3FW
A0
K[N]WF
K[m2]:Ao

K[m2]WAi

- 71 -

KW4.3

- 72 -

W:4.3

W :1.4.3

W K

108

W K

3
K

W K

0.9

E F
5.3 K

- 73 -

KW5.3

:2.4.3

K
K

K
K

K
K

W:5.3

W
K
K

K
K

- 74 -

W K

K

W K

6.3K

E7.3F

KW6.3

W K
K10

- 75 -

W K

? K
?
E8.3F

F E F

KW8.3

- 76 -

b = 3 W1.3

12.5 K 15 T E F cm
Kg / mm2

15 T = 15000 Kg=WF

12.5 Kg / mm2=W

3 cm = 30 mm=Wb

Ao = a b

Wa

15 000
F
F
F

40 mm 4 cm
b 12.5 30
Ao a b

J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J
J J J J

K 27 T EF W2.3
500 15 cm

KKg / cm2

WW

[N/m2][Pa]W

[N]WF

K[m2]WAo

- 77 -

A= D4 d4
2

Ao

D2

F
4F

2
2
D2 d2 D d

4
4

4F

15 2

4 27000
12.49 cm
500

J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J
J J J J

10 cm2W3.3

WK200 mm

27000 20250 12500 10100

0.700

0.450

0.275

2750

2700

KgEF

0.205 0.138 0.055 0 EF

mm

K
K

W K

W( 1.3 )

Ao

1=2700kg / 10cm=270kg/cm

- 78 -

WF

10 cm2WAo

W( 3.3 )

Lo

e1= 0.055mm/200mm=0.000275=0.0275%
WL

200 mmWLo

2700

2025

1250

1010

0.00350

0.00225

0.00137

0.001025

CB

275

270

0.00069 0.000275

Kg/cm2
mm/mm

Fmax 27000

2700 Kg/cm 2 W K
Ao
10

- 79 -

K 80 T EFW1.3

2800 Kg / mm2
Ke = 10 mm / mm

W2.3

K 0.001K 0.5 m2

200 GPaYoungs Modulus

20 cm W3.3

W25 cm

14400

12600

9000

5400

1800

8.30

6.60

4.00

2.05

0.66

EF
F

EL1/100

27000

26000

25200

23400

21500

18000

47.00

40.00

29.70

23.40

15.40

EF
F

EL1/100

- 80 -

- 81 -

EF

Torsion Test

W
K

W
W

F
EKK

KK

W
K100%

W
K 2

W
K




- 82 -

W :1.4

EFMt

P
e

K1.41.4

KW1.4
Mt = P eE 1.4F

Motor drive shaft

KKK Airplane propellers

Pure
Kshear





- 83 -

W :2.4

K2.4

KW2.4

- 84 -

W:3.4

K3.4

KW3.4

W :4.4

Mt

E Mt F
K4.4


- 85 -

EF

EF

W4.4

- 86 -

W K

:: qe

qe

16 Mte
E 2.4F
3
d

:d

Mte = M14.4:Mte

Ultimate torsional shear qmax K

Wstrength

q max

12 Mt 12 M2

d3
d3

E 3.4F

Ultimate torsional shear strengthWqmax

:d

Mt = M24.4:Mt

14 Mt 14 M3
E 4.4F

3
3
d
d
Ultimate torsional shear strengthWqmax

q max

:d

Mt = M34.4:Mt

WModulus of rigidityG K

- 87 -

KL=G

WG
G Mt
Mt L
E 5.4F

G
L
J
J
J L
K

WDuctility K

max

E F

W Resilience in torsion K

Resilience =Mt =

E 6.4F

E 8.4F

Resilience =1/2 Mt =

E 7.4F

K4.4

Modulus of Resilience =1/2Mt L =

E 9.4F

- 88 -

WToughness in torsion K

K 4.4

W :5.4

K 5.4

K45o

EFEFW5.4
KEF

KKK

1.4

- 89 -

KW1.4

- 90 -

W1.4

KL = 30 cmd =1 cmD = 2 cm

53

50

1250 1120

45

40

35

30

25.8

750

350

100

30

3.6

20

10

2.78 1.39

0
0

Kg.m
o

1 cm K

K 100o 1 cm 5 Kg.m

W14.7 cm4J
K K

K3 K
K K

K K

W6.4

- 91 -

KW6.4

Mte = 25.8 Kg.mWMte

e 3.6o= 0.0628 radEFWe
=
Ecm m Mte = 25.8kg.m F
Wqe K

W1.4

- 92 -

16 Mte D 16 25.8 100 2

1752 Kg / cm2

4
4
4
4
(D -d )
( 2 -1 )

