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dddnal AnricrDEditionPublishd
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Copydsht (c) 1989by PrndceHall, Inc.

for saleonly in Bul8..i!

Ihis;tdon is authorlzed
This edition is publishedjn Bulgrda by Tb OFn Society FuDd' Sona, 1992.

rsBN9s4520-008-1

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Prenli.e-Hallof Australia PlV Limired lrdtE
Prenrlce:HallCaqadiiil6c.; torb,r,
Pende:rlall Hispanoamricam s.A., Mett@
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Contenls
DISCUSSIONPOINTS I7
WRITING SKILLS 17
Topic Sentences 17
wrhitV a Patallnphaf C|ltsifi.ation ii]

COMPARING:

The Elements

19

TNTRODUCTION I9
Shorl Reading The wonderMetals 20
USINC ENGLISH TO COMPARE 2I
SenrcncePatterns 22
utiq d Tdbk 2)
Uttlcttkltlihgcrhlparkahs22
cru.ltitv Convaita,lt 24
CradtintS'ftch.?s 24
Like aod As 25
UsiilgLlke afld Ar 2,
READINC SKILLS 26
Vocabulary liuilding 26
vacdbulary
itl Co text 26

skimming27
Cases28
Readingr
TheLlfe-Supporting
Uhdentandifl!
tl1!Rcdditllt1a
' LISTENING SKILLS 30
vacdbuldry
in Conkxl ll)
Note-Taking 3l
Uhdenladinqtlt Lceturu J2
DISCUSSIONPOINTS 32
WRITING SKILLS 33
Comparing 33
Transilion words l4
Writing a Paragraphof Comparison 34

o*o u FFEc'r,color,Light,atrdsound J5

3
"our"

INTRODUCTION 35
Short Reading TheNatureof Color 36
USINGENGLISHTO SHOW CAUSEAND EFFECT ]7
Senlen(ePallerns l8
IdentifringCautedt1.lEJIe.l )8
Unlc\n\tltli,llJ Ptndlhr,Iltt t')

II

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xii

contents
DISCUSSIONPOINTS 65
WRITING SKILLS 65
Writing Conclusions 65
Writing a Paragraphwith a Conclusion 65

o""rr.,r*n,Enetw 67
INTRODUCTION 67
shon Reading TheMan! Forns oJEneryy 68'
USING ENCLISH TO DEFINE 69
SentencePatterns 70
Ahalyzin!DeJinhionr71 CorrctthqDetrhitio,r.i71
Relative Clauses 72
Fotltulatinll Dqitliti'tlt 72
lJtikg ReldtivcClautas 72
CreatingDelinitiotls 7)
. READING SKILLS 7]
Vocabulary Bullding 73
cDdo',rnicro',rDacft)' z
Adirsj ectdexo_,
Vocabultlr!in Contcxt 75
Scannlng 75
ReadinS:E = mcr 76
tl1! Rcd.litv 78
Und?ntdl1.lit\1
LISTENINGSKILLS 7E
vo1buldryfu contaxt 78
Nore-Taking 79
Uldc$tandilv tllt Ltcntre 79

DlscussloNPoINTS 80
WRITINGSKILLS 8I
ExtendedDefinitions El
Writing ad E,(tendedDefinitlon 8l
EXEMPLIFYING: Ha4, 82
INTRODUCTION 82
of TatuperutureE3
Short Reading TheEfreets
IJSING ENGLISH TO EXEMPLIFY 8]
SentencePattems 85
Ra ltniznlll Erdntllls it6
Anallziq ExetnplitrMtia Ss

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xiv

Contents
WRITTNCSKILLS IIO
Giving Evidence ll0
Wriling with Evidence llo

a*""*,t"*t

NGtBlecti.ityandMagnertsm ttl

INTRODUCTION III
Short Reading LightnitlgSttikes ll2
USINC ENGLISHTO GTVEDIRECTIONS I12
Giving Directions to Perform a Process I 13
Imperadve Verbs I l3
Reeotniziry
lhperdlire Vefus 1lt
Artunliq ltehaChrckololjrdll!, 1t4
Usih!bfipentiveverbs 115
Verb forms: Infinitives and Gerunds I 16
Chaosing
verbFarnt 117
READING SKILLS I18
vocabularyBuilding 118
WarclRoott:
blo-, aeto-,rhermo.,
hydro- ll9
Voeabulary
in Conkxt 120
Scanning 120
Rading: The Magic of a Magnet 120
UnderttandinS
the Readhq 122
LISTENINGSKILLS I23
Voeabulat!
in Coktert 12)
Note-Taking 123
U degandiry.the
Lecturc12)
DISCUSSIONPOINTS I24
WRITING SKILLS 12'
Directions 125
Wrltlng Directions 125

CALCULATING|

l,&ui^

aftd Gqtes

126

INTRODUCTION I26
Shoff Reading Prcss re: At MoleculesCollide 127
I
'

.:.

USING ENGUSH To CALCULATE I28

Tems 129
Mathematical
.U derstanding
Indefinite Anicles 129
Usin!IndeJinite
Anieles t)a
.

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xvi

Contents
Note-Taking 154
Uad.tstanding llc Lctltt?

15.

DrscusdroNPoINTs 155
WRITING SKILLS T55
Reporting 155
Writing a Report 156

II
lI

Theuniverse lrj
DESCRIBINGi
INTRODUCTION I57
Shorl Readtng TheSuk an.l OthetStars 157
USING ENCLISHTO DESCRIBE I58
SenEnce Patterns 160
A'ithALli&tit'ts161
tJsinlPre.ise
D$criqtio$ 160 Dcsttibilry
-ed
'iry
16l
with
and
Adjectives
whh'c(l dnd'it\!, 162 fonttitll cotul\'u]ttlNouur 16J
UsinfAtlieetives
Wtititq Snao l Sentcnce:'!64
READING SKILLS 164
VocabularyBuilding 164
Wory'Rro6:aqua',lcrra-,pyR)',asl()- 165
Vocdbtiary
in co,ttlxt 16,
Skimming 166
Readlngi The Moon: A Nice Placeto visil?
Maki g InJircncer 168
LISTENINCSKILLS 169
Vocabulary
in Conlcxt 16,
Nore-Taking 169
tht Ltdur\' l70
Unda$landi\ry
DISCUSSIONPOINTS I7I
WRITING SKILLS I7I
Describing l?l
Wdting a Description 172

It
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PREDTCTINGi The Weather

17,

I N T R O D U C T I O NI 7 J
Short Reading TheWo .lTu

s 173

167

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scienceconceptsthal are coveredbut not know how to cxprcssLhcm in English.

Thc locus of the book, however, is always on languagcfalher than scicucc,and
thcrc is no altempl to cover any scientifictopic thoroughly. No prcviousscicncc
knowledgeis neededby the teacheror student.

ORGANIZATION

OF THE TEXT

Thcrc arc lwclvc chaplcrs in thc book. Each chapter has six mair scclions:
Introduction,
usingEnglishto... (ctassify,
conpare,and so on), RcadingSkills,
ListenilgSkills,Discussion
PoinN,and writing Skills.

Itltroduction
Each chapter beginsby intrcducing rhe rhetoricalfunclion, rclating it o thc
scientificmethod, aDd preseDtingit ir a short readiDg.

Usi g English to,.,

This sectionbeginswilh aDcxplanalionoflhc rhctoricalIunction,usitUcxamdcs
from the shor! reading.In most chapicrsthc cxplanalionis folbwed by a cha11of
scntcncepalternsthal show how the function may be cxprcsscd,This chafl is not
meantto list all possiblcpatterns,and in somcchaptcNlbc chart is omitled because
fie topics do not lcnd thcmsclvcs10 any parricularsynlaclicstructure.Thc Dcxl
item in thc sectionis a group of praclicccxcraiscs,sequcnced1()cnablc studcnls
Io progressfrcm idcntifying the funclion to usir)git, Grammalicalslrllclureslhat
occur frequenllyin sciencelexls arc also includcd in this seclkD whcn they scrve
a communicativcpurposcrclatcd to lhc rhclorical lilnction.

Reading skitls
This secdonlirsr prcscnrssraLcgicslor srudenlsto use in expandinglhcir vocabularicson an ongoingbasis.word roots and affixesinlroduccdarc thosccommonly occurringin scientificterminology (for examplc,hjdro , dyna ). Next, rhe
sectionpreviewsthe vocabularyfrom thc long rcading.Thc obiectis 1()developa
basicvocabularylhat wolrld be assumeda! the college'eniry1cvcl.Accordingly,
termsthat would bc known to a nativewords sclecredforstudy are scien.e-related
spcakjng,firs!-yearcollegestudent (for example, fammable,dehydrate
, transparent
,
combstion,dilute, ir?e/lia).No specializedor rare words arc used in any of the
rcadingsor lectures.

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lPJIrOlJqr,LIl
'o isn ui]llrM Jqt plrJtxrot JTLTBLI)

s !45 6u!tt.t/+r
'uossrl
tulllrM
iql ul pisn)q iu!u tclltsuipliiuldoli^rp'i)ltrud uopesl',lur))
roJspruoqiilrlJds
sp
i^ris s)ldotiL0 srJldeq)ioi]ru ul )iro^{ uerl pirnt)nilsunip^0ul;)r e u! 'lllcrl)
Lrol]:)orll
ipl^o.I(l
srul(xl
Lrolssn)slp
iLIlJolsotl
luruol lr iLIlIIdduot.{ll(lnuoddo
slulo.l ,olstrrtslq

'lL)nsltsnlt(nr pue
lpql
lo.rosr LrorsuJrlirdruo)
.rrrsLr.ot fuE p ucrl r^uq,{rql tpLI,1))n)ulir ot'silou.rlrlll tp ill {ool1|roq]lM
LrleSe..rrrlrrl
)ql rcrq plnoqsslurpntsllp')slrrix, uorsurq duo).ql tul,l olloJ
'rrtro LIPL0
rrolll rrnl))l )Lll reiq ot Prro AErustrrrPnts rrcs'qsrt8rr3
ur srrntrrl
pl| lr.r(l(llorotitrIqErrqtur,{lrpr^{Irp^p^rtilrtpc..rsrqltes)urpnts'tSgirlrtS
'slooqlxrt uo srrntrrl r)qt rsnq
op srot)lrllslrl,{LrPrLr
lou
. rsnP)iq llrls lerrlur e sr lr tr,( :,{pus trrlrrrpPrE
tsoul iql sP /rInE
Jo trEcllllr.)rJJll)
. srrletds r^rleu-uoupuDr^oeu,{q'prUn )pr ,{llr)nb)4 sr Srrlpt-rloN rsrrr)xr
uorslr)LIrr(ltlror
e plre'srtdr SurIptprrprrntr)l E ot Suru)tsrr
3ur^lo^rrr
rsrrrrxr
DIlrErd D 'tlrrtl Sulwl-.nou e'^{Jr^rrd,.belnql'ro^e srsldnrcr ()nrrs srql

sllDlsguluatslI
'nrorsnlruorSurMerppuE'srtrurr{ur
'rroru o (Uorjr)etSorqsrniu{srp
'Sururre)s
sp qrns'sflrIsBurpprrInJrsnJo
iJurlEnr
rlr udolr^rp rlll puc 13cssedSurperrSuol e or pJro^:)psl Lrollr)srqlJo lsJr rql

,rxii Preface
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
My lhanks to Dr. Ann Johns of San Diego Slale U vers;ly for thc inspiralior
to \t;i1e lhe book and to my daughterRaquelfor her imaginalivcilhstraliols
And a specialtharks to Harry for his conslantsllppon aDdcncouragcmerl'and
for alwayshaving mote faith in me than I had in mysclf

ql!^\ parsrl Jq plnoJ rPql slreJ uo prspq stu.urSpnf JIPLLTol pup serp! ^{ru
ot spulLur!rqt urdo ol p)urprl rldord uJtl^ iluo p'up^pp rrurtrs urcpow
'rte rql q8norql
lEoll uer pue urJs rq ot llpurs oor rrE lpql s8ulql
8u!^!l iq prsner rre srsprstplpql prrsrSSnsrq urq^ lE prq8nptseM rnrlspd
s!nollsttsolotqq)ucrJ,s008Jaqlserrelspur^a.rsro^!unrnoJorrtu.rrqlse,M
quPr rqr uPql rrqler uns rql tpqt lu.rurlpts srq )ireq rlpr ol prsnjrDq urqM
qlErp LII!,{,\prurrprrql sp^ orMpS snlur3 uEnql lecjB .qt .rsrr^run rqt Jo
slJrrss rqt rJ^o)un ol 3ul,{tt roJ suosud otul u^,\orqtuJAJato^\ slsllurlJs .seop!
.Mruol pJsoddorr)^ aldord.srSV.lpp!W rql SulrnpssrrSordrlllrl,irr^ cpplu
r)u;)l)s'pPilsul .rJruprroJ JlnJ e pcrr^oJslpro splro,r rJqto Llll^ pelp)runruulo)
r^eq tq8ltu r^ '^lou ig .,{lrnbrtuerruts,{pporsu.rq pell rJurrrs Jo ss Sold
aql JI rq tqBrlu J,!\ prJue^pp rrou r{)nt(l I\oLI lrpuo^,\ ot SullsalJlul sl tl
'iJrl Io srurolrrlduls urorJprdulr^rp peq
s8ulrq uelunqlpqt prsodordrcpueurtxpuypue /uns rLIl punorepr^oLU!trer
tql lcqt pitsrSSnssnqJrplslrv/uJolerqt Jo erpl aql pstPul3lrosntlrrouilc
'prl)lp;)rd
plno)
cq
Dnlpu
ur
sluJAJ
tpql puegsrr^!unrql ur Irpro se^|rrrLIllvql
p)^rlli)qoq^{'sl)rrD lu5!rup)qt ql!^{ upSrqr)ur!)s urrtssM.sts!tuel)s
iq prsn
poqltLuJlseqrqlJo ss til!r\p up sejlnbrr lEtrrlplu)lJlturljs Sulpuptstrpun

poqraw )IJIluaIrs
eql ol. uolDnpo4.uJ

Inrroduclionlo LheScienlilirMethod
experiments. A procedure known as the scientific method was developed for
gathering and testing information. Eachchaptr in (his book is basedon some
aspectof this method and how it is expressedin English.

.., ANDfiHEREARE IINISIBLE

,RGAN l5/v1s THAT FLOAr N

fHE AIR AND LIVE I/I'IDE

V o u RB o D Y . , ,

HN.,HN
uh ux\

t
'rJPdsdn sc:lcl
pLrPsseluro rqtrrn sPrllEr{ttLrrql{uesr rrlEw 'Irup oi IrtP^{rLIlpue 'rqlerrq
non rrp I0 'lpoq rno,.{'}ooq srqr irJnpltl Jo slsrsuorsn punorP BurqurJ^3
tafiow lo atqrN a4I
'prgrssPl)
iq itu rrlleu Moq t o purl pue rSesspd
turr\otlolrql peru

qulptaa uoqs
'rrorssJrdx.puE
rqSnoqtrutlurlJs or Jrspqtu:^ snql
sl uotrrlJlssPl:) s)llsurlrerpqJ str
d ueJ lsrSolorq p ,srlrrds ro ,dnorS
r)rp
rPlnrrtredpJorrqrrrlu e spIEmrupue 8ur,{JrssElr
Iq,.rr^JMoH ruo qreo,{pntsol
elqrssodrulipPrlr sr tr ,qupe uo slEruruepup sruEldlo spurl uonlrttl Iprr^rs crp
rrrlll rJuIs'^pelurtS prtJlprrd .q upr sitlrrdord str ,rurLuorqpuEauuoltlr se
dnoiS rlrrEscql ot SurBuolaq
se prrJrruiprs! rurporJr ?snql .sanrrdordprlplrj
LIlr,MsdnoiSotul slurlucloIII llp 3u!3uerB,{q suollezllprrurSriELUupr lnq
'rurulrl: irt^r ipnts
louueJ/.)ldtuexrrol ,sls!ulrql .Iprre ue otu! uortpulrolu!
petPIJrdno.r8stslluJlJs.uoutu.loJu! )uJllrrlr lueuodutl Juo r^pq llp lpql
s8u!qtJo dnolS e Sutue:)Lu-ssr/rpro.n iql uro.rJsrltlo or/rllilr"/r p.ro^4e\I
slrouic sdlqsuollplir pulJ ot pue sDeJJql IJrss'', Ouo.runrrn nt ,Or"u tr'tllll'l
rqf qBnou) tou sl st)eJSunlillo) ,{l.t.rrlu1r^c/\^oH.rrott0luro,ur
BuljrqteB
pue sw)llB^rrsqo3u11eur;,r1o,ru!qriprsJ )lJllurlrs .lo soSels,{lle, rql
NOTI)N(IOUINI

"tailvw lo uotltsodwo) aql

3u$;1sseI)
1 raldeqr

Classitying

6A6
as cilhef solid,liqtli(],or gas Soli(l\are llrnr .rl(l
Al1 nlatlcrmay be classificd
havea dcnnitcfornl.Rubbcr,wood,glass,jrorr,conorl,nnd sarr(iarc.ll tl.ssilic(l
ol
lorccwould be nccdcdlo changclhc shiPcor voLL'ntc
as sdids.A considerablc
.rc
dcnsclv
Lhcat(nnsor nlnccrlcs ot n soli(l
an iron bar,for crample.Lrcansc
packcdand havevrry lilllc Irccdomof movcarcrrl.
.nnn ltloLrs.R()cks
crynallinc,rrxl
nraybc furLhcrdividcdinlolwo classcs:
Soli(is
$lid\
nrc nli(lc trl) of
solids Cryslnllinc
wood, fapcr, and collonare crystallirrc
hcate(l'
th( ch.rrgc1o
Whcn thcscvtkls arc
al(rmsarrangedin a dcllnilcpatler'n.
inclu(lc
sLLLrsLantcs
a 1(uid, knowD as mellirrg,is sharpan(l clc.r. Ann)rfhoLrs
y
is
not
o|1lc
ol lhc alonls
lhc lilL1cl1l
aDdsulfir. In lhcscsubs(anccs,
rubbcr,glass,
.nd whcn hcalcd,thcy lraduallysoftcn.
Liquids,on lhc othcr lTand,arc not rigid.ll walcr,lrrilk,or oil is pourc(lon a
ol liqrri(lsalll.lcl
rablc,it will llow all ovcf 1hcsurfacc.Thc nt(tlls or r)rolcculcs
slftlcltrrc(i
l(x)scly
idstoUow.Bul thcscaL(tns.1rc
ca(llothcrandthercbyc|rablcliq
ol
conlaillcr
thc
shaPc
any
a liquidwill lakc
aDddo nol kccp!bcir$apc. Thcrefore
qtran
ol nrilk
vohrnrc;
n
in which ii is DotreLl.Howcvcr,liquidsh.vc a dcfirrite
cannolfit in a Pir)tcoulaittcr,
suchas air,oxylcn, and carbondioxidc'havcllo lixcdshal)cor volunrf
Gascs,
of thcir owr. Thcy dilluscor slrcadoul () lill any cont.rrrcflf watcris prrl inl()
a tirc,it will nrn to tln)bo(tonlrif air is pu( ir)to<1lire,iLllllslhc wholcsl)accinsidc
ofgascsarc widclyspaccdnrrdmovcvcry ral)idly.
thc tirc.TIlcatomsor molc(Lllcs
Thcy cilher conllress or cxfand rc adapl to any .lrca
lornl. Lalcr
wc knolv is nladcof maltcrin solid,liquidor gascolrs
EvcrythiDg
(his
may
bc
classilicd.
ways
nlatlcr
othcr
in
chaplcr,wc rvill discuss

USING ENGLTSHTO CLASSIFY

includes:
A classificalion
l. a gcneralclass,
2. a specificilem or ilms, aDd
il i1
which is ffequcntlytrt slatedbccaLrsc
L a basislbr classificalioo,
elsewhcrc.
or
cxllained
undcrstood
Considerlhis sample(cntcDcc:
All matter may be classified as either solid,liquid, or gas.

Jre

( al'q prpnl)ul tou ore teql spllosl.qto IFnor^qo

.Llt 's! leql ltuo8ue) lejru;B iql Jo suols!^lpqnsilqt IIe r.^or ,{l!pssrJ'U.
lou op slurll rglJcd$rqt,lBtauoS ot rulrrds ruo{ 8ur,{JrsselJ
uaqM)
'tpltos sb ptlJlsspp ttD puot puo 'uo a u t ,ssttl6 paa$ ra|qk[
ltD

lVU!rNe50r fHtf,ads wouJ DNrAcrssv'r3

'stlt1LltlJ1uu,
pu! aulllttst\Jj :se|top o/1r',!
olu! paplAlpJrquklaq tput spllos

'suo1s!^lpqns
rriqt rsrql ul prpnl)ul sl trletu
lpqt JloN)
llB
'516ra 'pvbtt pltos)aqtDrp pa{lssttpaq tDw ra nu
llv
lI:IIf,AdS OI'IVUIINIID I IO{C DNIAIIISSV.If
.
'trpu ro'plt1@'uvr 9e \pns
',(ll
'uosprr
qts$d
srql
roC
Jo slpporuureluor I0 rnbr{ s.)urlu.s rrorlerlrsselr
'Jrrr^rluou
ro J!t\!l rrqtr.rse uo codrul)rlp)rruiq)sI Jo (r\el Jql uo pJrlrsscP
rq
\PLUt|rlrlurpxr I'l l.)Un\ct)Jq ipu;DtLU \r\ .rLroucqt.)roru\r Jrrqt tng
'iJuJluts
rql u! p. onuru lou sr qJrqM 'rrllpur Jo rlPls Iprlsiqd aqr sl LrollerulssplrroJ
srsPq)ql srt pue p|\lb!l pltos.re sLLratrgrtradsaqJ ,,rrltr sl sselJJeJJuiS.ql
g SutlJtssel)

6 Classifying
Rock, wood,paper, and cottonare cryslallinesolids.

(Norethat a classificationis likc an upsidc-dotm lrcc The lrutlk of a trcc is

divided inlo largebranchcs,cach large branch is subdividcdinto smallcr
branches,and smallcrbranchcsnray sobdividcagain into evcn sm.lllcr
branches.)

NOTES
l . The passiveform is usedfrcqucntly il1 scntcncesof classilicaliorand in all

scientificwriting becausclhc cmphasisiD scicnccis usllally or thc acliotl, rlol

on thc perso[ performinglhe actbn.
2 . Thc presentsimplc tcnseis the mosl commonly Llscdtcnscill scientific
(For cxample, wakltIreezes
dt lf C )
wrling becauscit cxprcssesLllrivcrsals,
t . In a sentencelike, Oxygenis a gat, o ly rhe meanirgsof lhc words oxrrc, and
9dr will {ygal which is the ScneralcalcgoryaDdwhich is thc sPecificitcnr.

'ir-1p ue sr pa15
7
sr.rrr,rsqni
sn,,r.r.wnrr
,re i'n1rip,,o.nrnrlu .pp,t.;4dor .l

,\t

il()p s! ruo ls.tgrLII i)l^lr o,rr! rulrrds q)er p.,"

^r,rt'r, ,"rJ:|ji]
:.:;
-rrpun 1rclrDrurss
"rr,, pub
l?lrJo rrurlLrrsLI)erut sozpt4[pads
lbrzlra, qulttlltuzpl

o 1ox'tatduntt luo
Io ts t^rxa4t.tdutn

'stuz|ta atqlssod
lltt
b tuatJod ar aras tsatl :aDN

fel

,",I i:r,iii
:I ,,^*""
, o ) d r r PI
|
up_J
LPJoatduexe

Pi'g!l

.se8e se

rp).uosuP)t f
n*""uf 'q"lriil ",e,r"e

I
{
}
( pourssPt)J ,q.l",ij
|.

'lVUg

N3C OI f,ICI)!IdS WOUJ 9NITJISSV]f,

Is:uoaartl']
..,"re."r.
j "ffi| "",u,
",",,,u,
L

s,o^rj

pdnorgl

{',*,iili!J
1,,,f;:*
|
I prrIFrPpJ

ptnorl

frq
*"-:l,h'::Jj)
-""^
,i'^'#
rpv'os*,,.l
prsuPx? i
i,""'J1

."::l;|

..,".",, 1

*'

*'"'',^'pJ

J,T'l:jE
1L Prulssenj
I

SICrl:IdS Or.rvuqNa9 wouJ gNIICrSSyltr

su"Qllod aJ 4uas
8ur.{Jrssel)

Classifying
ofconllxnrnds.rcircids,base\.s.lts.nr0lirlli(oxidcs,
l. Fivc inDonantclasses
and non etallicoxidcs.
4. A deer is a lJrnmmal.
nnd nnnxphoLrs.
t. carboncxistsin threefonns:graphilc,dianlon(1,
6. Rocksarc grcLrpedinto three catgoricsiitjrlcoul, nrclanmrPhlc,and
sedimenlary.
7. Collee,lea,and paiit arc colloids.
as ilrcls.
8. Coal,wood,and oil may bc classilicd
9. Sallsare inorganicc(Jmpounds,
aci(l(DNA)ilird
10. Thc Lwokindsofnuclcica(idsarc dcoxylibonucleic
riborucleicacid (RNA).
Trcnsfefting Infothatior. Rcadlhc followirrg parngraphnrrd lin(l .ruhcr way
Thcnuscthc inli)rnration
in thc passagc
lo corrrl)lclc
rbal mat1er
lnay be classilic{1.
lhc chart.
I;LHCTRICAL
CONDUCTIVITY
con(luclivily
ir a conaccol.diDg
lo iLsclcclr'ical
Mattefis licqucrrllycla\silic(l
(l,rc|or,
th.1nfc
Colrdu(loNhavcnlnllyclcctfons
noncoDLlr,rctor,
or scnriconduct(r',
clcclficculrcnl.All r Clals,
oI corl(lLrcljnS,
ficc () nmvcan(larc usclirlirl cnrryirrll,
pa icuh y silvct,coppcr,gold,and alu|ni|rur, arc goodcon(luclonSrLl)slnr]ccs
lhc) do rrol
or insulalo$,llccausc
with lcw licc eicct()nsarccallcdnoncor)ductors,
carryclcclriccharycnrxl carlbc rscd to prcvcrllclcori(.ilylionl llov!ingwhcrc iLis nol
lil(f ca \rn,
A lcw suL)nirn(|\,
arr(iplaslicafc insr.rlators.
w.r\rcd.Air, wood,glass,
r'\"r
\ i l j L . ' | rl r ( l ; ( 1 r ' r r r r . r r r , l ,r , , ll . r ' rl r r l , , ( r r l L f { ' r r r r r " ( , r l ' : ' I ' .l'l , ! . , r i
ln(lio\.
and afc usM in suchclcctroni(dcviccsas Lfnnsislof
as Jcmicon(luclors

'lerurLrP
Jo
'sluPId

E 'rp sileJqJuJ^rrl ' 8

,q rpJ PlriDeg

Jre suerqrqduP
puPsJlrldcu' 9
'JlLruiirourpue JrueBJo
:
Jq ,{E(u IJNPW

'srluJqtui^LrlsP

aq ueJ stJJsul

'ltrPlo
Jo

's
t
-

'sle(utuP
pur?sNPld
oMi oiul

rq uPrrrltPrurluefuo z
'srtslqJl']r^ur

p(r?liirerqrri^ tspfitLtvJo

--:@@-

o.Mlo.re rqt .l

sluEld P5.s

{ .rrq p srl

rre qEluruppue sl pldJo srlro3rlpJIIElou lpql ircN) .no,{dl ol

/
J
-1pdJ)urtlros rqt rsn .sr)urnrJs Sur^^ollojJqt rlJId(x)J .raJrr,rrrs
6 !!a4wo)
6 3u!^J!ssPl)

l0

classifiing

The Passhte voice

The passivcform of a vcrb is usedfrequcntly in classifyingand in all scicr)lific
writing. This is becauselhc cnlphasisin scicn(t is uslrally on thc acti(t],,?dl on
thc personperfonningthc actidr. A scntenceis drliv?if lhe srbjccl Pcrft)rmsthc
aclior. 11is pa.uivfit thc subjeclrcccivcs1hcaclioD.Look al lhcse examplcsi
scientists classify mercury as a metal. fd.livr,
Mercury is classified as a metal. (pdssir?)
Thc sccondscnlcnccii prefeffedbccarlscit conccnlmlcsou how nlcrcllry is clas_
sifiid. (wc know fial scicntislsdo lhe classiliing)
Formula lbr a passivcscDtcDccl

Objcclof vcrb
from activc +

pKrPcr
fonrl ol +

sclltcllcc

vcru ld ,?

Meraury

is

pasr
participlc

by"phrasc
(optionnr)

classified as a metal' (by scientists).

Ilrhe aclkD is in thc prescnl,usclltc preseDllcnscol lhe ve r lo l,a:a il lhc subiccl

is sinsular,lln if lhc subicctis plrral. If thc acli(n)is il) thc Pasl,usclhc pas(lensc
of rhc vcrb ,o ,cr lvr?Jor wrrJ, wllcn thcre is ,1nnxlll, lik( ,i or n,ri'I, tlic ,1?,rI'i
{l) .Ji'rrrafs)is nol us((l h('(nusc
\tr tllustbe, lF tlrc cxanrpleat',)v(, rhc Lty-Phft]sc
it is uDders()od,Hcrc are sonlc activc senlenccsarrd lhcir (orrcspol)dillglassivc
forDrs.
PASSIVE

ACTIVE

ThcyErowcoffeein Brazilarld
Cohmbia,
wc usclasersin Dlaceof ncccllcs
in courlMrlisc recorclingi,---diamondsin
Thcydiscovercd
SoulhAfricain the ninclccnlh
cenrury,
Crick
JaDres
WatsonaDdFraDcis
fonnulalcdthc lhcoryof lhe
doublehclix.

Collcc is g()wD iD Brazil and

colunrbia.
Lascrs.rre u$c(lin placeol rccdlcs
iu conrl)ad ciiscrccordings.

Penicillincan curetnclrnronia.

PncuDrolrin
cnn bc curcdbv

Dianlor)dswcrc discovcrcdir)
Soulh Africa iu lhc inclecullr
The lheory ol lhc doublc hclix wns
foflrulalc(l by Janleswa(s(nl ar)d

r;"'iiilli..

