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--

W
K

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K

W
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EF

K J
J
K

W
F

KE

EFStatic loading J
EFDynamic loading J

EFrepeated loading J
W
W

W

--

K J
Universal testing machines J
K

Special testing machines J

K

W
K J
K J

Accessories
KGrips

KScrew-gear K
KEF

KHydraulic K
K

W
K K

K K
K K
K K

--

KValves

--

J J

J
K

{ J
K

KEF J
K J

K J
K J

--

KEJ F
L0 = 10d 0

L0 = 5d 0

L0 = 11.3 A0

L0 = 5.65 A0

--

W
W
KPin end J

shouldered end J
threaded end J
plain end J
circular end J

EF

K EF
W

--

K J

K J
K J

K J

(2)

(1)

(4)

(3)

W
W
Wform J

E F

KEF
WTexture J

Coarse Fine Grain Silky

KGlassyCrystallineFibrousgrain
W J

Kdarkbright

--

K -

K -

K -

--

EF

K
K

Ductile material
Semi ductile material

EF

--

E FStress
EFF
KEAoF

F
A0

Ee FStrain

KELoFELF
e=

L
L0

Lo Ao
K

- -

Mechanical properties
Proportional Lim J

WElastic limit J

WYield stress J

K

y =

Fy
A0

(Youngs modulus)Modulus of elasticityEF J

E=

Modulus of Resilience ( R ) J
K

KCZ
Ao x LoZ
R=

1 L
F
2 A0 L0

Modulus of Toughness( T )

K
K
T =

( Fy + Fmax )L
2 A0 L0

- -

Maximum tensile strength J

UTS =

FMax
A0

Ductility J

Elongation
Reduction of area

Elongation % =

L f L0
L0

Reduction of area % =

100

A0 A f
A0

100

Proof stressJ

proof =

Fproot
A0

- -

- -

Elongation Load
Strain Stress
K

W
K J
K J

K J
K J

K J
W

K
K

K
K

- -

Do = mm

Lo = mm

W
df = mm
Lf = mm

FEKNF

L(mmF

KE

- -

EF

E F

F
KE

Elongation equation:

K

- -

bEbLF
L

K Ao c bL + C

Ao

L = bL + C Ao

KUnwin's constantsbC

- -

K
W
K J
K J

K J

K J
W

KEAoF
K

EF
EF

- -

EF
EF

E b, CF

L = bL + C Ao

Z C

Ao

Z = C Ao

C =

Z
Ao

Kbb

- -

K J
ERelatively unstableF J
K

EfrictionF J
K

J
WK

K{

- -

K K
K

E F K
EBucklingF
K

K
K

EJ F W

KEFW

Bearing metals E{F W

K

- -

W
K J

K J

K J

- -

W

? Barrel ?
K

WEF

F
A0

WEF

Max =

FMax
A0

WEF


K

Max =

FMax
A0

- -

- -

W
K J

K J
K J

K J

J
K

L{ J
K
K

J
K

- -

EF

EF

EF

- -

IMPACT TEST

EF

STANDARD IMPACT TESTW

K
KIZODCHARPY

EHF
EFEWF
WEHF
UT = W (H-H') - F.E.

F.E

- -

- -

(A)

(B)

-A

-B

- -

()

J J K
- -

K

K

- -

W
K J

K J

K J
J
K

- -

W
K J
K J
K J

W
J
K

J
K

J
K

J
K

J
K

K J
J
K
- -

EFE

EF

LZ

W
F
KEFE

- -

HARDNESS OF METALS TEST

EFK
K

WK

IDENTATION HARDNESS J

KEF

REBOUND HARDNESS J

KEF

SCRATCH HARDNESS J
KEF

WEAR HARDNESS J

KE

MACHINE ABILITY HARDNESS J

KEKKF
K
- -

W
W

K J
J
K

J
K

K J
J
K

J
K

W
K J

K J

K J

K J

- -

VICKERS BRINELL

KROCKWELL
BRINELL:J
EPFEDF
KEDF

EFLEFZ

B.H .N . =

D.(

D
D
d
( )2 ( )2 )
2
2
2

K
K{{

ELLLF
K

- -

COMPRESSION STRESS

P
= Cons tan t
d 2

P
= Cons tan t
d2
d
= Cons tan t
D2
P
= Cons tan t
D2

- -

ZL

EF

W
K J

J
K

K J

VICKERSWJ
- -

EFLEFZ
Vickers hardness number

2.P. sin( / 2)
P
= 1.854 2
2
D
D

J
K

J
K{

J
K

ROCKWELLWJ

BRALE {
- -

KLOADMINOR

C B A

KEF

C
Brale

Brale

KKK

W
K J
- -

K J
K J

K J

- -

W
K

W
K J

K J

W
WE

ECF EDF J
KP/D2 = C

EPF

KEDF
WE
K J
J

KEPF
- -

KEDF

WE

ECBAF J
K

J
BRALE B {
WCA

E
K

E
KCBA

E
K

W
WE

D
MM

D2
MM

DI
P
C
MM
KG

D
MM

KEB.H.NF

- -

WE

D
D2 MM DI MM
MM

P KG

KEV.H.NF

WE
C

W

K

- -

NON - DESTRUCTIVE TESTING

W

K

K
K

W
J
K

J
K

K J
W
K J
K J
K J

K J
K J

K J

MAGNAFLUX INSPECTION
W
- -

W
W

KPARAMAGNETICE
KDIAMAGNETICE

KFERROMAGNETICE

K

K

- -

K
K

W
KCIRCULAR FIELD J

LONGITUDINAL J
KFIELD

- -

W
K

W
K J

K J
KJ

KEF J

KEF J
EFFE{F J
KE

11 J
KEF

KEFJ XOYO J

EF J
K

J
KXOYO

K J

K J
EF J
K
- -

W
F

K KE

W
K

- -

- -

W
J

K J

W
WE

K
KE1F
KE1F

KEOF
K

F
KE

F
KE
K

KE
W

KEOF
- -

KE1F
W

W

K

- -

EF
GOTEVOT appreciates the financial support provided by BAE SYSTEMS