qe

L qe = qm W qm K

qm

qe 1752

584 Kg / cm2
3
3

WG K

WE 5.4F

Mte L 25.8 100 30

83842.45 Kg / cm2 83.84 Ton / cm2

e J
0.0628 14.7

W K

Modulus of 1/2 Mt L = E 9.4 F

Resilience =

WV

( D2 - d 2 )
4

30

( 22 - 12 )
4

30 70.7 cm3

1
1
e Mte
0.0628 100 25.8
2
2

1.1458 Kg.cm / cm 3
Ur
70.7
V

- 93 -

150 cmW1.3

0.3 4.83 Ton . m

WK 104 Kg / mm2
K9 Kg / mm2 K

K1o K

- 94 -

- 95 -

EF


Impact Test

W
K

W
W

EF

K
K

W
K100%

W
K4

W
K

- 96 -

Impact testW:1.5

K
K

W:2.5

KW1.5
- 97 -

KK

K1.5K

K2.5

KW2.5
W:3.5

WCharpy:1.3.5

K
K30 Kg m

4.5
K

KK
- 98 -

55 10 10 mm
1.5K3.5

4.5

KW3.5

KW4.5
- 99 -

WIzod:2.3.5

175 Kg.m
K

75 10 10 mm

K5.5 2 mm 45o V

K6.5

KW5.5

KW6.5
- 100 -

W:4.5

WE1

EFWE2
WW

E1 = E2 + W

W = E1 E2E1.5F

[ Kg ]Wm

g = 9.81 m/s2W g

[ m ]EFWHo
[ m ]EFWH

W = m g Ho m g H = m g ( Ho H )E2.5F

1 Kg.m = J ( joule ) = N.m Kg.m

9.81 J

W:5.5

WK

- 101 -

W:1.5.5

K
W
EF

W:2.5.5

KK

KEFEF

K

W:3.5.5

1/4

K 3

45oEF60o

K1.5

K 2.5

K


- 102 -

[ J ]

30.0

[ o ]

0

33.1

30

31.3

60

35.1

56.7

90
120

89.8

150

85.6

180

W1.5
K0.67 mm5 mm

[ J ]

[ mm ]

5.4
9.5
11.3
18.6

0.17
0.34
0.68
W2.5
K0.67 mm5 mm




- 103 -

W:4.5.5

7.5K E

K
K

W7.5

- 104 -

W:6.5

K8.5

KW8.5

- 105 -

1KW1.5

WK

m = 30 KgWm

g = 9.81 m/s2Wg

= 75oW

= 40oW

R = 1.40mOWR

WHo
WH

KRgmW K

KW K

W1

- 106 -

W2 K

W2

OC = R cos WOCA

CE = HoOE = R

OC + CE = R R cos + Ho= RW

Ho = R R cos

H = R + R cos = ODB
W = m g ( Ho H ) WWE2.5F
W = m g ( R R cos R + R cos )

W = m g ( Rcos Rcos )
W = m g R (.cos .cos )W
WW K

W = 30 9.81 1.40 ( cos .cos 412.02 ( 0.7660 .0.2588

W = 209 Kg. m/s2m = 209 N.m = 209 J

W2.5

K 0.7 m 1.2 m
K135 J
W

W = m g ( Ho H ) WWE2.5F
W
135
m

27.52 Kg W
g (Ho H ) 9.81 ( 1.2 - 0.7 )
- 107 -

W
W 3.51.5

WToughnessW1.5
J
J

J
J

WW2.5
Stiffness
Resilience
Toughness
Hardness

W3.5
W
Stiffness
Resilience
Toughness
Hardness

- 108 -

W4.5
W

m = 35 KgWm
g = 9.81 m/s2Wg
= 80oW
= 55oW
R = 1.20mOWR

0.22%W5.5
0.75 m 20 oC
KK30 Kg100 J

- 109 -

- 110 -

EF

Hardness Test

K

W
W
K

F
KE

K
K

K

W
K100%

W
K

W
K

- 111 -

Hardness test W W1.6

W
Indentation Hardness W K

KW
Rebound HardnessW K

KW
KScratch HardnessW K

Wear Hardness W K
K

Machinability HardnessW K

KKK

W
K

- 112 -

J JW

J J

EF J J
JEF J

EF J

WW2.6

K
K

K K

K
K

K
K

K
K

K
KK

WW3.6

EF

30 15K
K

- 113 -

KK

Brinell
Vickers

Rockwell

WW4.6

KW1.6

- 114 -

EF

0.5%
K0.5%

K1.6

WBrinellW5.6

WW1K5.6

2.6

K1.6

EFWW2.6
KEF

- 115 -

10

E mm )

0.0045

0.0040

0.0035

0.0025

mm
E)

KW1.6
WW2K5.6

P ( Kg )D ( mm )

d ( mm )

K3.6

KW3.6

- 116 -

( mm2 )L( Kg )=

Brinell Hardness Number B.H.N.