Cha ging Actit/e voice to Passive Voice. ChaDge ca.h 01 thc following a.tivc
scntcnces10 lhc Passivclbrm. Bc carclll l{) choosc thc corrccl tcnsc (Prc\cnl {'r

!i)qlv ^q

rrtt Jo lrPd Dlq (tonlro))

qsll3q

't06t ururrlsurS
trir^uDlrrJo Jruor .ql
urn.Iqrri Jql pJllprurPrq
Llrrrds LrplnnH I

'i\.)ro.(t uorsr)j
rqt !L,ls r)1(prru)
srrnlcl'llturt qiJrq,{t urrlrr :rsncJrqqrrul
.|lrtrnUorurrLIt
L'(ltur)

qL'r0qu)8(xp,{(trq.L 9
rl)rxorplrlr u n r s s p l ( xrlo l t l l l p o s q t l ^ ^ l p J
lcltlruD

r o r l i l p r r i i i ^ i i l l t r o ( 1, { q ( i r n r ) p l n u o r L r )

dPoS s

'sJtrrrt
ll.()lsrrlJl(
llrul( Iq (irnford)

']r)srouiuqPs
iql r.)pun(r)^orsrf)

tuo:)
't

lilp^\
'l|LlrU

Iq (rlulnllur)

F'a/7"AQaal/t

iJ nOI L1Sl?t()t,{,tJN

slruul(lrlll JostLllii^,r
)lll z
'(;rr(\r\ct
fu- \,rlt.l,Irft\tnf{q j , rql ,,lur {l)(ty.),
rl)rxouoruuo(uu)l1)stuno(ul?
iSlul ,rpJI qr!3 .l

)r',uts.rsrrlui,r(i
lrt(tr,)^
iLIr.Jo
ru.ror)^tssu(r
iU,,,,,,,,, -il;:;l];;

)rurtrlrr
r)rr)rn(luo)
D

j;l;;jl;

.'qrsurrurijrt",,,,

ro,{).urtp)
,"oo,,j}'.1:',fili:l::tl'il
'r.)rllrHol
slprtrrup
pup stupl(l
s.rrLrrr.rtiirs
f)lll,)Lto,:rlarLrrs,qrsscl:,
srs,;u1,,,1
.urx)ru,)rlt
LI(rs.rrtD.rr| prslltr llq!(lord s.ro.rtrw
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l2 classifying
READING SKILLS
Vocabulary Building
il will
will helpyou \ir'ithcveryaspeclol conrmunicalior'l;
A goodvocabulary
yon
1o
sl)cak
will
cDablc
your
and
reading
and
iislening
comprehensiol
improve
profcssiol
you
good
succccd
in
arry
will
hclp
A
vocabulary
and wrile beltr.
you icanrcvcrydaywordslhal arc repcatcd
whcn you first sludya language,
pall
permancni
Howcver,
allcf
vocabtrlary,
ofyour
dley
soon
bccome
sooflcnthal
you haveacquircda basicvocabulary,
therc is alwaysa dc'dincin vocairuhry
growthralc. Readingand speakinglhe langualcwill increascyour llucnry but
yourvocabularyThisis beLausc
lhc wordsyou arc
incrcase
will '?olaubnradcally
lcanlingappcarlcssfrcquendyand are lhus n rc dillicull1()rcmcnllrcr.Al lhis
slageof languagcdcvclopmcrl,you must lnakca spccialeffofl lo acquircnew
liom thc
scclion$in this book wcreselccLc(l
All thc wordsin lhc vocabulary
thcyappcarfrcquenllyirl s('icntifi(discou$eTl)erc
readirgsand leclurcsbccausc
words,Thc word partsar('dln) lhoselblllrd fucqlcnlly
arc Do rarcor spccialized
for
thevocalrulary
sccii(tlscolltainstrnlcgics
In addi1kt1,
in scicntifia
lcrnrinology.
gr)wth n
lhat i$, ibr DlakingvocaL)llaly
lo buildyour vocabulary,
conlil1uing
lifc!imehabi1.

voubuur! 1 Co text. circla lhc lcltcr of thc nnswcrthdt bcsl nralchoslhc

nrcaningof thc ihlicizcdword as it is uscdin cachof thoscscDlcllccs
iD sizc,
L Aloms arc it?,4t?rlt5i,rdl

\!y' rrny

b. hlgc

studythe compositiotof Daturaltrrrsld,?dt

2. Chcnrists
b, machincs
a. malerlals
3. Thc whalcsuddcnlyefidrredfrcnl thc walcr'
b. disappearcd
a. atosc
inlo
4. All malleris cithcrliquid,soli(i,ol gas,andsolklsmaybc srrlt,llL'id.tl
cryslallincand amorphous.
q bi)kclLdown
.". b.tll]r,p
lhcy arealnost /r?/.'.{.1:!!i4b._
5. Plaslicproductsarc hard10disposcol becanse
a. unableto bc dcnroycd

b, unablc k) bc conslruclcd

6. Al onc timc lhc alom was thoughl rc bc fudlvirirl.'.

b. nnablc to be sccn
, a. unablel0 bc divkled
7. Eilrslcin'sideasarc 1oollbilr?d for nrany pcol)lc lo ulldcrslalrd.
b. lhcorciical

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prllPr sJprrrp(lrrllr,'urs
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l4

Classitying
The conccplofatoms firn emergedin ancienlGreece.In 400 R.c.thc philon)pher
Dcmocritustheorizedthal maucrcouldbe dividcdinlo smallcrandsmallerl)arlicles
until a point \aasreachedbeyondwhich no furthcr subdivisionwas possiblc.Thcse
indestructiblcparticleswcre calledalonror,a Grcck word mcanirg irdivisiblc We
know taday that atomsare so smallfia1il would takc nore lhan a million oflhcnl
Dcmocritus'thcory, howevcr, was
to equal the thicknssof this s!,c-c1-q1!qP-er'
for many bclievedin Arislollc's
world,
in
lhe
ancient
accepted
not universally
earth, lirc, air, and rvatcr.
elcmcnls:
matter
is
composcd
offour
thal
lhory
During the Middle Agcs in Europe, thc conceptoI atoms was collsi(lcrcdl(x)
abstrac!and was accordingly rejeclcd.FinaUy,in I 804 lhc EnglishnanJohn Dako n
formulatedaD atomic theory bascdon his experimcnlation.Hc clainled ftal all
matter is made of atomsi lhal all arcmsof a singleelcmcnt havc lhc samcshafe,
size,wcighl, alld behavioriand that alomsofeach e]cmcntare diffcrcnl ftom lhosc
of any other elemcnt,He said that aloms are nol crcaledor dcslroycdLrutrathcr
form new combinationsin chemicalreacli(,ls.
Dalton roughl thal aloms wcrc solid, but ()day a(tns arc belicvcd!o consist
mainlv of sDacc,wilh a densenuclcusat lhe ccDtcr,Thc sizeof lbc nrclcLlsillsidc

ncrd.
Eaih
nucrcus
n", r,'nball
cqry.irillkr

ff:l,.Lil";";'";i;i"",r'i'iffi31

alldn(lllrons whiih hivcno.cnill(r(

protoDs,
whichhavcr posjtivcelc(ri( charge,
Thc nucleusis surrouDJedby clcctftrnj,which l)avca neFnli\cclcitri( chart}aTlii
numberofprotons equalslhc numbcr ol clcctroDsin cach alom, aDdthcrcforethc
cnlirealom has Do cha4tc.In l9ll, thc DanishphysicislNiclsBohr l)rc )seda
model of thc alon iD whi(h thc clectronsrcvolved around thc DLI(lcuslikc thc
planelsrevolvearouDdthc sul'l Todaythc movemeDtofclcclrons is thoughl () be
bclwc(rrlhc fositiv(
hiv( Thc lorceof allrdcli(\n
hoveriDsdn)uDd-a
morelikc Lrccs
proronsjn ihi irucla[i aid the rrcg:r-ivcclectnrn\v!hirlilF afinrr]J kecP: thc clcclrons in their padts.
-

- - \'hd's
Itn

?zz
/,

/;

l I
\\

ebi

\\

ao
o.
irhi

\\
\-

-zl

t]
2/

hsllumolom
what is ir'thal makcs iron hard, oxygen a gas, and mcrcury a liquid? The
properlicsof an elcmcnl arc dcrcrmi[ed by thc rumbcf ol clcclronsin ar a(nn,
are Jlik|] ll
rahichis (allcd the alomic number'All atorrr'lJl lh,''arrr, (lcr'1cr)l
youvr \ccn orredlom o{ oxvgen,you\( sccrrlhcm.rll H)JroFrn.rhc lrlnr.\l
element,has one clccLronand onc proton, In faci, the hydrogenalom, lhc most
,commonalomir lhc universe,is lhcbasison whichourenlirc Llniversc{rasformcd
Oxygenhas eighl protonsand cighl electrons.U.mnilrln,one of thc hcavieslelc
menis, has 92 protonsand 92 cleclrons

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l6

Classifying
) . Thc df,vi(cwr' Lllivrnb\ n,echnnknl\'r[t:l\
a. ]nachire
b. elccrrical
4. Akhough hydrogcnand oxygenhavc sonc similarilics,cach has
charactcristics
dral arc drsllr?d.
a. similar
b. diffcrenl
5 . Sodiunl and chbrinc are the .onstirr?rtrof sah.

b. characterisiics
Oxygenis a very a.t,v?clcmcnl thal combincsrcadilywirh othcr clcDrcDts.
a. stable
b. unsrablc
7 . sonle mushroomsarc safe$ cal, ard o rers are pdlr.rq|i,
a. delicious
b. d-cjldly
8 . It was importanl 10 kecp thc temperatllrcar,iJlrr?tthroughout lhc
experimenl.
a. unchaDging
b. changirr!

9. Thc outcolqcof an cxpcrincnlis aflectcdby y44'n0LJ.

a. subii-e;&s
b. changinglbc$rs
nilrogenand oxygcn,lhcrcis a smalll,/rro,rio, ol olhcf gnscsin thc
I 0 , Bcsides
air,
a, quality
b. quanlhy
prollcrlics,
. Thenoblcgascsarca groupof gases
wilh l?o,rrorereorr
a, similar

b. diffcrol}tt

t2, A. mots\\ito is cdkgo zedas al1inscct.

a, alassified
b. dc$cribcd
A flowercanonly /aldl, ils lJcaulyfor a shortlinlc,
a. kecp
b, bse

Note-Tekitrg
Many pcoplc likc 1()lakc a camerawhcn they makc a lril) partly bc(ilusclhcy
know that they will rememberthe pcoplc arrd placcslhcy havc rccofdcdon filrrr
and forget much of thc resl, Thc Dotcsyou lakc during a lccturc arc likc lhc
photographsyou take on a lrip. what you rccord,you will relainj nloritol thc rcst,
you will forget.Without noles,ir a shon whilc you will undoublcdIy .I(rrgcl nlost
of the malerial prescntediD a leclurc,evcn whcn thc subieclmallcr is ilrlcrcstilrg
to you, Just as wilh picturcs,your goal is !o rccord as nany imporhDl points as
will l10,irltcrl(r(wirh y('rrrlincrrins
aspo"iblc.Nole-tdkirrA
cleadyandspccifically
on rhc conrrary.ir will help)ou lo locuso; whal is Fin! sJirlnn'l rvoirl l(lrir\F
your'mind wandcr. The succccdingchaplerscontain suggcstiol)sli)r Sood nolclaking.
Take nolesas you lisrcnlo lhc lccturc "The ChemislryofMa(lcr,'and lhcn Llse
vour notesto comDlclcthc nexl cxercise.

Fi:ni,{,?l

ullll!4u9.r.rs uHEodvH

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-xr rld|:.IteredLI)eg sqderiJpred
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sazraluastyto"L
S]'II'S DNIJTUM
'

atr,teld lleql()oJp a.^nJitip ,rllod e .tsliiolorP,{sde alsd3olotoctrur

u atsltu.Ll)p . tslilololqB tsrlrtul lrlitlLuuonsrulsselrJo sncl,{tlpqM r)srid_
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ro LrMoleJorldood*ll asqolasle.urLru
aturlrnoJ
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r8

Classilying
The lopic sentencenray appenrar th b e g n i n g o f r h e p . r . g f a f h t o n n n o u n c e
Lhcrnain idcir.Or il mny ,ppc.r .r thc o r d r o s L i l l r i r i T c l h r l i ( l c r . T h c l o p i c
i l c l c n ra r ) du d c r s l i r r d i l b l cl r Jt h c f c i r d c f .
senlencc
u iilcslhc pnraqrnph
andrrrakcs
in Lhcp.ragfrphs h r x r l dg i v c ( l c l . r i l st h i r r s u t ) p o a ,c x t r l d j n ,
Thc reslollhc scnlcnccs
or provc rhe nlah poinl.
The sanplc paragraph
belowis irr(ompletc.
Rca(til .n(l thi.k of . goo(tlol)j(
scntcncclo uDily il. Also,llrrdlhc onc scnlclrcc
lh.r (l(x:s/rd/l)cloulli lhc pnrngr'alh.
planelsaccordirglo thcir posilioDs
Aslfonomers
classify
in rcl.rLioD
lo rhc earlh.
Thosclhal arc insidclhc (anh s orl,it (lhnt is. Mcrcury.r(l v(nLrs)if( (lirss((t
,rs
i|rlcriorplanels.
All theolhcf!arccallcdsupcriorpi.ncls RcccnrspncccxIkrrarions
haveuncovered
no cvidcnceof lifc on any of thescflaDcts.Plnnets
mn-valsotrc
Mnrs,ar(l I'krlo ir(
classified
a(cording10 lh(ir si/( nr(l mnss.M{:rcury,Vcnr.rs,
i siTc(o 1hccafll).
sonelimL,s
callcdlhc lclrcslrial|la|lclsbc(nusrLhcynr( sirrrilaf
Jlrpiter,Satu l, Uranlrs,ard Nc|tlrrc arL'lhcnlajof or larlj(r plan{:ls..lu|ilctis
the largesl,followcdby SalLr'nard lhen lhc "twiDs,' Urarr!snnd N(l)runr.
Whichof thc followingis lhc t)cstlopicscnlcn((lof rhisl).r.grirl)h?
L
2,
L
4.

PlnnelsnrayLrcclassificd
accordinll
lo si/c an(lm,rss.
Plinctsmay bc clnssilicd
a((o(lir!l lo l)()silioror Jrzc.
scientinsclassilynrarryrhingsill lhc unrvcrrc.
Planclsnr.1yL)cclassilied
acco inlt lo lx)silion.

li)f ncilhcfcovcrs
scrrtcnccs
I an(i4 arc loo Daffowto bc thc topicscntcocc,
par.graph
infonnatir)n
in
lhc
Sc
r(]rr(c
is
ror
lhc
l)r\l
l)c..u\( jr j\ lrx)
all rhc
I
brca(l;ir it rlor spccjlicro this f;ragf('lph.ScDlcncc.lis LhcbcsLLoIic scntcncc
is aboul-Do molc, no lcss.
bccauscit annouDccs
cxacllywhal the par.Uraplr
thil bcgin!
whi(h sc[lcnccdocs not bcl(Jngin lhc par.lgraphllhc scnlcDcc
Reccnl
tpa|eaqllordtiafis
,, , is rol rclcva|llo lhc l(rpicol clissiiicntiolr
nudlhcrcfofc
lhould n0l bc iucludcd.

writing

a Pardgraph of Classificatiotl

Poi|lls111.11
ol clasrificatioD
basedon onc 01 lhc ljiscLrssion
Write a paragraph
you. Sla|tthr paragfaph
in!eresls
with a topicscr)lcllrrt]rirL
l statcsll)c Inai!lidca,
2. is broadcnougb1.)covcrcverylhinitin 1hcparagrirfh,and
L is specific
enoughIo covronly whal i! jn thc |aragr.l)h.
providclhc detajlsthatrcl.lc to, sLrlrpon,
Theresrofthe senlences
shoLrld
or rxlrlijrr
the ropic sentence.
prelcrably
Alwaysrereadyour paragraph,
altcrsonrclinrc h:rspasscd.
chcck 1o
seethat evry sntenccis rclatedto lhc lopic scnlcncc.

6I

'))uJlrs
Jo tJrdsp iir^r Jo lrEd e snql ,rp suosrJdllro:)
'r;ruP) SunlpuPSulIoLusurr^\rrq
uoliplndod
Iu!l p Jo tur^ors!p:qr ol pil leLJl
IPrrurB rql Jo rsotli qlrM s.u!lJ!^ IrruEJ Sunl Jo srqpq rqt Jo rrosuPdnror
e sE/|lrI lJlpllos,{rql sp'rrpds ssaldn .!et ro'DerluoJ sptnblrrJtlto lle leql
,Motlssuoslledluo)uJq^ BulisJrJlulrroru sr pllos srLuoJrqtl urqr\ spnPdxe
rrrP^/\rPql rrPJrql rus tqlJo lq8lr^{ eqr sJnrrl rrrrlr rq or prD^Dsrp sr qunrr
rql urq^\ e^rssrrdui srLUoDqiluo pe.rq Jo qunrJ E IrlEr uer tuE ue tpqr DeJ
JLII'JIdurpxJ rog uollpLuroJuluo J^!DJd$Jd /\Ju e Jpr^oid suosUedluo)
'rlrt
lsor
It puP'^trtrqPlrE^P
'Itl^!lrnpuor
rrp slElrlu snopE^'3uFI^ Iprulrrlr .roJ
lerlortlr roJ porEdu-roJ
asnol J)uetsqnsqJ!q.MJuluuJlapot 'JIdorexJrol surrlqord.Alos01sn slquuJ
suoslredLuo)
u.lO t8prl^{ouI Jtr!lurtrsSurrue^peprp^lotdrts luEliodrulop
3u!IELu,rr^a ,{rql'tou soopi)uotspup surnq pooM lellt pr)ltou sBrr!Jquplunq
)lrots!qJrduJqM ll puedx, oslEtnq uo!lelu,rolu!iSuEDe^luo tou suoslrPdluo:l
rtl.ltouPsl SulredLuo:)uolleui.,oJU!
3o!SuprrpJo,{ei{cuo s!
uollB)l.llssPlfsdlqsuoltel:)r
3u!Ir)s iq uollpLUroJul
rzlupBroot fut sts!tLrrlrs
NOIl.)NqOUINI

sl.uawalgaql

tulreduro)
7 lartdetlt

20 Compdring
Shott Reading
Readlhe following passagcal1dfind as nrany colrlparisonsas you can.
The wonder MetAk
Thi sludy of melalsbcgan in lhc Middlc Agcs when alchcnrislljscarchcdfor.a
lechniquer(' cinrvcrt 'brq( mclal'," likc ledLLl,\ g,)ld.lhcy rrcvrr\rcccc(l((lirr
makingliold but at )cr't by c\pcrinreirlintwilh lhc mclal\ (irr j,'nlr.lsl li, lhc
ancient Grccks,who only spcculatedabout thcnl) dlcy nradenlany discovcrics.
All bul 20 of the over 100 elemcntsidcnliiicd to dalc are mclals blrl only 7 of
theseare common in thc carth'scrusl, lron, lhc nlost wiclcly ulcd rctal, is rarcly
found in thc frce stale (not combiiEil rr'ilh olhcr rielals) and nrusl bc cxlr..lcd
irr,i l)l rit(,
lccurrin!(rrmpounLis
rorc:l:\u(ha\ hcrlr.rtil(,
mn$nclilL.
fromnalLrrallv
Thc bcaulifulcok)rs('f ro.kr .rr( Juc irLtn'\tcllllrcl) l(' thfsc inir)',,n)n0ulr!i' lrr
fact, iron pyriie is oftcn callcd lbolt gold bcca sc oflhc sinlihrity ol ilt cok)r rc
ilsclf
gold. Irorr is vcry slrongly magnclic,and thc la(llhal the earlh is a il4g_Dglt
lip,pcdscicnrislspff1()thc thcl drat i()n is a nlaior contponcnlol thc a'anll'scolc,
PureiroDis a rclativclysofi,silvcrynrctallhal is vcry activcchcnli(ally(lhal is,
it combineswilh oxyAcn to clgoclc or form rU!!), It is usrlnllynlixed with olhcr
elemcnlsor conrpoL)clsro form qugyssuch as slccl, shjnlqls -stccl,or c_!1t!
] itll,
than purc iron,
which arc morc durablcand rusl rcsislaDl
AILlminllft is thc mosl abundanlnlctal, but il warsl)ol useciul)til a ccnlury a8o
becauscit is so aclivc chcDricallyand difiicult lo cxtract.Like ir)rr it is n)li, btlt in
coDtraslto iron and stccl,ahnrinuIn is vcry IiSht at)cjlDolc rcsislilt)tto corrosi(nl.
l1)ckets,
and housc
Thcscqualilicsmakc it uriclirllbr airplar)cs,lraius,.lLrlonn)t)ilcs,
sidinS.
'lnihe
il is lcss
1940s,magncsillmcnlergcdas ar inll)ortal)tnrclal.AlthoLrgh
(i
har(lcf t() cxtfacl tltnn alll'
abundanl iD thc caflh, morc chcDricallyaclivc, a
strDply
minum,il is prcsclrlin scawalcrar)dlhal meansthcrcis alnloslalr cllclless
ol il.
In thc spaccagc,thc cxtraordinarypropcrlicsol tilaniurt have nrndcil Lllc llcw
wondcr mclal. Lighler aDClslroDgcrlhnrr slccl, it is Drorcrcsislanllo corrosi(D.1nd
ablcro withstandhcal.
rhe iiiifiining malor mcralsarc sodilrm,l)oiassi!rnr,arrdcalcitrDr,nll (x) active
chcmically(lhcy rcacl vktcr)tly wilh rittci]l(ia usc ilr corrstrLiciioD.

' ' ' 'lLintlunlvLtb|t

ulnulurnlP > unrseuSPru :aruPpunqe

s1la ltsduqotl lt qlha\lv
!u'a tql ul ptltpunqtssal

Iaals pup uotr < unurunlE

:uolsoJroJol etuelslsat

l5als pup uor! < unununle

tssaulqSll
' ' ' '/ktltl/,krJ

ot lu)Jtslsat
rtoutpuDlLlqllltnAsl unlututkl)tFalsputrLto,ll
o1ts unJ ur .
slel3tu raqlo IIe < ulnulunle :eluppunqs
' ' ' 'IpDUt)Uttpuhqb
lt1tLt,14tsl u ,ululnlv
sleleu raqlo iueur < uorl :ssatilJos
'tos
l,$u fua^lls tla[lLrlrJtt st uolt trnd
"

slqetu reqlo IIP < uor! :asn

'' ''|D!AUprsn'1:PP\/A
lsauaqt I
SAf,N!IUEIJICI CNIISYUINO3

runultunlE = UOJ! :SSauIos

' ' ' '[os st
luulutunlvl ]t Ltofitlt'I
plo8 - allrid uorr :roloc
'ploi ot toto) s
.[o [tulrl ul$t4t la asnrraqpp6 s,loo!pdl]Drua{o alltlil Lto. .
s gIIIUY'lthlls DNravdr\io)
s.)Lrrr4Jtpuo srlerlLrrJtri)rilu!lsDrl
-oo) strluPlrursLroitPlLl.JLoJ s,{eMletoLrsi({ lnq ieru iilupdruo:) .sJJrr iJIlp
pue sarluelr(rs rlJqt Ja^o)srpol sLLrJlloJoruro o^^1Suru[rrpxr sr Suupdnrc:)

IIUVdWO) OJ HSrr9NA DNrSn

IZ

SuuEduro)

22 Comparing
SentancePattefts

COMPARING SIMILARTTIES

frire
u , n n . . i ui., I ' i - i r u ' ' 9 .

I
| ,',.'",..

jmponanr
asJ
Las

r**,',,"
-

hqll"'.}
paralers
|

sr)\.
aruminum
in mdny

DIFFERENCES
CONTRASTING

fis unlike
I
fromI aluminum.
Iron 1is dtfferent
from )
Ldiffrs
unlikeiron,

In contrastLoiron,
I
alumrnum
's l'8nr'
lo iron.
cornpared
I
In comparison
to iron,J
fheavierrhan
l
thanI aluminum,
Iron is llessabundant
Lnotas sofl as
)
,,on ', u {relarivelv . }"urr.nerar.
l(omparauveiyl

UfiderstafiilingCompansors. Rcadthc passagcbclow () dc(crminclhc oftlcr ol

the sevei ilalicizedmetalliaccordirg to thcir mcllir)g pojnts. Lisl thc nrclal wilh
lhe rrrjre,I mching noinl /1,..r.
The mehing poiDl ofplnrirrrr is high comparcdto nnsl melalsbut not as high as
that of chrotfiium.The mehing point of zir. is lcsslharr half the mclling loint of
grld and approximatclythrlc timcs lhe mehing poi of rrdirrr. Mr,Irry has thc
a|1(luold havc similar meltirS poinls,
lowestmclling poinr ofall the metals-clopper
poinr
ofcoppcrisslighllyhighcrlhaDgoldard lowerthanDlalinunr.
b thc mclling

'rurlftrrpBr

'I d uD .\,,qr J,,

lPnb. - .l
Jo lEql or

rellu.rls D
s! rrooo. lo snlpPrrruor JqJ

sP ^{ol sE q
uer{tra^^ol P
re \lelJu. rln'uDJqt jo \lurodJu||l.ruriru r
^ enbi q

'sllrtodBLrIIoqqilq -

r^eq pto8 pua rtddo)

ilqprPdru'r) p
IBrUmpl q
'arc )u!z pup LunllupoJJo seluado,r(JLII g

)Lllrids

rl3lrl ^lo^llplar u B
l$q:irll rLIl q
'it!^Br8
sell ploB 'rlqel slql uo slerrtu Dqro cqt C)lp pdruo) t

relluls e
le)0Llrp! cl
iL riddo) pLrptunlulpp) Jo ,{rl^er8JU!)ods)rlJ

'-

or niuedu,)f (l
'IulodilrrllloqqBlqe suLIullluper'funJrau sPqBILIselou
O

'fun)r.1(r leql Jo

br'l

ll
96'

L<(
s9L

lt l

Tlzz

bE'I
I,I'I

9962

ntt

LO6

<zl

cltl

a
Z

s? qJILIsP e
sl (unlu.rpu)Jo \nrp?.rlrurclp ILI| I

1.88 IZf

0zn

09I
(98
NI'L

IJnJtrW
-(unlllrpPt

)slz
lI clnor9

Lf,'I
9ZI
96

(r)

(v)

(r.)

901
096
801
(r")
tulod
6ultltw

t6I
E ' OI
68

PIOD
D^lls
rrddo3
I dnor9

ttl^t),
)l[lrads

sleri)w xts Jo salu.rdord lErrs,.(qdrql

]lPqr III u! nollEltrroJul rql ()1Sulp.Ior
-rp llrlurlpls Jql sJlJIdLuoJtsJq leqt rJMsup rql .lrll
,(llpprr slloslrcdluo) trs
\ n r l l c u J o r L l o l r p l u r ' , t iul |r u c i l l ' ' q d n r : ip r r P s r r e r P . 4 q r L 4 q b l D 6 u l s n

"l

5z SutrEdruotr

z4 Comparing
Creati g Sente ces. Writc a scntcncccomparinglhc itcursin cach oflhcsc pain.
Thereis morc than onc way to wrilc each anslver.
l. surfacelcmpcralurer Mcrcury-3to'C
Vcrlus-475oC

maximlm life!pall:. kangaroo-16 ycars

cat-23 ycars
3 . cakxies; applc(mcdium)-75
cgg- 70
diameten moon-3,480 km
canh- I2,800km
5 . geitalbnpcriod: elephanl-21 months
giraffe- l4- l5 months
y,/otld's
percent
6.
of
water: PacificOccan-46%
AtlanricOccan-22.9%

credtifig compddsons, comparc thc items in cach ol lhcsc pairsorally ilr or)cor
two scnlcnccs,Notc $al thc itcnrshavc somcthingiD comnlon,for odrcrwisctherc
is lo
would be no poinl in comparin8tbcnr,A goocjway $ makea coDrlarison
begin wilh whal thcy havc iD common. Inchrdc al lcasl onc way thc ilculs arc
similar and onc way lhcy arc diffcrcr)t,For cxanrplc,10 comparetca aDd coffec,
you mighr say, "Borh coffcc and lca arc drinks, bur coffcc is nradefroDr a bcan
and tca is prcparcdfrom lcavcs."
l.
2.
3.
4.
5.

a lelescopcand a microscopc
a submarine
and a dolphiD
a compulerbnd a calcula(t
a descnand a juDglc
a photocopier
ard ar1x-raynrachinc

srop uorr
lsm lolr siop IoIrrN /
----t!*
1r)iiolpiq
sl un!liH 9
lqSll
tsoLulr?
'Iil)lu
lcr u ^^eiq e sl rlPqol g
'uoltour pilplrls LrclMrN'ruiq )rcJ)q oaIlBD
'SJJlndtuo:)

rvu,)Lll

,ilrel

lou

p sl'lrrdttloJ Llrrpow

'op slsllLrJlJs

ruiporrl

turl'Illrnoxatolr plp stsltuilJs)iiirD tlrilJul] iqI

'l!'li(u

'urnlssut(xl
!Je)leoe sl

Et

'tunlposl
'14llto
slc pub e\l"l 6ulsn

t, L0l^ si)Lrtluis iilrlMolloJrqt Jo qrur u! sluelq rql ul IIt!

(plo8 upql elqBellEq,r

ssalsl le^lts)
'pIoBsi rlqEelletu s, lou sl re^lls
CSuolIIIEnbe era^{ Ipp puE lqSlu oql)
'Ipp aql sr Suol ', se^{xq8trueqr
:.^1])r!pP
rqt ul
pcirqJo sr)llsoMt illl 'r^ltDfpe up li)UEpLluiroJrq prsr oslps! ry
iiu!rl)1,1^puat
'Ies I sPop 'op I sEop l/uod
po.MolloJsrunouordiounourqtJrlrlg
:pDsnst3,pro,4
rLIl'qrr^P,{q^lclErprluurl
.lsllurlrs

E rM

urlolr u iroJiq pi!I] s! ,;r7 'ff pur?,14 spro^'\ rLIl Jsn ^0uirlbJ{

s{ulql

eH

: u 1 1 0 U o .ltod
suosueduol

sv puo a{\il

26 comparing
READING SKILLS
VocabularyBrilding
Interruplingn readingor leclurcro look up wordsin a dicli(nrnrywill break
your concentration.
Thcrclbrc,wher yoLrrcador heara ncw worcl,yoLrshoLrld
Sonlclimcsthf seDltnccilscll
alwayslry 1ofigurc oul its meaningfronr ils con1ex1.
conlairs a dcllnili(nr:
silver sulfide, a black chemical substance, forms on its surface.
Al other times, lhc surroundingscntcnccsor paragral)hgivcss(nncin(licatiorrof
the meanrnS:
cold is a ductile metaL one gram of gold can be dlawn into a
wlre 1.8 miles in length'
you caDconcludcthat a drclilc nc(al is one lhat can
Fromthesetwo scrrlcnces,
pulled
into
wirc.
or
be stretchcd
of eachunil, yoLlwill havcthc (hanceto li8nrcoLlt
In the vocabulrryscations
alrd lcclurcs'yot can usc
Thclr,in thc fca(lilrils
from scrrtcn(cs,
word mcaLrings
thc wor(1,
othcr clucsto hclp yoLrundcrstand
vocabulary in Cortexl. Circlc lllc lcttcr ol thc answcr lhal L)csLll)atchcslh(
in cachol lhc follt)wirlgsclllcrr(cs
meaDingol tbc ilalicizcdwo as it is Lrsed
il is so dLlLtnLlntll
becausc
clcnlclrtlhal is i|rcxpcnsivc
L siliconis a nolrnrclalli(
iD mincralsaud rucks.
a. rarc
@ plcrrrilirl
iri;r]will.irlro,?c.
to air arrdnn)islurc,
2. whc| exposcrl
Ll. shinc
a. rust
lhc policcinvenigalcdlhc cnuscof Lhc
3. when thc flanrcssrllrsided,
colll0uslL0n,
lr' ('xcltcnlcllr
a. bufnrng
cxplosioDcauscd.1ld of damagc.
4. The spantan.ous
b. planntd
a. unijlanrrcd
5. Thc room gol s.tullyand warm duc lo imfropt:r ventildliatl.
b air circulaliorr
a. healirg
nnd
s(rch.s canhqtrakcs
6. Many livcscouldbc savcdif nalLrr.llprercrt,:rd
hlrnicnncscould Lrcprcdiclc(1.
b. occurrcllces
a. rcsources

.mqrs roJ qslFtrs t

'uo )npoour rql peiu -z

'sJucruuns cnlll tlll .re LIrItl^/r'srllnqnsluP puP rllu Jtll pox I
:r8pssL'd
e trlDs oI'srlr uor sllJo PtprIEDurg e lrg !}1ne I!3LrlpPrrlno{/r,nlelrlPru
)qaifl-or
ilqesr^ppsr rt '!rsptrluql ut p..u no^ rPql uotleruroJu!cql suleruoJ
.SpssedSulperJE } A{oul ol luu^\ .{llerrsuIllM noI 'rrlrrt)s Suripnls urqM

6ulw rpls
,{ltsp)rru q)}Br ol rlqp q
.,oordtrrJ p
'02
-,jaqv tutbl[sl \ asneTrq,{llllrre) pcro]siq plnoqsrullose9
,{orlstp q
c^orx)r 'p
_
'cilirieq uojl ll ,rr.rx, lsnltl stsliirnllsFiu'runulun;u crlr:tqoo1 , 6 I

srrlllluled !
stuplnrulN 1l
'sLrollBraoo
Aueul
roJstrll)qrsrue
Duld ul pcsniSutrqt)t2stllr4lsau'p)ol'Aulo! ' 8 1
lerDuriJ.lo
B
s3r14)
iiullt)i-r?l.rrDeq
s3rupSuIlll-uled q
'plo, uoruluo)crlt torrlnq snso)slp
illuttr Jlllf, llrt 9uo1qlluv' L l
ls)roJ q
IDrulLrD

luc39 lp)lurq|E

:uoirru;rr
lerlurrqrc ..lnspoaitilr4d v gt
pjll$r 'P
p0urlrlrtlq
'rrlerM ll )Iurll ol rile/urul piJtl-rpsEMpltl6fui6iiqJ g I
urru q
._ qriic e
,
'r^ltrnpordiroru t! aletu o1libs
rItLII,2rrrrl s.lturel tl
aijueq|q
ssrlcsn q

'e
..?llrpul'.)
'pmDll e ol pllos u /,/rrrr, ugJ loaH ' I
fuPssr)ilr 'B
'sBulLIl8ul^!l
lle ol /rrl,1tl ralerl

'zl

'saLrcDllPursueLIltulloseS,lotu ,rrtlsroJselJlqt^ rJfu9'I ' I I

ur BurqtpJlq q
n1o&tlqtPerq P
's8unl rno,{ roJ ppq sr tlaws 6uuD4ul' 0 r
nulqlErrq P
rrorrPlnrrlr'q
rprxorp uoqre) 3ur'qt5 puE ntB,{xotsulitqlrt-sr^to^ulro|rrTdrrr uPrunH ' 6
slPleulltl P
sSorr{l8ul^!t q
'rrle,u u! plre pupl uo r^ll lelll rr/rsltrtro rre snPlqlqdtuY
rJDPU nnr^rl I
Pnnlq
"
-slpru]trspup srupld
lle Jo &rsrldrlr]/ rql LIIur3^xo sl rrrql
,Z

SutrPdruo:l

28 Comparing
L Rcadlhc firsl scDtcrlcc
ofrvcry p.rilgraph,which Ircqucnrly.
allhoughnot
always,conlainsthc mair idca.
4. Readlhc summary(rr concllrskrta( thc cnd of lhc pasiirgc.
NrlciToskimawholeb(rck,rc.drhefirsLparagraph
andconclLrsion
olcachchaptcr
Skim thc followingpassagc
t() discovcfirs m.in lopic and thc inli)nrr.tionil
contains.
Thcn answerlhc followinaqucsLious.
Tfy to do this all in thrcc an(l .
half minules.(Youwill bc givcnLinlc() rcadthe pass.gcrhoroLrghly
lntcr)
t. Thc main topicof this readinSis:
a. lhe induslrialLrscs
of oxyitcn,nil()gcn,and hydr'(rgcn.
b. how oxygcn,niuogen,and hyd()gcn(liffcrjion lhc othcrclcnrcnls.
l:. thc importancc
of oxygcn,nilfogcn,.nd hydrogcnlo livinglhin!s.
d. thc diffcrcnccs
bclwccn(hc lhrcc Hascs.
2. A11oithe followinStopicsarc discLrssed
in lhc passaltc
r,r(r.?r1
a. oxrdatron,
b. a comparison
of nitrogcDand oxygcn
c, ihc charactcfinics
ol hydrcecn.
who discovcrcd
d. the scicnlists
cachgar nn(llhc ycit o1(liscovcrics.

