7 ( AerIVItYS To assemble a household cireuit, comprising three bulbs, three (onloff) switches, fuse and a power source. *PARATUS AND MATERIAL IBIECTIVE Apparatus. No apparatus required in assembling a cireuit. Material. Three bulbs (6 V, 1 W) each, fuse of 0.6 A, main switch a power supply (battery iminator), three (on/off) switches flexible connecting wire with red and black plastic covering, Supplementary. Main electric board with a two-pin socket and main switch. IAGRAM (Fig. 11.04) °@ s “ & Ss Ey 8; AG. ammeter (@) WF sous = - +4 bie ma ee ‘a a a an pf RY Ibs, fluorescent tubes fans etc. 15 A sockets and switches are required for heavy load appliances ike, refrigerator, air conditioner, geyser, hot plates ete. All appliances must have three wires led live, neutral and the earth. Total power consumption ‘P? at a timeEE EE 212 COMPREHENSIVE PRACTICAL PHYSICS—Xil . SSSA SM PoP, +P,+Py+ where P,, P,, P, are the powers drawn by appliances. To protect the appliances from damage when unduly high currents are drawn fuse of little higher rating, 10 to 20% higher than the current normally drawn by all appliances. For further safety, a suitable value MAINS FUSE like rating 32 A is connected in series with supply source. PROCEDURE 1, Connect the bulbs B,, B, and B, in series with switches S,, S, and S, respectively and connect each get of B-S in parallel with each other (Fig. 11.04). . Connect main supply to a step-down transformer (battery eliminator) to get required voltage from 0 to 10 V (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 V). . Connect the mains fuse M.S. in series with the power supply (battery eliminator). Connect an A.C. ammeter in series with the B-S set. Connect one end of power supply to one end of B-S set, Check the cireuit one again to ensure that household circuit is complete. , Gradually increase the current to 0.75 A, the fuse must burn off at about 0.6 A. A ACTIVITY 4 OBJECTIVE To assemble the components of a given electrical cireuit (Say Ohm’s law cirei w Naan e APPARATUS AND MATERIAL Apparatus, A voltmeter and an ammeter of appropriate range, a battery, a rhe one way key. Material. An unknown resistance or resistance coil, connecting wires, a piece of ‘Paper. PROCEDURE 1. Connect the components (Resistors, inductors ete.) in series with each other as in Fig. 11.05 and then in series with the battery. —HK4- 2. Connect the ammeter in series with the circuit, to measure the current. 3. Connect the voltmeter in parallel tothe resis- ‘or, to measure the potential difference. 4, Connect the switch in series with the bat- tery. 5, Assembly of the electrical components in cleetrie circuit is complete. Connect the items as shown in Fig. 11.05. Vv Fig. 11.05.213 ueanenacocaeeReMe It is used for measuring an unknown resistance (see Experiment 1), OBJECTIVE To study the variation in potential drop with length of a wire for a steady current, APPARATUS AND MATERIAL Apparatus. Potentiometer, Material. A fully charged 4.5 V battery or battery eliminator, a low resistance theostat, 8 voltmeter of range (0-3.0 V), an ammeter (0-8) A, a one way key, a jockey, a eet square, connecting wires and a piece of sand paper. DIAGRAM (Fig. 11.06) 400 om tL Rheostat Q 4 300 om K 200m P J [| 400 Fig. 11.06. Studying variation in potential drop with length of a wire. THEORY (Formula used) For a potentiometer with wire of uniform material density and thickness (cross-sectional area) carrying a steady current, potential drop is proportional to the length of the wine ie, Vel = Vek v K= te constant where K is the drop of potential per unit length. It is called the potential gradient. PROCEDURE (Stepwise) 1. Draw a circuit diagram showing the scheme of connections as in Fig. 11.06. 2. Remove the insulation from the ends of the connecting copper wires with a sand paper. 8. Connect the positive pole of the battery (eliminator) (a battery of constant emf) to the zero end (P) of the potentiometer and the negative pole through a one-way key, an ammeter and a low resistance rheostat to the other end (Q) of the potentiometer,214 COMPREHENSIVE PRACTICAL PHYSICS—Xil 4. Connect the positive terminal of the voltmeter to the end P of the potentiometer ai the negative terminal to the jockey. 