P
D h

D D/2

B.H.N.

E1.6FW

P
( D/2 ) 2 ( d/2 ) 2

D
D
2

D2 d2

[ mm ] Wh

[ mm ] WD

[ mm ]Wd

[ Kg ]WP

W
( d )
K

0.01 mm

K4.6

0.5 0.25

- 117 -

d
d
0.375 0.25 - 0.5 E2.6F
D
D

KW4.6

d / D = 0.5-0.25
K

F E Geometrically similar F
KE5.6

KW5.6
- 118 -

P
=E3.6F
d 2 /4

d2
P
d
2 2 E 3.6 F
D
D
d
d2 P
W 2 2
D d

P
LEF2= 2 =E4.6F
D

= f

K2.6

160

16060

20

6020

D2

30
10
5
1

P
W2.6
D2

W W3K5.6

D = 10 W

mm
P
WP30 2 2.6
D
- 119 -

P
P

30

30 P 3000 Kg
102
D2

W3.6
( Kg )P

30
30
120
750
3000

WD

D2

10
10
40
250
1000

5
5
20
125
500

1
1
4
25
100

( mm )
1
2
5
10

KW3.6

WW4.5.6

W
h

P
E5.6F
D ( B.H.N. )

[ mm ]W h

[ mm ]WD

WB.H.N.

[ Kg ]WP

W
K0.01 mm
- 120 -

K
W:5.5.6

K
K

EP3.62.6F

15 K
K
K
B.H.N.

WE1.6F

D
D
2

D2 d2

10 mmB.H.N. ( 10 / 3000 )

3000 Kg

K
- 121 -

W:6.5.6

WVickers:6.6

W:1.6.6

K6.6136o

KW6.6
- 122 -

W:2.6.6

K7.6( d )

KWW7.6

( L ( Kg ) =
mm2 )

2 P sin
2
Vickers Hardness Number V.H.N.
2
d

E 6.6 F

V.H.N. 1.854

P
d2

[ mm ] Wd W

[ Kg ]WP

- 123 -

W:3.6.6

100 Kg 50, 30, 10, 5

W

K8.6

W8.6
K

- 124 -

W:4.6.6

K0.01 mmK

W:5.6.6
K

K
K

KEF

W:6.6.6

EF

W7.6 3.6

d 1 d2
E7.6F
2

- 125 -

WRockwell:7.6
W:1.7.6

1.5875 mm
K9.6( Brale )120o

EFEF

WW9.6

KEFEF

- 126 -

W:2.7.6

150 Kg 100, 60 K
K

10.6(Minor load) 10 KgFo K

KK11.6

K10.6 K
F1 (Major load) K
150 Kg100, 60

=E8.6FWK11.610.6
K+

F 10 Kg

10 KgK

K11.6E

KEFEFWKW10.6
- 127 -

11.6

EFWKW11.6

KEFEF
W:3.7.6

4.6

- 128 -

B
C

( Kg )
60

EF

(
Brale )

100

150

B
1.5888
mm

(
Brale )
K W4.6

100

100

EF 30 B 0.002 mm

100C130

Wmmh
h
Rockwell B Hardness Number 130
0.002
E9.6F

h
Rockwell C Hardness Number 100
0.002

- 129 -

B = 100C
KA

WW:4.7.6

K
K

W:5.7.6

K12.6

WW12.6

KW( B )W( A )
- 130 -

W:8.6

K5.614.613.6

W14.6KW13.6

60 Kg1.5875 mmB:( a )

K100 Kg1.5875 mmB:( b )

- 131 -

640
533
440
372
319
276
241
202
179
159
143
126
116
98

3000 Kg

10 mm

100 60

Kg
Kg
150 Kg
57.3

79.8
51.3

495
76.5
44.5

415
72.8
37.9

352
69.3
32.1

302
66.3
26.6

262
63.6
20.5

229
60.8

93.0
202
58.0

88.0
179
56.0

83.0
159
53.0

78.0
143

71.0
128

65.0
116

58.0

105
KWW5.6

2.50
2.75
3.00
3.25
3.50
3.75
4.00
4.25
4.50
4.75
5.00
5.25
5.50
5.75

6.6

K








- 132 -

0.93

20

48

0.4%

45

70

(Kg/mm2)

