CHAP. 3] MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY 65 34 35 Two variables, and Y, assume the values Xj =2, to = —5, Xs ¥, =-8, ¥, = 10, ¥ =6, respectively. Caleulate (a) 32 ¥, (8) NYO DAY. IC EV GMDANE Yr), @) LY, and i) DW + NY YY) SOLUTION tea ah ca heaton aT haben omit and understood as Sof... Thus YN. for example, is short for * () SX = (2) 41-5) 414) 4 (-8) = 2-5 44-8 © EY (2) 4-8) +110) 416) 2-9-8 410+ (© EXY=QM-3) + (96 + (816) = -6 440 +40 48 = 26 @ SP - ar esr +) 4425 +16 +64 = 108 (© EF = (3 + (8)? + 107 + (6) = 9+ 64 + 100-4 36 ~ 209 ) (LAUT Y) = AAS) = ~35, using parts (0) and (6). Note that (SAVE) # LAY. (@) XY? = (2)(-3) + 5-8) + (10)? + (8067 = —180, ) Swan y= 2) = DAP = LY = 109 209 = ~100, using parts (d) and (). It SX, 94 and DEH? (Dp ~ 5. 10, caleulate (a) S6,(2¥) +3), (6) Sf.) HX 1), and SOLUTION @ Sex +3 0) Yom = Yaz x) ye Ey =a wo ms) If desired, we can omit the subscript and use >in place of $¢ s0 long as these abbreviations are understood Yay, #03 = 297%, + (613) = 21-4) +18 = 10 Sta ~ 10K, +25) = $047 — 10} x, +2516) = 10 ~ 104-4) + 25(6) = 200 THE ARITHMETIC MEAN 36 a7 ‘The grades of a student on six examinations were 84, 91, 72, 68, 87, and 78. Find the arithmetic mean of the grades. SOLUTION 84174 7H HO gy R= Frequently one uses the term average synonymously with arithmetic mean. Strictly speaking, however, this is incorrect since there are averages other than the arithmetic mean. Ten measurements of the diameter of a cylinder were recorded by a scientist as 3.88, 4.09, 3.92, 3.97, 4.02, 3.95, 4.03, 3.92, 3.98, and 4.06 centimeters (cm). Find the arithmetic mean of the66 38 39 340 MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY (CHAP. 3 SOLUTION gp EX _ MAB 4.09 + 3.92 + 3.97 + 402 + 3.95 + 4.03 4 3.92 4 3.98 N The following Minitab output shows the time spent per week on line for 30 Internet users as well as the mean of the 30 times, Would you say this average is typical of the 30 times? ure > print cl Data Display 32445 5 5 5s 66677777 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 12 5% MTB > mean cl Column Mean Mean of time = 10.400 SOLUTION ‘The mean 10.4 hours is not typical ofthe times. Note that 21 of the 30 times are in the single digits, but the mean is 10.4 hours. A great disadvantage of the mean is that itis strongly affected by extreme values. Find the arithmetic mean of the numbers 5, 3, 6. 5, 4, 5, 2.8, 6, 5, 4, 8, 3,4, 5,4, 8,2, 5, and 4. soLuTion First method SEIEOFS AES HIERGOESE SHEET EMG SH AEBS a, 20 20 Second method “There are sin 5's, 40 3's, two 6, five 4s, two 2s and three 8's. Thus SA _ SM _ 65) 96 pages 207 8 Out of 100 numbers, 20 were 4's, A were S's, 30 were 6's and the remainder were 7's, Find the arithmetic mean of the numbers SOLUTION = 3305.30 y= SAX DAM _ 20s) ~ (40165) + 80} + (10)(7) _ 530 _ ere wo «OD A student’ final grades in mathematics, physics, English and hygiene are, respectively, 82, 86, 90, and 70, If the respective credits received for these courses are 3, 5, 3, and 1, determine an appropriate average grade.CHAP. 3] MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY 67 3.2 3A3 34 ‘SOLUTION We use a weighted arithmetic mean, the weights associated with each grade being taken as the number of eredits reveived. Thus (5)(86) ~ (31.90) + (1)(70) _ eres 85 In a company having 80 employces, 60 earn $10.00 per hour and 20 carn $13.00 per hour. (a) Determine the mean earnings per hour. (6) Would the answer in part (a) be the same if the 60 employees earn a mean hourly wage of $10.00 per hour? Prove your answer. (©) Do you believe the mean hourly wage to be typical? SOLUTION @ SPW _(60}(810.00) + (20)1813.00) = ort = 810.75 (b) Yes, the result isthe suine, To prove this, suppose that f; numbers have mean my and that numbers have mean a. We must show that the mean of all the numbers is ye tm fame hth Let the f; numbers add up to My and the fe numbers add up to Ms. Then by definition of the arithmetic mean, m= and my = AB oF My = fim and M ) numbers add up co (4, + Ma), the arithmetic mean of all numbers is