5. Touch the end of the jockey to the end Q of the potentiometer. 6. Close the key and set the rheostat such that the voltmeter gives full scale de tion (3 V). 7. Touch the jockey at end P at 0 (zero) cm. The voltmeter will give zero deflection. 8. Touch the jockey at marks separated by 50 cm length of wire, Note the voltm reading in each case, 9. Record your observations in tabular form as given ahead. OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS Range of voltmeter Least count of voltmeter Zero correction of voltmeter Range of ammeter LO. of ammeter Steady current shown by ammeter ‘Table for length and potential drop ‘Serial No. Length of Voltmeter | of potentiometer wire reading Obs. (em) | vu @ @ @ 1 0 2 50 | 3 100 | 4 150 B 200 6 250 | i 300 8 350 | 9. 400 CALCULATION FROM GRAPH Plot a graph choosing a suitable scale, for the values of potential drop V along.y-axis length J along x-axis as shown in figure. ¥-V, _¥ From graph, tan @ But K AC 7 TScale : X-axis: 1om= Potontiat drop V (volt) s 3 2 1 Length Hem Fig. 11.07. From equation (1) and (2) tan0=K lB} The slope of straight line OB gives the value of potential gradient. RESULT @ The graph between Vand Lis a straight line. Therefore, the potential drop along the length of wire is directly proportional to its length val v=al (ii) The potential drop per unit length of wire is k =... Vem",SECTION—B ACTIVITY 1 identify a diode, an LED, a transistor, an IC, a resistor and a capacitor from collection of such items. ‘TUS AND MATERIAL atus. Multimeter. terial. Above mixed collection of items. identification, appearance and working of each item will have to be considered. 1.A diode is a two terminal device. Yt conducts When Yorwara Hiascd aria Yoes nov conduct when reverse biased. It does not emit light while conducting. Hence, it does not glow. ALED (light emitting diode) is also a two terminal deviee. It also conducts when forward biased and does not conduct when reverse biased. It emits light while conducting. Henee, it glow. A transistor is a three terminal device. The terminals represent emitter (E), base (B) and collector (C), , An IC (integrated circuit) is a multi-terminal device in form ofa chip. [See Fig. 11.09 (UM 3482 IC Tone Generator)] . Aresistor is a two terminal device. It conducts when either forward biased or reverse biased. (Infact there is no forward or reverse bias for a resistor). It conducts even when operated with A.C. voltage. . A capacitor is also a two terminal device. It does not conduct when either forward biased or reverse biased. When a eapacitor is connected to a D.C. source, then multi- meter shows full scale current initially but it decay to zero quickly. It is because that, initially a capacitor draw a charge. ‘The components to be identified are shown in Fig. 11.09. PROCEDURE 1. If the item has four or more terminals and has form of a chip, it is an IC (integrated circuit). 2. If the item has three terminals, it is a transistor. 8. If the item has two terminals, it may be diode, a LED, a resistor or a capacitor. To differentiate proceed as ahead. 4, Put the selector on resistance R of multimeter for checking the continuity. The probe metal ends are inserted in terminal marked on the multimeter as common and P (or + ve).1294 Or Nn I [ ‘Rings ~ ' (@) Carbon resistor i (0 Diodes \ iam 12345076 \seem (6) Integrated circuits Fig. 11.09. Some of If such that the b) two ends of the device t and there is no light 5. Ifpointer moves when voltage is ay is a resistor, 4. If pointer does not m: the item is a capacitor, ‘ove when voltage is aj the commonly available applied in one way the item is a LED, ipplied in one way pplied in one way n. voltage is applied in one way and does not emission, the item is a diode. 