Readirrg
TheLife-Supportitlg
cascs
llow lonJlcan a hLrnrdrr
t)einglivc witholrt oxy|cn2 Whnt il thcrc wrfc rro
nitrogcnir the air?J!sl how irnponanlis hydml.tcnl
Thrcc of our nn)slalrunda|lnn(l in|ort.nl clcnrcnls.rc rhc Niscsr)\)g('|,
nilrogcn,anclhydrogeD.
AlthoLrgh
Lhcydrarenr.rnyt)n)pcrlics-.rllthrrc .rc rolorles\,odorless,
ancl!astclcss
at room tcntpcrnrurr-cachonc is ]lcrcss,rrv
to li{c
lll a urlrqlreway.
Thcsanrcsubslancc
causes
nrcral.;
lo coflo(ic,woo(llo r)1,al)l)lcs
lo runrLJrrs.,
paint to harden,gas(tirrclo bLr r. and il1n lo rusr.firc.annol hL I \ailhoLrt
it.
and hLrnlanbcingscrnnoLlivc withoLrli1.Thi\ slrLrst.ncc
is o\ygc1r,n1rcs\c!1li.l
ingfedientin air and waicr and lhc rnoslabuIdnnlclcmcnlin lhc ei|1hs cfU\1.
Oxygcnis vcry activcchcmically,
nrcaIirrgthaLil fcadilv.onrbinc\i!irh olhcr
substanccs
in a proccss
calledoxidntioD.
For cx.lnt)lc.in)n rolntrinc{wilh {rxfsci
lrom lhc air lo produccir(D oxidc,or rtrs1.
Fo(xl.rr(l w.tcr comlrinc$,ilh oxvlcu
1ofofnrdccay.Vcgclablc
oilsuredin p.inrqcon)lriDc
sith oxygcnlo h.klcn. Thc\c
are all examples
of slow oxidati(D.
(n firc. Someli|nes
Thc rapidoxidalr(nr
ofluels carscsconbLrsLion,
n lirc stins
sponlancously.
II a subnancervilh a lovl'kindliIlgtcnr|cr.lLrfc.
such.s oily rag\,
ncwspapcrs,
or grain,is hcatedin lhe ibscnccol l)rotrcrvclril.tion,o.\id.li(nrnln!

pup lupld llE lsorulPuI punoJosllrsI urnorp/\H Lunrliq ollll

JiiqJ sJnssrlIDLLIILIE
LL)iJorpftl
lo uorsri^uoJiql sr ,{;rJur lo .rlllos s,trnsrnO urSorpill r.rn(l lsorulu
Jr! r.rDrspuE uns rql rs.lJ^IunJrll ur lurturlJ lLlepunqPlvrlu Jqr sr rrJSorpIH
'rlP 8LII,!rnbll iq rlE rql LLl()lJ
pilrlrlxr
'srllorqrrue'suosrod
sP3SLrrqBnel
rq ulrr LrrSorltNsrnJlllsruepue'(rPIxosnorlILI)
sp qrns !31up )pnlrtrr spunoduror rrqlo rrp/'!(xl nB PLIP.LN.LJ)iIl sr^rsoldxr
ur prsn rre trrql 'rtqPlstrnrrD sPurlodtuortr:8orl|r llrEtu rsnPrJg ln.l'rMoclir'^
'sls,{lPlerpuP ',trlprrlrrl'
rq ol sl)url rr l]lrrluil) rrtllo rlll^ lrErr srop LrrFoIlIu
's nrDrrdruJ]qjiqJo dlJq r{lr qrr^'l'rr^.^ oq urtlM Jlqlssoclrul
rq plno^\ n lloLLIs
plrp 'r'.[)t(lp]rporlor plrlo^'lslErJtU lsq ilrttrr''rxi )q PInoM l.nl Jo trorlsnqlt()r
Jr| 'iqrprrq r^^ rtu .)Ll]LIIur3,{xo iqr nlrp ol tr)iJorrrlro(r r'rr^'\ Jritll Jl uollsnq
^lrpPJr
riqro qrrM)Lrrqtuo.
-llro:)uoildnsrou sropurilorlrLr'trojrr {I s))Lrursqns
sl LlJSorlltl'urilxool lsE.lltrolLIi
1o! srop ll'sl l!ql lJ^nr!Lrlil.r^lrEr!dL!lol
',t\ori ol LuJ(lttllrq
uiSo.rlru
ululuorsrJzllllric uollcxriurnoilllrP{lEr
prlPstuPIdp.rl or spLIn(xlllror
ssaror(lc iq JlLllsiJll sll ol uJl.lJ^(loJLliaq sPquJtolllrl Jql LIrltlMtll spllllo(lluoJ
oslPsr o)ilorlrN
ntrr^rlor 1Pl1^
ut!1rro)sluurtLrc
rriiloilrLr
l]!ruslLruldIIY sBLrrql
'dll^llre
lPrls^Llo
.I{I lIikrrrs.L0 tllrM sr1,{lddnsol PLrE)rnluri(hu)l ,4poqrno ululurulllol l)rrll
Jrl pool iql LIIIMsc(llqt()Jll i)lJLll silnsslt
J^4l8rJLr))Llt iJupnPold':)tLlllstlol
1M
sr pLIeLuu.rlspoolq.qlollrl srssPdrlrrLl^^'uril,'(xo,leq(rl
trpoqir|] ot pi)rr.ru)
'rrriJ,{xo
siiulJqLluttlllHL()ltlrlI(ls)l
i^ll tlPqlJloLoi^ll x)uLlL))
rnoLItlMsillntltLu
:rql Lrlplrn(I sl uinlxo
or lDrtu)ss.sl f!ru stLltltlPlioilLrr^rlllu Jo tusPI(io1(rd
'tlollsnqruo)
slloJLrulLlods
os rn))o
:)LlllPql,'{lprdel
srtll sitlrolJo)trlslsrnqrrLrr'ilsqns
pi)llDrsr uoLr.tlrouiq(l
'ralBMsprlqlo4 aJesalpoqlno

6Z Sulredruo:)

3 0 Cumpd,ing
a r e m o r c a L o m so j h y d r c g c i l i D o u r b o d i c s l h a r a r y o l h c r c l c r r c r r b c ( . u \ c o l ] f
b o d i e sa r c a b o u t t w o t h i r d s r v a t c r l H y d r o g c n i s a l $ J b L I i r r r o s t l i r c l r n r d i n n l l
a c i d s .I t i \ t h e l i g h t e s lk r o * , n c l c m e n t a n d i s h i g h l y f l a n n n a L r l cH. c l i L r n ri s . l r r o s l
J . l i p l , r L v L i . S - | t , l | r i r . . | l ' r . f l . r n r n .lIL .
".
H y d r o g e na D d o x y g c n a r e t h c m a i n ( o n n i l u c n l s o f l h c w i r l c r w L ( l t i r r k .N j l r ( ) ! r c | r
a n d o x y g c n . r c l h c c h i c l c l c m c n l ! o l l h r a i r w c b r c . l h c . O L r rc x i s l c n c cc o u l d n o L
L ' ct n . . i \ l p $ . r l r , , L 'r h , p r . , i r ,
t"ll rl.r,.

U n c l e f i l a d i n g t h e R e a d i r g . E a ( h o l l h c f o l l o w i r ) gn a l c n r c r i l si l i r r c ( ) r s i 1 l c nwl i l h
. l i c r a c . L c l u l r c a c l i r Uo l r h c p . s s . g e .l c \ r
l h c i n l b r m a l i o n i n t h c p r c v i o l r sp a \ s a i t cA
y o u r c o m p r e h c n s i o nb y f i n d i n g t h c c r r o l i n c a c l rs L . l c n l c n la n d r c n a t i n gi 1 ( o n l c l l y .
I

O x y g c n . n i t r o 8 c n ,a n d h y d r o , t c nh . v c s i n i l . r p r o t ) c n i c \ .b o r o n l y o x y g c n i s
c s s c n l i a l1 0 1 i f e .

2, Thc,s(bslancclhal carscswood lo fot is nol thc sanic.r\lhc orlc th:11

Lorurlr Dr{)wn,
causcs.pprcs
o[ ftxx] isancxnn]plcolrnpidoxidation.
L Thc dccayilrg
4, It is imposslblc
f(r'a llrc l() starlsponta|rcously.
wirhouroxygen.
5. FlLrnnnbcjnls can livc Lrplo 15 nrinlrrcs
6, Nitfogcnconvc,rts
to a licc stntcLrya pfoccss
callcdsl)ontancous
lo oxyltcn,rrjlr)grrris vcly.(rlvc
7. Comt)arcd
8. I1thc air wcrc purc oxylcn, wc couldall snrr)kcwilhout hn nirgoLrr
h(rlrh
it rs so stablc.
9, Nit()llcr'r
is Lrsccl
in cxplosilesbceansc
I0, Oxygc| is thc DloslaLruD(lanl
clcnrcntin LhcLrni!,crsc.
11. Scicnrins
do DorkDow urhil lhc sun is Dr.dcol
12. llydrogcnis rhe nron ablrndirnr
clcnrcnrjn oLl|l)odjc\L)ccaLrsc
oLrrl)(,rtjc\
ll. l) c(trnrast
!o hclium,hyrlrogcnis Donllarnnriblc.
14. Tllc cslcnlialingredicnr
in fcl1ilizcrs
is hydfogcn.

LISTENING

SKILLS

V o c a b u l a r y i n c o n t e x t . c i t . l c l h c l { : l l c r o l l h c . [ s w c r L I L ] Lt r c s l n l i l c h c \ l h c
m c a n i n So l l h e i l a l j c i z c dv l o . \ i l i s r L s c di r c r . h o l L h c s c\ c r l c n r c s .
c p o l i s h c dt h c c . r 1 ( )g i v c l h c l l u i s h . , r J / c r .
1,. dullncs!
shine

'JSr-XJxJ
rxrn rql ltrldruor ol s)lolr
plrp
rrrol JsnLIJLI]
snorrJrd
iLIl,,
nDal
Jqt
ot
Lt)tsrl
noi
sD
srlou
iIpJ
,,'slclJW
'llprrr rol (Mop rlu^ ol pi r no^ rrl^'IL()snroJpr[]rrdor
0Jo
nrru(lolr^ip.q1 ^^oll(l non(llrq IIr^^sltll rrcssrlrq] jr)s rJuorrlsEq rqr LlltarnoI
.vu''rt rct
lLIt'c)..!rl
puc
,,1
!urqr
nr{rrtl|rr
,)tqc.)q
Itrr{
tfl,r).)s
fIr).,r
f
nr.c
ur.ql iztlri{o)rr
noi ssep ul ur)qr iciq
no,{
UJLI^^
os
snu)l
Mru ol no,{
tBqt
llr,4
iJnpon t llt/v\iiurpair)rd 1$lJ riiontupl uill (I e ur 3ur,4pnts
)rp oq/!r rsoqt roJ
lclllrissi lnq slrrprlt9 llr?Jol lnJJsnsl llulpearJtd JlnlJJI ssslJlnol rtolrq litdsqj
{ooqlxil rnol pe nolJr silou.rrllrq rlel lll^ nol .rrlcl ruJt0Mrl^ .roIpnls
ol rJpro ur rrnFil c.lo soJplLIeLU
rqt pjo)rr ol sl sJlouilutlpl Jo cK)dtndiqJ

6uDloJ-atoN
srJl ,) q
',{tlrulJtlr pllp rErq srophpuot t2qel.|y^l'aI
Jo
$llslrilJerell) q
$r$n s
'rlllulr ii! slett(u l^etLl
'Zl
llt2to sa\adoLdat-II
pnq$sqc q
prleodr|s
rnlP^ iLIt ul Prlrrlpr spM nsnoqiqtJo Jllcurlrqt. I I
dot ,q
urotloq !
'LTEi))O
iql lO 'Jr/,/nSJLII uo tpolj sBriqDl ol

sru!qs e
----_ surl.)ilq !
'rrry'r"rurrl
tJ isnP)rq llturnbJ{ pnll$ll{xl
iq ol spDori^lls
pirpFli|p
Piolqtuo) !
'lJils iJrlpord ol uoil LltlM
Pri(o//, sl uoq.r!f,
tlullsel iiuol .q
JnJ0nDiq e
'ipeJ

n) Iupqs tou lllM pue L()lto) uuql ,/qr./r?pitoru

e srlrqq,r!trqlu^s^uPW /

rlrJs q
tsnJ .B
'iLtliiut rqlJo slrerl u! l/o]'0./rorprsne) peq plre rrll
9
sPuetliqtlMq
sqrosqe P
'ts|u slrljr_rtDql
IPtr(u e sl IiJ]l ssrlulets g
.qqe1i5i;]ls,q
rlqeleirq
'al!p,1p
"P
fu.^ puEroDnpuo) pooil e sr tr rsnE):)qiluulM rltlril. roJ prsn sr rrddo:)
'
.lu1qs q
pJuurts^trselc
rtqDVDut
n\ \t ! ,\jncxq \t,x'r li, s,,J,trl rr.) rn ',lUiljiliiit Jq uE, r',ul ' t
))uep0nqP q
ilneloqs 'e
.1Lu,,r J\u,l .,qrI,,\r,', tr,rj"7//'rrr rq I
rt

SuuPdruo:)

12 Comparing
Unde$tahding the Lecture. Usc your notcs to dcrclrinc lvhcthcr cd(h oJ rhc
. r , l l . , wr i! . l . r r , m f l I \ r , ' r u { r I , , ' . l , l i ' / | . . , , ,r , l r . r rL. , r l r Li | 1 , . . r . . r r. i | l r . r (

I Gold,silvcr,and coppcrarevaluc(ifor theirlun(r nrxl scirtcil)'.

2. Newlon was dre firs( to srrcceedill changirgl).rsrnrcl.lsinlo gokl.
3 . Copperis as malleable
nnd duclilc
4 . colLli\ lhc Droslchcnrically.clivc
ol nll thc nrcral\.
5 . cold h.s a t)cautiftrl
loncr bLrlir is nol r\ (hlraL)lc
as silvcf
6 . hr conrranrc Fol(i,silvcrtanrisircs.
7 . Purcsilvcris a rclalivclyntl rrrclal.

silveris Lrsed
ior pholographic
fihr bc.nulcsonrcsilvcr
con )Lrndsrellccl liithr.
9 . Thc propcflicsof silvcr rcscnlblclhosc ol gokl .11r(l
eo|l)cr.

wifilrgbo(auscit is nol (lt](lil(.

t 0 . Golclis r)ol uscdlor L,lectric
Coppcris uscdli)f clcctricwiriugbcriluscit is a lrctrcr(or\(lucror
than gilvcr,

t 2 . BroDzc,an,llloy ol riDa|]dcoppcr,is haf(lcflhirrr(irhcf rirrol

irrrr.lls
1 3 .Cold,silvcr,an(icopl)cr.1rc
anronsoLrrrrn)sl.11)!r)(l.rrrl

DISCUSSION POINTS
(nr1l|(if (liJ]0fTo compafcitcnrs,bcginwith lhcif sinrilarirics
irxl Lbrnt)()ir1r
cnccs.Avoid v.1gue
statenreDls
sucb rs, "Car A is bcltcr LhnnCar ll." ln whar
waysarctheydiffcrerl?DocsC.r A hirvenrnorc|owc ulnrolor?irslr)|gcr
specific
[xx]y? a iaslcr pickup? Bt rte.lif.
havcl)ccul)rogf.lnrnrc(l
I comparca conrputcr
and Llrchr.rnra|]
brain.Co0rl)r.rlcrs
lo lfanslatcliorrroDclaDguaitc
lo arx'thcr,1oplay chcss,.1rl(l
lo solvc
p()LtcrDs.
complcxn)ilhcDr.ltical
Will thcy cvcr bc al)lcl(r lhinki will thcy
cvalrarc,Drnkcdccisions,
and nrike iLrdgnrenrsi
will rhcf
be ablero analyze,
be ableto desigD,
imagine.or crcatc?
2. Comparc.1sporlor g.nrc thar is polLrlarin lhis connlrywilh oDclhil i\
fopular lD your counlry.
you know. Why are thcy (lillcrurL/
L Comfarcthc foodsof lwo couDlrics
4. Comparcan Amcricancar wilh onc lrom anoLhcr.oLrnlry.Coulidcrlhcif
fowcr, rcliabiliry,comlbrr, cosr,appcarancc.aD(lra,orklltan\hlp.

'LLInu.lIip UDLII
rLrn|])lnrc llrilor pIq .4ruu!p.roupql,{llsor)r(xu.snJ LIxrqtliJnoqrlu
,{Jlspirrorrsrsr!Lunllufuiilorpill.josltuoJrrDro,4rrrL'rtn!UrlpLIEtLInr.rrlorc
6Z-8Z',dd
'(t861 'slluM ulnuPrr :vo^ ^\rN)
.nl,ns .t.\tt1a.1.)',ploMurfiv
'lrlllolllr Jo ouo 'rl)lJ
,,'(lolsrno,t qrluM,, 01,Auq no^ Jl LIJ^J
-slps!rrqlunlrrooLlsr!illqM '1|)srrrrdprrnse.( oq ti^ill uer pue lle(mulluor
rooll ou sttli)ql lrrq'Lrii,MlrqLlr^e^ ller{iq Autlrll
sruu^nliit.q srt 7a l).]rrqrunu
'qunot
prllll
uolllsod
rLIr
oo
r.qllt
sl
,xll.ro.(n)u
rl
lellSlpsl! tul^!3 rle nol',tro
ttc sl-(Lu
s,trr(n) lPrlarll)r |loi.Jl's! illP nDo^)It rLIl dn trjlq ^{oqJoiJolettu
',trrJ
rillu tql qrluil iLIl 'sl leql
(
il urulxor(l(lp)srq) r
/t-sirnseilu
tl
vr9
'rillu p qll^4 trnscJtu pLlo']uttutsLiq
'Lrolll()d iJoluucsll iJu|lllsoJrrJq
lll, nol
rql r(){, rl ll (ln qiirl Morl Isu no,{ JI 't()llls(xl sll lnoqu {ulql uP) noi sie/\^
u0 sv p)lullsL()tuipiq LlBrll lnq
oMl )r0 Jr)ql rolu^ili LIpJ{)
Iulql'Jlduexil
'poorsrrpuniFr.)ilr slu^ )ou sr ulsp
lr?
lctltlp ptte tlols p LlrrMlrq i)LrirlTJlprtl-L
'rlrur l|l pisI sl polll rr rlrlqMrulutri]ip purr,4oltq srl(tucxi )ql pei)u
'iull
tlloq rledtrcl re povlrr{
0
)llslltDelcLlJ
illo
suloll
lp
'pLloJiSiLll
Jo lDllslltlJU.l!'ll)
iL0 rrlrll pu! [rr]l lsrlj tlllJo sjllspil)glDqr tLIl tqu)tta :l paqpw
sfollttlu )!seq oMl JIB Jltql s(uill ilotu Jo oMl ilooltlu
rsruitl iirliu(iruo)
Jr)
l, s lnbtl uolio ilulllrMrulllril)s
iLIrJo oo$isn)s!p
sDurl.rlllppLrcsrlll.rullruls

6ultvduo)
S.I.IIXS 9NIIIUM

alotllIPJ

riqlo,)rI tPqr op rl)u) lrPr lErlM tlclutox)qd u plro iillllltll'd P

0dtuo] g

3ulrPdLUo:)

l4

Comparing
is rare, bur it is stable.Tririum, on the other hand, is radioaclivcand can only bc
found in traceson the earth. However, il can be manufacturcdby bombarcling
lithium with neutrons,although this method makcs ir morc cxpcnsivcthan dclr
tedum.
Th first paragraphusesMefiod I. Analogdatais describedfirsl and digilal dala
second,
The secondparagraphusesMefiod 2. The two itcmsare comparcdcharactcristic
by characteristic:
firstlor fusibility,ften for stability,and finally forcost.Frcqucntly,
a combinationof Methods I and 2 are used.

TransitionWords
In all writing,it is very imponantlo showhow thc idcasarc relatcd.Words
that clarifytheserelationships
arc calledlransilionwords.Transitionwordslhal
are usedto showcontrastindudealthoqh,brt, however,
in cantrast,
an theothcr
hdkd,evenrhough.nevethelest.
a thecontrdry,vet.in spiteoI a]tl dfspit?.Orhel
inih; samet ay,n;reover,;iiJtnhtrrransillonword; su.h astimitarty,likewise.
more,andbesides
exDress
rhe comDarison
o[ Iikc ilcm9.
witlng

d Pdragraph of Compdison

Writea paragraph
of comparisou
oD one of lhc Discussion
Points.Bcllinwilh
a topicsentence
tha! statcsfie maiDidca.Thendcvclopthc rcslof rhc paragraph
to supponthe mainidea,usingMcrhodI or Melhod2 dcs(ribcdabovc,

'pPo.Mrno
Jo s,ftJ^^p!r! s?^\oq)ql rr^otrsrp Iqrrrql pup sNr^r pue
suo!lPntrs
tJruuorol )JuJlrsJo qof Jqt s! lI .slJJlJJpu! srsnP)lo uorlJErrureq)
snonulruorP sl llnsrr.)qI .strlotpLunluprnrrqto rllds u'lnj Lrttpql suorlnrlr
sesPrlor
rl 'rrlclss! LuorE
rrnrrern Juo sv turl lpsnp)Io purl s[J)Jo :ldluexr up
sl uorlrP rerlJnu v .prlLJlp Jo )sner rqt s)orlrrrq puo)rs rqt.to rJ{Jr Jtlt pop
'luJ^r prro)isP.lorsnpJrql srlrroJJq
JJUJrrnrJo
ruoJo tr:JJ))tll sJtrlllru()s
slur^r oMt rtll lpql prurnssprq touuer tr,rJtll?riq1 rprlr,rrr"n rrll",]:ttJ;J;
.Llt JIEnbqueJuE s! ,rrql
rrurnbrs ur p)urddlq ,{rqt rsncrrq lsn! rrqloue
Jt
prsnP) lur^i Jrro tElll i)lunssEol lo|I,la^r^^orl
lnJclpr rq tsnlu slslluJlJs

pp.p.^B',iu.
^qeq
rr."'orunsrq'srrq,'r!)q,.,,^",,';]i'.l3.l"ili't
i'ili;]lr"J

'ildrupxr roC .uol)drunss!,

srsner3u!rl)rLLros
s!ql t() p)s!q sr crurt)s IIV .i)sne)
IDrnluu! seq lu)^r lunlpu ^li^r lpql ,sl tprll ,rrntpu ul itllEsnpJsl .rrql tpql
p)tso88nssnddlrni)t Dqdosol!qd Iirrg :) 1r,{rD1oa)-qttrl
rlll .DqJ) pur?isnl]) roj
tur)loolsrpnl)ur sFeJ)lJ!turlrsSuourrs(t!tlsuoltpl)Sullcrs Jo ss orcl ll

NOIl,)n(lou-tNI

punos pu0'1146!7
"tolo)
peJJE pue esnE]
raldPq)

16 Causcand Eflecl
Short Readiflg
Lrclowlo (iiscovcfwhal caLrstsr'rslo sct diflcrcnl (olors
Rcadthc Passag
The Nature of Color
grnss
Why is th( sky bluc nnd (hc grasslrcen?Why isrrl thc \ky green'rnLlth(
wav
bhrc?arcl why is a nrserctl inncadof |urplc? whal wc sccns colof is lhc
our bfanrsrcspondlo lhc differcnl rvavclcngthsoi light
(lifiercrrl
L{thl is a fo n of cleclromailnic encqly thaLlravcls vcry quickly on
which wc se( as difltrenl col(rrsFor cxarr|rc' n
of wavclcn8ths,
frcrtLicncics,
us 1()tce vi()lelA w'velcrrgthol 660
wavelcnglhr)l 400 rran(N(lcrs(nm) caLrscs
by drc nrixingol w'vclcrrilLh\'
is in(lLrced
us to scererl ThecolorLrrowlr
nn, causcs
''vc_
Lrycilhtr ils own wavclcnllhof a rrixlrrrcol lht \
Ycllowcan bc prortucctl
arrd
oxygcrl
ol
nrolc(lrlcs
t.''tgtttsto rcd'unAgrccr. olrf sk) l(x)ksi)luc bccnLrse
(olor'
than nny olhcr
iu thc air sialtcrn()rc Lrhrcwavclcrrglhs
niLiogcrr

red
oran9e
gleen
Dlue
lndlgo

prlsm
of all colors sir Isnnc
lionr a mixing of thc wavclcDgtlls
whitc lighl rcsLrlts
a
passccl
tllrough Slnssprism'lhc $'hilc
thal whcn sunliShl
Ncwt<rncliicovercd
jiro"rr"a
inu, n tlt"clrunrotcolorcdli8hl Ncw()rltllcrlallowcdthc spccLrurll
iiot'r,
l\1rrr "l
ilir.'"*1 3 *6,' .11,,1.,' In(l lr( c('l"l' ru"rnL'irr"l lr''rr'rrr! J
i.,
'
'
r
n
l
r
r
r r s . rr'llt (
s
h
i
r
.
l
i
;
h
L
r
h
n
* f l"."
i,l.i*f.rl.ii',.i'rrf",),I\cr,mLnlJcnr.)r'.rrnt(,1
'
\
l
r
' $lr'r'r
'
J
r
l
r
'
'
r
\
'
r
l
f
l
(
. , , i " . 1 l ' n . , . p r : r ' r i r n a b t . r . r L i t.rrrrl r J h J m J r r '
surllillhr
whilc
ol
Thc
bc'n
rairr'
a
,."rfiehrfalh u; d",ps of watcrir thc air aficr
sDallcrs
';.:";i;;;;inlo a rainbowof colors.
;;" invisiblc1o human evcs wavclcnSlh\shorrcrthan thal ol'
' r ' r i ( rl r i 1 1
\ i , , l ( | I ' r , , L l u ( cr rur \ i r J \ | l i l h r ' l r . r r ( J r r JJr tnc ' k r r r c ( l l \u' r v ( ' r i l l r '
r
'
r
'
l
\
r
\
"
w
r
v
r
'
r
'
r
d
i
'
r
;
J
r r r r nri ' r \ '
. h : r ' , rr h c , , , l r n J t ' " J r r i c i r r t r r r cl' il F l l r '
all(l
nrcas!1rc
c'n
wc
blll
wavclcnglhs'
we .onnu sce.ulorsproduccdby thcsc

sllet
ulls prSeurpp .-

rq8!t rato!^plrln .-

. Flo!^ Jo
lPql ueql ie oqs
sqlSuala EAr

!tsnv)/r)aNril

( sD{J'
,asne)e cuoJJq LtpJt)rJJJuv)
alJ.{Je S!JlAqt SorrllDr.r|os
PUpSJSllrr)JO

,6tunp uttJtt4irq6llr)lo!^ 4k ar'ryord

stl;l]:;:ff,
rtlol^lo ttt1tut lr rruot4s
uaoJt puP per ro}
sqt8uele^E^{aql }o arnlxlru P
qltuale^e^{ ulllo sl!

^{olle^

(sDaJJt,{ueur
rJnpord
^!ur
isne) roo pue'srsnu)
,{ueul ,{q pi)npor(l
rq
^eur
rLtO
xolduro)
DJ}J;)
uruo
rlp slraJjapLreliisriuO)
'w 6 pub par rolsqtl; itlt^tt^
aUllo uuxtqt u ro 4l6uala^bnu^o l .ta|tlat:qp:,npakl )q uti ^rollr|

sqlSuale^En,o SuFlur p +

u^rotq tolor rql

( slJ4la JPr)Jrd SlPMI0 SiSn0J 'rt^JMotl

'tlolllu$ap Ag
a)urlues
rql
Lrl
asnBj tqt sJpiJDJd t)ajlr rL0 s urttruos)
'|t|$uap^uM
Io 6i.1tntu aq tq prtnp i uMa4 raloJ a\J
laJOrA OaSa^t

ruu o0' Jo qlSurle^B^r

'ta|1ti ))s ot str sasnw(tua) salautouDu

)ar lo tltEuatar,D D
'srttrorlno JqlrJstp slJrJla'su)(ldsq
,9rrrqlaruos
,{qM urBldxJsrsnpl suollpntrslo slur^r r}ruuo) stJ{Ja plrc sJsnel

J)Adda aNv !rsnvt ^roHs or HsI'IDNa'9NIsn

/ t

DJIr?

DUe Jsne'r

18 cause and Effect

white light rcsultston a mixi g oI the wavelengthsol all colod. . . . Tlle bca of
whhe sunlight splallercinto a tainbow oI ulors
(Sometimeslhere is a correlati{mbclweentwo evcnls that is, ollc cvcnl
the other, 'vhcrhcr or nor thcrc is a causalconnccli()lralwaysaccompanies

a mixture of the
white light --+
_--wavelengtbs of all colors
Se tence Pattens

ft**"
I
l'..',1'c ln I

A mixinsor.ll wavelenstlsI il"^li,'"j. I a whheliBhr.

.
Lrnduces
J
fcauscdby I
lduero
I

whhe lighl is { lnducd by

} a mlxing of wavlengths

I a resultof I
by,,
Lproduced

ffl
YhenI

all the wavelengthsare mixed, a whilc lighl is produccd

IuI

aremlxd
A while light ts producedlwhen I all fte wavelengths
LAS

Note:SoneoI theaboveareakopredktior akdcanbe.x\ersedwith

thetuturetente.Fot exampk,"$ all thewaveleltht arenixed,a white
u,ill beditcttttedfurthet in Chapter
light wi baproduced."(Ptedictio,ls
12.)

'Causeard Effect Thc Roman oralor Ciccro wrole, "Thc causcsof

Identryittg
eve.rti'ure-eue.Inorc interestinglhar thc cvcnls thcmsclves" In cach of lhc following sentenccs,underlinc lhe causconce and lhc cffellwicc.
l. When copperjs hcatedto 1083' C, il mclls.
2. changesoccur in planB \,r'henlhey absorbencrgyfrom fte sun.

rruiurrs rloJ0 llPd luuuodlur iql LIosnJoJ01nol s^1ollBuooelrrproqnsD.Ilr pup

rsner MoLIslurll srtrrrrllr:)su! pisn ^llurnbrrJ st 'r.qp rlll Lrpqrtlrpuodru!ssrl ro
ot rlEulpnxlns s] .uo tEqr os s.snplr o^,ttJo uolti)i)uuorrgt ro 'uonputproqns

uolleulp,toqns
'soooarqr^
rru.lollnsrr e sr purMrqt Jo punosiq! q
'pul,4iql
J0 llns u rre suotllrqhrv e
'pul^^,q]
Jo pnnoscqt isrlcr llp rqt u! suo0etql^ 9
'rle rLIt ul puaq
ol
s,{cr
rsntrsrBBrll^l q
lqilll
rlp iqt U!8ulpu)qslpt lqfrl Luo.il
llnsil Lrersrilprlt{ p
rle rql ul ijulpu.q sIlJ tqiJlliq prsner rte sriJellw E
'p erq urqM pllossLurltiplxolp uoqre) q
,aplxolp
pllos
uoqlsr
ijultt?itl
!!to{
stlnsci
se8
v e
'sciie s npotd (rrl &p) ,ptxorpuoqreJpJlosSultEiH
t
lriilrorts iq ot plru rlnr)lr rqt )sno) oJrct.Josilrll iql .q
riiluorts sl plilJ )JrlJJli aql 'trsolr rru r)roJ Jo saull oqt uoqM .9
'ppu rl.nroloiqt riilLrorlsrql 'rrr(u
,
Jo srull rLlt rn$l) iqt
'p ur(! rq ot sr.ror
sisnB)JiteM o! plJeuu tul^losslc !
'rrluM
'u
pn^lossrp
rI|
p!)e
Jq
ot
uu
rsllBJ
liuol
'rotuM Lrlpr^losslpsl pljo u9 uiq^^ pcluj(ll rju srlol
z
'Jrltorid!uit iqt uuls|?JJJUI
p
1(l pi(npr.rl {rur u,rnrurt
ll! rr .r\cJllrt uv 6i)
to.1lcr
le)lu;rqr
'ntnlejtdl(tit ul )se )ul uu isncj suolt)ccj
lelrrurq) v
'rrort)D)r
lp)rrlltq) e Jo iler rqt srsoJl)ul i.lnlE.ltdl(lJtarF llulserl)Lrl I
'soJltJluasts:tqt q)er
Jo
Jo nuluuitu
Jrll sJrl)tlru tsiq lgqt raMslleJqt,lo r) rlrql JI)tr) sasbJ4dwbdaulput$Japun
'lqnrlJoLrollJrljirtrll ^q pirnpo{ sr rolo:) ' 0 1
'slsu ll Jrorll Jql'.rlP lslour ol pJsodx, sl rrcJIrrour rLIl
'uootu )ql
'I
Jo IInd lelroltet!^er3iqt ,iq prsne.rr.re saplts,uPrro rq_L
'suole
Jo uotlez!uolrqt J:)npursrlrlupd prSreqr 3u!^olu-lseJ
:)8ipq) )lrp.l, .^tlp8i)u c s.rnpord rllop p rltr^ qluor e 3lrlqqnlt ' 9
,
'p;r rrdPr{ snulrl urnl sprrY ' E
'poo.r4Jo
3u!l]lnq.ql Luorlrlns.rsrqsv i
plirj rrlruiJErlrs,rluEr III ol rnp sr rlprru sseduor E Jo uorlexr rql
6t

't

IJ+JA pu! JsnP:)

40 Causeand El{cct
by purLingil li a ,1ain.ldt^e,whik thc lcssimporLanL
i(tc.r.r|l)c.rt in thr rutiol
diraLe0r sc.ondaryclausr:
Human beings cannot live on the moon bcause there is no air
or water there.
ThcnranrclaLrseofrhi\scnrencc,/?rrr.?rrrirtlr,tr1a1li4rntl]t.tilon,i\i1.lttd1.l.n
whichnleansfiat il cansranLl
aloncas. scntcncc.
Thc\ccondary,
or lcssinrponanl.
idea (l,efrirrcthereh no dir nt vttrttt 0n thc r?00r) is cxprc.jscdin Lhcrrl{,1/rr'rn
rvhich)s Llqa dent/.n].rht:
f/.1l]s!,,
mainclau\e.It caDnorstanLl
irloncas. scnlencc
ir docsnor cxpfcssa conUletclhoughlb) itself.
l)cc.lLric
Nolicethal the word ,..,rrr..rl,i a\ . corrucc()fbclrvcculhc nrcauili.t\ol lhc
Iwo clauses.
Thc connc(lingword alirilysinlrodLrccs
lhc rubor(linalc
of lessinrNotc
clr(lsc.
nlso
lhal
lhc.lauses
nray
bc
fevcrscd.
ll
is
cqu,rll)
.orel:l to
l)oiarrL
say, E.rdrrc lr.fd ,s /rddir or wntr lhcrr, hLtn.1t1
btitl!$ antlnotlit r/] //r(,,/&1/r,Now
thc subordin.lccl;lusc.1])l)c.1rs
bcli)reLhcurainclaLrsc.
And, ihhoLrghrhr rvoftl
l]&rrrrris rx)l localcdbctwccrlhc claLrscs,
iLslillnc(\asn conncrtorsinccit rclaL!s
lhc nrcir|ring
ol orrclo lhc olhcr.