31

53

135

114

194

0.300

0.378

0.355

0.395

0.361

W6.6

EF

K15.6

W15.6
K

- 133 -

UTS ( Kg / mm ) Brinell Hardness Number 0.36

2

UTS ( Ton / in.2 ) Brinell Hardness Number 0.22

UTS ( Ibm / in.2 ) Brinell Hardness Number 500

WUTS E10.6F
WTon
Win

WIbm

J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J















- 134 -

5 W1.6

W2 mmKmm
K

D = 5 mmWD

d = 2 mm Wd

2.6 K
P
30
D2

P = 30 D2 = 30 52 = 750 Kg

WP

WB.H.N.E1.6F
B.H.N.

D
D
2

D d
2

750

5
5 52 2 2
2

228.76

WE10.6FWUTS K

UTS B.H.N. 0.36 228.76 0.36 82.35 Kg / mm 2

- 135 -

30 W2.6

WK0.654 mmKg
K

K
K0.5 mm

P = 30 KgWP

D = 0.654 mmWD
WE 6.6 F K
V.H.N. 1.854

P
30

1
.
854

130
d2
0.654 2

WE 6.6 F K
P
d2
0.52
V.H.N. 1.854 2 P V.H.N.
130
17.5 Kg
d
1.854
1.854

- 136 -

W 3.61.6

WHardnessW1.6

K J

W2.6
W

Stiffness

Resilience
Toughness

Hardness

W3.6

Stiffness

Resilience
Toughness

Hardness

5 mm W4.6
KK150

W5.6

K0.93 mm100 Kg
- 137 -

- 138 -

EF

Nondestructive Testing

W


W
W

KKK

W
K100%

W
K6

W
K

- 139 -

W:1.7

K
K

W:2.7

- 140 -

E Crack Hunting F

K K

K K

K K
K K

EMicro FlowsF

KEMacro FlowsF

- 141 -

Heat F

KECold workingF Etreatment

K











- 142 -

W:3.7

Visual Inspection

Penetrant Inspection
Leak Test

Thermal Test

Magnetic Particle Test

Radiography

Ultrasonic Test

Microwave Test

Eddy Current Test

EF

J
J
J

WType of defects:4.7

W
Inherent Defects K

- 143 -

Processing defects K

K
Service defects K

KCracks K
Porosity K
Tears K
Lack of bondEF K
Inclusions K
Segregation K
K
Lack of penetration in welding K
K K
Fatigue Defects K
Blow Holes K
K
FlakesK K
Pitting K

Laps K

- 144 -

KW 1.7

- 145 -

WVisual Inspection:5.7

KSurface porosity
.Unfilled crater

KSharp notch

E Shot blasting F E Sand blastingF

E PhotocellsF
E Phototubes F

.1.7

KW1.7
- 146 -

EConverging lensF

KEBackgroundFEContrastF

:6.7

WLuminex penetrant and developer and fluorescent testing methods

W :1.6.7

KK

Acid F E Vapor degreasing F

E Sand blasting F KEetching

K
W:2.6.7

E F E Capillaries F

WKK
- 147 -

Oil and whiting method

Dye method

Fluorescent method

Radio-active method K

:Oil and whiting method:3.6.7

E F

K2.7






K W2.7

K
WDye method:4.6.7

?? K
K
- 148 -

K
K

K K

EF K
KE talc F

K
K

WFluorescent method:5.6.7

E Fluorescent F

KE Ultraviolet light F

EF

W2.7

- 149 -

Zyglo F

Epentrex
2.7

WRadio Active Method:6.6.7

W :7.6.7

Low F EVolatile F K

Eflash point
K

K
K

KEF K
K K

K
K

Magna Flux Inspection :7.7

- 150 -

W :1.7.7

KEParamagnetic F

KE Diamagnetic F

KEFerromagnetic F

K
W :2.7.7

3.7
K

K4.7


- 151 -

KW3.7

KW4.7

- 152 -

W :3.7.7

K
K

K
KCircular Field

KLongitudinal Field

- 153 -

W1.7

W2.7
W3.7
W4.7

- 154 -

Harmer E. Davis, George Earl Troxell and George F. W. Hauck

"The Testing of Engineering Materials", Mc Graw-Hill, Inc.,
Fourth Edition, 1982.

William D. Callister, Jr, "Fundamentals of Materials Science and

Engineering An Introduction", John Willey & Sons, Inc., 5th
Edition, 2001.

? K K

K?

? K K

K?

? K K

K?

J
J
J

()

156

157

158

159

160

161