2. If pointer moves when voltage is versed and there is light emission, (8) Capacitors (4) Transistor integrated circuits (ICS), is in P (or + ve). On touching and does not move when and also when reversed, the i and also when rever 1000 uF Electroiytic np or npn é move when rever OBSERVATIONS No of | Number of gs | Name ofdeviee | Na of | Possible current | Naméof. Obs. Obs. flow 1. | More than 3 1c 4. | Unidirectional Diode emit no light 2 | Three ‘Transistor 5. | Unidirectional LED emit light 3 | Two Capacitor, Diode, | 6. | Both direction Resistor LED or resistor Gteady) | 7. | Initial high but | Capacitor | decays to zeroIVITIES 231 ESS ae |-ACTIVITY 7 (a) | 7 ea To study the nature and size of the image formed by a convex lens on a screen by ing a candle and a sereen for different distances of the candle from the lens. APPARATUS An optical bench with three uprights, a convex lens with holder, a burning candle, a card-board screen, DIAGRAM Similar to Fig. 8.07 having a burning candle in place of object needle and card-board sereen in place of image needle. THEORY From lens formula, when when, when (infinite) when u<(—f), v becomes negative, (image becomes virtual). (See Art. 8.07) Hence, as the object (burning candle) is moved from infinity towards the convex lens, its image (position of screen) moves from lens focus towards infinity. For candle distance less than focal length, image becomes virtual and does not come on screen, PROCEDURE Find rough focal length of the convex lens by usual method. Mount the convex lens in holder in central upright and keep it in the middle of the optical bench, Mount the card-board screen on another upright and keep it at distance equal to rough focal length of the lens, from the central upright. . Mount the burning candle in third upright and keep it on the other side of the central upright and near the end of the optical bench. Adjust heights so that the inverted image of erect flame of burning candle is formed on Sereen. Move the sereen to make the image sharp. The screen will be nearly at the focus of the convex lens. The image will be real inverted and much more diminished.COMPREHENSIVE PRACTICAL PHYS) an enlarged inverted real image on screen, As the candle reaches the focus of the lens, the screen may not be able to get its i which will be at infinity i.e. beyond the ends of the optical bench, CONCLUSION ‘This change in position, nature and size of the image is according to theoretical A ACTIVITY 7 (b) To study the nature and size of by using a candle and a sereen (for tions, OBJECTIVE the image formed by a concave mirror on @ different distances of the candle from the APPARATUS a burning. card-board ‘screen, DIAGRAM Similar to Fig, 7.05 havi ing a burning candle in place of object needle and Screen in place of image needle, THEORY From mirror formula, aga _d via Ff when = (infinite), r when of when v= © (infinite) when » becomes positive, image becomes virtual. le) is moved from infinity towards the cor m mirror focus towards infinity. The two curvature of the mirror. For candle distance less than focal length, image becomes virtual and does its image (position of screen) moves fro other at distance 2f ie., at the contre of sereen,ACTIVITIES 233 Find rough focal length of the concave mirror by usual method. Mount the concave mirror in holder in first upright and keep it near one end of the optical bench, keeping mirror face inward. Mount the card-board screen on a second upright and keep it at distance equal to rough focal length of mirror, from first upright. Mount the burning candle in third upright and keep it near other end of the optical bench. ‘Adjust heights so that the inverted image of erect flame of burning candle is formed on screen, Move the screen to make the image sharp. The screen will be nearly at the focus of the coneave mirror. ‘The image will be real, inverted and much more diminished. ‘As the burning candle is moyed towards the mirror, the screen has to be moved away from it for getting a sharp flame image. The inverted image size increases, When the position of the candle approaches centre of curvature of the mirror, the screen also approaches the same position. The image size will be equal to the actual flame size, Now interchange the uprights. Bring candle upright nearer to mirror than the screen upright. Move the candle further nearer. The screen has to be moved away for getting an en- larged inverted real image on screen. ‘As the candle reaches the focus of the mirror, the screen may not be able to get its image which will be formed at infinity i.e. beyond the length of the optical bench. CONCLUSION This change in position, nature and size of the image is according to theoretical predic tions.