Recog1|izil1ll
Subordifiatior. h c.rh ol lhc lollowiLrg
\crrtcncc\,
i(lcnlilylhc rrrnin
clnLrse
bf dclcrnrinin!which clnLrse
conLnius
thc cc|rlfrli(1c..lJn(lc ir)clhc rnairl
clausconccand thc colrnccling
wo(l LhnLlink\ lhc rlau\c\ 1wiac,
I , No oDcwas killc(ibccausc
thc ivalanchcoccLrrrc(l
al r)ieh(.
2. Whcn silicorris addcdlo ifoo, r f o r ) L l c c o n t c Jr ' L L sr ct s r s l a D t
3 . Evcnwhcn hcatcdll) I000" c, w a l c r w i l l n o l ( l o c { ) r l l ) o s c ,
4 . T h c g a s D r c s n r f ci n c f e . s c ( lL ) t c a L r \Lch ev o l u m c ( l c c r c a s r ( l .
5 . W h c n c o | r ] c t so r [ ] c l c o r s c o l l i ( l c r lw i t h l h c c a r t h , t h c c a l r , \ r r . r g r ) c t i Ll i c l ( l
nl.y hilvc bcen rcvcrscd
6 . A ! t h c l c m p c r a t u r ei n c r c . s e s ,l h c r a L co l n c h c n r i c . l r c a c t i o ni n c r c a \ c s .
7 . N c o n g i v c s o f f l i g h r n , h c n . n c l c c L r i cc l r r r c n t i s p . \ \ c i l L h r ) U g hi l .
8 I i c i r ( r r rd i o x i d c i s c o o l c d L o

7 9 " C . i Lc o n d c n l c \ r l i r c r l l y t o . \ t ) l i d .

Usi g Suborcliation. Iu cach()1lhc ii)llolvirrg

cx.rnrIlcs,
rombinf (hcts() (l.Lrsrs
inlo one lcnLencc
so that oDc idca is \Lrborclilr.lc
lo thc othcr.YorLwill ncc(l(o
add a connectins
worrl nrch al r1,/,.,r.
if. ds,be t$t. ot lr thtit.
r l l c f c L r r yi s h c . : l l c dr o

,/rP/4

18.9'c

ot lec.lzl la -lS

9'

e IJ

rLIr rcqt lllr,'!()rrl')l(lrrruxrroC litrUL'aru

str luru[lu.lJp ! lr]JJsn
iq Uilto u!:)
u.io sl.rP(l
rqt irurMou)t( st(x)rpUUsrxLlrr(l ltlt ro 1..r9 ruorjillrprl tsprl
P.ro^'l
rI pi)lllrotrrc sProMqsrliluSPrsnIIuorL[Uo)llp jo JluqUrqr Jro!\]) qtoq ro.loor
rql Mo or qrrqM'srxrtlnsro'x)oi )qt irol)q r(ror rlrrq'\'l,srxrJrr(l
L lllro) o\lp
sP.k)M,{LrPtt
upd urDUrrr sl Lt)lltM'r(x)rr] rLrorjpru r)t sr pro^{rlsrl:jrrg
uy

6u1p11ng
tuo1nqmo1
S'ITI>ISDNI(IVgII

a,{iJrruilo.surl.r rqt.lo t))}Jrrrlt roM llqM .i

urltpos}0 spuoqrqt iirrl\crrq.tol)rllr iqr spMluqM ./
a.prxorp,.{LI
.9
astrllrdrqr nu|l.tl]s
Io D.rlr iLlr srr\ l0qA\
arJloM
Lrlsl)llr(lrprxorplq utntpos lt Ilurltn{ljo DrJtr )tprp Ultrr,)q]su.{ lr](lA,\'E
aisu ot JituMiql Jo)rrrlor huit Jqi pisnur lu(l^,\'t
rql l)isr1u)lcllM
z^nrrrr)Jor\LrJl).r
auortroiri(lt dn p.p)rds,{lt^|l)uroqM Z
rurlrporiql pisnLl:)
tLnlM I
a(ln:,iuirqot )prxorp,{(l
'i\1,1ol .rilL,Mi)ll1 i)rnl!,ri(RIil
'1111;)rl
Io
lt iJulsnu)
jo f o() iltr ri lo isl))lrr J].lt! p l[srr spuo(]rso(ltIo ilul]lu.i(l)rl.L.rptxoip,{rl

. . n , f . \ r " \ r t i r t t c . i r r i , , f . . r ( ,ut . t i . , . ! i r ^. r r . r U .\1r . l . r i r I tl c q l t \ . . r . . J ,.1 r l t i . \ r l t

')
o Z Z i ( l o r r p u n o t p u L i r o i j u J i l u ^ r ) r | J o i l n l u . r i ( i u t ) t ) q l l ) i j n s u J l L ts t ! t i l ) | l l
i t l l ' p i ^ l o s s r p l l u ) . r i ) ^ {i r L l t u ) r t M . s u o r i p r x o . r p , 4 rpl U U( u n l p o so l u t I p J r q o t ! U i ( l l
n _ u r \ n u ) ' s l i l l ) ( 1r r l l p i l . t l t s , { r q t , U o l l ) p i r i r l l ( t n p i ) ( { r o l . r r l 0 M . ) q t o t ) p r x o j p . { r l
r u n r p o sl o s l r l J i ( r p r p p u r r q l L r ) L I l . ) o a , t r q o l . t r t p M r q t J i ) r j n t ! . r r ( i ! ! r I ) r l l
p l r n o l i ) l l - L l r I D J q u o l L t rl r t u ^ { i ! r ( ) s l n d \ t u ) p n l s r t l s [ U r q ) , , { j o l p l o q u Ju r r l
IrIEN:l (I:ltol\
M o o J l E q l ruonsinb)Ltt.ri,uru0u)ql puc )rriLrrurdxi
uD
ollol rql ppru 'Ltdbr6orDd D ut tlaJJg puD asno) 6ula! 6Dad
t()uonilll]srl n"Ur^

p qnrrrlll \iluor)q uosrr(l p :DrjJr

uoqs oor sr llDq),{iuc.ro urlll oot sr nrrl p :Jsnr:)
lrltM

l l J ^ l ( ) s s t ps t p l r D L r c

p i r L u o Jr . r u s u o r
u r r t l r l o u r e I o s D r u ) i ) ^ D A l ) r ' n o sD
prDrq sr otl)r UL'
riiruro plrp '^{o r,{ 'prr urnl s)^!.t
s)lul)lrrr\rp II,{qdoft)lq)
L u u l r ) u ^p L I l n t l s s r l l J q r J
pr0rrl Jq uDr punos ou

It

:a! pj

:l)rJJr
:)s'Ir)
:trilj, I
:l).)ltr
:i)sllur
:isn3l
:lr)il;) . Z

r)tjt3 puP rsnP:)

+:

Causeand Effect
prcfixcsun-, in , fu , dk- and i/ makc a word ncgalive will tcll yolr lhal rrt,f!diJ..rr''l'
i,rposJirfuncans not polsibk ina(ttrttta ntcans ,?drd.'rr,rld,
neans nrr ,?dcsrrd/y,
a\1di olti.almcanstDl 1oilic.r/
iliconnededmeans ot cantle.te!1,
A worll of caution is rrccded.howcvcr, for you c.rDrrolrely conrl)lctclyon nrch
clucslo determirrcmeaning Englirh ls a laDgrragcthal has cvolvcclarrd changcd
words from many langu.gcs.Thc clucscan sonrctirnes
over many ycars,absorbil1g
be nislcading. For cxample,lldtltnabk .lnd irr4dl rrar1.'have thc sarDcnleaninlll
They both refer to $mclhirg thal can cnsily(alch Ilrc- (Theanl(n)ynris ,drllr'"'Thcrcforc,you lnun always scc if Lhc nrcnning(hnl you
dhleot tninJlammable.l
gucssedfits lhc way the wod is usedin lhc sc|lcncc.
Prefixes:hypet, htlpo-,Posf-,r r-. SlLrdylhe f(tlowing lin of prullxcsand Lh(rr
lnal(h lhe tenns al thc lefl bcbw wilh Lhcir nlcanirrilsal lhc rilhl. You will nol
Iisled.
useall thc mearriuSs
hypet-; over, above,beyond the norm, hypertefisit,tr= high blood
pressure
,ypo-: under, beneath, less than the norm; hlpolensitttl = low
blood pressurc
postr after; postglaaial= after the glacial period
sub-i wder; submatine = a ship used under watcr
L hypolhcrn)ia

a, p!ll ul)(lefwalcr

2. hyporcxic
L hypoa(idic

c. subnofinalLxxlyLctuPeraturc

4. hypcwcr)tilali(D

d. bcrrcalhlhc bol(nr ol thc sca

t, hypcrsonic

c, lcssacidic

excclsivcbrcalhirg
8, submcfgc

h . hi!hly poisonous
i . fasterthin thc sl)ccdol sound

t . .illcr rhc o|craln)r

k aftcr(icarh

pJr;)
q
c)s
-1I)Jcsiuul(l oql dotplrpl p.itrrr!.rrro.i
o
..Jr^^stroJJrIIV ' n l
-(roqt a)s ur.'raM os \lJilqo

srii0lLri'u
)lqlst^Uls.,/y'rt x/ i(I0)sojJltu v ' { l

prnuctp
prilrPluJ u
'lL'll(lsoq,{rUDiiriuo ulr\()t|1.prtu.ta{sut1.t)
ste?"\
Sulpllnqplo irll

'zl

IU Ur().u^Ui q
ss;t)ol(l .P
'slJ^0llpullosll)lLl^{Llnnolrlt
4r,p.r Jqt sl llv I I
c

lP)rIri|1
'uoll).)rrP,)J'
rr/.r/ rqt ur t(ri^'\ JJAllpJrll

0l

npl(l u
It)()l 1l
'.litc,MJqt rll pit)rul)r su^/risnoq rLlt
J<ttl;D tl rqJrcil) rl
ir,lil)un'u
'lr rliinorLltsrssp(itqijll ou r,r?rrdosl poo^
8
LI slrrup rr
lt(' {i^ril I
'trlDrJ(lt uro4.rJlu^^ r4,/0r{,qtiDJ
iLll
lt
itP.rc(iJs q
.tJqtillot iluo) u
r.rqto irll puu Lll_rou$oii rl(i sp,iIr.'J rLIt lu.,6i.rrrp rqrpd o^ l )qI .9
urpprll xb{ q
Lr^roul a})Pttfu
'lprriplr)u sp^4 ullll)lu)(l.Jo tur^orslp
srrl rpqt p.lprlr/ ilutrlrrli s
Jr.)il) 'q
tLrclls .0
'll olur
,tlrr.rrtlslllx, os soM Joop sselii illl .t
|rdluDll r.M
l(lrui .P
ll'l q
',nt|l)pA u tl l(n)ur )10 pLrp
LlllpJ rllt ul)).,t,\tJ.lJJeds iql .

rnPrl^\ooI!
nrrllri)J e
-turlqorcl
)qt l() UorNIos! ot pil ,orrl/lrrr srq ,uortp$.ror(lrou pprl I rliirrollltv z
\l).lli q
urSuo
'.r.1,,os
rLIl pLrrror sr ru)lqor(r e r^los ot ^P,1 lsrq.qlO .l

'srtrurtlr)srsi\r
q)e)
prsn
pro^,r
or
sr
sc
przp{Dt!
rr
.ql.jo ijurrrprur
Jo
)LIr s)LI)rerrrtsrll tpllt .rrMsLrE
)qt .to r.nrl rqt it}rl
tr.arrot) ut troltlqnoA
{t

lrtJJ3 pue rsnPtr

44 Causeand Eflect
Scanhing
qLrcsliorrs,
10spccilic
malerialforthc alrswcrs
when you needlo sear{hLcchnical
wofLl
wilhoul
rcading
cvcrv
you will r'vant1o locale drc parlic!lar inlormalior
youf
rurr
fapidly
passagc.
To
scan
lct
cyc\
by s.drriri the
Thisc.n be accomplishcd
down ihc pagc and lmk for thc kcy or inlporlanl words lhil yoLrare scrkjrrg
Ther Iind lhc answcrsby sc;lnningthe
Rcadthc lbllowirlglhree qucslions.
il
all
in firec mirrlrlcs.
Fassagctbr rlle key words. Try lo do
1 Whal is lhc st)ccdof light2 (key wordsi a LlrgeDunlbci
the wavc Lhcoryoi lighl?(key wo|ds:a pft)fernirnx lrilh
2. who oriSinaled
(apilalletters)
L What is silvcr brcmide usedfor? (kcy words: silvcr tn'{nni(lc)

Readi g
Relecting o

Light

lllc worldconrcsto usthroughotrrabili(y() "sf!r"

Moslof whal wc krrowaL)out
Bul how (lo we sce: Si!lhli\
an(loLIrntia()s(opes,
with our eycs,olrr tcicscopcs,
dlat fcachcso(rl.lio, our cyes.lnslcadil is thc lighl lhil lf.vcls rd
not sonlcLhirlg
our eycs.YoLrscelhis ltagc,lor cxitndc, bccauscliliht,fcflcctillgl|1)ll]thc srlnol
ao clcflriclight,travelslionr lhc l)nfcr to yoLlrcycs

\iJ

,,Q'

^,
lllliltltl
t;.'i;lll
il:tiifl,l;:t;:;Hliti
u:t'iJi'
;jl:,llj,ltlti
:,lt::l

j,""'Ifi
i,:i:i*illili:
ri:,:x#i$iiij:$fi,
li,ilr'#
;*t# ;

lllll,llll::r;jiliij-!;l'liiti,^'ir_i"li,i"l,,ilt,*llfll
ll,iii;';li:1,i,
,l::'1.::,il:,,tii1,,'i:'iiill,il,,i:;i
f.iltiliilinlr:ii..
i;ji;ir;
'3Ce|ln9
qOnol
ego
6ullcauer

u6n

'oceJlns
qpourS

ero
6uncauar
lq6r'r

.suolDJJ!p,{uurrr
ul

';,ilit;ffirii:,il
jii:,,,
ffi iluriiiriill''.ii
,j#ji:ir.:
,:tii
iut:mn;jll ill**ill":i,;
;ilidjilll;-l:iii[.,:;ilt,i:1,';trfi

;:Tll't
:;ii'lll,iilr1;,lilillli"l',l
i iLllll,,.,l
;lll;llHll*;i;,nm:r

,LuJtll,is
louuo) lrq JIB,r,r
r:;o lpls tcqto cqt uo llrlolxl
-rpJque) iM .rrclt) lp &i.!J rrr tJ.1ullsr,

j:,,rui:n:.,::l1lln!:;:li'r,*r'ili*
ii"{+'
:ll1:]-s.p-trredjo

srstsrnr^llenlJelqil{ Lor0prln"n srq

11i^*el^I.",un1qrltrur5

i,ii,rui,'::,Ili*
:lufili:ily,,:;1,{;
ili:frll
,l;::lln;n:r,;;ill;;

,#frilt,rl:,i#diT
Ii[i]i :i:iiii:il::.]:,"1,,?,[i:ililff
:#

ilfiill.i"*,1
^,:1,:i::",gsl'?j;,,:,ij
r,l[::i
)iriii:,-:iiiiii:l:lti

rqr Lr derllerrsp u.rq,^Eqrrn* n,p"ri. qgiq,,l.,ir^"rirq:n,"

Jououtnnq

'Ii,,?i:'.;';,:"'1,:iJ::11i"li:,:ilT,i:ll
i:Jl,i:*,,]lli,:l'i1",:l;::i,
st

IDJJg puP asnPi

46 Causeand Eflect

Light rays changedirectlonin water.

bll|n a h(tc in il. ll js (his ligh( cn(ryy liorr Lh( sLrn(hal w.lrrlrs(hc c.lflh an(l
gctIightcncrgy(lifcctlylr)nr thc slrrr.Aninrirls
Logrow.Plarrls
livirg rhirrgs
enablcs
gcl ir lionl rhc plarllstheycal.

nlr'rslrlrakccvcryclli) lo lrc l)rcciscl)y rcn(lrrrl

Making Inferences.A scicrrlist
accuf.lcly lrla(ctr|nl(irr'
and o6scrvirrfcarcftrllyarrdnrc;rsurrg .rxl rccor(lirrg
jllcorfccl
whclhfr cachol lllc li)llo\1'jllg
Irl(licirlc
conclusions.
carrfcsultin
Ii)flDaliorr
in thc l)nssagc
(S),
l)y olhcr irrli)rnrnlion
irl llrc Passagc inrPlic(l
is slaLc(j
slatcurcr\ls
rslfuc
whclhcl
lhc
slrlcnlcrrl
(/),or rrcilhcrsL.lc(lDorimplic(l{N) l)o,tutin(licale

l. Thc rpccd01lighl is 186,000nilcs l)cl rccorl(l

2 . Lighrtravclsslowerlhn)ughgl.sslllan lhl'(nrllhnir'
3 . Lighttravelslirslcrlhan nrtrnd
lighl.
4 . MoonlighLis rcfleclc(l
w n l e r l h i D ( ) L r n ( id o c s
5 . L i g h t l r a v e l sf i r n c r l h l 1 ) L r g h
6 . S c i c n l i n s( l i l l r o t i l l w a y s k r o l v l h a l l i g h l l r a v e l s
1 . Lighl lfavcl\ iu thc sime lvay ns v)Lrn(l
8 . J-ighl lravcls al diffcrcrrt sl)eedsirr cliffcrcnt \rrhsril(.cs
Solrxl wavcsdo Dol travcl irr (rnisht lincs

1 0 . Mosl ol lhc v)Lurd ivc hear is rclleclc(i

patuJ^Jid

'Jurtuur.puc rJp rJd,'rdLUr

\9 pJJput \p^ qtlcrq ruod \rH \
,bqPnb D

'leluter p /lrual1br.J
qtstqe ,{q przleDereqr p sitclult) Iprtdor.l -t
ssrulPr,M q
qliturrls E
's^pr s,unsrqt
Jo,llrrrrlr4 eqt tuo{ SJIJ lno Ditord sJsselSuns.t
's,rrJltrnuql ,p/rl rJqSlLIp JAeqsJ]m^ s,Ltiuro^ ,lelJuJS .z
uI
luiulr^olu fO
srslou .p
'roolJtLIt Lrr
,r ll pord lllM i'lrulqreu] ^^eiH I
liil uLr)rloA tet:nsuo'iL1q!^
'sr)LlJtuJsi)scrllJorl)Ba Lll pcsn s!I slr pro,4 pczlJllull
rqt Jo SuJuecuj
aql siq Llruts)q tPqt tr^\sup rqt .jo rrllrl rllt alJrl) $rrroJ u! [Jt4nqDxoA

STlI}IS 9NIN!IISI'T

jrl(k)rd ri^ilJ iri^ rq tsnur stslturlrs El

'^8riuo rliq ()1prllr^roa iq Lt!) ifirlrr
lqiJlt .tl
'iiipllrl pisrr^rl r?st))[Jrr .()r.rl(r
ruu V l
'Joo lur,rullsupll
p uuql nlilll ilol! stDurr l)rlqo Jul)cdooV Zl
'Diqrosqe
sl iJulpllnqlr,o.Joorult iql uo iltrlllujllltlrltnsrlll.Jotsot\l Il

It

rlijjf

puP.lsneJ

48 Causeand Effecl
is impossiblr
fof Lrslo conrt)rchcnd.
6. Becausc
Lhcdr?plilrA!,
ofthc Lrnivcrsc
wc nrayneverkDow ho*,extcnsivci1 is.
a, largcness
Dilfcrent wavck'ugths p(xlLrcc vdf,d/rdrr in colort.
b. diffcrcnccs
a. slylci
8 . T h e l d , r co l . r \ i o l i r i s N . l l l . l a n L tr i i h .

a. soundqualily

b. picc

'). To pracricccnrcrycncypfoccclLrre,i,
\1,csrrrldr!'d nn iclrr.l cn]1hquilc
a. obscrvcd

b. irnilared

1 0 . TiDy daorljtla
dcvi(cs arc 11s('d
lo ii(l hcadng
b. sNrd
a. visual
l t . (innpurc|s can bc f,'o.rr.rrrrrd lo prcccssand analyzeall l(illds ol (1.1..
.. dcsigned
b. dcslrcvc(l
was sLrsfcndcd
fof lhc,/rri?/i(,/7
ol lhc r,.r.
1 2 . All lhcorclic.lrcscnrch
Lr.benclrl
a. Ptriod
Note-Takihg
WhcrrlnkingnotcsdLrringa lectulc,alwaysloc(l$on lhc nlaini(lcas,l, nclrillg
in i rcndir)l.l
for thc nrain poirnsis likc l(x)kiuglbr thc ()t)ic\crrlcrrccs
1)ir\\ng(',
cluc\ lo l\cltrfor.r.
:lllhoughil is nrorcdilticukl)((.Uscyou (lo not havcfara8lrl])h
()1lhc lccL!Lfc.
ideasor couclusront
YoLllhus musrlistcnli)r thc gcrrcral
yoLr
will
leclurc
hnvc
nn idcnol whal il iJ
Filnl oLrlLhcbpic or titlc of the
so
goinglo covcralrdwhal yori needlo li5lcr)li)f. Son\clinlcs
thc Jl)calicf\l.lcs lhc
wfjlc\ irrr_
Orc.sionilly;r sl)cnker
al llrc bc!inrlingof thc preseDt.li()n.
objeclives
l:irrnlly.
porlaDlpoirlson a chalkboar(i
lhcnr
ou
.
sli(l(
or
lfirrrs|nrcncy.
or displays
points
cnd.
lhc
Drain
oJ
lhc
lcclufc.rl
thc
rhc spcakcrmay srinnnrizc
()1Soun(]."Il1,1owrjlc (low'r
Takcnolcsasyolr lisrento lhc Icctufc"Thc MLrsic
youf
noles
to
lhc ncxl cxcr!itc.
main
idcas.'Ihcn
usc
conDlclc
all the
uhderclanditlg the Lecture. ljsc your r()1r'! 10 (lctcnriuc whclhcr c.ch ()l lhc
i,i lruc (1) or falsc(F) icco in8 l(r lhc letlLrrc.
followingstarcnrcDrs

l.

soundis prodLrced
by air vibtatior\.

2 . Soundr\'avcslnovein only o|c direction.

L A bell rlmg in a vacuumwill lror producen sounti.
and seDdrrc\\.rgcs10
4 . Wc hcaf soundwbcn our car drum\ viL)ralc

arJI rnol uo .r.rnduor ,ql Jo slJ.llt )qr e leLIA4 8

Z
ZrSeuoqsItnJ uJo slr4j) tlqlssod rLLIosrrP leLIA^'9
auo|elndod pFo,^^Jo uors edxr prnultLlor nJo slrqjr.lq!\sotl rtll.rP IDLIM
Zrrueld roqloue Lro{!lJo fu.^orslp iqr Jo quPr uo slJ)lli )ql rq lqilllu lPqM E
ziJgds otln lJ^prl o1 ttiulo^'\ pLIutJrrl sisnPJlpq^A t
auollsroldxJoJPdsJo slJ.lJJJtll.lo iolos Jlp IeqM
Z,{Soloutprttu.polu Jo slruJ, llluucq iql Jo rtuos E lutl^ Z
ZlrnlLr)J slql ul rJtlJlrs
u! sDuB^pele)lilolouqJil aqlJo tlrtlrc lr-'ljlliluiq tql Jo tl(ros !)lP l!\lM l

srNlod Nolssntslc

((rr

l-

p
1
'srtsodur()JiJeld

,{ePtlrc III^^sr)llldluoJ

'zI

'ount rlFo^eJ rnoi ,{pldot p)uurpriSoldJq ueJ rtlnduoJ V ' I t

'J)!o^ u0onrq p rleJnollsol alqPJq rJ^JLIlll^Alilndulo) V ' 0 I
'soorlPrql suolleulqltnJ iuJrrJJIpsJ)r'rpoid
Jo
q)e, Jsne)oqlJulrPlr e uo{l luilaJJlpsptrnosrPuntsY
lLrJLunrlsul
'JPnllldLLIE
'8
s1!sp ol prrr4tr s! 8u!,{rpr s! r^eM pullos E ,L3IJUJ.lolLInouEJql
'i)uo
llrtus e ucql punosrrpnol e s.rnpord lu p aSrEIV
'st^P.t{pmros rzls rq} ,{q pJururltlip sl tl)lld '9
Jo
'punori3;ql q8norqt uPql rlP rql qinorql r)lsPJslr^Prl plrnos - !
6t

lrJJJll pu! rsnq)

50 Causeand Effecl
WRITING SKILLS
Patter s of Organizdl[ot1
choosca logicil or(lcr10 l)rc\cnlyolrr itlon'rirlion!)
Whcn wriling n tJntrcr,
thal oDeidca lc.ds lo nnothcr.You nrighlorgnnizc-voLrr
|nptf.rc.o(ling () onc
of lhc li'lk)wirlgconcctls:
L Tirnclchfonok)gy)
t() thc rrfcrrlcl_
a. For cxn1nfl(,inovcJfourthc iuiliirlcjlcclsoJ(orrrl)LLicrs
t , L r \ l l l . t \ A \ i l ' l \ ' l L , r ' f' |t f t .
2. Spacc
nl horncto lhcfllc(ls al
a. For examplc,nlovcfionr 1hccllcctsol coml)Lrlcrs
yolr schoollo lhc clltcli n1i work pli(c \rr.h as n storc,b,rnk,()r ajrLint
officc
3. Lollic
a. Movc lrcnr rhc gcncrallo thc spcciiic
i. lor cx.rrrplc,nrovc1R)llrthc effcclsol (on]rulcfs(nr thc wofl(tin gcrr_
on onc |crsorl
crnl ro lhc \pccilicclli'cLs
b. Movc fron lhc llxlili( Lothc gcncral(the revcfsc(t lhc fl)ovc)
i . F ( nc x a n r p l cr l.o v c l r l r n lrh c s l ) c ( i l ic(1 1 c (ol \i a l u c ls h o . 1 l l c o r r o r ) c
pcrsolr() the gcncralcllc(Lsorr llrc world
c, Movc hom lhc sinrl)lclo thc (onrplcx(lrevcrLhefcvcfscl)
i. For cxanulc,ux)vcJionrlhc (lirr(1cllcclsol conr|ulcfslo lhc irxlifccl
or sccoDd.1ry
cllcds
Rcid lhc pnfagra|hbclow .rr(l dclc ninc which ol lhc alrovc|rnllcrrr|ol of_
gar)ization
is uscd:
lrr 195,1a hyd()genbolnb was lcslc(lal Ilikini. Thc cxl)lo\iorrIrxlLr.c(l lhc
ol Paci[icislanris,
arrrlalsoscallcfe(l
lall-oul on a rlur)rlJ('f
cxIccrcdradio-.1clivc
radio-.(livcnrnlcfinls
of s(lu.fclnilcs.As n r('\ull,(iarrgcfolrJ
dclifisovcrthousands
c.rlcrl
ol lhe scaithcscr'r,crc
apfrarcdir rhf sorallplnnl\which livc i|r lhc surl,rcc
notal)lylhc lrrrr.rli\h
by sln.ll irrirrrals
which iu lunr wcrc c.tcrrl)y largcf.r inr.Ls,
('i .Lll)a'rcsc
which arc aD inlln)flanl.11iclc()1(licl iu .Iapiu. llcncc a nlr|nL)cr
iDgcnrdquirnlilics
ol fndio-iclivclbod.
S . A . B . l l r c r 1 ,T l t t l l t u I d n S l l t . i c ! :
^ n i r l o ! ] v/ . f l 4 n n ( H i r r | c r 6 R o r , 1 9 7 1 )
1] 108
I n l h i s p a r a g r a p h l,h c c l l c c l so { a h y d f t ) g c ub o D l b1 c d , r c ( l c s c r i b c (i ln c h 1 1 ) r r o k ) g i c a l
o r d c r b e c a u s ci l i s a c h a i n r c . c r i o n , l h a l i ! , e a c h c l l c c l i r r l r r n r L r c c o m c l\h e c . u s c
o f a n o r h c f .T h c s e e l l e d s a f c i D t r x l u ( c d w i l h l h c w o r d \ t r o d r . e ? . d r d / . x r 1 r ,i D d
,r.rcr. Olher words rhar calr inlroducc clfds iDc]Lr\(lc.t1lcd, hldr.td,.anstitLmtlt,
thrs, aI'd theftfore. Transitiou word! thal inlroduce c.uscs i clrrde ls .?rr..i |ry, r
prokEd br, i! indtlc.d b!, happdls btcatse, and rr ,7,,ero.