fom, Sine fh + Mit My fim + fom, hth ~ hh a required, The result is easily extended. (6) Wen say that $10.75 i 4 “typical” hourly wage in the sense that most of the employees earn $10.00, which is not too far from SUO.75 per hour. It must be remembered that. whenever we summarize numerical data into a single number (as 48 true in an average), we are likely to make some error. Certainly, however, the result is not as misleading as that in Problem 3.8 ‘Actually. to be on Safe ground, soine estimate of the “spread,” or “variation,” of the data about the sean (or other average) should be given, This is culled the dispersion of the data. Various measures of dispersion are given im Chapter 4 Four groups of students, consisting of 15, 20. 10, and 18 individuals, reported mean weights of 162, 148, 153, and 140 pounds (Ih), respectively. Find the mean weight of all the students SOLUTION sins: 48) + (109(183) + (18)(140) * ~ 0+ -1 Ifthe mean annual incomes of agricultural and nonagricultural workers are $25,000 and $35,000, respectively, would the mean annual income of both groups together be the $30,000?68 MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY (CHAP. 3 SOLUTION I would be $30,000 only if the numbers of agricultural and nonagricultural workers were the same, To determine the true mean annual income, we Would have to know the relative numbers of workers in each group. Suppose that 10% of all workers are agricultural workers. Then the mean would be (0.10)(25,000) + (0.90)(38,000) = $34,000. If there were equal numbers of both types of workers, the ‘mean would be (0.S0)(25, 000) + (0.50)(35, 000) = $30,000 31S Use the frequency distribution of heights in Table 2.1 to find the mean height of the 100 male students at XYZ university SOLUTION "The work is outlined in Table 3.1, Note that all students having heights 60 to 62 inches (in), 63 t0 65 in, ef., are considered as having heights 61 in, 64 i, ete, The problem then reduces to finding the mean height fof 100 students if $ students have height 61 in, 18 have height 64 in, etc. ‘The computations involved can become tedious, especially for cases in which the numbers are large and. many classes are present, Short techniques are available for lessening the labor in such eases; for example, see Problems 320 and 3.22 Table 11 Height (in) [Class Mark X) | Frequeney (/) Ix @8 or 5 305 63-65 | 64 18 sz 66-68 6 2 asd on 70 n 1890 pa |e 8 se N=rs=10 | Es =0ms 67.45 in PROPERTIES OF THE ARITHMETIC MEAN 36 Prove that the sum of the deviations of Xj, X2....,Xy from their mean £ is equal to zero, SOLUTION Letd = % Then Ay from their mean ¥. am. where we have used J> in place of 33%. We could, if desired, have omitted the subscript jin X%, provided that is understood BAT Ze M +, +¥5 SOLUTION By definition,CHAP. 3) MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY 9 Thus where the subscripts j on ¥, Y, and Z have been omitted and where SZ means 32", BAB (a) If N numbers 1, Xa,..., Xy have deviations from any number A given by dy =X; — A, dh = Xa ~ Av vosdy = Xy ~ A, respectively, prove that =44 5 (B) In case Ny, Xo,-.-, Xq have respective frequencies fi, fi.-.-. fic and dy =X, — Xx — A, show that the result in part (a) is replaced with vd = SOLUTION (@) Fest method Since d, =X, ~ A and X, = +d, we have EX _E+d) CA+Ed NavSg N W a N where we have used 55 in place of 3%, for brevity x, Second method We have d = — 4, oF X = A +4, omitng the subsripts on d and X, Thus, by Problem 3.17, vedtdaash4 since the mean of @ number of constants all equal to 4 is A aEUA+4) EM+ Eid AES+ ESE ® tia A Ay ANAS Sd 4 Eid fa. Note that formally the results obtained from part (a) by replacing d with ,d, and summing from) = 1 to K instead of from j = | to N. The result is equivalent to ¥ = A's d, where d = (5. f)/N. THE ARITHMETIC MEAN COMPUTED FROM GROUPED DATA 3.19 Use the method of Problem 3,18(a) to find the arithmetic mean of the numbers $, 8, 11, 9, 12, 6, 14, and 10, choosing as the “guessed mean” A the values (a) 9 and (b) 20.0 3.20 3.21 MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY (CHAP. 3 SOLUTION (@) The deviations of the given numbers from 9 are 4 3. Scand 1, and the sum of the deviations is Dd = —4—1424043- and —10, and (6) The deviations of the given numbers from 20 are ~ Ed = -85. Thus He -8. <1, Use the method of Problem 3.18(4) to find the arithmetic mean of the heights of the 100 male students at XYZ University (see Problem 3.15). SOLUTION ‘The work may be arranged as in Tuble 3.2. We take the guessed meun 4 to be the class mark 67 (which has the largest Frequency), although any class mark can he used for 4. Note that the computations are simpler than those in Problem 3.15. To shorten the labor even mors, we can proceed ss in Problem 3.22, Where use is made of the fact that the deviations (column 2 of Table 3.2) are all nteger muluples ofthe cass interval size, Vable 32 Chass Mark) | d= A Frequency (1) “ et 6 5 0 oS ix ~s4 4-67 o 2 0 70 3 ” “1 Bo ie * 4s Du 5 yeah 4s ne ere ren ven lass mark 4. Show that all cass ntorvals have equal vee then a the deviations ve all Sr so a Senn ser an ann Computed rom the formal Se Co (a) The result isillusiated in Table 3.2 of Problem 3.20, where its observed thatthe dev 2 are all multiples of the class-interval size ¢ = 3 in To soe that the results rue mn general, note that if.Yy, Xs. Xi... are successive class marks, their common difference will for this case be equal to ¢. 90 that Ny Ny +e, Ay = Xy + 2, and in general X,=¥,-+(- Ne, Then any awa class marks 2, and 2, for example. will difer by SOLUTION My Xy= MEOH He d= ae which is a muluiple of «CHAP. 3) MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY 7 (6) By part (the deviations ofall the class marks fom any given one ae multiples of otis. d,~ 4) Then. asing Problem 3.180), we have fi +(BA)e 4 Eslew) ¥ [Note that this is equivalent to the result X = 4 +c, which can be obtained from placing d = cu and observing that d ~ ca (see Problem 3.18). aveElt aby 3.22 Use the result of Problem 3.21(6) to find the mean height of the 100 male students at XYZ University (see Problem 3.20), ‘SOLUTION The work may be arranged as in Table 3.3. The method is called the coding method and should be employed whenever possible Table 33 x « 1 fe sl 2 5 io | 64 1 Is -18 Ate 6 o a 0 70 1 27 2 B 2 8 16 Nato | Cfenis 3) = 67.43in 3.23 Compute the mean weekly wage of the 65 employees at the P&R Company from the frequency distribution in Table 2.5, using (a) the long method and (6) the coding method. SOLUTION Tables 3.4 and 3.5 show the solutions to (a) and (6), respectively, Table 3.4 Table 35 x i x x cajah fi sassoo | 8 2040.00 s2ssoo | -2 [8 =16 26500 | 10 2650.00 2500 | -1 | 10 10 2500 | 16 4400.00 at 2soo | oo | a6 ° 28500 | 14 3990.00 msc) 1 | 2 14 4 250 | 10 2930.00 vse | 2] 10 20 305.00 5 1525.00 soso | |S Is sis || oon sit | | 8 N EX = 818.18500 n=O 3n MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY (CHAP. 3 might be supposed that error would be introduced into these tables since the class marks ae actualy $254995, $264 995, ct. instead of $285:00, $26500, te. IT in Table 3.4 these true class marks are used instead, then X turns out to be $279.76 instead of $279.77, and the diference is neglisble. . A 3 PSST gm xm A+ (Elem s2150045 N a 324 Using Table 2.9(d), find the mean wage of the 70 employees at the P&R Company. SOLUTION In this case the class intervals do not have equal size and we must use the long method, as shown in Table 36. Tale 36 x [fs a w2ss00 | s204000 26500 | 10 2650.00 2500 | 16 4400.00 zas00 | 1s 4275.00 28500 | 10 2950.00 wooo | 8 2430.00 asooo | 3 1030.00 EA = 819,845.00 81984500 _ 55550 ‘THE MEDIAN 325. The following Minitab output shows the time spent per week searching on line for 30 Internet users as well as the median of the 30 times. Verify the median, Would you say this average is typical of the 30 times? Compare your results with those found in Problem 3.8 M7~ > print cL Data Display time oo ee 6 ry 7 yes 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 12 $5 60 MTB > median ci Column Median Median of time = 7.0000 SOLUTION Note that the two middle values are both 7 and the mean of the two middle valves is 7. The mean was found to be 1014 hours in Problem 3.8, The median is more typical of the times than the mean,CHAP. 3] MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY B 3.26 327 3.28 ‘The number of ATM transactions per day were recorded at 15 locations in a large city, The data were: 35, 49, 225, 50, 30, 65, 40, 55, 52, 76, 48, 325, 47, 32, and 60. Find (a) the median number of transactions and (b) the mean number of transactions. ‘SOLUTION (@)_ Arranged in order, the data are: 30, 32, 35,40, 47. 