EF

EF

 EF

?? ?

?
K

 EF

EF JW

JW

JW

 EF

JW

JW

 EF

KKKK

K
W

K
W

K
W

K
W

 EF

 EF

 EF

KW

 EF

KK

 EF

Overhead Cranes J
J J

KE JFK

E JF

 EF

W J J
K

KOutriggers??

J
J

WEF J J
E JFFW

K J

KEF J

K EF J

K E F J
ETrolleyF

K J

KEF

 EF

EFE JF

W J J
KE F J

KEF J

E F E F { J

KEtonZF

KE {F J

E {F J
K

E F

K {

 EF

E F E F
W

EFEF J

K
EF
K

KE JFFK

EFE JF

WEF J

 EF

KEF

KECounterweightsF
K

KE{F

KEClimberF

WL J J
K J

K J

KEFEClimberF

K
K

W J J
J
K

K
J

K J

K J

 EF

J
K

W J
J
K

K K

 EF

Counter Weight

Weight Ballast

J J

E F

KEF

KE

 EF

 EF

JW J

JW J

KE

JW EFEF J

JW J

JW J
E J JF

JW J

........................................ J
....................................... J

....................................... J
- J

- J J J

JW J
K

JW J

E F

 EF

Trolley

Counterweights

Climber

Counter Weight
BalastWeight

Tower Cranes

Overhead Cranes

Bonnet
Support

Disc

Yoke

Spring
Fixed

Loose

Handle

Packing

Connecting

 EF

KKKKKKKKKKKEFKKKKKKKKKK

E 9F
K
KKKKKKKKKEFKKKKKKKKKW
EF

EF

????

 EF

 EF

KW

K
K

EFW

 EF

K? ?

 EF

WK
W

KEF

EF J J
EParametersF
W

K K
K K

K K

K K
K K

 EF

W J J

ISO 161-1
W

PN

(-)
L

SDR

da

W
.
20.
W

KW MRS
:
ELF

ELF

()

(L)

6.3
8.0
10.0

5.0
6.3
8.0

1.25
1.25
1.25

10.0
8.1
6.6

3.14
2.62
2.17

PE 63
PE 80
PE 100

()

 EF

W J J J

K

W

W
Pk

Ec

(-)

()

rm

()

W
.

W
Pk,zul

fr

()
(-)
(-)

 EF

W
k

Pk

()

rm

()

()
W

Q=0.0036 . A . v

: Q
W A

WV

W
m=0.0036 . A . v .

W m

KW

 EF

W J J

P

PI

W J J J

W J

EFW di
EFW I

ELFW V
LFW p

J J

J J

{F
KE{

 EF

ELEFLF

J J
K

W

J J

{K

KEF

J J

EF

K
K

 EF

J J

J J

J J
K

K
K

FEF J

KEKKK

W
J

KEF

 EF

KKK

J J

E F

 EF

Cost

Diameter

E JF

HW K
K K
K K

J
J J
E F

KEF

 EF

Container

Die

Extruded
Tube

WE JF
J J
K
Forming Rolls

KWE JF

KEF

K
W

 EF

) (

KWE JF

Rotary Rolling

KWE JF

WE JF

 EF

WE JF

WE JF

J J
J J J
BS- EN 545 W

K ISO 8179 ,ISO 4179, ISO 2531

W ISO

J
K

K J

K J

 EF

KEF

K J

J
KL

E F

KISO 2531, AWWA C 110,BS - EN 545

WEF

KL J
W
KEK valueF
W
K
J
W

 EF

K(K value)
W

EF

K
J

(K value)