'!(leiiiBrpd )ql ol lnrl ol nreM no,{ tlutqrtur^)

rpnlrlrr()l qlinorrrpporqst lpqrirurllrrs r!(ftnc qrrMupts .r)dpdIIt tnoqilnorLll
Irrrlsrsuorrq nrq':Idot rnoinJr tsrq In)^,tol sllrrrs (rrllolro ,):rp(ls, L I) LmoDzrupij
-roJo ur)lrcdr.^rll{l,M rsn snr()dL()tssnrsl(rrll.io Jlro tnoqurlrrM ro pFo,M
rllo,{ Lrosl)Jll) slr ln(\P rlr.lM l)lrL'rronu)^L ro ,{ri^oJsrp.lulnlrrrsruo )smq:)

trtl.JT put )snDJ lo r4riDt6tupd tt 6u!UM

Ig

IIaJJE puP rsnP:)

chapter 4

Hlryothesizing
Motion and Gravity

INTRODUCTION
When a scientistdiscovcrsa rclalionshipthat scemsto hold lruc wilhout
exception, he or she formlllatcs a hjpathctis,A hypolhcsis is a rcnLativeor
temporarysolutionto a scientificproblcmor an cxplanationfor why somelhing
happens.Ahhough a hypothesisusuallydevclopsfrom the intuiLionof thc
scientist,it is basedon obseryations
or facts.For cxamDlc,CharlrsDarwin's
hypothesisaboutevolutioncame10him whilc hc was riding in a carriage(hc
wrote///I canrcmcmbertheveryspotin thc road"),bul Lhcideawas the prcducl
of many yearsof studyand experimen(alion.
A hypothesis does not always prove 1o be corrccl, and it may have to be
rejecled allogether or at least reviscd. Progrcss involves conlinually refining
hypotheses
as new informationcomes1()lighl. For cxample,sinceno one has
everseenthe structurcof an atom,scienlislscontinuallyrcvisethcir hypolhesis
aboutwhat it lookslikc.
As evidenceis gathcrcdto suppon a hypolhesisand i! bccomesaccepred
in
the scientific world, it is referred to as a llreory(lbr cxamplc, rhc rheory of
relativity).When a theory cxplainsor unifies a grca! dcal ol inlbrmatirnr,il
becomesknown as a pritltiple,ot ilduttdl ldtyltor example,Archimedcs' principle
of waler displacementor the law of graviry).

rls oqt Luo4 aruetslstrJJoUJqtlM stDr! 1l csnltiq,,ilLro ruots

e uuqr {lMols rrou lleJ lllM sser8Jo rpplq V Duplslsrr rle It lullorslp nol JI
'scrPr
Icnb, rP IleJsc!poqllP lEql prulnurlrp l Slsrqtod,{qs,rllotslrv tul^ordslc
'srllls rqt p)pro)rr puB rrl8lrq B urorJslqSla,MsnolrP^paddorp,H slue(ulli)d
-xr rltlM turqt 8ullJlri^ lnoqtlM sgrpl tdo)J9 ot tuctuoJ tou seM orlllPD priiurl
lpll) iJ'.M riJrlFq piqsllqPtsr-3uolasaqlleql soogl iulr rqt lllun lou sP.Mll
'uollP^Jrsqo
lPruroJu!pLlB)!8oJqll^4 llrJtslsuoJnJoM^aqt asneJ.rq$9r.{
pUpsr1()l0
o^^lrql prrdr$e rrr.M sesrqrodlqs,rFolslrv uollotrl ul Drlqo ue d'')i o]
Iisss.)iLr sl ))loJ s puBtsarte rq ot sl DofqouEJoJtetsIprnleucql lpql paztsrqtod,{q
iH ls.1.r(4 irruP) uirqt PUPrlrqM r roJ prllor sIP,4le tl 'l)i\{qo Dqr() rc l)r).r P
Pqsncl rq ri^ruiqM luql prN.sqo rH uollour leluozlroqpJrpnlsoslPrllolslrv
'tqSroMrlaqt ol
leuoorodordptrds e qtlM llPJ
sDafqoleqt puEsDaho lrltll LrEqlDtspJllEJsDalqol^erq lplll prolturatrp alorslrv
'i)JlrilrJdxr {Pp.&c^auo pJsPg pi^altaq${aeJ} tuapuPalll lPq,Msl leql puv DlsPJ
slleJalrc$ e tPql JJs uer Juo,{uv a)uols P ro ssPJSloapglq e'r)lsPJsllEJq)rLIM

uoltow ltoqv suoltoNauos

'Lloltoru

lnoqd \rsrqrodiq- s,orlrle) pue s,Jllolsuv pug p P ^ olrq :BPssPdrLIl peru

qutpbavuo4s
tE durzrsrqloo^H

54 Hypolhcs;zing
C a l i l c o . r l s o( l j s l r ( ) \ c ( l A f i n o r l c ' s h l l r o l I c s i s . t ) o o r h o f i z o n ( . 1r l n ) r i o n .H c r l r n r
o n \ n a r c d( h . ( . b o { l yI ) u s l r ( lo n . s r r x ) r h s L r d r c cc o u l ( lg o | D u c hl r h e f t h n n o n c
p u s h r c lo n i r o u r h m 1 L r . r . W h u r n l L r L , r i c . rs) lu . h i s r ) i l w . r \ L r s c ( li ,l n r o n n o l o f f c
w n s r c q u i r c d { o I ( r ( l ) l h c o l i i c r l i n n r o l i l ) n .H c ( 1 ) r c l u ( 1 c t( hl i r l i l . u o L ) j c t l( l o c \ n o l
n r c c l w i r h r c s i n n n c c( l L i c l i o n ) ,i l w i l l c o n r i n u c 1 0 n n ) ! c n L . c o r \ l J f l s | e c d r v c D
i l n o l i ) r c ci s . l ) t l i e d
H a l f a r ( n t L I y l . t c r , N r w l o r r c x l c r x l c ( lc , r l i l ( r ) ' sj ( l c : r s . r x l l o n t r l i l c ( l . t h c o f y
t h n t . r b o d ) , . r r r s r w j l l r ' r r r r a j i 1 ( \ 1 . u ( l n l , ( x l ) i r f i ) o r i o nw i L l r c r r l . i n i n n n ) t i o n
L r n l e s ss ( , n r co u l \ i ( l c 1 i ) r ( ci ( l \ ( ) n j l T h i \ l h c o r y i \ v r u n i v c n a l l _ !n c c c l ) l e ( il t i \
r . ( r ( f . . ) . N , . v , . l l r . l s ' , 1| l r i . ' | L

U S I N GE N G I I S H T O H Y P O T H E S I Z T
A h y p o t h ( : ' i sl s n t c n l a L i v { lrr r ) l ) o s i L i o nt h i l f c t o l v c s . I r n ) i ) l ( n ro r d n s w c l \ i l
. lhcoLvis n ht|othcsjs lh.l is gcn(r.ll)' .(crl)Lc(l Howcvfr.
s c i c n l i f i cq L r c s l i o nA
l , rvs c (ill r L c r c h i n g c . l ) l - v
l h c i \ ( ) r ( 1 sr q , ( t / , . t r ' r. r x i / / ? r ! r ' r ' i 1 (l f c q L L e n L L
T h c l o l l o w i n g n f c c x : l n l l ) l r so l h y l l o l h c ! ( s l | 1 ) n rl h c ( i ( t i n g :
/?t,ll.tlrct.tl objects fall with a speed proportional to thcir
,1fr.\Ir,rld'J

wci8h1.
Thc natural slats of an objcct is ro be at rcst
and a forcc is necessary to keep an objcct in
motion.
lhc h!Polh(sisilsclli\ rl\tafs
NoLcrhil allhouglrir rruf nIt)cnrwilhin ir scrrtrrrrc,
or. (lllcslLoLl
()1
l|ngnlclrl
n
scnlcrrrc
in the Ji)nn . ror\\l)lclcscnlc|r.r.,,.t

C.i/i/{,.)'r
/rBxr.,J.\: All bodies lbll at cqual ratcs.
II an object does not meet with resistance,it
will continue to movc at a conslant speed
even if no force is applied.
M o n h y p o l h c s c sn f c s l i r l e dj r r l h c p r e s c r r sl i r l l ) l c l c r r s c . . l l h o t r s h i L i \ l ) o s s i t r l cl t )
h y | o r h c s i z c . r b o L r l\ ( r n r c r h i n gl h n t h i r l ) p c r r c (itr r r h c p . \ r o f w l l l h r I l ) c r r i t h c
l i r r L r r cS
. o n r r l i r c s n h y l n r l h c s i si \ c x p f c \ \ r ( l i \ i p r c t i j . l i o r r ,L r s i | l gl h e l t r t L L ' lcc n s c
w i l h r 1 , / / /T. h c m c n n i n g i s l l r c \ n n r c a s r l l h c f r e \ c r r ( l c r r s c n f f r t r \ ( o . s . y r r U
v ) m c l h i n g . l w n y s h n I l ) c r r l 1 \ l h c t . n r c : r s l ) r c d i r l l r r g1 h . r li 1 \ ! i l l h , r I l ) c r r .

'(06t ur olrlsulSurqlv iq
plroM iLIl Jo uorlnrllB rLIl ol lqSnorq su^{rdrroor srqt Jturl rlnlosqe ro IE:)rolr
pup DPdsrIII 'rttln snql'AIuJrqJlprlu!l oqr ^Jllurpl
s!)r)ql 1r^rtDIr.r
sr ,Llotloru
plft)/ oolDrrlp nDrqJlp e rl )srr^tun rqr lo lled riq()Lre ur iJullr^Brl lroiue
e uo pirrnrro
rng pilrid(lPq rl iruI rql rrrsribi plno^{ que, )10 uo srsolr:)lrs'.rLlls
L()!soldx,LrpJlzt)rrjor s! lrll q)tllM uopuo'l !r! 'N r 00:9 pur-is.lriJuv so'l u! 't{'v
oo:0J Lrrql sl lt ,{lll IroI ^4rN u! r1jir00il lc sulScqrlueS llPqlfi! B tsoddlls
all sl a!\lll rvHM

rr! ,foiqr ro slsiqlulirl oqr iulpopun

'LldPriluiudilulMoll([ rLIl
'4dt,t6b,todv u! slsatlrodtHD 6u!/I!uapl

'lorilsiloll)
'JsDqJ 's8t3
ittqJ
olullloJ
l)Lto
llt-islt"'JLu
'slJultn lr.)Jll Jsllu) lllilllu
t^lsstrxS
lorilsiJl(xlJ .JoslLrrlotur?
'u,Murqrlrqt ol
IEl()luodord
tou iril^ $nllrq rllrll isrlr?JJqDlrllx) tluortq tAPq ^errr$ngsoulc
'uJuq Lrptunq
rlll
olrql r)iirLrlslrlL'rqi^uq sislo(lnxi puu 'sullldl(D 'stlpq^^ 'sllrutJdrJti)uos

q
! /
q
0 9

. si)ild.,o suotllltuolu! pipoldxo

'iupol)srJAIrIIl
ill] Lr!tultslxJ.4iiiui plr! rilt0or iLlt IIPijltlltlultro)
'll3J
p
u)qM
o,'iu
sjrlii
uollllq
Jllus{I)
8l troqLi oroq slM Dsri ILn iql q
'zz6l tll i.ll!stuil srnloiD
tqqv'lr0l)llsor.qlPor UPI:ipg P Iq Prsodoidrs.rlJsr"'M,(rorql illrsg:jlg itll lr g
'rulrlqrrt) iql sl olerq
Ir.Joup(l l$:jlel )ql, q
'uluiq rqlJo ipls
lrl iL0 Io rrorlrl|lll P rq ()1lq:lnolll sl iilcniiup'l D t
'rniipld rql
su qjrrs 'sJstJsrprrlPlr)J lr.),ljtol P)sn rL).n)lsnlu 's)tv Jlpprw iql iiuJrnc q
'ss.lrlti^)lli)].{eturlsntu.josJ(l^lululr):) c !
.

sall)l

llrrr.)t|p lp IIut or srrrlqo srs|!]) rPltl nlDlrLrl)rroJ IFIU E rq ieor )rrql q

'0
'srr\lcrj Lrcqlr)lsr+
z
IIEJslrou
's.rcts
pJPl\3
,{Ptusprtg ro
.{q
uouulltllr
rlJrl
Lll
.q
r(t
uns
.ql
Lrolrlrfi{
iur
Jo
'rrlltolrc01..r.'l(lill() Llrl)rlslPrLr!uu luJuJ^oru
s! oollPrSrwY'l
Jo
luuosP:)s.qr
'srs
0odlq P prr)prsuorrq uur rPqr ro JLtr)rDrrpuror srlt.l
-Lrrs.tosrrcdrsillr lo qrDr ur q ro p rlJlrf, saruawdsw sasaqtod[H6uttIt] apl
gs SurzrsJqtod,{H

56 Hypolhesizing

Ptobability
Hypotlrcscs
arc oftcDcxpressc(l
wilh woftlslhat jndjcalclhcif tclltalivcDa(ufc
or unprovcnstatus,
Thcscwords.fcvcryintl)orlanl.
To say,'lhcrcis lilc otrJLtpilcr',
is enrirclydiffercnrfronl sayinil"Lhcrcmay bc lilc on.lLrt)ilcf.,,
ln rhc li)llorr'ing
lisl, fie Iirsr sentcDcc
probibililyrnoslslroully ar(l cach rLrccccdin!
cxprcsscs
sentcncccxpressesi1 sliglrlly lcssslrcngly,
There ls life on Jupiter,
There must be life on Jupiter,
There is probably life on Jupiter,
There may be life on Jupiter.
There could be life on Jupiter.
Thre miSht be life on Jupiter.
It is unlikely that there is iife on Jupiter.
It is impossible for there to be life on Jupiter,
There is no life on Jupiter,

Identifyitlg Probabiliry. There arc many ways rLrcxprcssprobabitily.Circle rhe

word nr h ord\ thiI lnJ(.Ic prnl'.rL.rlily
i e.),tr ,.r lh..c .c,I,cr.,...
I Ligh!

1rllravel in wavcs.
@
2 . The accumulalionof carbondioxide ir fic air is bclicvrd lo bc warnin! lhc
earth to a clangerouslevel.

'15?1a1put2
2u!utDnat
'llddrat'pttp')ttddr't2tllttqtott
tsu)l:))
ahD4r'atD^LtrDat
Dluaa"L'pnp0t.13t
'tlltLptar'4ol]14111,1r
rpntJut setduexa 'sqD^ Mru uooJ ol sqrr^ qsrl8ull rJtJro
^uEmor p:pppeq,{pu -3t 'AFe:rIutS'lulrtj,,,tu,A o,rBuruErur)r,r^1, = atu + -).t
'eldrupxrroc r!\oui ro,{ sqrr^ rrqunu rqr rsErrlrr ,{ilse^up r/r, SUDJrLL.I
Jo
x[Jrd rql ]eqr SulMoul tsnf irelnqp)o^ rno,i pupdxa,{llerr8 oslp lnq sp.ro^\,Mru
,{Jlilrcpl
oo,{dlcq iluorou IIrMsupd pro^\ral{lo pue saxU dlo.SprlMorrl y

dutntng [.hJfiqoxo\

s'r'rrts DNtqvau

sDlnd!u0)crv I
aplro^lrLIl punor! insnpul SLrlzluoltnlo^rj
plloM rql Jo Lrollelftkxl .qt st /
arler snoDlJlrDp! tp SulsEc.rrlrl
zaJcqdsoLutP
Jql ol Ir\tLuJurl
slrolsoldxr
;)q)st 9
tsJlreJIlllu ruo4lnolleJo^rtJsolpsi
Jrlt iiv'g
zLllrztJql.lo iJeFnsiqt uo iJul^ouro ijulllrp stLrolr0r()J
i)rv t
asrlxuleijilulpoldxr /ilturlol^ srusr?nb
s)plt s,Ln?r)o
iL0 rrv '
zLlliuiiqtJo uollulor)qt ijLrlMols
)rlt rJV 'z
aDLrltxrijlrl(uo)rq !ulrlf Lrlsr?puP(l
isnol]Lri.rjn,,)qt sl l
zqt.IPiino nul(uru,\/r,,I).]JJa
'^tol)q sr)uil0rs rlcd luu trlt
Jo
Jo UrinPd iLIr ilulMollol )q plnor)o'irq t4litu'tq tfu&/'rqtrr&/ t)LItl.rqll.^4sr)Lrilu)s
i)tPInturol ,4 0t q.ra^Jrll rltr^ pJsn,{llllrnDi{ E slupor!)s)LIt'nultlil )ulllrilrs ol
'sriqto
qrnur E s,{)^uo)rfl?/4lupolu)qJ p/ror puD
rLF
ueltt,{lllrqeqordjrSuorts
'nlljlut'A:wutsnu slt2poLlr
rlltJo rsn Jql qtrM pJssrrdx, )q,{eu ^trlrquqord sqrJ^
ilpolu lprlr sqrr^ ,.terlrxneJo dnoril p arp slppoW tt! qbqordlo slttpovt6ulsn
'nPpol p:IuPrrpun
Jo
i-ru luql sip^\ ur JlErrr pup ullrsrp ol rlqp.q

rM srrlndruor ',{ e)

orqt

nea
rrlnl0,{qr rtuos Lrrilllltrprlllor pup ilurpuedxi sr rsrJ^run Jgl trqt rlqrss(xlsr tl Z
t , ' . . r . ' ( , . r t r t o r \ r r t D | J . , r l r\ 4 J U .l , s r r c , \ r , n
HurplrEdxrrq ot srp:rldprvJ^run .]qf

'{retlpJraqsl ilrsiqo lcl0 srsJSSns

qrrLjJsar
luJrru:) ' b
's.r!lsLro.rt|.ullurLrrr(lstrtprderrq or slsnuJrrsrllros iq lqijno4 rrp srpslnd ' (
t<

Butztsrqrod^H

58 Hypolhesizing
I k ) w c v c r , a w . r l l i n g i s r l c c c s s a r yl i r r s L u ( l c n l so l E r r g l i \ hn \ . s r ( o n ( l l n l r s u . l g c
ManyEnglishwor(lsLrcgilrwilhlhclelters,fbulrr)llhclrctir,-f.su(h.s:,fn)rrn,
rtvolv., rcj(t, reJlc.t,rctin, rdllrjc, rcr.rL'., rdr. tLth,tavrdl, 1.Jir, a,.Ld,-r./rr.dlrllcr(sri D g l y ,i r l r h o u g ht h c r ( . r ( n l a r ) ' v r c h v c r b j , r h e y o l i c n ( o r 1 . 1 i nr h c n r c . n i n g o l . ' 4 n , ,
o r n r c p e a r c d. c r i o l r , a \ i \ r r u e o l r . r T r ' x , l ] r . 1 i l , f v i d r , 1 . t h ( . r t t t 1 l ,r l r r j t b t t , a n t l

P r e f i x : t r a n s ' . S l L r d yl h t i o l l o w i r l gl ) r c l i x a n d l h c n t o n r l ) l c l ct h c l c n t e n ( c \ t r t l ( ) w
u s i r g . d i c l i o n a r yi l n c c e s s d r Y

Ldr?r-: over, across, beyond, through

translucenl-allowir'g liSht to pass through
l. Metal and woo(l irrc ol)aqtrc;Ijlnssand w a\$ atr t!!1Jg4494!-2 . Marin docsno1spcakEnglish,s o y o t | w i l l h a v ( l o / , ' d l , J
lor hcr.
I

a bkxxl
Thc hosl)ilnlpalicrrtrL'ccilc(l
i r l . fidio.r plillcsLhcsiUlralwithout
L r s i n ga v a c r l l , l nl ( l b c .

5 . S o L l n di s l , r r l r j

irr w.vcsi il c.tlrlollr.vcl ln()Ll8lr

in his
1oanorhcftluivcrsilY

7 . Mrny livcsarc sivcd bY ki(infY

lroln orrcpclsoD().rrolhcr'
8 . Light cr)ergycan bc r,d,r.\

vocabularyin corl?xr. Circlcthc lcllcf of lhr nnswcrll].lLbclt nr'llchcslh(

word ls it is Lr\ctlin c.ch ol lhcscscrrlenccs'
lnca|lirg()1thc ilaliciTcd
thal orLrlhcorywa! corrcct
rc,r7i../
l Thc rcsullso{ lhe extrcrimcnt
n. clispr{)vcd
U) Pn'vctt
onc hour l() nll(nvlrnrclor qucslrolrs
2. Thc lcssonw.s ,rxl.rrd.?
lr' shorlcDcil
a. lenglhcnc(i

'JUo slql Lreql.{llPrrHololttlril

prrLIr^PPrroru r(l
tunru.) rxrlr rLIl lPql ilunsse ol /r,!0/ s! ll 6l
IIrM
rrcrlPredis D
uorleulqurcJ 'q
'Lrr3,{xoplru rrrilorpirlJo srsr4/r,(s
rqr iq pilru([ rq uPr ri)leM 8l
prillreq) e
fr^o.rdur !
'I! opir ot puLIr/\^ pue llrJtulr)dx. .ql
iqr /rart, illplturlq oql zI
Jo srlrlso.r
Prllrld u
l)illsn(i q
'rtl!^ iU iluolu lpoqllEs,ql prrr.ldrd pu!^/rt\l
9l

qrosqe q
llo i^!n e
!ru JLll sJtrlllodrlJlq^{ JplxouoLulroqiu) lr.ix, sJllq(xLlolllv < I
iltllsn P
tllrl^os 'q
'lllq rqt dnisr )rn qsnd ol i.3r.ui.r1o
rirllrrrr rtur.)tsil ol ppLIrM tl
llu
iulrliitr 'r-i
rLilniJilrl q
'lunbrrr! sipls
st Plp(rtLrllutlet\J!!f iqlJo uiilsiP iql (I
llc lt0t!.tttuuu/is
iltrol]s !
IgnlD o
'p<rrrrlr4JriM srllr]it oMl JLI]rsncJiq rl)lerll poo:i 0 sgM itllud lllqlool tqJ zl
pr iiDslp q

PiirSLj

'stroll0Dtdxr r!rLF LIIJ^^

trr.trr'/srol
nDA llrrlull.)dxi iL0.lo sllllsi.r irll isrloJJq ptsDtFl tri,1 riliqJloJsJl iql
II
dl\$t()llPlrl u
iJltulslp q
'J ot s!r.lP^ Lrl Lriil^xo ol lriiio.lPiq
z
Jo to4Ja,/orri rLIl 0l
u
isliAJJ q
l)rllo)
'riPro
lr-i)lliquq(lll" ,rlrnrj ul prlsll Jrr?\ sJlucll ,sltliPrls Jtll 6
(ll]i)o r.l
Ipoq q
'quoJ L() Jjrrr pLrr-)l
lstiJrul ilql dll Jllrlu PItv P!l! Jdoln! 8

)nu c
nurqqN'q
'rr0.,/rl,Iq lrro rrroMt,li),4sJlll Jllqoluonru
JqI z
(l11tDl',r,]rl\ q

'lllquMop prlrlls rr rrrtl^^

/.r/r'l.lr.rj, I)rul iql

^lr^llrD P
,(lr^orPr|rl
'runrlL'J
Prrr riqlei4i l(\ Iq prsnuJse^{r4rrrr srH !
'sl\od

I)^)l 'r
sr rrnl)Illrs )ql f
/r.rrDr rnol Lron"u!ls).r

'srlrlor ls.^ -lsPi ilPrlpur dettl :)\1 t'o s)ull/rlrazuaI

.LlI

6g ButzlseqrodiH

60 Hyporhesizing
Fitlditrg Main ldeas
A goodway kr rcadany tcxrbookis ro brackclor highlighllhc topicsenrcDcc
ol cachparagraph
or section.
Latcr,lo rcvicwrhenlalcrinli)f a tcsr,you only necd
1o read rhe topic scntcrcesfor a \Lrmnraryof all rhe nraiDpoiDli.

Re^ditlg
Puisquarcbrackcls
arcundthc r(Dicscntencc
otcvcryparagraph
in lhc toltorving
passage.
Notethal hcrc lhe topicscnrcnccs
are LrsLrally
Iirrlndtowardlhc crr(lsot'
the paragraphs
because
thc infornlali(nr
buikls!| lo a conclusiou.
Newton Explains Motion
studic(imotioD,ir was lhe grenrSir lsnacNcwr(nl
[etrhoughmany s(ic'ntists
r\,hoformulalcdlhc lhcoricsol nlorior'1,
vcriJying
and cxrcndin!thc ra[lierwork
of Calileoand Cofefnicus.]NcwtonnudiedhorizonLal
and vcriicalnrorirn.
Firs!Ncwloltsrudiedthc qualiryof inerlin,of lhe rcn(lcncyol a L)odyro fcsisl
changein its shlc of mori('r or dirc(rioo.A lcDnisball, Ibr cxarnplc,hirslirrlc
incnia;it is easyto get i1$ ntove,slop,or (hangcdircctiotr,
A trucL,on thc olhcr
hand,hasa glcatdealofincrlia,New(rt conclr cd tlrala l)(xly.l rcstwill fctrraitr
ai reslrnd thata bodyin nlolbn will rcn)aitrin nloti(rtunlcssson.rc
outsi(lcli)rcc
actson il. Thisplinciplcis calledthc law ol inc ia,or Ncw()r)'slirsrlaw of r)toliorr
But Ncw()t's curiositywas nol satislic(I.
Hc wondcrcdwhal causcsa chaltgc
in nrorion.Why docsa bodyal rcstbegir)ro nn)vcor a Lrodyill nrotionchangcils
direcriolr?
He dcrermincd
dtal if a bodyis at rcsl,no li)r(cis .cringoD irr horrycvcr,
whcr)a fo(e actson a body,lhc forccwill sl)ccdup, sk)w(lown,or changcthc
direclionol lhal body.
Morcovcr, Ncwt(rt dhcovcrcd that thcrc is a relati(nlshif bctwecn li)fcc at)d
accclc6lion.lfyoupusha swiDggenlly,il willrnoveslowly.Ilyolr puslrit ha|licr,
il will!o faster.
Newtor)Dorcdlha!ilyou discounltbc fictiorl involvcd,tbc anl(nrnr
ol lbrcc is direcdyrelaledto the amorin! ol accclcralion.
The accelcration
is alsorelalcciro rhe massol thc objccL.Mass,whi(h is thc
quanlilyof malleriu a body,alsodctcfrnincs
the aDnruulol incniaaDobicclhir.
A rruck has a grealdealol nass,a bicyclchar nluch lcss.Il you usc an cqLril
amounrol Ibrcelo pusha bicyclcnnd a lr6ck,lhc bicyclcwill go lnuchf;rslcfrhan
lhe lruck.Thc largerthc mass,the lessrhc acccleralior.
ln hcr, rhc .ccclcr.llion
ol a body is inverselyproporriorallo ils mnss.Newton'sn'condlaw of |r(ni{rr
stateslhal lhc acclerationol a body is direclly rclaledlo lhc lbfcc ircliDgon il rrd
proportioDalto
inversely
ilsmass.
Thedireclionol lhc accelcralion
is in rhcdircclioll
of lhe appliedforcc.
Finally,Newton explorcddle qlresrionol lhc solrrceol lbrcc. Hc olrscrvc(tihil
dre forcc acling on a body comcsfronl anolhcr body. BL lhis kic. by ilsclf w.s
noi consislentwith his view ol a balancedand synnnerricalLrnivcrsc.He lhcrcfofc
concludedlhal whenevertherc is a forceplrshingin one dirccti(rr,lhcfe is nnorhcr

JBupqrlsrsrr ol ,{poqe Jo lruJpu Jql st prurut 't

'enrrur ^\pl rql sr ^^el prtrp s,uolMrN
t
Jo
'Iro^^ s,rrolMrNuo prsPqrrJM sPrPrsioJlne) ' a
'lsrrJrq1 seM LrorMJN',rrououl
PJrplllssrsuurrtrs,.iuEtt'qStloqrty r

'c^o(lr-'riiPssedJql ul uonPuuoJulrqt ol BurproJ]u({) esleJ

ro (J) rrlrl
sl scJ ilLrJsilLrlMolloj
iqt Jo qJccraqlJqMJleJlpul 'orlptt a& a4! 6u!publsr apun

'sJei',^
prlpunq oMl roJPIroMurrls)M rLIrJoilurlurl0 lErlldosouqdpue 'lP)ltllo(I'lPl)os II
osle rnq pFo^{ r$n(rrs rLIl ,{lln rolr p)rlr:)llun! s^/rEllernleu r(liip.ro'lsrlSol ol
iJLllp.ror)e
slrclDu|UJsrJ^lu )LIt lpql tdiJuol clll uoltoru lenrozlJoqpue IsJlrc^
qtoq rztsrqllris pLrB:)s.rt^tlrl)LIl ul rriq,4,{ri^i olqerlldd! rre s^'rcls,LrolMiN
'uoJl)rrlp
,llsodcb.ql Lrlsli)I)olillllllrdx)iq uotlrrrtpro piodssll .rotleLrr)ilrrLli^ p'orpds
UI p.llr/\^rotrclror cqr Sulllrdord r)roJ rllsoddo pue lp br R llrxr lrrllt Llrlrl^r
'siscii slildxi tJl)oJ illl Mul slqt uo prseq osle sl IJI)or e
Jo tu nl^orll rLIl
'lsll
pue
UUSUrXrt)ilqo pLrO)rS
Jql',])r(qo pLroJrlrU Lrc
ll UOi)rOJ CtlSOddO
lPnbr
:^Iel prlqt SIq prlPts UOIMaNSrlql alllo JU'M
':)JOJU StJOxiDolqo CUODICLTTLI,4
sr,rt i|qouotnc 0p ^qM ziLult iluol P io, urJLItLroLrDq r^eq no^ riuE noi trnq
rr{ r1o.{op ftlM pLrB'tr1orsr^^ sroqsrnoi op,iq^ 'tiq rnoi lsutpS!lruq qs[(l
t r siop roou Jqt )Lrlqt Do^Jl puv uolt).)rlprtlsoddo rLF Lrlr^ou ot no,{ srsnP)
turll no^ !r(JcJJoJE nulurxi sl IIPMJql llPl .rLFrxo{ EMg) o(u ot lruts no^
'rld!ucxc.r(l'lood
r?JoIIE,l)ql lsulpiJpJJo
qsndnoi u)qM lllilllsrq.{u!u
iiu$ululMs
silqPt
slleM itl)ltsel; ,ql Lltnoqlle'tuitxi iuns ot )ltsPI.)rP slelritPuIllu
PUE
Jo
istrr.').rqc)roJ P lr)x) LU-)J
n)rlqo ilqPl P lsulgiiPll ssird ro.{ Lr Il4 JJruu rno,{ ol
suiddull lEqn ))ltorr oslv no,( uo l)pq ilulllnd ll Ir.T llr^'!uo,{ pup pupq Ji)qllnr
! uo n^Lrrltu(l
.{rrruq'rlrlBolur()1llrlrrrlrprq,{Erut(ir ror slql IrEq Sl rlsndr)joj
'no^ uo arol allsoddopuB
'lle/$e qsnd no^ uaql^
l3nbeue suxe l!

I9

Srrzis)r|odiH

62 Hypolhcsizing
5 . A n y c h a n g ci n n r o L i o ni s p r o d u c c ( lb y a l o r c c .
A c c c l e r a l i ( ) li s f r o p o n i o D n l r o n r a s s .

l . T h c d i f e c t i o n o f a c ( c l c r i l i o n i s o | l ) o s i t c 1 { )l h c ( l i r c c r i { ) n( ) 1l a r . c .
P u s h i n go f f n g a i r s l l h e s i { l eo f a s w i n r n r i n r | o o l i { . 1 r tc x . I r t ) l c o l
N c w L o D ' ss c c o l r dl a w .

9 . N c w ( ( D b r l i ( v c d l h i r l l h c u r ) i v c r : , ci s s y r r l r r ) c r f i c .i l n ( l L ) i r l . n c c ( i .
l o . f \ \ r ) , . l i ' . r , r r , \ i . r . ( ' , I r ( , t r . . r.1r r . l " t ' , r ^ r r , r \ . \ ' i , , I
l t . A r o c k c t f u D c t i o D so n t h c p r i D c i p l co f d r l i ( n r n r ( l r ( a c l i o r 1 .
t 2 . According 1{)Newt(n, yorr sln)er wcirr out lr(causc yor.r.fc
wcaringlhe w(Dtj Lrrand.
13. NewloD'sidcasinflucnccdrvorldthinkiugin licl(lsoLhcrrh.|r

LISTENING SKILLS
vocabulary in Cohtexl Circlc thc lct('r oi lhc nnswcf lhat L)cstnralchcslhc
in cachol Lhctescnlcnccs,
nrcaningof thc ilali(izcdwoKi as it is r,rscd
L Gravilykecls lhc nnx)rrirr ils o,-rirrr)un{l lho onflh.
(O) |ath
b. positi(rr
afc slill spd(r/dtili,
abootthc origirrol thc univcrsc.
2. Scicnlisrs
a. rhir)king
b. cxfcrinrcrrlin8
ol tlrcca h'sr/1rvir.r.
l. Obicctslall downwa bccausc
b, nr()vcnrcnt
a, pull
rrooD.
4. Thc p()lcsmrwas alwayson timc and bcganlhc lc(lurctr.'cilii'A,at
l). cxactlY
a. .lpproxinratcly
lf('m day l(' (lay.
5. Yourwcight vdrieJ
a. chaDges
l). irrcrcnscs
6. Asrronaurscxpcnenccr,.grrlesrrs$ whcn travclirrltiu sp;rcc.
L lrur rrr,,
., In v\.irhr
7. Thc fdld/ivradvanLlgcsofcoppcr and silvcr wifc wcrc sLu(lic(l.rr(l
ir. conpararivc

L).jmponnrl

8. Ncwlonrrlcrrrcdthc sizcof lhc plaucts.

a. compulcd
b. rcpoacd

'strr^!Jq.)ql
u
r
l L r . ) L t I J ^ oL
uL
r ro.rl
't"r",lr r"t$.)\ |

\ lr rt lr )L'\i I

li.lr tr

"r",t

'rrrrl)rt
.
\
t
r
u
r
r
r
o
r
r
L
'
u
u
(
4
u
i
q
r
r
o
l
i
'
u
r
p
r
o)! (i) i)slq ro (./) )nrl
sl sirrlrru)s nrllr\oll(f )qr Jl) rt)t.r r tlrqr\ rrurtt)rrt
np27 )41 Uutpullts.rdpun

'isrJrrx.
rLIt
rlilruor
or
srll)u
Inol
;)sn
rxrlr
u)ql pue,,',{tt^P.r5
rqr llur,{rqo,,irnlrrt i)rltot oJrsrlrotr sp sJroLr
r:{pt
I() ML'_I
' 10 Jlu^'t
tr

"uru

sr pjo^^ c jt i(tlr^ .'c truuJ.rp nol sp.()Mto surnr piuauoqsisn Allro :.rroN
OzH/^{ xlur
%06
LU8I
llEur

'rJnp

rJrP^{ qrIM xtru

luorrod Itrutu
rusr8 ouo
elllrnp puP elqeellPw

'su()llul^i.r(l(le si(nlLl|^\
r\n
1)0u
ssard solule
lJe tuerl)
l^ oul !)s

eJnsseJdJueqdsorulP
r^|r)P IIIe)lLuoq)
cSprl^ oul )lJllurlrs

iil|ol ! to l'lc(lrs.rlt
,)ql Iluo l.rM I
l).ro^\
rill Iuur slulLln"!r^\olr)t)rl-l_'riNl
r!r)Llt
il)i)lrrt)(!r)rll
l
l)pq
l)c)i
l)l|!,
rtl.rr\LrD:r
nol \L' tiuol sP Ll^().rno,l,)snlLnlt nol r o Pr^Jrqqu
^1oltl
l).rPful,lr
ot ^.russi))i)u,drl
sr tl sLrol!r^i.r(lqu
rlo(lLUlrsL)IIJ^1srJrP.roMnuol lo sr!r.rol
l)UrJ
)sI or srstrlr0l) ol .{ua1
P)(|,)r.roll\
l)(x)ii ro .(l)rnl) irr.r^ t\nru I0,{'rn)trrrLlI
'rlr(xl
uo
lunu.IUDuo:)
rlrq,\,\
Ur
ur,is
rrll
rstr
r!
!iLrrqtitUos
rtrrM pLr!n"Lrrrlt
rLrool u)tsrllr)rruu.).rJIL'irls
)irl
J^I]puL)u)^3 n_Lrlstl!!r
noi 1!qr$ur(xlnrL'uoikur
ijurljDru
rq ,{!rufuD iiUr)lDlllrl{sr rotrnnEUr
rLll'tirrrtrrM
).rPuor(rtrqM IPLIrsr urrlq()r(lliiqr IL )lsLrr
SLIiuillDrp! sr srn)u iiurlpl

s;)ijul\'rl
ll I lrrf rr,{'rrr t r' l .r, .f

u r u o o u 'r q l r ) \ r M

.,nrrri)ltrPq
'Prlr(t(ioLUiq
rlrl'\)sDrsrpUr!lr.r)pUU,{rnrirrLI
ur)^rlrq

ll

UOrl).)Lllro) !,
r.r,r/irrrdr P sr )rJLlI ' { l I

puPs q
luJ.rlllr uD)ro f
L I r D r )qq l u r o , sljrq\ ris iqr prqrPM.rl,/r
rql
f9

Surzrs)qtodiH

64 Hypothesizing

2 , Planelsarc hcld in thcir orbits by the forcc of gravily.