48, 49, 50, 52, 55.60.65, 76,225, and 325. Since there san odd number of items, there is only one middle value, 50, which isthe required median, (®) The sum of the 15 values is 1189. The mean is 1189/15 = 79.267 Note that the median is not affected by the two extreme values 225 and 325, while the mean is affected by it, In this ease, the median gives x better indication of the average number of daily ATM transactions If (a) 85 and (6) 150 numbers are arranged in an array, how would you find the median of the numbers? ‘SOLUTION (2). Since there are 85 items, an odd number, there is only one middle value with 42 numbers below and 42 ‘numbers above it. Thus the median is the 43d number in the array (6) Since there are 150 items, an even number, there are two middle values with 74 numbers below thers and 74 numbers above them. The two middle values are the 75th and 76th numbers inthe array, and their arithmetic meun isthe required median, From Problem 28, find the median weight of the 40 male college students at State University by using (a) the frequency distribution of Table 2.7 (reproduced here as Table 3.7) and (h) the original data, ‘SOLUTION (a), First method (using interpolation) ‘The weights in the frequency distribution of Table 37 ate assumed to be continuously distributed. In such ease the median is that weight for which half the toral frequency (40/2 = 20) les above it and half lies below it Table 3.7 ‘Weight (Ib) Frequency. 118-126 127-135 136-148 145-153 154-162 163.171 172-180 Total 40 [Now the sum of the first three clas frequencies is 3+ 5 +9 = 17. Thus to give the desired 20, we require three mote of the 12 cases in the fourth cass, Since the fourth class interval, 145-153, actually corresponds to weights 144.5 to 153.5, the median must lie 3/12 of the way between 144.5 and 153.5 that is, the median is 3 3 5+A(is3s— 1445) = 14s + 30) = 1445 + (153.5 ~ 148.5) = 14S + 509) = 146.8 tHMEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY [CHAP. 3 ‘Second method (using formula) Since the sum of the first three and first four class frequencies are 3454917 and 3.45494 12 — 29, respectively, is clear that the median lies in the Fourth class, which is therefore the median elass. Then = lower class boundary of median class = 144.5 N = number of items in the data = 40 1) = sum of all classes lower than the median class = frequency of median class = 12 6 = size oF median class interval = 9 vats» (NEEL). ass (MAM) (8) Arranged in an array. the oripinal weights are 119,125,126, 128. 132.135, 135,135,136, 138, 138,140, 140, 142, 142. 144, M4, 145,145,146, 146, 147,147,148, 149, 150,150,152. 153,154, 156, 157,158. 161. 163,164,165, 168.173, 176 ‘The median isthe arithmetic mean of the 20th and 2Ist weights in this array and is equal 10 1461b. Show how the median weight in Problem 3.28 can be obtained from (a) a histogram and (b) a percentage ogive. SOLUTION (a) Figure 3-3(a) shows the histogram corresponding to the weights in Problem 3,28. The median 1s the abscissa corresponding to the line LAf, which divides the histogram into. (wo equal areas. Since area corresponds to frequency’ in a histogram, LM is such that the total area to the right and eft of itis half the total Frequency, oF 20. Thus areas ALD and MBET. correspond to frequencies of 3 and 9, Then AM = {AB = (9) ~ 225, and the median has the value 144.5 + 2.25 — 146.75, oF 14681b to the nearest tenth of'a pound. The value ean also be read approximately directly From the araph.