KW
KISO2531 J
EK valueF

KW
EK valueF

EF
K

EK valueF

KISO 7483

 EF

BS-EN 545 J
EK valueF
K

KW
EK valueF

EF
K

EK valueF

KISO 7483
AWWA C 151 J

K
AWWA W

WC111

K -

K -

K
K

KEF

 EF

J J
EKKK
F

WE JF

J J

KEF KEF

 EF

EF W

KE J

WE JF

WE JF

K -

K K -

 EF

E JF

J J

WE JF

 EF

AFNOR

K{

Soldering Flange EF

WE JF
EF

Lip Sliding Input

KWE JF
Flange Cavity Allhima

WE JF

 EF

Lip Sliding Input (with One Hole) EF

E
F
K

WE JF
Lip Connection With The Overlay EF
(Vertigo)

KWE JF

Lip Threaded

WE JF

Lip Clogged

WE JF

 EF

WE JF

WE JF

J
J J

KK

J J

K

K E JFF
K

 EF

J J
K

L F

J J
K

K

WE JF

WE JF

 EF

J
J J

J J

J J
EF

J J

WE JF

 EF

WE JF

EF

F
E

K

K

EF

 EF

EF

KK

E FK
W

K -

K -

K K -

 EF

J J

E JF

W J J J

KKK

KEF

W
K

K J J J

 EF

E JF

J J
K -

Appla Stomer -

WE JF

 EF

EOF J J
E F
KK

WE JF

J J

EF

EFWE JF

 EF

W J J

K
KEPNF

KWE JF

J J

KEF
W

W K

 EF

K??EF

EF K

KH

FKZH?

E F

E
FK

KEF

E JF

 EF

W??

WE JF

KEF K
K K

K K

 EF

KK

K K

WE JF

 EF

K
K

WE JF

KK

KEF

 EF

WE JF

WE JF

 EF

WEF

K
-

EF
K

EGPLF
K

??

??K
K

WE JF

 EF

J J

??

W -

EF

 EF

J
J J

??? ?WEF K

KEF??W

J J J

??
K

W??

K -

K -

WE JF

 EF

SGCF

KE
K

J J J

EF
K

J J

L
K

E F

K K

KEGNLF

J J
F

WEFE

 EF

K -

K
K

EFEF
K

WE JF

KEFWE JF
J J J

EF

 EF

JWE JF

J J J

K
KEPVCF

E F K

 EF

K -

F
EEF

?? J J


K

E JF

EF
KEF

J J

K -

F KE

 EF

KWE JF

thermal insulation J

, (heat gai)

(heat loss)

(heat conduction)

J J

W

 EF

heat convection (heat conduction)

heat radiation.
K

K
:(fourier's Law) (x)

qx

K thermal conductivity (k)

k370 (W.m-1) .(K-1) k
k0.04(W.m-1.K-1) k

 EF

emissivity

.
:

J
.

 EF

J J J

organic materials:
polystyrene W

polyurethane extrunded expanded

.

) mineral materials: F

rock wool
fiber glass glass wool

composite materials

J J J

xz

 EF

. W

 EF

K
E{F

E{F
E{F

FL

EF J
EF

K -

K -

EF

E{F

L
K

EF -

 EF

??

F??

K K
EF

K
-

 EF

Tube

Expanding

Process
Welding

Pressure

Assembly

Screwed
Bolts

Seals

Flange
Ring

Pipes

Fitting

Metal

Spiral

Support

Concrete

Base

Spring
Fixed

loose

Insulator

Packing

Connecting

 EF

KKKKKKKKKKKEFKKKKKKKKKK

E 9F
K
KKKKKKKKKEFKKKKKKKKKW
EF

EF

????

 EF

 EF

KW

K
K

KW

KEFW

KW

 EF

??

W
K

KKKW

 EF

K
K
K
K

W J

W J

 EF

W J

W
K

KE F
K

W J

 EF

K??