3 . Your masswould bc diffcrcDloD Mar$.
4. Astronaulsweigh lcsson thc Dtoonbccnusclherc arc no goo(i
restauraDls
lllcrc,

5 . Aslronalltscxpericnccweighllcssl)css
whilc tl..rvclingin sl).1(c
bccausethey arc loo far from lhc graviLrti(nlalpull ol lhc enrlh ol
lhe moor,
Newton calculatedthe rclalivc wcightsof (hc planctsby studying
their gravitationalpull,
7. Thereis a strongcrforce of altraclkn Lielwcelttltc slln nn(i lhc
canh than betwccn lhc eardl and lhc moon.
8 . The ocean'stidesare caLlscdby cclipses,
9. Yqu cannol feel thc gravilatioral pull bctweenyolifscll and lhc
personsillinli rexl lo you becauscil is lio wcak.
1 0 . The law of graviayis univcGaland applicscvcfywhcre.

j.r\

irP lrqr rrolJq rolprlr rlll rtErs ol siurpnts rrnbrr plnoqs slooqrstpql rq lq3rur
rrorsnpuotrrlo^ loLri^!q oq^\ rsorll ueql Iooqrs ut rrneq op slPot leuorss{ord
.ritl lrs r^eq oq^! noepnts tpqr rJdEclrno,{ Lrlaletsnotr rsoddns'aldurexJlol
'Lr.
tr^^ r^pq noi reqMJo i.ueJU[r8rs JLIIsJlPlJrlPql luJnrrtels HLrrDnlruo)
P rlrr,r 'IllDurJ uotl'ldo rno,{ ro] suoseJrr^r3'sr lEql ,sls.qtod{rlrllt uoddns
plrroqsqdurBerBdrLIt lo lsrr III Duolu.s rtdot rnoi sr srsorllod,{qiqJ nrrrod
Lrotssnrsr(I
rql ur P)tEInulor s.srqrcd,{qrLItlo.rro uo prsPqqdPrSPrPd
c rlpM
uocnpuoJ

It t4trltfi 4dDr6orod e 6u!t!l/A

'l/osr,r.r -/q/prr! tlllt .'tt1trr.qos Itltonhsltor ')tu)tl 'tu!]

sr4l
lo
'unsr)1.t
PiJurru/\^r(l
spI()MLIo!rsLrDrl
st4t.ttllInfirD$ '.).rdl.r.r.)rl
rpnpur LrorsnlJrror
ao| r)prrr rLlt pllroqsl0q^{ art tnoqP.oop.q ucr ruq^{ zi)^Pqrl llt^^
iqr PIrx
t)ijji lurl^{ ztrrutro(hur
tr sr,{LIMLT)IuMseMruqMJoi)ruuruluiJls
'turod rrlpurJqt !rorJ ttr)raJJlpiq lotr iulu fuPLLrLulls
Mr!^rr or L()lurruoJul
.ql rTlrurlrrrns z
u'rr(lu(ltioqsoLrt lr ,{JrDl).I{)
'rJLrrtuJs
Jl(iot ll
DL0aletsiU I
liLItl.rM)j
ro NrrlsL',rrl(iu,rud
si^lo^ulslq-LsrsDq(hLrJ.r0t
turo(lLlruttr
rilurMoll{)li)!lt Jo i)Lroop lprr| i)rlritrris ijulpnl)u{)) V rrqlutru
-i.r
notrri^ilprlM rullro)
trolsnpL().)
iql 'in)lil)q,L
ot
,ripui.r
)u0M
l)
Plllotls
't)udrrrllsiil(roIsirll surlsnrll
Jql ot lraAIijtLliinoql
l)rrD.lJpr.r)r
Ieullitlt sl lr )snu)aq
t!rutio(hursrrorsnl)uorv,{|(ltuqr.rillrtPu,rsnllopu,)rsuluolsnl)!rorpi^uqPlno
ill l)nl)(ro)o rrnbrr t{)Lr
sroPqdur:Jui!d
ri)(lp(lriiiool u luq 'r!r;)(rilurs
uorls V

6uulJi4
suolsnlzuoJ
S11I>IS9NIIIUM
'rcu
rllq^\',{llsDl)
op
sr)qlo
p ttrroJ
spLrrr.u
rIL'ruol ru)rs \tLr)pr!s.u()s,{11/,!\
rrrL,ldxJ
ot srsJqt(Xllq
'lsrt ! rrotP)rlr
llrM's{u^\
rrqro rll ls)lloqqijnoqtlD'nLrrplrls
luos trqMUrDI(ixJ
ot srsrqnxltrq
c rurot
'rrurrl
pJr({\iqr urqr r)rs|JoHsr)^up,{Lrpl!r
fut^\urut(ixror rrsrqrftitrqc Lruol ' s
'sre)Iaql
ur llt)q rurt.r!r^{rou oP.ldord JtuosIqM ulet(lxiol slsrql(Xl,{q
P ujoc t
'looq)s
p ruroc ' t
Jo lno (lorp\lurprrs ru()s trqMureldxJol srsJtJlocl,(q
'sir_nrP
qtr^rruituIl)dxr rlLr)pnl\oluos,{q^\r]ruldxJol srsrqnxl,(q
e uuol ' Z
'lleJ',(llllqc
'sri)qrotlrLl^,r
lcnbi qlrM
Iro^{
'I
I(x)qrsrrJLItrrr pJ))r]s stu)pnls rurcs lqM rrrcldxr ot srsJqnxilq p uuol

slNrod Norssn)sIc
Sa iurTrsrqrodAH

Hypothesizing
(r rsr'irr(h rr'lrl\r\(
dJmilttll.Or yuu mi!:lrr{rAsc\l lhJl lhi\ 'uL'i((l rr(((l\ Irrnl
Y"rr r)rrSlrl
v('rrrhVnr'tl(si\i: lhat \lutl(rrl\ lnkc tLrrS\l\1'1rr\(rrI l\1r I'r(\sLrr((lrrg5
ro changcthc alti{ude ol young pcopleloward
i rn.t,ri" rttut *"
"""4conclutli|g slalcmentallswcrsc/rdof ll'tcscqucsli(nls:
your
Be surc lhat
t.
2.
L
4.

t\ lry ir yuur hyPolh!.isirrrln'rlarrl'

What cllt.r will ir hrvr?
What can bc done abo l il?
Whal shorld the readcrdo?

L9

-_:r

'possnrs!pSulaqs! leq^
Jo slderuoJlu rJJrp're
tql uf,q/!{ln)ro s8ulpuPtsropuns!l^t
sllqrrer$I Itqlo iq poolsrep!ntre iaql
ns alPru lsnll.|slsltlrolJs/lu)urllpls raqlo ro slssrllodiqs Sullelu llaqM
NOII)N(IOUINI

[6nug

tup;yaq
g raldeqc

A definilion answers the queslion, "what is i1?" sometimes a deliniiion is

necessarybecausea word or concepthas more than one meaning. For example,
wherhcr carbon is a mctal or nonmetal dependson how yoll deline carbon Al
oiher t;mes, a definilion is required becalrsca term is being uscd in a spe(ial
way. For examplc, physicisis use thc lerms lL,otftand erfltu, in ways thal are
more specific than thei( common meanings. A dclinition should be complete
enough !o include all thc items in the calegoryyet narrow enough to eliminate
irems that do not bclong. The Greek philosopher Plalo oncc defined man as a
two-lcgged crealurc that has no fealhcrs.His critic Diogencs lcfl the room and
brought back a bird withoul fealhcrs, declaring, "Herc is Plat()'sman!" The
problem with Plato'sdefinition was that it did no1distinguisha man Iiom
other twolegged creaturcswithout feathers,Communicalionbetwccn researchers
is dcpendenl on prcise definilions of substan(es,conccpls, processes,and
ideas.

Short Reading
to lind dcfinitionsfor as nranytypcsof cncrllyirs
Readthc lbllowingpassagc

TheManY Fortrlsof EneryY

Ellcfgyis thc abilityto do work.whcu a hammcrslrikcsa nail,i! cxcrlsa l(ncc
haslhc .l)ilily
on thc nnjl tlrat(auscsit to nlovc.Thc novenlcDlof thc harl)rlrcr
l(ilrclic
(lo
wc
call
kilrctic
crrcrgy
has
li)rnl
ol
cDergy
lhal
work aD(lthcrcfore a
lo
molion,
cncrgy is lhc crlcflly of
ol
ol ils nrolior bul alsoLlccause
An objcctInayhavccDcrgynot only becausc
wour
it
is
sloriDg
waLch
spriDg
is
,
whcn
a
its Dosili r of shapc.For examplc,
it will do lhc work of nlovirrglhc harrdsof
cncrgy.When lhis cucrgyis rclcascd,
polcnlialcrlcrgyPolentialcncfgy
is s()rcd
is
callcd
thc walch.Thislbrm ofeDcrgy
polcr]lial
cnergy.
ol
a
dam
is
anothcf
example
cncrgy.Walc| ilr
chcrnicallhcF
Thcrcarc manylypcsol ki|clic and polentialcncrgy,inclLrding
js
polcnlial
cncfgy
cncUy
and
nuclcarcncrgy.
Chemical
mcchanical,
clcclrical,
nral,
to
be
rclcdscd
gasoline,
waich
llnirlg
rrccds
food,
and
oil.
Jusl
as
the
is
slorcd
in
thal
nccds
lo do rhc wofk ol movingthe hands,thc energystoredi lbod moleculcs
slorcd
i
body,
and
lhc
cncrly
or
subslanccs
in
lbe
releascd
by
cnzymes
ro be
gasolinemusl bc releascd
by lhe sparkplug 1.)do i1swofk ol propellingthc c.1r
Ibrward.Thcrmalcnergylnay bc dcfincdasrhe kinelic crlcflly olnn)lecules whcrr
1o
a subsrnuceis haled,thc molcculesnove fastcr,which calrsesLha!slrb:iLance
lccl hol. Mcchauicalenergyis cncrgy relltcd to the movcrlcnl ol objects Elcclfic
cDergyis cDcrgylhat is l)roducedby eleclriccharycs.Nuclcarenergyis LhceDergy
of cerlairkindsof abnrs,likc urariuln
thal is norcd in lhe nuclcLls

uoloru Jo

Iro^\ op 01

llllqe

,{8rJur
)lrautI

^3reuJ

( rsPrqd lPuonrnr(lij(l
r o . s c ^ l d J ^ l t $ r l l u ! l r u J o u u o J J L l t. l p 1 s J l l s u . l r p r P \ r J q 1 s . u r l t J t | r o s )
',ouatu.lb lut:tla d4t tl r';at)u..lttt|u)t
)lta\ ..p ot t:tltul, r\t st ,lI;.t)|3

stJelqoJo tueue^our
eql ol peleler (sl lPqt)

,{8rau.
Ie)luprl)itu

.-

( prlrl)p rr)rq suq,r.trl,llto'n4 toqt

'rplry'l1
sJLurtJruos
sJltslrit)u,rur,lJ.)Lll)
rl)qM ul isuDl)i^l)ulJ.ru su.rpJ(l(lu
$1140lb tnut.lAo/trtl ot p)Nla.t^fuillr st t\li.Dnl\.\ur\rrt^i
IIo pup'pooJ +
'Ju!losed
u! pJrots s! lpql

iSrJuo
IelluJxoo

ISrJue
lEJIruJqJ

'oqM
)11tlJ Llll,tl
\ ).Qrltr ro

qll^ SulLILrl$q
isnLrt))^nrlJr E sp rDrdllDsrtlst.rrl)erprt)It 'nIurnbrrl)
'tlo
'|loal attUosDll
ut p)ot! !t te4t lli.Dn lt)tlLt)lad (b' lt) tD)|u)rt)
Put
srllslr.Dereq3

+ ssel3 = urrrl

:PInturoJ uolltutJrq
':ti.Junuat,\i)/ 11qtLi
utl)t.4v
u! r e )J.ltrit;
tt)uit"D
.\e LtrDs,l|o pJlrs
y 'sP qtrns 'srllsrr)))P.rPqr
rrJrr).ls pLrP lL,uuo L1y )I{t1.t16
V
p ,rldruDxirorl ssDlrstrJosr)qriul
sPIrc rpnpur Plnoqs{Jerrn"p Jo rrortrlfitrp
Iiql{r ruort uurl rLIl r)P'l{rrrrurptpql s)ltrl'JlrpreqrruD)ds Ir snl(ltur)l D Io
rrollP)rlrssPlrlPrJurit)qtipnl)UrplnoqsLri)rtrurrrppoon^eleqlprlsrlJSnsrllolsr.ry
ANICA(] OJ- HSI'IDNII

)NISN

69 Sulul.lro

70 Defining
Th,rrndlener!! lnd! b( rlctnc(1asthc kineti.tnerlt| oltllr ec lct.
(Thcuseof thc modalol fossil)ilily,7dvindicatcs
thn! rhcfeis nlorc lhnn
oDcway 1()defincs0nlcrhing.)

thcrmal
ener8y

kineli(
enerSy

cn(rlll ts slarcLle erll!

Patenltd!
prcccdcth( class.)
(Sonlelimes
lhc (hrrrclcrislics

enerSy

nergy

(hc tollowingi
N0lEr whcn dclining.rcnrclnbcr
prcsenl
rcquirc1hc
sinple tcnscalld lh(rvc lo lrf.
l. Definitious
bc.ausc
2. Thedefinile.11i(lc,rrc, is usLr.llynot uscdwilh lbc lcfm bcirr!(lclirrc(l
lir cxa|nl)lc.
wc would (lclincd ltiraflc(irr
arc generalstalcnlcnts.
dcfinitions
gcncrnl),not lre gifaflc(a spccillcgirirllc).

Pallerns
Sentence

DEFINING

f r " x ' o n , ' m e ' ) f " ' .i"n"s,r l"u r n e tIr l

lA brrumrrer I
I
'' I J Dp--*
1 condu*i"n I
I" pr.rr
f
LA lahnhLoryJ

lPhysicsI
[A volr ]

[.r

s r u r tI v
'- Irtre
lJ u,,ir J

who
rhnL
bl wh(h
wherc

r(:s
cH^R^cr.nLsr
sPr,crhrc
fstudicsrhr univcrsc.
I
ri! p,($ure.
J rnr.rrur(5
t
lhua' i< rJnstLn(ri
l
arc P(rrol'ne.lJ
IcxperimeDLs

J u r n , a r L e r at nn dt r l y
I t ' t m i r ' u r r n p e t c r t r i .,r...rr,.]
al

.|
It***'].,In,,'r',,*I**,:ll,"i
ll*;t'J [*lt,ili,".J lr,u:;)

'llrrlrrrl)
LrLr
sr
urnrl)PN
I
'snorriiuDph;)^ )rp siolcU.rol
9
Ir,'rlrrLru
luJr D xtrr st Lu()rrrrny !
'srrrJdsrrl0o pur lrrrrrrsorlcH rlppurddp
tuorrpnD
uDsr rfr V .t
Jo
l.)rl(ts (tiJr()ru sr srltrlrlul
'rsuP
'l)rr 'p no' sr.)t(dpUy .a
irlr
rnoqL'pUp
lo,)7rs
'Arorqls,ur,,$req
.)rl tuo)qr u sr ,(rorlll}trlu)r)s v I

u z z r ( l r u r r r r i ^ I r s l q o L I ^ rL r r l r p w D o l i i r t t o r l
s t r r P l ( i x i, , t p i o l p o o i i , . { l l c i rt o r q r ; r l u o ss r ! z r ( l p , , r p q t n _ u r l u sr ^ r r : r r f t l or g .

ir sr leq^ t,usr! tpq^{Mou) rr1 lrql

^{oN rrorrrLrrril)
r.(or(1u L|rrMtr Mo oJ urLIlrng |rpr iJtrorMui^!Ll )l(lo l
Lrllxr sr otLnuolu,, rlrl s oltlLrljip.)^11!n"itr
rsn
IrrrLIrnotrr1i)(1M,,'.lilpr)irJ^
i r n J U o lr' ) u , ^ l u i r lpr l n ( r qU
s o r l r u r j rvp. n r
-Lrlt)pi.ru no,{Lur i(ll orrqlrlnJ rp rrollr ]oLrsr Uo rLrrr)p
)L|lrins rIol,\l
'irItrlror
s)rlripp,,,{rLr1)uoriJL,
r)q^\
s)rlt)L'r(l
juln)jl:)lo i. ?^\rt{
rlosJi(lu sr lsrruouorilu
uu,,))ill turrurlolsv s!oltlrrrJip
:)llDr(l\.)Llj
tprlts) st.t.')l)uruqr
zs)suil.rillto(ro.lJlt )lt?0ltrlrJltl)
J.rL'
tPrlM'qtnou.)x)Usl ,,sciiu st )lrtrotl)u(xl.tu),,
Jst)Ji(lJ!l
lrrlt n_ur,4uS
'!urit
,LrolllULJil).rno,t
ssul)
)rl)
r.)ul(lii
plnorlr,4)rll
loU
Itrl
ol
,sUoll(lt.lr(il)
,s)l(lLltu\!ssflJ
p)lr\1.)ur
iq,{uru s(losl.J(lLUo).to
ll ,tlllrriIl

'lt
plnoM
)^oi(lrur
lroi ^\orlssrrr\rppuu uoltl(rt,)frl)p) rllr^,rn^Uo.r^,\
sl tPq,\\JurlurJlxl slronrurJlrp
uJllu^\ il.tood r()s i.tp iiutMollolplrpsuo tutlJl)
pooiiiiLrr.l^l.lotsrrrllrprniJ
)!uos rro xoq iql !tl l))tsr't tuoutu{ao 6ury to)
',tpoq
tprrsrlrrrrrllouIrrttqr0rPrlt1p(rtltp|lsrJr]u sr )trlt)lr!\y .8
'IUIL'uo.^rrr rql jo,{trnrsrqt sr..ttolo)a.1
punoriirLItuo rr r()ttr,,qlpnol) p sr n-{U.9
'irl:rtll:;rl:r
ro lL'Il trnpuor plr srop lL,qt:rrlrDtsqns
p srrolplnsuluy .!
'noruosDr.r r)tu)) rLll sr
tpqt urcjqrqt Jo lrud,qr sr unrq.Ir) iLlj .,
Jo
'.'JqrcLrD
ol ru.rotruouorl ,rtu)Lr)luu(lslrDrllpLIllr^rp e \1.)rrrLppru
v t
,J J] rlro )rp Poronrrd .z
___ lI
.)tqr:ltllrrpulrorr
pup ]qij! sr tpqt sDiJ
!I|| Upsr tunrtrH .l
JrtMl (s)rttstr)trl'rL'qr
rlrrlls
rql pup'rrlro s\Dt)
iqr )Llrlr)pun 'sLlolrru(rpljr ^^o oj Jr Jo rt)t:) |t
lulrrrJn_
sLlourullaoGutz/llouv
I/

tu:u!tr(l

72 Defining
iooksiike a clock
8. A conrPass
9. A amphibianis like a frogor a r"rllc
ls a blg nova
I0. A suPcrnova

RehTtitleClauses

lhat conlai|s a [oLrn' (] a verb A relalrvc

A clauscis a pan of a scntence
nn)sL
rvilh wlL' that \rher'' at wha wl?rf, and '?'r 'rc
a".,t" i,
pcopl!
Sclc'rcc
ro
rcferrins
when
"t.i,l*ir,.gi"s
i" '.i"'ce dcfiDirions;w'o is uscd
i.lll-.,riv.,r*l
definilionsolienillclLlLierclallvccIaustscon!aillinSlhccharaclcrislic\Lhaldinin
glrishan ilcm lrom othclsin thc class
( r(h ol rh( I' ll' s rrrF'rljr' I i r" rr" r r"
Llsinq Riative a/d,|\er' L''rnL'rr'
\ ' , r ( , ' ( . l c r r r ' i|r ' r n r ' l r ' r r ' l ' i v e ' l r ' t s
;;'.ii..,
"'',
ol
lht nLrcleLrs
chargcdpaniclcsTheyarc (ont'ir1((lin
L PfolollsaIc positivcly

^)'.,)))l)
'l*'t"a **t"o u"l "* *"t"o*a *
"*,r*to*t+
lh" ru,rlzrz el an altn'

l)lrllsolowcllrrl llraL
holc is ar)arcniir sl)accl( hasa gf'lvitaliolral
2. A Lrlack

i,r,rrc
rivc
and
r,ran,s,ha,
*,ai,"ni,'nrs
, iilllli,liilllil,iili'l,llti';,;iiiiili"",

l','l'iil'il,,iliililxil
i liii;:"1':llHl'l',lti::i:i"lllll'iliilll:i'ii'i;
u. fil'i,ilii

u,"*,.'

li)nnii
r'hcvafesinrPlc
lbnnor lileon carh arcbacrcria'

thclossot o'c or r.orccrecLforrs

, Srtl],ii.1ii, **''cal rcacri(nrt ir\volvrs
"
t"]'::l:X'ili:i1l;
ol theair Ir is a tordrcls oLlocssAas
,0 pcrcenL
.

:ti':"il'll:li:"
]l'l:ff;l::,'i;':i,iil
lgK,';1lii,"':fJ'li,1n."';:il.1[l
changcsils
L a f a m t , t b . r , , n e c e l l r d animal/ constanllY

4, aorr"'ltaa a aze cdlzd' adl44d l/4aJ

r:c.
2 . J r ' , r ' I l ' . i ( . l r L r g. r r c ' u a r " ' r a J t r
7 . llr[g / orgal1/ Irrcalnlng

shapc

no,{ 'lrlrrr4 Jo ilu[rE)LLrrq] Morr) lpprrlp no,{Jr ,rFhupxr rol Mou{ .{pD.rp no,{
)1rc Ol pJtPIir sl llJr ,as ol sr proM MrLr e Jo.Sullturlrriql ssinil ot .{e,Miuo

0ltlryng tJolnqbtot
s1'lIXS TNI(IVAU
.)|un$s puesJEe6tqqltM
leullueue sl lueqdteuv

rlrnI'|cnb0
ou 0l
,ulrler'6

litoloiit S
lll.rrlrrrqu i7

snrr^u il

,,(P
r"x uu
rirpFq P z

'({1.!l
rrtt.to rppr r(n
P..)LrnoIJI rr iJursr.)^iliq ro qrur tsrl puPsp.ro,,iilLrr^,\oltor
r()nruurpI rlElnrrroJ )lP'rbrpeur
sr uouruurpiqt teql \Dor^qosr tr p.je )u1J4ht)
ttD st lplutua ut 1)3 .^ 'llltutLt1uL1st )ut4d4) r, :)s.ra^Ji)^r.j] ,JldurcxJlol 1l
Jsli^ir or sr rlrldruor sr Lrolt$rl.p p ;r rrs ot Ip^ poo8 V .suottlL!{ao6r1!bat)
su(nPrc rrltrnu;)qt sprpqluoq/ sntplpddl'/ uorlol),{r '8
lPiq s userur/ trun / Juol!) 1
uorDurr
D iq prfueqr lolr sr rnq dn spir(ls / rruetnlns / lslletl'r '9
IPr[urqr
pooj rrllrEJnupu stuDld/ ss.Jord/ stsJtltlr,4sonnlds
plrnos/ JruJrJs/ sJrlsDorPt
/

SururJr(

?4 Delining
can gucsstllal the woRl ,frcr'.r/r1refcrs l1) (nnclhing good lltla(c(l wofds 'ln)
help you 1()remcmbcra ncw word For crnnldt, il yolr krr()w lhat r0'tr' rrcaDs
lhal //tdxl.drrdrrleaDslx)isorrcdwilh drugs
poi(nroLrs,i1 \ryillbe caty 10 rL'rrrc1nbcl
or alcohol.And il you know llrnLrhe rorlff is thc line whcrc Lhcsk} sccrls10
mccr thc earlh, vou will rcnrcmberrhat a hotiza'1h l/,rc gocs Uorr 5i(lc Lo snlc
r r l l r r rl l r | . r p . r r I ,i l { r r .
rclalcdwo|(lscnn
bf nrislcading,
Howcvcr,iurilas woftl fans can sonlclinres
nrcalls
cnomrousor
ahhoughnrlt?/r'r
lcad you astrayFor exanrl)lc,
occasioually
guar(i
agirrnst
iv']y
lo
very lnrgc, l,?rrirctnrdl rncansliny or v(ry snlalll Thc onlY
'rr(l
gucssc(l
lils
the
s('lrlcnce
nrai(ingnlinakcsis lo sc( il rhc nlcaninsyolr hnvc
Iaragfaph.
Prefixes: ecto-/exo-, endo_.micro-. maclo- Slr'r(lythc ftrlkn^'ilrglin oll)rclixcs
anclthen ma(chthc tcrnrsaLthc lcli bclow wilh lhcir nrcinirllls.l lhc rillhl You
lis(ed.
will no1tsc all thc n1L'anings
cclo- or sxo-: outside
exogefious-due to exiernal causcs
endo-t lnside
endogenous-dve lo internal causes
,nicto-i small
microscopic-loo small to be seen without a microscopc
nacro-i latge
flacroscopic-lar9e enough to be scen with the naked eye

L eclol)lasnl

ir. thc enlircr,rDivcrsc

2. cndoplasnl

b. a littlc uni!,ersc

L Nicx)bc

ol linrc
c. a uriuuLcl)cfi{Ji1
! 1 . cxlcfDall.ycr ol pr)loplnsnr

5.

intcnrnllaycrol l)folol)larln

6.

t . ;r very nrilrrltcorg.lnlsnl

7.

ol
ll. fclalingto srrrallqLr.rrlilics
hcal
h . a l i r r g c ,d e n s c D L t c l c u s
i. an insLfrmcnlIor mf.lsLrring
d i n : r n c e so r a n g l c s

(, J'nol 0r{l
'.rrr
-
g
-rr,
=
:spro,u
irl)
uollPnbr
Jqr
ur
r
renrt
rql
t
Jo SuruEJnrJrtJ
'ggll :sproM
G letlder p roJ lool-rlJu.rC
,{.I)
prrpnls oq,{ tslubqr qrLrarCaqt Jo rleu cql Z
ul sr8upqr
ESZI
lerluJqr
(p ruap .Iro^^ :sproM!\r{) gr,1,rJo uolllLluapv I
:But^^olloJ
Jq1punorpslJ)j)erqlnd pup ssalro s nulur cJlt]t ul a8essed
Sul,lolloJJql uers

6u!uuvrs

uoll9redrs q
uo!leLrlqLuoJp
'IEltuj raSuorlsE salgur teqt slpt rl !,ro[IrJo oMl |loJJrlp sl ,{ollBLlv
0l
Jo
JtPl'poui

tl

J,llxJ

'tuluo,^i arll ul rrlpl ,Jrrlul ilou lot rrlptlrnouroql dot LroploJ ,LII
6
Jo

Sululqtuo) q
iirrllllds e
'l)l)nu)ruroleJol,/orrry'rql
r(q[trsp)prsrl8rcuf 8
pas9rrJulq

rpr] tis

'lrsrrlr,/ se,l^Jprsu!)lnssrld tql

,prddpJunsBMolltoq cql uJqM
lle
/
)nI

csl9J e

' rl)lp u Arotslq

rqt
J0
ul qtnorqUgaiqloleul e sp.Mpug/rrr aq ol pr^ord,{tooqlulcS s,'Inotsed9

rsnpq

uiDals B
'MOpUl.M

0q1Io oplsuleqt uo ptlglnurnJJpJodr.l.pJddorprjlupjed(url eqt urqM .E

uollp^resqo q

uollPlresercl E

.JruI
.rno
Jo tnsslluPuodu4
uDs! slslroJpuPSJJ^D
sBq)ns'sEJJnosaJ
agl .b
lunlpu Jo uollp asuoJ
urlorq q
,loq.M 3
'prtrr prureurpr;ul8uc aql .uolslllo)uo-pprqarll eudsao

'urrols rql SuFnppesearrurpurM rql

.z
Jo rirol/ rqI
,{lrltlun .q
rtqpqord(!)
'sptezp\ erg p1!r21od e srr!^
.l
lprrrlrrlr pr/p.f

'sJJuelursrssql q)ea ur prsn sr se ploM pJzrJnplrIII

lr
Jo
Jo Sulueetu
aqr saqrrP(rl $rq rPql re^ suP rql Jo rrnDl e\{) dpt\J #ayo) u! tkDlnqvroL
gt

Sulugrq

76 Delining
Reading
E = lttcz
or changc(lIr()rronc lypc to arrolhcr'For ex'rrrplc'
EDcrgycanbe iranslormed
po(cnlhlercrlly,or thc cnerg){)l losilion As rl
has
a
lrcc
an applehangingolr
ils hci8h1dccrcnsesAt lhc s'rnrclrnrc'rl
bccalrsc
potcnlial
cncrgy
falls.it loscs
i1svclocilyirr(rcrscsPo'
Lrccause
of
nnni(m,
energy
or
Lhe
gairs kiielic cncrgy,
cncrlly
inlo
kinclic
is
bcing
lransfonncd
lcntialcncrgy
Irotrrorrebo(tylo 'nolhcf
a lrarrsler
the transfcrofcncrgyirrvolvcs
Frcquen(ly,
cncrllv ol Lhclixxi votl
Lhc
chenri(al
yor'r
ire
charrging
rock,
you
liti
up
a
whcn
yotrrmrrsclcctrcrg)is
higlt,
yolr
rock
lili
lhc
As
mlrscle
cncrgy.
irlo
havc eatc|
polcnlial
cnergy
rock's
inlo
the
chaDginlt

Muscleenergyis translormedInto
mechanlcalenergy.

w h c D e n c r y y i s l f a n s l b r ' n l c dk o m o n c t y ] r c 1 o a n o l h c f o r l r a l r s l c n c i i I n ) r I o n c
bociy ro rno(lrcr, no clrcrgy is losl Whcn ra'cficasufc cncrgy. wc iliscovc! thnt Lhc
l o r a i i l n n r u u t r c n i i r r s i n l a c l s L r | l ) o s cw c l r r c f a r c d , c o o k c ( i ,n r r d t h c r r a l e s o n r c
ol (hi\
l o o d . I f w c w c r c r o n l c a s u r ec n r c l l l l y n l l t h c c n c q ] y t h a t r c l n a i n \ n l t h c c n d

'uollceer ulEqc ie6tcnN

.&,.r,,'

*ffi
mffifs
@

ffi

-s'-w
&
"4"

sez
'n''",n

i
:

'(lt!r(rlilrLtolp U !torn)ld\)
)Llt rrl iiutlln\ir ,,{n-rrrri
lr)
in-rtrlp sisurli,r
Io tUt\otltu
pLruill)r(lL'ii.ri^ i)!l(i rrlul !rol)pr.r!rurlr srrll sruolu.raqlr trlrtsLlnl u1 1jq1
(lnsr^riJ
.uotlstt
suoirniLr
st
l|,ljp(l!
tll(ls
ulolu
rLrnr(rolnl(ljo
rrrnr!tpjt\
u
uiqM
l)illLa
ss))oidu 'sluotuLLrnlupin
iJL
,{(l
pJrurl).t
]lrl(l\
J(l
ilj)LtJ.Jo
slunotUl?
sIo(r
l)lnor
-.l(xr))orltp,)l)^o)slpsea
u,rLlr\,6t6t
ptlu^
ll
ur
pi,\or(l
rq
ol
trjoiqt
s,ur)lsurJ
.lrliirl p,))d\rqt ol
tuptsIorD srr puu
lo
l0nbr
'.r)llo!Lr
j/.)r)rl^,1,iJxl = J
Jrll sl
ll/,iilJrLr,)
jo
lo tunorLru
ttluo!up
Jql
slu)s).r(irl
,ps.l)^
tro0u]rbrsnor(|ulslrl L p)srirdxt
sp^\
l(lDLto)
srrll
puu,{n^rJuJ
i)r^
olul
pinuurl)rq
rrltprlr
prl)tprr(t .,tiirrui
lurll
rH
puu.rJltPruJo
llno)
uo|!^rrsUo)Jo^\ul
lt-,!relJlnuts! sl Jlrqt llqt,st lLrql,ssululo onD^.I)suor
)qt ruo.ttrjurtsrplorr
$,{il.r rr
Uortp,\rrsuor
)qt tL,LIl
piTuorllr urlsurt u)qlv,.r pl r.r!i,i truuW
lo
'sslrrrjo uo|Lr^r)sUo)
rql I) Mpl iqt prllD.rsr srrll sslrulplol rqr ur )ijupqr ou sl
rr.Llt'\nlll . ! rqt Lrruiitlxo :')qrEllldl)oo,r)ql to tqijr)^\
leuriluorllt lpnbr llr.{'{
tLliit;xr
rrll'.rrq1rn"()r
p)pl)pr.l|rsr!FL'puLr,rodr,,,r.r.rru,ro,rprxorp
Iuror
u,,qrc:;qt lt
'.rc
,nxlp^r.rD^.\pLrp
r|rxorp
lt otrrlssld qrrq^{
uoq.rDr
ru.()t
or Iu rqt Ll urn-,{xo
.urDru).r
.p)Urnqsr poo^4jo rrd
qllM sJtrrr}Lro)
)Ltt,n
)rups)qt
t
tv
siqsD
l)oo^
c U)LI^^',rl(luDx..()c
rnupqr
DL
ssptu.lo
wrt
ro
rrrptoLrsr Jr;)qtiDlll
lDrrruiqr
,g8Z
pill:rtsuolurp
.priortsrproUpilp)r:)
rrrsro^ut olUy tsrtu)q)rl)orrt
iql
ut
l
rq rrl{ll.rutnq rrqx)upot rtur)rruo ruo.ljpiur^uo)
rq
Lrpr,,{ijr.ur
rlrl ,riltpW
.^.r:)Lrr IonE^.r)\0orrql
lo
to ^^!l .qt prllp) sr srqt
l].),iollsrpft) pillrrr]r^ru tnq rJqtolr! ot rtlroJrlro ruorl pit.rr^uor)q snrltoe]
,ti'rJtrg(llrrrLrinni
plrp
t!.[rr
l) s! qrns)qlr^\pJuutsi,$ sD,{iiriurI()]unor!!.ru!s
rlll trnrpxrpun s,{D,,nl!
plno^ r^'l ,(ID)LIpuD,)tiLrrl ,lprllrixrdsu qrns) ss or(i
Zt

3u!urJaA

78 Defining
fial is lhe cxactopposilcol llssioncan
Allhoughit maYsee slnnge,. proccss
co dili(nrsof inlcllschcal' rlrchas
Undcr
alrn .cteur.g.eurluantiticsof energy
aloms
combilc lo Ionr htlirt|n atoms
are foun,l al itrc ceirtcrof th{: ntn. hy(lrogcn
flrsion When fusioDt'kc\
is
callcd
heLium
The transfornalionLrlhldfogcnnlto
which i'i uanticrredInlo
mass
ol
aInount
place,lhe hYdrogcnrrons bsc a tnall
jn
l)omb s4tich is mlrch
a
hvdrogen
rcsuhs
er.crgy.t"usionproducedon thc crnh
canaiso
prirrciple
d lLrsrcrr
Bu
lhe
bomb
atnnic
ihan Lrrcorigilal
morepowedL,r
Lh
ntcds
nll
ol
sLrpflv
'nrr
pu4rosts
thal
peacclul
Ior
l..,tia u, rt-a.."
"*rgv
lilnc.
of lhc human ra.c lbr a iorrg
unile$tun.litlg the Readirg. lach olLheiollt,s'ing sLnlctentsis inconsislcnlwilh
passag(Tcn your readjDgcompr(hc[siontry
in lhc prcvioLrs
thc informaLion
arr(lrcslntingi1corre(lly
irr
cach
slatcnrcnl
thc
crfof
finding
fronrorrelypc lo anolhcr,bul il ('nrrot bc
l. Encrgycanbc lransiirrmcd
Iiom onc LDdyLonnolhcr'
tfanslcrled
l1

I 'aeXq,/ .'/t ba ,L""Lu,ua,hed W

,tqa tr+Pe ta a*touen a't

tia"dk'rwA h4""1a.1Pbol4 t/' *uile.

2. I(irrcticcncrgyis lhc cncrgyo1posili(r]
cner8ycallllolI)ccrealc(lof dcslroycd
3, UnlikcnratLcr,
yotr havc
4. Potcnthlcncrllyis whcDyou lic irr lrcdlhinkjngol all (hc,lhirrgs
to do.
ol clrcrgy
oillratlcrandLhccolrscfvation
saidthal thc conservalit)n
5, EinstciD
arc unfclalco
c crgy was ncvcr
ol nlattcr:1n(l
thcoryaboutlhc conscrvalion
6, Eiustcin's
provcd.
Lllalcncrllycarrl)c
ol alorrlicencrgydemor\nratcs
;. ihc dcvelopnrcrrt
convcrleclinto Inallef
8. whcn au alom is spliL,it givcsoff clcctrons
o(ctrrsrs d rcstrhot thc slourcllairrreaclionof 1l)litling
9. An alomrcexprosron
10. Fusiontakcsplacc()Dlhc lLlnwllen two trraniufiarclnsafc conllrlrlcLl
11. Exlremchealor cold is fequifcdlor ltrsi(nrto t.ke placc
12. Fulim produccdon lhc carlb rcslrltsill an alomiccxlrlo\ion

LISTENING SKILLS
Vocabulary i Conl?.tr. Circlc the lellcr of thc nnswcf lh'l bcsL r alchcs lhe
m c a n i n g o l l h e i l a l i c i T e dw o f t l n s i l i s L r s c di n e a c h o f l h c s c s c r r l c r l c c \ '
l . S c i e n l i n sd o r r c ! r $ r r l e s o m e l h i l g i s r u c L r D l l le v i ( l c n c cc o r r l i f r n \l t

@ o.."p,

b dc'Y

rpDr8rItH[J P
or srSuPqrSIDAIPi8Jrug Z
uuoj Iqesn ssetP ol r :8uEqr
@
J^ ,{3riuJ isn J^{ uiq^{ JsnpJJq,{8rauJJLLu spriu sla^ lP plro/!,l.rlf

'llD:)rr no^ dlrq 0l srloLr

rnoi .sO rruilrelpts eseqrJo q)Er s)trldnrcr lsiq lEqr rr^lsue r$ J(J r'1rt
lr
3 nrrrtr irt rlnrtrrl rqr Jo rcrsuJllrrdurotrrno,{ lsJr ',rnud1 aql bu!\1uttl epun

'JsDrrxr rxru Jrll JJIdruoJ 0l sJlou Ino^

J S n U J L I 1p o e
J L I It o p u l J q L , J T n D J IJ q l 0 1 L r J l S rnl o , { s 9 s i l o u i D l
,
,
J
S
r
J
^
r
o
n
'drqsuowlJr rlJql lJuplJ ol 1lrl:,rlno^
Jr sruarr JLII rJllelJ.r ro rJqutnLtar
UPJ no^ ssElr rJ+p sJlou rno,{ MJr^rr no,{ U,LIM ,,aS r)qumu Jo O rJnJl slLlt sl,,
'Jldrupx).({ 'ijrllulrlt
J
L
u
n
J
t
s
r
?
^
o^l t u r ? ^ 1
\ 0 u o f n o ^ t u ( [ a l l l l l n o p u t s ! D^ { o l l o l
or iir rcu op Nq 'p)pt urEttr D
s)rdor(lns s! stn)]l lsl ol 0.pt poo3 ! sl rl 'oslv
Jo
' l q l 8 l r l u u i l t r D q o t u o 1 l s o o t D J cl p q l s i s u J ( l dJ o s p r o M i l i J u l s i J u r s n
l)ro^V .rJtPl
u r i ) q tp u i i n o t r u l M i s u r s i l u u r o l r l B n o u rr D r l ) r r P ^ i r l l r u l l l ) r n s r I P ( u l s n I n o l
' l p L u r t l p j i tj ) i r r o ) , r o
l ( i t j x i s J l o u i n o , { J J s o ) S u r o 8s r J u o o u l p q r p l | r l l r u r ( l J i ) l
s r p D i d s) J u l s
s . ) J U J t U i lS) i J i J ( l L r l i t u M o t , , f u tt o ( r o l ) ' S u l l u l - i l o u L r lt r r u t r o ( l L U

6u!4r!^aroN
'q
dn pisll s
oJ^cs
'lrl.1./,?)q tref JUo,{prrsJrrnosJr
rllo'fJ^rJsuo) lou sr l)nlJJ 6
pr^ordrul
prlr;sion P
!
'uortcrrdo rql )trds.)pp,r,rrrrt p seq tu)llpd .)tlt rrortrprrorJLlt
1l
Jo
prz[rPBros'p r]
p)z[rEBro e
'npiosp ul ser'J.
tuoleroqplrql Jlnptrrq sDded rqt port tou plno) rM 'Z
uortrl)uo) q

ss.rJord P
',J4r pllos slr rrr rrlP,4r sr DJ
9

pjcalrcq
prc^rol luJA P
1l
lur^r
'turLuLrrdxr
rql qtrMprlrrJdid,(Jrlt'streqlJsrllds)O (
pJr']r !
'.rr^4 puE LrrEd,{q
'Luroj

pr1!)tplrl p
t4rrrrrru sD^'\ssr lrrs srH t

J^ordur q
J)npiLE
'tr&JUJJsn J,r\ uiqM
lnJJsnssJlr.'ot ,{SriLriteUt Jprrr'rl J^\

prrrul P
ss:tpu.r 'q
,/44rrr,/.r'rrlrrr).4\ s.InosJ lprnlPurno lqinoqt rrrrc sP^^rt.z
6a SururJrC

80 Defining
L All cncrly rvtrllLrill) wind\ trl, ir\

b. hcnl crrcrgy

a. mosclcenergy

10
WhcDyou rob youf hands,mlrsl:lccrrcrgychangcs
b. kineli. er('.qy
t . Encrgyalwaysflows
nlovc Irom
Narllral proccsscs
a. oftler 1()dis{)rder
7 . Pcrllrnc cscapinginlo lhe air
a, o cr 1()diso cr

L).disordcrto ordcr
an cxanrplcof thc chnnlrc
t). polcnllil eucrgylo kineLiccrrcrgy

irl dlc lrnivcrstwill cvcnlllallybc in a slatcol

8. EvcfyLhiult
b. disoder

the saltandpepper?
Separate
il
ol the urrjvc|\cbcc.lusc
9, Wc do not nccdlo worry al)ollll hc dcgrncration
a. won r nappcn

lr. woD'thappcrrli)r a long tinrc

.
10. Thc rnair idcaol tlrisl c c t l r f c i s l h a l c n e r g y I
)
.
r
u
n
s
d
o
w
I
l
r
i
l
l
a, cnn't Lrcdcslroyccl

DISCUSSION POINTS
B c l o w n r c v r n c n o n s c i e D l i l l co r " c r e a l i v c " ( l c l l n i l i o n s T h c y d o r r o l l i ) l l o w l h c
I o n n l r l a f o f a s c i c n t i f i cd c l i o i l i ( ) l r i n n c a d , l h c y a r c d c v c l ) p c d L ) y ( h c w r i l e f l o
c x p r e s sa n o p i n i t ) 1 .F o r c . l c h o f l h e s c c r c a l i v cd c f i n i l n J | s ,l c l l $ 4 r . r ly o L rl h i r r k L h c
wriler nrcanr and whcLlrcr yolr agrcc ivilh lhc wrilcr.
1. KDowledgc is thc anlidole 1()lenr.

Rdh t WdLl. Etlltttotl

's.rsnslr rqursrp ot sr Lrortrlrrrrp r(iritsrlr irPnlrlro)or 1!^\ poo; v

Jo
'\Iro^{
Moq
ro
uourrrdolo
rldr)Lrud
srr
tr
to (rorr!upldxruY {
pLIn
llo
rl)L'l|r
sr
rr
lPq^{
lo uorrLlur\rpY z
rroll))prrP)/rs'idLnis!tl se rl) s'r)LrLrrfr(l(lu
strJorr0rxlu)sipv I
:s! qrnss)rr!ui1)!.rPrt)
it) l.)urIlnoqs q!lurir_Pr!(l
tl l1)rs)riql
JuLrorrrt)|!
'srlretlPq uo slron^ leqr 1q3!l rlqPrrod e sl lq8llqsPu v
'rrnlpredlurl SuFnsEJru roJ erl^rp P s! rrrrluoureql
Y
snl(lssEIr ll
:srnsrr.nr!
ruqriiurqsrniJUrNlf
'rolPlrl)lDr
'sr
'uotrtrllJip
ro
rPrtr
lulurojP iil plnorl\rrlrrlurs rrikn rno^ rrlscol
'ssuLluro)
,lrlrluoruriql
'nt3|rlseU
rr^.J
P so qrns
rrLr)drprls
lrJlrrd uuJ)ul.)il)
u rluM
it(lu|! r?lo rrorlrurJrP
rrl^rP.rolLrrLurlrrsor
PJItrrlx.)tr! lfur^riiqdurlurP(1
tlo!t!LttJiQ PaPua$A uv 6utl!t8
'sirlrrrlord
sll l)rrrr.rrrluutrrs.rr)Do
lr ir.)tlr\.)pnprrr
Iu)rs,{!l(l
l)truP.rrLu)Ltr
',trorrur^rr(l
|rItr.lxi' rrv r'rnr ILrP
l)lnoMl!)tlLr l) .ro ru r.rrlruu lo (r1)!rrrru)|
's!ror(llLris
rr lo tr()LlrLrlrr|
isu)sllr
sr
rPnl)L||
llqu(1o.r(l
|il)(r')rxJuv l)ilqo
Plno,/'\
.)tll()l r))(lsrirrl trorl0)olsll il)nlrul
! fu! 1ll.ru,r
rIl^\ Lro\lru({tL().)
,{lui^p l -rrLl1()Lru
lliJllu (liruo).ro riuL,l(iu sD tl)ns) r))lqo lull\rlr.)u Jo l|olll(rlI.)P
P)ptrilxi trV
p)l)tr.rlx)
c.JorrolltLrl,)p
rlr ipnl)rrl ll(lu(loi(lPln(r!\r(rrLl)uru
sisn l)uus!roll)unJ
.lo'.)lcnl)Lllrui'is(1rl))
uv st)ilJi luu s)snuril)rrurr ,{1Ll'rq(,r(t
l)l'r'),t\()rLu)r.r.rr\tl
',rl(ll(ruxi.lo:lsllul
uu su q)rrs)rro( !()!r l(1luinr!tr! lo tlolllllll,)l)|,)l)tl)lxi llD
'trorlu)rJlssLll)
'uo!urD(ktro.)
-iP.r)Lllo '(rorrutrul(lxr
\rl(lLtrux)'!ror](ir'r)srP,)pnl)
ro
-1fi
(\rrltr.rrl)eiPrl)t ssrl)l Lrolltrrl,)P
{f
uolru!!r.rol!rl
tr!tlr
trrlt
llr's
l!uorrrliP!'s!
LrorlrtrrlrI
Prlrrrlx) Lrv l).)l)))tr!ir rrorlrLrrlrP
lP!|r.(I!.1{)nrc({)lsfq rL| srl)nl)Lrr
's))o)lrlr\
r11
oMr
.lo
iur)
l)itlllrI J(l ol xrltltul))o()l sl ld tlo) u
l)il)Lrrtxrrru
v
u.)qM :{ooq! s! q)nrlr'ic.roDU U} P s! )lllll \r lo l\r{tr)) \Pruuorlrrrri.rl

suo!t!ullaoP,puaJxa
S'T-II)IS SNIIIU,|t
) L r l l o u u f r ) ^ \ l u t l l i ] ( r r ^ l o t r )r t i l s r ) n p r l , ! \ o r r ) l
, a s t ) t u Er p q i l r / t l r ) - ,
urwru! oll11A\4rl/,Ir - rrnrq Jql
.L
r ) L ' r u n o r i \ l u ) t L I u J d x r J r o ( r r) q L l L r t r r r r ( l x . )t L L\"r , l r l l l Y
t)Lttt\t ).t)Llt)Hrtuo,)2 ..tt\.tl
,'
r u o p r ) ^ ) u i ^ . n o i r P r l Mo l r o l ) l q D : r q o l - \ ' r e ) r l r t r o r l u r D p l
rr:)l I()
rr11lru)'l]r'!
r J l r r n l p l o u . r D i J . l (r)i l s P t r r ' r r i i o l I u L r r \ i r r \ r r n P r r r r ) f !
'i/s sr r)rr)Ds
I sr rrv
IDuDtt llr111la
' L r o r l D r r ( l { rrrL I J ) r r { l ! r \ r r r L I r : )
t ! ( , \ r y Eo ^ l v s r u k \ l J - t t o r l D l r ( l \ r r (rlL I ; ) r r r d6 6
l
n l l L J , - / 1 ' l ! o l ) o r l r r i j ! l q ol o l r \ r ' { | o q ! r : r ^ r r u r l d
(l)orl ! r)^;)rrq,\ Jl) \lsr\rror )roA\ 7
Io nsrsrror,t!,t(l IrUL|op ol I.rlir/rllrsr
I8

Sutultia

chapter 6

Exemplifying
Heat

INTRODUCTION
After giving a definitionor makingany 8enralstatmcnt,the bcstway lo
clartfya potnt is to Sivean exampleof it. A chineseprovcrbsaysthata picture
is woith-a tholsand words lt might alsobe said that one exampleis worth a
thousandexplanations.An examplebrings the generalor abstraclstaterncnt
down to a specificor concreteimage For xamplc,it is one thing to saythat
smokingis bad for your healthand anothcrto saythat a regularsmoker-loscs
fol cachcigarcttesmokedThc
aboutfi-veand a haliminutesoflife expeclancy
mcmorablc,moreinteresting'
more
exampleaddsimpact,makingthestatement
providing
for il'
evidence
as well as
and morepersuasive,
and 10give evidence
a
conccpt
or
clarify
Scientisisuseexamplesto explain
ofa point lf
the
validity
e
to
tes!
se
to suppo it, Exampl;scan somclimes
point
not
be
a
point,
may
therc
a
no examplecanbe found to illustrate

Short Readitrg
Readthe passagebelow and underlinc examplcsof how hear affc'ls lhe propefiies ol matter,

a2

E st rrle^{ ',/l^olaqro ) q0Jo rrnrPrrdru.l

'
pllos
e le 'rlduexr Jod
(lI rr(Xl(lns

or rrurpr^r )^riJ' lru JurEsJrJr]P pLrfr.)lr.lr lLrrcdP rIPrLrsrl(iluexS)

a fr ?ui$ latslq.l )qJ
;r.rttt,.t;]dur.t
sjL,lql)F3Jlt st )rut1!sqns
'lL|lo(lrLlrrtP.nsrlllr
rlrca
iq pr,'w)llorr1lrrrLLrrlPls
or r^rrs
srt(lurDri:)$rr:)rls
rPrtr
'ri]rlPtuslr{Je rrnlPr)(i(rI Moq rnoqpslurDp
r^oqFJql
IurJ^Jssrlurtl i)3lssrcl

ACI]dWAXA Of HSI'I'NA DNISN

pllPlrlrJlruq
ruJq)q) Jru-rJlol
n)urru)luLllstutltluillo.liL|]()
iLUUs
ir0 JLllSn,rnru
lnlllrorl llrl or )u)rlr:{oo)pru llrrrrrzln)rsL1(liM'il(lpul.kl
-iDdrtril.Jo
s LriIxJ pLruts
roul|uJsiLIqt JurAIlJsn!))q 'srrtJ)toid ol s)/'!risullrd
sl slq.L
illl ulu(llirl Pl|!l)lo)-roxnl r{ri^ ilurqlir!()srlrno)i,\,1uiq^{ pirJrl(hrr)x)
'siijuurl)
riu
siJrrqliJul^]1
irnlori(huir
or
)^Ilslris,Ui)^
lluursili^ rJrp(l!uo)
'sr!(x).r
p)uoIlpuo)'.rlP
ul rsrrluorr)Irl si)urrl.)uLU.)^rltsurs
i)qro pu0 s.ri)rno
-luol s)ulqlDruriiour!| uur rprLlM']lrJllri^o!!r
ss.r)x,isnLrrsJlr^\P)lL)iH
lu)l.rl)ill)
'i)iiuq)
ol luclsrsJ-r
ss.)lsJlrr)Jloru
iL0 s)riuu silnri)lotuslr.Jolu)tu)^oru
l!rl-rlr.)lJ
prsrJIUl l.LrrnrBrrdurJl
slrrl!^{ siuP^lrl)lr)rl) rsls)ror lDlrur!.toIlrIqP iq.t
lurrq or rr rsnur llr^{rl)rsurrrnssr.(lp)|D)J]LII |l'l)rlerq sl )rlnl
r^otu ol LI8)tl
JurPrlto)',{lprdEr
ssulljprsop p ll r flEnrorrLItJos cM tt rlrt^,r
s)lnrrlou nr 'P DrqsrsP8c sv seilujorrnssrnl rqr sr).)]lposl! JrnlPrr(tlrr.L
'ls).' )LIl llEql

rqr.to upd .snc.).nlrt orur prrnoLlsrrrrPM

,{ ) er ..rorusplrDdxrpLrEdn stErqssElH
Surlroq
UrLIMlErrq,{EttrssEIH
v prl(nr rIL'irq] u.q^^l)prlllorpuEp EJqrre 1)q)
(r)q^'\puPrlx) slPurlPu tn)w Jrnlerrdrurr lq pl)rl|r sl rr.lrl0 P .lo Jrrs iql
'toll sr r UJLI^{tqijrl rtrLI^l E.llo si^r3 rr.tr 0rrsilunr slr .roJ'rluPLlr rclor
!D.to)ldlupxr rrqup srpr^ordqlnq ll1 t [rJ)srpup)ulLrv (pri urnr ;'^orr e LIo
pLIE
qSrqilSLrrsEJ.rrLIr
i.runq uorrrql Lrrrsr^Eq no^) srrnrPrJdur)l
rE)rrq^ LI:)t0
'rilupro
rolor
rql e.rJrle
rlrnPrr.ltu).I
Jql'prr
srunr'JIdurpxr
rot'rrort
rirlDUlo
'rrntrlrd(trJtIq p.t)r.JJD,{trDtrurs
r.rDs)ruPlsqns
.rigroIIPrsorutY(rrPrls)sPir
r-'orsurnl rr I o00t lE pLrErprnbrlP slrorJq ll I a0 r^oqa r())r) pllosP sr.rilDM
'^ olrq r0 -J lo )nnPrJdllrrr P rP 'rt(luDi) loc )Illpr)dlller nr iq prlrrllD sI
"0
)rlrErsqnsP jo ilPls IPrIsIqdrql pJ.'illP)'P s)IlrrLlordsll pLIl lrlsrl J^ottl s;)lllrJ
,lJlloLl nJil JruPrsqnse sY s,{P, ,{ PuI ul rrlrPu slr4jc JlnrurJdutrl
lollr srr

atnvrad tal lo slDllg a4t

ta

SutlltldurJxE

84 ExemPlilYing
Tempentur(nltersthe coldrql nldtttr'
of m('rc''
ntoy.untt'risea ltw wor(ls a \cnlcncc'a 1tnrdilraIlr
i,qn
"*on,pt.
and then white at
Ilon, for example, turns red' lhen orange'
increasinBly higher temperatures'
br,tunpcrdtLttt
is.LtJIeitul
Thesizeol t1nobJet:t
/d'
(lLrcwords \u(h ns /'"xd'4"'
tFx.molcs are nol alwayslnnrk((l wilh
.'1
co'tcxr
thc
Lrv
i(rcntiricd
bc
ornv
carr
oricn
;i1;';',,',t.'anti
),?;i:;'';;
thc faraglaph)
is poured into it
A glass may break when boilin8 waler

'

TtfiNraturt t1lsaallcctthe pr'r"n/rc"/ d '.Jrrr'

pressure insidc
lf a closed glass tube is heated' the increascd
will cause it to break
r|irlr its lckl'ttrtltur('
Thcabilit\tol'a fittat to rctiJ/c/itrrlti4' vdfi(,s
which can
Heated wires ause excess lectrlcal movemcnt'
damage machines'
sDtdlln\1+xrdlttlrtltntr!lc\'
!!nsiliw ln ca'll11drttli|tll
l"irilllthihllt drc vcr''/
cxarrl)lcis usc(llo cxplainlhc vnriolrsasl)c(ls
ii,,ni",in,il,nt,,t",tton')rlc
of a coll(cPt)
very hot or cold
This is exemplified when we touch something
and feel Pain'
to kill harmful bacteria and
'.. We pasteurizemilk and cool( meat
heat'
othe;organisms that cannot tolerate

.rrornunr ^|Pn.r rql

' r c r i , 4 r J ^ r I l p ^ { p Ho l p l s p t V L r r c r Jd o t \ U o u \ i r L l
nLUtsi.rlroqlr^r sJrll|]srp srlorurolrr Ir^rI \prr(l uos
.LL:li\x|
l r r p U ) j r ,r f \ q q t t $ U , , l r r u l l t |'r] r l

prilo -pnnannn-.rtrD,9nL(trlr r|l|]rrllr|-p !trr,x]LrnD]-ru

')rMl
p
u
!
s
J
l
{
h
u
e
x
i
J
r
l
t
i
)
u
o
s
t
r r r u r i t u r sI L i . r i u i n: ") r l t i u r l
-ril)ul1 'sirruinrrs.lo sdnorij ro srrp({isillt.jo \)c. lj
oltbr{l4aaxA (iLt!?llol.tv

'tdHti'ttd )tlt )xr)rr) tt),kt pltltu)p

J0
)q 1\tLtru111
tL1u0put' st^i\ )tIr qJtt\tlt:t.tDtt s^l1^tlrto! uo srttltuLixst
'ltdtuoo nry) urwltltltitt ).trturs tl
't tt;,r.tt, t.it p rt lut xr tnTlod
J0
ttt,l! r'tttn[^np 0 pur 4i1fi11!)lo l^ttl
r ' l p r r r u u J o i t d u r p x , u e s r r r d d o J , r / . x r . 1 s i r t r , i u t l J s n) r J t , d t t t , l l t t \ 1
L! .r,/rdr{,rl, $/.rrljr., .ljrr/rtltJ 'ltnt l]tr.u],tttoJtltsf 0stt1
t.u, nltl.ln']:t a
,1stntrldtt!! ttn d )ttt r! u411.^\,i t1tl1tl
,1.tr)/npl ! t,\dutx? |
:6rL\\o il |t ottutitai $Itt!r1x,1ULttt.Ln
m|/A :3r)t,i

'p)rerqu)q^{piI u,nurddo, p(rru<l:r

{.u

,iil]*'''

pJ|e,'sntr'
I s! rot(') itutr)r lr lP)rt to Kl)iuoi II

lprlJllott'ix',
l

xotorSurr)rljprerqlo rdn)uo)iqr

' t ) r r e ) qu

rl
I s)r'rrsn
isrlJlou'ix'j

url
[,ro'relsnrrr
t M p i r s u r n l l e q r $ u ? r s q n sPl o

[ "*"*Ji'iJ

rur
'n)rpJq
urqa p)r surnrI D u P r \ u rrll I rr,!r
1-t,rurr.,j

or
.,re:xnrrr

'prPrq !! I urrtMprr nunr

I ra",*".,.
5NI,\lttdl lexa

sutzllD.l )JuJlu;ts
sg SuriJrtdrurxE

86 Exemplifying
minlctot l)lanl
3. Parasilcsarc living lhings lbat fced of{ other livirg lhings lhr
livcs off apple.maPl.and poplar 1rces.'ausirg them lo dic lrom
mall]ltlrition
lighl Christian
4. Severallhcoriesha!e becn prol)osecllo explain thc nalurc of
proposcdthal
Huygcrrssuggestedlhal lighl travclsin w'rvc! Albcn Enrslcirl
as Linypa(i'lcs, (x llholons
light is lransmilled
treneliLPla'rl
5. Symbiosisis lhc .oexislcrlccd livinf thirg\ lbr LhcifnlulLral
licc or aphidslive wilb antsin a symbiolicrelaliorrshif
prcl)ared
clcnlc'rLs
oi arLificially
6. Alomicrcsear.hhasled 1{)thc devlopmcn!
arc all manmade
an(lberkcliLrln
termium californiLrnr,
Einslcilliuln,
clemcnts.
Exanples Er'l t'l h(\ ;( r(r-rl\r'rrrrr'(rrr'i\ ' l'' -' ' ll l]'l:.i
Rz,ognizing
' r l 1 1 'f l r n (
, c n L i ' u e . . l " . , r i l ' , . ' ' . . ( r r . l (L r L l r r r , ' r u r ' l r ( ! r r r L . r . r ' ' r t r ' - Lr ( \ r
circlc(l'
nlay
L)c
Onc,two or thrccscnlcnccs
gcncralslatenlcnr.
that Lhcrcis lilc on anf otherplarrclwilhin our solar
l. Thcrcis liltlc l)ossibili(y
(i) ucrcurv and vcnusarc !(x)ho( rc slrpponlilc'
Y Thercarc onlv ninc plarrclsin our solarsystcnr'
Plutoarc cxlrc rcly coldnn(ldark
@ urunur,Ncplunc,arld
doscs
2. Vilaminsmay bc harmfil ir cxcessivc
witllolrL h'1rln
Lloscs
in
large
bc
takcn
a. vilamin C car
lo di\casc
suscrpLibililY
incfcasr
A
may
of
Vilamin
arrourlls
b. Exccssivc
ri(kcls
discase
prcvenls
Lhc
c. VilaminD
L Tempcraturcmay bc mcasuredby diftcrenttypesol rlrcrnxrnlclcrs'
lhc rolnclcrsmcasllfclclalivclenll)cr'lurc'
a. Tlle Cclsiusand Fahrenhci!
b. A baromelcrneasuresalmosphcrlcprcssllrc
alrsolrtlclerrperarLrrr'
c. A Kclvin thcfmolncler lncasLlrcs
4. A machineis a devicethat lranslormscnergyfron one form lo anolhcl .
nrcchnrrical
a. A carcngrnecotrven!tne cncmicalenrgyof gasolincitr()
energy
b. The food wc eat is convcnedinlo cncrgy in olrr bo(lies
encrgyinlo eltclricalc!rcrgy
.. ,l g"n..oro,u. aynal o changermcchani(a1
5. Encrgyhas nany lomrs
ilrlrl
a. lucLear energycomesfrom sJrliltingLhenucleusol uranilrln or lllrlo
aloms
ganlma rays
b. Radianlencrgycomer ir lhe fonn of nrnligh!' x rays' or
to
anothcr'
form
from
one
c. EnergYmaYbe coiverld

s!4t t! ryat D aq $ u anql '.tduPx. Jog -,{rllqPqoxl tuols

'?^1t^
ss.xlx. or ptsn oslP sl rt w}

(:IPrturrou)
puP sno osroorre appollrerlrl uoqrPrJo sroclE^rql ' E
'uolredsu ue aroJ.q
rorcr)u.8Jql t

( J l i ,u r n r i l P M l e )

'lpoq iqr ur
{)rnpord)
slpr poolq crrqM 3ulra3 lBquor or ipoq cqr roJ
'plre rlrnJlns pare4ua)uorqllM sprrolqr unlpos 3u9p3q

pl)p rlrolq)orp^H z
',{lgssaJru

lq (.ued)rd)

-uaqM(rus$!u$p^Fro)

Fata/Wt? po 4@

7.tn1t't

s(e*x 'r

'scstqluJrEdLll qit^ aql ul.IoJ,^lssPdaql

Jo
osnpup lsru ppe'saJualuas3ulMolloJoql Jo q)ea oL ttlssataNlo slopow 6ulsn

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aurpsrql , pq saJurluos
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'Ittlr, ugotuol p)sn
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JPrluqJtlul
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'uoll?pu)uuro)JrE scssaldxe
srullrtuos pue,Jxrt uBrJleleJepouojolrlsl //,ro{.s
1!qro u! uPuler ol allleles
aq7rc! ?eulbtultu aqtm / rnoq rad selJru00O'8IJo peadsV
'rlqlssodLu!
sl asleSulq],{uP
leql selcltulll prru
Suors&a^ p sassardxr
isrr,vrr!o^.^!sspdtql uI ,{llensn'illuanba4rsou readdP
ts a puennaTs slpn lppedsrt pesnrre qepolue$qr'srlruM .!:l?;;,"i,"
'plno|sot)^t4 + ls w arE,{tlssrrru slepowaql ,{llssarrrssrrdxJol prsnoqPaIP
Jo
slEporurlsrlSuE,&lllqpqordssrrdxrolprsnrreslpporu,MoLl,l^esnoi'rerdEqlu

le4ssataN
lo sttpow
49 SuttIdrurxr

88 ExemplifYing
6. For humanlifc ro bcgin, an cgg cell ilr lhc larllalc
(fcftilizc)I)y a slcrn
(ncvcrnllow)lo conrc
i r l c o n l a c tw l l n w a l c r
L Thc faccPiecc scal on aD oxyitcn breathillg
( n c v f r r c l c a s c )l n a l l u l l s a l c a l l r ( ) s l h c r e c v c | 1 l

diflicull.
inhalalbnbcconles

in thc
with Nee\sitv l-"rrnulnr( scu(c|lccsr,r$ingr_l?d,/rl
Fotuulaling Sentences
i)clow
rlirr
of
scllLctlccs,
po,i\ivc\'\i(c. I,)llowin!th( filtLLrnL'l lh( Ir\t
I Thc clcctricityis not shul off
'U.. ./o?.Ih;..l'
LfuuLld.. Ue JrUu ar.
2. Thc blfi1JJon('rtirr n('l bcrnFl('jl(Llft\r '1r(1ni']
rcSLrlarly
calilrralc(l
i. rhc rarliationmonilorinlldcviccsare nol Lrcing
lalx)ra()ry'
in
thc
4. A firc cxlinguishcrh nol availablc
5, Th( cxl'l,,slv(,lcvl(ciarc 11.\fr^11(rlvlllilrlnlfLr
(rc(\'r\c rirlillr''n
i. iita t".rtn'.1"n'ot" rr'\ bcinsfK'rLit' 'i lr'\m
irrjccli(nrs
thc
trcli)fc
are ro( beirlgslerilizcd
7. The Dccdlcs
fltr'
thc
agailrst
inmunizcd
arc rrotbci;g
8. Thc Daticnts

READINGSKILLS
vocabularyBuildirrg
of ndvcrbwill s(tneLrrnes
Knowingwhelhcra word is a noun' vcfu' adicctivc'

:'ilxiiliii:
Ji;:#'f
H'ffi:
**#ixi:m;;l'il,,iii."ilil,rlli;,ll',i:l
e"'l'l
has
arr'c'r
(r"dl')
and
,"',iii".""'" u r"lltiwsrncsui'lccr
l]l11'll
o",i
'n|\|a\ttaL'|at1^/d]Iw.l|s.vtu'ul|k.|.|c'hll

,i;.:,,til,il.j.,,,ltl.l:il
a,kd,ll,i;i
, .cr,.aan
,nNC.
,,,,\,.,,r,\,.
1,,'li,lll
an action,sincei! appcarsIn lrc pos
clLrt lo its Inean'rrg)
-arattnd
' t | | i r ' lhe
r . ' rearth
' . * " - give!
. ' , A i .you
l : . la
j kflrrlher
'-"
- ' d l h ( \ l r ( r r r ( r ' r '"vl l L .'r ' ' l " ' l r ( ,
-f
"r
''r"u
rrr"r 'r' 'Lr[[i\-"' rr{ l
'p.c h r"r c\rrr'li' v"rrr''Lr'lr
-";;j.;"'i"'
can Lrcaddcd 10 mnry
for verbs iD thc silnpie pasr lense ald lhat thc nrflix fu
(s'll1r'
'df{tr'h')
advcrbs
rhcm
frr.rl * 'ili .; cdrctl/) ro orakc
",r':".ii.\'"'