W J

KEF

W J

W
W

 EF

KW
KW

EF

W

K

K

W

EF J J

K
K

 EF

KEF

W J

J J

K
K

W J

 EF

EF J J
W

KE F

EFW J
J J

WK

J
J

 EF

E F
K

K
KEF

EF
K

W J
J J
K
K

 EF

K
K

W J

 EF

K
K

K
W K

KKKKKKKKKKKK E

KKKKKKKKKKK E

KKKKKKKKKKK E

KKKKKKKKKKKKKK E
KKKKKKKKKKKKKK E

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK E

KKKKKKKKKKKK E

KKKKKKKKKKKK E

 EF

Valve

Stem

Stud

Gland

Gasket

Assembly

Screwed
Bolts

Seals

Flange
Ring

Pipes

Fitting

Metal

Bonnet

Support

Disc

Yoke

Spring
Fixed

loose

Handle

Packing

Connecting

 EF

KKKKKKKKKKKEFKKKKKKKKKK

E 9F

K
KKKKKKKKKEFKKKKKKKKKW

EF

K
K
K
K
K
K

EF

????

 EF

 EF

KW

 EF

 EF

K K

(CondensateTrap)

04/0

 EF

E pH)

Boll Float

J J
J J J

 EF

KE JFF

E JF

 EF

J J J

 EF

J J J

4.5 {

J J

 EF

E JFF

E JF

J J J

Inverted Bucket Steam Traps J J

E JF

K
KK

 EF

WE JF

EF

K
K

1

K

10
K
K

J J J

J J J

 EF

 EF

Bimetallic Steam Traps J J

K E JF

K
K

K
K

KWE JF

EF

K
K

K
K

 EF

K
KK

J J

J J

KE JFF

K K

KWE JF

 EF

K
K

K
K

K
KK

Balanced pressure J J

K


E JFFK

Balanced pressureE JF

 EF

J J J

Bimetallic

Thermodynamic -

 EF

Universal Bimetallic Steam Traps

J J
E JF

K
K

K
K

.
.

WE JF

Thermostatic Steam Traps J J

KE JFK

 EF

K
K

KWE JF

K

K6800

 EF

Steam Traps

Pipe
Horizontal

Collection

Valve

Drain

Condensate

Remove
Link

Connect

Ball

Parts

System

Scale

Temperature

Pressure

Hot water
Cooled

Steam

Entering

Float

Fit
Force

Safety

 EF

KKKKKKKKKKKEFKKKKKKKKKK

E 9F
K
KKKKKKKKKEFKKKKKKKKKW
EF

EF

????

 EF

 EF

KW

 EF

 EF

Heat Transfer
Coefficient (HTC).

Less Pressure Drop .

Erosion Corrosion
.

.
.

Tube Exchanger Manufacturing

Association (TEMA)

(TEMA)
Stain Less Steel L

. 1/4 2

{{ J

{{ J

,
. Vibration Erosion Corrosion

 EF

Gasgate

Shell


.

K
W

K .

K .

K .

E JFF

W J

K(Boiler feed water heatingF .

(Lubricating oil coolingF .

(Service water coolingF .

(Engine coolingF .

(Transformer oil coolingF .

(Heater) .

 EF

E JF

J J

WERadiationF

KE JF

WE JF

 EF

WEConductionF
E JFK

WE JF

WEConvectionF
E JFK

W J

 EF

J J

J J

E JF

WE JF

J J

E JF

E JF

 EF

J J

E JF

J J

KE JF

E JF

 EF

J J

J J

J J

J J

K

J J

J J

J J

 EF

J J

J J

K
KK

J J

J J

 EF

E JF

EUF J J
EUF

KE JF

(U)E JF
J J

KE JF

 EF

E JF

KE JF

E JF
J J

KE JF

 EF

E JF
J J

J
J J

J J

J J

 EF

Heat Exchanger

Shells
Condenser

Steam

Baffle

Flow

Drain

Tubes bundles

Bundle

Supper Heater

Channel
Pipes

Plate

Single

Double

Cooling

Conduction

Convection

Radiation

Treatment Water
Inlet

Outlet

Valve

Safety

 EF

KKKKKKKKKKKEFKKKKKKKKKK

E 9F
K
KKKKKKKKKEFKKKKKKKKKW
EF

EF

????

 EF

EgoogleF
L

o
o
o