.L
'9

a
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pup
ikrtplrc
r
01
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ijuriupqri(1 unoo
s o1t|lr^oqu sqrr^ i]l- rqr lo LIJUilri^uo:) !|](nr u sJleJlprrl
ll0rr.r-xljjr)si(ll
+ . r u i l ai ) j c l l r o t 8

'/
n i r t r u r t r l )qtt^\riJrpqror
prllllrqrleru 01 '9
* i l d L L r e x iL r Pi ^ r i l o t (

+irl(i rluru ol
nlutu o1
NprnDrl
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frlos i\r.ur ol

ffitrap

t ttF f rrrjL\r I
oJ rArnt:,t

'fiEuolt:)lp
rno,l))iq) '&pss.)iull ilulll.ds
ul riiupllJ uos irlrlbar slsFrlsPqtl/\^ spro/$ rql sr)pds lul^/LolloJiqr ul qrr^
.LIl Jo LuroJrtelr(iord(ieiqt rltr^4 ',1l- xuJnsrql qtl^{ pruuoJ rr.r sqr)^i)rlros
lqnrErls' 9 1

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uos

qriiLril ' t l

'9

llPp

zl

ipt^l

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lqij14

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nlilutl ] I
.sool 0l
rq.rr'6

7/4"t1./.'

utitls

'z

pPoIq

'rr-ppu
'.rpnr^\
Ur
spur
rLIlJI
r/.!
x4Jns
rqr n^ursrl'sqr)^
or sr^llllpu
rsnl
pur-'
qrlqM r.rp.lr4
\unouasiqtlo rlJualrJ^uo) preqnurlllJruos
JIeu ot slrealu
o/ (lrJ^rLIt,)lr.LlrLr!) a^{ 'PrrrlJ^|rJlpc JLI1ruort 'uorler- 'A}l- 'ue- :sax[lns
68 SuriJrtdurexa

90 Exemplifying
Vocabularyifi Context. Citclc rbe letter of the answer lhal bcsl malchcsrhe
meaningof the italicizcdword as il is usedin eachof lhesesentcnccs.
l. To open the door, firn irrerl thc kcy in rhe lock.
a. tum
tb, enter
2- The submarincwas complctclys bnergediithe water and could uor bc sccn.
b, uncovered
a, sunk
l. Sollnd cannol bc .ordl.led in a vacuum becausethere are no air wavcs1.)
transmil il,
b. absorbcd
a. carried
4. wies were ins Latedro preventthe trans{crof clcclricity or heal.
a. covercd
b. cxposcd
t. Flrids are Dor rigid aDd caDflolv from onc conlaincr ro another.
b. liquidsand gascs
a. solids
6. cerms are irririr& wilhoul lhc aid oia microscope.
b. unablc lo be dividcd
a. unable1()bc sccn
7. Altcr the fire, the nuclearreactorwas er?itlirgradiation,
b. abrorbing
a. giving off
8. The sun fdlidteshearand light.
a. takcsin

b. givesoll

9. when there is .1drrprrill bclwccn lcsl results,ihc lcst should bc rcpcaLc(i.

b. differcDce
a. sirnilarity
Scdt ing
Scanthc lbllowingpassagc
ilt !hrccminutcsor lcssand pL( Lrrackets
aroLlnd
tltc
followiDit:
l Oneexampleof conduclion,
2, onc cxamltc ()1conveclion,and
3. one exampleol radialion.
Keep in mind lhar cxamplesnslrallycomc dircLllyafler delinirionsor gcncfal

Reading
Ho$, Heal Is Trafisfetred
Hcal is the energythal warms our housesand cooksour lood. 1l is lhe lransfcr
ol cnergyfron a warmcr body to a coolerbody. How doesthis heal lransferlake
place?

aru.bs roj qslliug 3

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tlrp urrlt l;irur;rotu DJ0)r si))e!n\ lJllsrto(l.{tq3rH
's.rotor
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rLliJrI
rrJo
lr)Ltir
lnq,{triu.r
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'auo .rJl(x))rqt uPqt iijrrlri Jrour
J^rn"
l)rulr^\ st lpr1liuo Jqt laqto q:rp:)
.llo
Ilt^\
'I(r J,\13
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ro ,lruj;rstrilqollv
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v

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ino
rururlpuu)r)qdn)turuiqr rl{n"ll
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lt
lup liup sr uns rqt l)Lr!quu) rql
. , . 1 . 1 $ ,\i)t \ 1 .
. r ) , . r ' i r , , . . \ , t , ,\ rl t L r \ | \ . \ \ ) ' i . . r r l ) r , c
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uorlrr^rro)lo 1,)l(h!rux)
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lrrjul iLlr orrrrUMDrPu.qt \r rPrq^ 'rre llor rql r)Dld)i ot ruooi ! otrr pDrol
u.)rll|LrPl).)lDt sr rL'LtrrtM LI's)rPlrrnjrr! x)rl LI |rrr sr uour)^Io:) s)su pur
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.()10 J.rpslDlr;rpu tsrlrup,\\)rll ,{srrur JLtl lo sspilo) Lt)rlt,$qtr^ trptui)r rl]lrl
lrJ^ J)jprus.lnrrtou rqt )\nprrq notrnprio).root{
r.rpsIrnbrlpuDsrspS ,{t^otsos
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s))LrEleqns
ol )lur)l{)ru)uo [rorJ
nlq'rD)q )uor lrnpuoJri;))oDlsq'ls
ltv 'rLl)ouLr
pooi rr! st$ILr )Irt r)rlrDtsqnSIEnbr
,{trpDrr
srJt\uDIrr)q )sDpr.(ts.rol.)Dpnor
rrP sfnrErrdrlr )qt |[rn iuo];loor E or DJlc]or:urr!,n P urorl s,uotJrprH
'l)rl)npuor.ro
P)rr{suL'r snLFsriiirJut rJrsPIr^our ot prrr Plor iqr lP srln))toru tul^otu ,!(Is rqr
sJsDrrqrrq^\ tn pirlls prrr p.firlrrLtrls.qr lE s.tnrrtou rqr rsnprrq sr s'LlI x[l
'Prl
rrcrrq itJrErp ururIIrMrroor:ls.rqr
niq
Jo rlFrPq rql
lo rod c olur p)rr;)slrl
\r uoodsri^lrs L'lr'ildruxr ro:I srDkloo^ll rrrr,{,\rrq;)rnrprrdrurr
ur rrrl)r{Ip
! !r Jr:r| LrII^r )rP[l sr)El rEqr r{srErl lE)rl Jo poqi)LrrJtro sr Lrotl]npLlof
l6

3ulilldurrxa

92 Exemplifying
and radidtiolr-arc
The lhrccmodcsofhcal transfcr-conductioD,
convccLion,
when
lhcfc i\ a (ii5pirity
First,hcal is Lrauslcrrcd
ouly
subiecllo lwo conditions:
and secold,thc flow is alwayslrom hoL1ocold.
in lcmperalufe.

Dlauifig Co clusions. A scicDrislmusl bc ablc Lo draw conclusionsfionr Lhc

lh.n rlrclal,
facts.For examplc,if it is Lmcthal wood is a bcltcrinsulaL()r
availablc
handle
than
nrctnl.
is
conclusion
that
wood
would
nlakc
a
bcLlcr
ir a kritical
|ot
l:dnbc
what conclLrsions
Afler rcadingthc pfeviorspassagc
carefully,iDdicatc
drawn fftnn thc infonnarionit coDlainsby circlingrhc lctlcr ol lhc nnsrverlhal
bcst complclcscach of thescscrllcnccs
in your Lcaarc m()vjugvcry rapi(lly,yoLrrtc. is
L Ii lhc molecules
b. cold

@l,r

a warnrroom and n col(iorc will aauscthc

2. Openingthc door bctwecn
lcmpcralurcin lhc
b, increasc
a. cqLralrzc
3. Oyy[cn i\ r a. itood

cnl].luct(lr
L,fh(r..
b. poor'

window tha! trapsair is a 4. A doublc-iilass

b. poor
a. lood

insr.rlal{)r.

irrsLrlato|
t, Sin(ecork hasair pockcls,il is a Lr,poor
a. good
hot air () riseo|cr.lcs on Lhcprinciplcol'
6. An air'conditiolcrthat causes

7. On a lrip lfonrthc canh to lhc nxxrnyou worritlpasslhltnrgh

a. cold
-1hc
8.
canh ab$rbs hcal
a. and radialcsh

b. hor
b . b L r td o c s n ' l r a d i a l c i l

9 . The mon comforlablc clolhing oD a nor,runny (layls

. b. darkcolorcd
a. lighl colored
1 0 . A h o u s ew i l h w h i l e w a l h w i l l b e -

lh,ln one with (lark rvalls.

pup puplsr.pun nor{ dlrq IIr^{ stldruexg

ro llnrujrp s! leql lurocl ^ue rrqurur
-rlersnllr
p
lrql
slulod
rqt
rr+E
,{lt)oilp
aruor,{llpnsn
rrnl)cl
ul
srldurpxa'lpfrtpnr
uenu^ r sv srldruPxsspqrns qlelcp lPuolllppPuMop a1!.rM
osle'rtulle^Pq no^Jr
'rr^rMoH serPluteur aql uo rlelusruor 'ernDrl P Suunp saro SuDIPlurql

6u!4oLatoN

SurBueqrunq
3u!8ueq|e
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zl
Jo
DtlBIBq q

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',tr.r S

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Furple LrEieSrrlspr.Drrl

sslulrp q
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s! eurllJunsrpv 6
Jo IrEI e ,{q pazlDtJprsqr

saurnbllq

stlDrod9^t e

'al!1r10
q l! isnDJaqprl pasolJ^llqSlle qtlM rrulPluoj e Lrlrdrl rq Fnlll lluoururv I
pJr lP)s q

'pl)$ ,qr rr^o

4rnbl q

prDqlPB e

ntrL L
IIe s)^erl aqtPtsradslP
Pulr'r''
tzFode^ e

'rlloq uadoue urolJiplJlnb ,Jrlodrn,

9
lll^4or.unJrad
urprPq q

lltu|E

'qtnou!prtoor 4fpros IM ptnblV g

JI

q8nolri q
,{l Enbrl8lq e
'urnrr.rot tou trq dpl rql rleu ot ,ruroqt lrl rullosgiitrrprhr sl Drnq,Lt
IIFIde|q

llMoF e

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uollEredrsq

roll9uuoJsuPJt'r,
'qJle^,rol tulleupseJ

sr ^ljrrllnq lnJllnDrqB olul rpllloDls) nllll.u.|oMp lo uat a uor .LlL z

le^ourr
oe pale
'r.unn)P1\

uolt!ppP e
) rle aql le yr uolpt lqnt ,\L

'sJJLrJlLrrS
JSJqI Jo qJPr UI prsn SI 1l SEprOM pJzlJ:lBll Jql JO nulUpJtLI
'$atuoJ u! lubpqbrot
rLIl srqrrPllr N}q rPql ra.4 sue 'rII Jo Dllol ttlt )prl}

Sl1IXS 'NINIIISI'I
6 3u!iJ!ldruJxl

94 Exemplifying
uDfamiliar.Thcy can alsobc nscdlo provc or subslanliatcyour poinl when wriling
an ar$wer lo an cssayqucstion,
Takenotesasyou iistento the lecnrre"The ChangingSta!cof Matter" aDdthen
usyour rotes to completethe rext exercrse.

Understandingthe Lectrrr. lndicarewheiher eachof lhc Ibllowillg slatelnenlsis

rrue (T) or false (i) accordirgto the iDformationin lhc lecllrre.
f

t. a changeof statecannotoccur wilholrl addingor sublEclirrghcnl.

2. ody a few substaDces
can (onvcrLIiom one physicalslalc lL,
L The convcrsion
of a sdid lo a liquidis calledevaporalioD.
4, All substances
nlelt at the sane lempcrallrrc.
5. casessuch as oxygcn cannot bc solidificd.
dre molecules
k) novc laslcr.
6. Hcatinga liquidcauscs
7. Fog is an cxamplc ol evaporation.
8. A volalilerubnan(( r5onc rhJt ir <talrlL.
9. Alcoholis a volatileliquid.
point is lhc samcas the boiliDgpoinl.
10. Thc coDdcnsalion
aud thc ralcol
11. Equilibriumexistswhcn thc ralcol concicnsatj(,l
ate
tnc
same.
cvaporallon
of cvaporntion.
12. Cloudsareformcdby lhc process

DISCUSSION POINTS
cive one or two cxamplcsol cach ol lhe followirg. Explairryour answers
l.
2.
L
4.
5.
6.
7.

Scienific factsthal still amazcyou.

Machinesyou would not want !o live without.
Machinesyou wish had never bccn invenlcd
scientifi. discoveriesyou would like to havc wilnessed
Thingsyou wonld like somconeto iDvcn!
Placcsyou would like Io explorc
Thingsyou $ink sciertinswill neverkDow

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rldrlrrxr rs)tuorts rrrotrJ\nerJq lnJDroJ oru SL tu^\.r oi r)pur 1lr^ sllll .rruer
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puP'rsDdiqt 'silurrqnrpurnLl'Jsri^rLrn
rqt lnoqp^{ooI jr^ru IJl^'\r^{ siurqrrrE
Jrrqr reqlrrElsno,{tr'i)ldrusxrrol eJprrnoiJ0 t)rdsu,ti^r itprtsnlllol.td!uexJ
rlP .^rl or rrrs rft ,), pll0 su tl) s ttoltstrtt ot a Dtsut.tol tttlulax' -tal rp'rl:,ul
sild(rexr Surrnporllrrroj spro^{ l|oltlsulrl srl(kupxr qrr^'l I lrodclnsu)ql plrp
p JtrrM
aJ!JtuJsrldot P L0r^\urijrg stLIod(orssnrsrC
alo Jo ruo uo qdErljErBd

saldtuoxl 4vxr tldoJqt,tod t1 qulllA

'llL1lLtU!t'
1 ,/(l4:,tqLtLl
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l o L ro p i i r l r . J l L r i ^ i )i ) ( r i r u i s J l ( o l l l p u L ) l s , r i p ! Io l s , r i p r . r iirl q D l r i s . ) l ( 1 u r P rJ(q) l
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l ) r r P r u i p i ) l ) u r t u i s) l ( l 0 1i q l i I c r L r r i i d u f r x i i ( l l M o r l ) ) l l o N
(lnl i ltL6l "o) ,l trol.()N A\
r.111.11.15
| r.1]t\)l11tAlt) ! t n L\ :l
'uol)i)l
.Lruul IM

'M :)roi MiN)

\ p L I r o M l ( ) i j l | r l P ) ! li q l o t p ) t l r r l l
t r l l s ( r r us r s l c L U r u ics J L l l u r u o r L r J u J i i J . rt \ u D i j i o M J u ) l o q n \ ; ) t p r . ) u J i J ) r
n ) u u D r s l P u [ u c l t r l ) L r Ps | r q r l n p L ,r r a s l ] ! r ^ \ i u i l e i J l r J i r J r r r r . )s) p i P z l l
p r r Ps r r P U D r u u l u st l u q r r q r o r q r u r r u r n i r u c r r r u u P U c l (c1 I e H l ! n p r ^ n r u l
J I ( ) r l Me ) L L r O ) JO
q l S l . r ! ( il l ! r s i ) . ) u l l u J l p r i u J n _ ar.rrc ) ) ) ) l d q r P ) p u l r s J r J r d
, { L r o l uo l u r p r d d o q ) r q L r p )D i p , { qr o r L I s D ) s l t n p p o V l u r q r r ! ( ) t s r i q r o
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llP lsotulY

rt-ul^1oll(,
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ln)LUilllltF.Mrlol to tu)Llr)l).q) )rD r)tdlupx)',{ pLrrl sr)pprrrnon rrln^uor

dt)q
srtdlupxln'JrunfipuE iiurlpruirr noI I N r')r':rsp Jo irltq'parj )rtl
lit^{
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s'tll PrrElr^rl rrroor )qr or r)lrriiqD rql urcrJ )^ou' rrPerr Jr| (rlrq srlotuP
-xE r^rsDnsrrclrolr SuosrrJtrrrrrqrrru r'.lornbrrt rrP \lu)ru:)lPlslt'I;'trrij 'l)Pora
'lLloc{D Hrrr,{Jrrrp
ro iiurrll!Jdrr jo stre^\Intrsn rrolu )qr Jo rtro sr iirrr'{trldu.rxE

6u!,t!!lduaxa
s'l'rI>Is :)Ntrlt{M
s6 SotIJrldrurxE

chapter 7

Giving Evidence
Smoking,Drugs, and Alcohol

INTRODUCTION
Oncca hypothcsishasl)ccnprcposed,lhc qucslionis alwaysaskcd,"whcrc
diar)l{txls
is lhe cvidcn(c?"Thc Bri!ishscicnlistSir HtlnrphryDavyon(c l)Lrnrcd
thal diarlror)ds
and graphilc
inro graphitc,igoorju!lthecxpc|rsc,ro demonsrralc
arc both crystallizrdcarbon.Hc a(lchis point.
P(rcf or eviclcnccis usuallylhc rcsult ol obscrvationor cxpcrilnenlatior),
co bincd \aith reasoning.Thc rheoricslhat arc acccptcdarc lhosewith the
mosl suppo4ingrvidence.In thc sccond(cntury,claudiLrsP()lcnryp(Dostd
tha! lhc planetsand the sun revolvedaroundIhc carth.His lhcorywas a.tcplcd
becauseit prediclcdthc posilion ol lhc planctswilh somc a(.ura(y. Bul all
"proofs" are !cnlative,ro be discardedwhen anolhcr theorycnrcrgcsthat cxplains
morc lacts.Thirteencenlrrieslater,lhc PolishscicntistNicolausCopernicus
"provcd" that lhe plarets revolvearound thc sun by dem(mslrat'ngthal his
ol lhc
thcoryexplainedihingsthat Ptolemy'sthcorycouldnot, likt lhe seasons
planels.
Then,
in
1905
the
relrograde
or
backward
molion
ol
lhc
ca(h and
Albert Einsteinshookeveryoneup by sayingthal motion is relativeand that
whetherthe sun is moving or rhc ca(h is moving dependson your point ol
view! And on and on wc go, alwaysslriving to get closcra|rd closcrm thc
lrulh. Bnt scientifictheoriescan seldombc prcvcn bcyonda doub1.After all,
no one can stand far enough oul in spaccto observcthe planelsrcvolving
aroundthe sunl

96

PJo rrslrc iq1 Lri^E-dotsot xlurnp,{olli

srjol.jlu^slpMerpqll^,\
r4Jns purl
Jr
rr(tpqrr)qt LroruipuJtii'p,{[e)rSotoqJtsd
pup,{ltprrs,(qd
ruorrq uruo srrtouli

sl)rlrp LtcJrlro Uol|eplpt,rr

,rLU
q
M
\qrq p ro
tpt
.
\1p,1lrlrr',r.- .,L,l-r.1llcur\
| (qrq rIllpLJrd c,Jiipr|lc\rurpJUr^prJJ,,
l!,orirlJlrl
raterrii p r^pq ,,{pplr srnrrL,StrJoltred e rlorus oq,44
uJruoMtreLL:'Jrdtput srteJrour
i)||.)1,r1).nlI \.).1t.11\
qur,l lrrrpii rIour. urr^4t,!lu,rIpl rI\ c ur1"., r.,.,q1
silunl rqt pup ,lporqt .qt ,qlnottr rql se Llrns
'rlll,4
lrPlt()J Llt s,tut)J 1l sinsso lue ul JiJUeJJJnpOtdnpJ jr
,rrurSoul)
1r
teql
.1'liupJrlLI rrl iqr rrqr \LurljUr'.r
o\tp q)rpr{.ru.\
rq.ruurq
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itulqle.)rq.lrlr
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i;rnu
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"qr
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rouorrtrlrsuor
);Tj;'iljT:];],ft:iti:llfi,iliii

Io slrljli ,qr siulslr ul ,!prq aqrJo orerlqr srsBolulounorluruqtpaterisirorucp

tr.1.1i\t.q ]l (UrLl .)I\l s L Lro.lods! tpL{t

! .runo)tu s t!tLftr) tuptd
Ie)tLuJq)
rr)r'rlul .1t{I iluJL(rlrefi,,lpln)I) pue uerq iupru ,r
sl JullorrS IrrJu.,eq..1
n"tclct
nllllo(rs lpqt ilBJrpul ot pi)ltrllrtun)Jpspq n)urp1,ll ororu pue otoru
t,rqt .r:rr15
_Io,ll?lLri(ulltaprq ol Ll)lBcsclJUlluJIJs^q ur,{otd uJnq ppq
d._qtlp.)Ll.0l'll1l(uuq
nlllif)us
tuql pr)unoltlrpsrtptsprllun rqlJo leraucauo;r8rn5
oqt 7961 u1,uiq.1
'l)irlcMr,)LU,\[r
,{li^t(nl]Lr())oi)l ruu pcq pllp Jlqlsr^x\u i\.)l.)ast))Ucuu)t-BLtotslr
'rn('Jir:1lrcl1
rp pidirt\ t.)Ltst;^ stlllpe,{clilullirursrpllrolletltroJ
oot x,u ser,air
124ows s,an4L
afiqA|
atll

s,ataw

'lrllturlrl sl iJullolr|s
lullt oJlripr^i.rr^orlilp ot ,tpssed 8ul.^olloJ,qt pBnU

aulpoavuotts

Z6 .ruepl^q 3ur^tC

98 Giving Evidence
smoking-relatedillnessis nol ,lways suiilcient to enablehcavy smokerslo quil
Despiteall thc infomlation madc availablclo the Public since 1964 in 1985 thc
AmericanLuig Associationenimatedthal thcre were 250.000prcoralrrreLieauls
duc !o smokingin the UDitedSlalesper year'

USING ENGLISH TO GIVE EVIDENCE

is thal snokingis darrof the previouspassagc
The main poinl,or hypothesis,
gcrolrsio your health.Thc arglrmentis bascdon four stalcnlcnts,cnch ol vrhich
is supporlcdby evidcncc.(Note that scicnLilicevidcnccnlusLbc Incl. /?dropirr()n')
Smokifi!is rdatedta fian! heartand citttLldlor!ailtlktlls
(Evidcnceis iicqlrcnlly int()duccd wilh wo s like indialcs at ilr lontrt (s
ralhcr ihaD lhc strongerwor(l frrvas This rcllcc(slhc "trrrproval)lc"nalurc
hypolhescs.)
of nrcstscientillc
Ix has been demonstrated that nicotine increases the rate of the
llear!' . . .
Snlokin!is th! losts1nilicaktlhclatin rcslittltot.vtli,.,.ltts
It can damage the tiny hairs (cilia) that linc the brcathing
passages.. . .
Research also confirms that the tar in cigarette smoke is
carcinogenic, . . .
bilNeen!11aki1!ldtld birth dtJtel!
Therci! abaa correltitian
The evidence indicates that pregnant women who smoke a pack
of cigarettes a day have a greater likelihood of having a
miscarriage. . . .
S|/,ake^aflenbe ne phlsirdlb'trndPsrtltolalitlllr tl41utla1t0n thcit hdlli!
(Evidcnce
is not alwaysmarkcdwilh a cluc wofd and ollcrrcan orrlvbe
idcntilied by drc conlext of lhc paragraph.)
Smokrs often... suffer withdrawal symptoms il they attempt to
stoP.
Even the onse! of a smoking_related illness is not always
sufficient !o nable heavy smokers to quit.

'Eur.s^qdtu. rsnpr e sr ;urlorus q

Jo
'Jlorus ol rlq sluJrlEoPruJslqoruq e
pnrJs,{rldrurpue ;ullours UJJ^rDquouElrrror lerrlsnelsq8lq e s! irtqt t
'sr Jsl]^run rqr se $nl SurpuEdxrsr qrrer rql q
'urclP
pJlJuprpql sued otur J)iorq lerF sseurpuel Juo Jruo J.|J^,tstlrauluor iql P
eFznd
plo s.r.rd illlr:)qti8ot lg sl .unuor s,riup:.rqllo srdeqsrql Z
Mas8rt3rq
tnP)Lt uirt^\ sprPdxrrJrEMo
'PrlPJrl
rrJt{^!
srlerooE^J
rJley''{
e
'srsu rrlE^r Jrll 'P sJrJsr Jploq prsolr e ul rclcM rqr i)LIM
I
'riurpr^J
Jo sllrJurJtersJsJr0J() rlJPaluo{l u,^'\erpr(l
uu) rBllr Lrorsrllruor)rlr Jo .rrlt)l )qr .lIrf
a2u2p1^gtuo4 suolstlpuo) 6u!^rorQ
'lPrrq or,.{liIll
sl r)clns p.I?rlc uo pc(kiorpcllrfil ssclSv ol(ls)iui.qro')lr8P+ s! sselo 'lt
'lalqlrq uu) siJ p plro
lorlorlBJo slrcllPulquro)
prsnrre loqo)lupuu sSup oirlM s.rn))oLrrllotoua(J
u!P1l') rCqtcSot
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lorrs.{qdu dolr^ip s)ur!t uos rt^oll;).I
,^rlrrppu s! aulqdrow '9
rrlpd p sp iulrldrour ul^liJ .rrp oLIMsluc|cd
lllldsoH
'5nurA
ruorJteM ro lraSixo olr sr JrJrlI snur^ uo tslxr toulrP) tl ^lolll r^r sc Jlfl
'lr lrursuerlol s)JlDtlotua.IPrlrql

's

E ur 8ulrl IIrq v
uiq^! prtrnpordllro sr Punos punos ou srtr.]LuLLrnn)D^
'rrEld SurtrelsJql ol u]nlir ^llPnl r^r
llrM rorenbr rqr luo{ rsr.'rIIDi)rp 8ull.^Prl uosradv punor sr qucr Jlll
'ParErrlluJ
Jqt llu or 'JsnJJlpro 'pPardssB8P Jo s.lnr;lou rqt ruoor rql rr^o Ilc pe.rds
d pll1l'J^) I M .rns IIt 'rttoor Psolr E r rdo {rl sr rurnlrd.1o rlrroq D}I
tou \r tnos f
saop lEor loo^! E lnq'tuDPrlruJd

't

'z

p rrtpM,,r rl.lpruuJ,lr.I \r .\'l\ctd I rrl

uro{l urer Jrl slui^rjcl lPoJ IPr ruseld Y

')Jr^{l
)ql puP J]uo uors
JJLrip!^r
ntr or rqr J rrrrpun 'sruJrurrprsJo srrpd rs.ql Jo tpc) q
uap!^g 6Lt14l!tu2PI

66 rruepr^a 3ur^!5

i00

Civing Evidencc
4 . T h c s f a c c b c t w c c n l h c s u n a n d 1 h ec a ( h i s c o l d .
a . T h c s l r n i s n o 1 a s h o l . s i l u s e d1 o b c .
b. Thc rrys offiesun wafln whal they t(Nth lrtll .rc rrot hot lhcnrlchc\'

5 . I D a c r o w d e d r o o m , c a r b o n d i o x i d c g r a d u a U yr e | i a c c s t h c o x y g c n i r L h c : ' i f
a . H u m a r l b c i n g si n h a l c o x y g c a r r d e x h a l cc . o r r ( l n ) x r c l e
b . H u n r a n b c i n g si n h a l c c t r L m r d i o x i l e . n d c x h i l t o x y g c n
W h ( n . b c a n l e e d i s g r o w r r i n r b c d a r k . t h c l ) L l l r l\ ( n ) r rd i c s .
a . B c a n p l a n t sn e e d l i g h l t o \ u r v i v c .
b . B c : l n p l a n t sr c ( d l i g h LL o t L u n g r c c n .

7 . Alcohol cnn blur your visiort.

n . A l c o h o l a i l c c i sd r i v i n g a b i l i t y .
b . A l c o h o l d o c s n o l a f f c c ld t i v i n g a b i l i t r , .

scvcrflslilcnlcnls
Elaluati g Er'idence.Altcrcachofthe followingl)roposilions
givc
or nrPl)ol Iof
cvidcncc
statcnlcnls
lhnt
rfe givell.Circlelbc IcLlcrsol lhosc
answcr
fof
cach
nrcrc
thaD
onc
tbc p(rlxxitiou,Thcrcrnaybc
li)r drivcfs.
1 AI(oholis dangc|1)us
is
.. Alcohol addicLivc.
nnnrulltsol nl(ohol.
b. Alcol()licrbuild up a $lcranccft)rill(reasing
((.) Alcohulinr)iriAiud{m(nl.
ft l-rt.l
0) M.rnyi ur, |lr,l'.lc .r(i Llcrr(.Jr( .rlc'1h"1
2 . A l u r r i n L r insr. l i g h ln r c l a l .
is pr(xiuccdfron bauxi!c.
a. AlunlinLrln
clcn]cnts.
b. Alunrinuruis onc ol rhc nr{)slabr.rndn|rl
c. AllnriDunrwcighslcssthaDiIorr,Tinc,silvcr,gol(1,an(jco|pcr'
is 660"C.
d. Thc [rehinl.lpoir)r()1allrnlinuDr
L watcr expilrldswhcn il freczes.
a. walcr fipcs so rclimcscra(k in vcry coldwcathcf.
b. walef icc/cs at o" C.
frcczcal diffcrenl tcnrpcratlrfcs
c. Difi$cnl slrbstanccs
coDlractwhen frozcll.
d. Mosrsulrltanccs
Oxygcnsupponscombu(roir.
a. BlowiDgon i fire makcsil bum morc brighlly.
b. Ioresl llrcl are worsc in a s!fttrg wind.
c. Nilrogcndoesnot supponcombuslion.
a firc will prl it oul.
d. Smolhcring
{i)ra healthydicl.
5 . vira|ninA is csscntial
a.
b.
.
d.

Lackof vi|amirrA may {auscrlighlblindncss

VilaminA is lound in buitcr,cggs.and fish liveroils.
\ i , d n j | l A r i u . , ' r . . , . f i n l r j l ' l ' r r F. l f t 1 t r , , r
AD over&)sco[ vilamin A can be roxic-

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Iq l)rsrDr\r DruotunrLrd
eu.FpqJo LIl^\orlJL0sLlors
urrlrJLrrd
'rptnsonrr qr.rptsl.rr^|lorrrolulod srlrrplqoqrDr
rr! lJr)trlod lp'xl iql ur rL'l'l\ olur LprflsuJ^LrorrJDrplqoqrel n
'slrPr
i^rLt \t!turLrrp
] r i l i l J l r r r o r I t V s t r e li ^ p r t s i l o | p r l

'silrrlrlr
'7

n _ L r l ^Iill! L r l r ) . ) u P rs i l n ! r J I o r u s n f l u r r r r r ' r
' l r r J r o l o rr r ! 5 l ) u I o ( l l L r o ru o f i
Tlv

uo.r pLr!'u^ro.rqal()ltri i||r \r)urr(rtror|l(,n uJrriJ)rf s crlllstlort I -f(/) .^ri)nprrrro (o) r,\urnprps uirsn r nLr.)uriruls
ijoruosur.r
ilrnMoltol
irqr.t{) qrcir rirLltr(t^1il!)|rrrt
1'irlrosrry ,^lrrflput pult aNDnpao EUtII!tuapl
l . ' r i t . \ . . .f ' . tr . . 1 i r r l . . , r , , r . \t q
. . r . , .. r . . , . I r r. \ r ' r l
or rsourrrsrrI ijurl.rrluur .)lq!nlp^i.r)^ !)q tlu) iil|uosu).r
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-xi.ro,l
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s!
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ro )q[urrd lu)url
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lltijru.r.]^o !!Prl uo str.r(l ,niO l
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t
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. r o s r s l ' ) p r L o rl L ' ) ) e t l | r \ p l { ) r p q l r ^ , rt ) D t r r o )| r l i l { r o r i o ( l p . \ r r t p ^ ' l U r q M 9

I0I

.rurpr^a 3ur^r3

102 Giving Evidcne

6. AIDS is a vencrealdisease.It is somelimestraDvnilrcdby bi(x)d All
nlay bc lransmitlcdby blood.
vencfcaldiseases
7 . Halley'sConet passcdnearthe earlhin 1758.lEl4, 1910,and
1986.ttalley's Comcl will retu lo dre ea|lh irr Lhcyear 2062
8 . Autonobilcs givc oll carbonmonoxide.Carborrnronoxidcis a
poisonousgas.Thereforcaulonobiies causcair pollr.rtiorr-

Using Reasoi g. Deduclivercasoningcan somclimeslcad lo {nlsecorclusiorrs

Herc arc two examplesi
All studnts are lazy.
Everyone here is a student.
Therefore, everyone here is lazy.
All gasescan flow.
All liquids can flow,
Therefore, all gasesare liquids.
ln lhe llrsl cxnnulelhc oriSir)al
coD(l(rti(nrs?
How did wc arriveat su(hridiclrlolrs
(onclusiolr$
ln lhe sccon(lcxanrple,
prcmiscis false,Falscfrcmisesleadto lalsc
prclniscs,
lbf.llhough gascsand li(lLlids
docsnol lbllow froln thc
thc conclusion
(bolh canllow), thisdoesnot mc.n they are lhc sanlcirl
sharconc characlcristic
olhcr ways,
lhcrc.lrcnol
sonlelilrrcs
canalsoleadlo lalsccor'rclusiolrs.
lrduclivercasoning
nol lypical
of
arc
lr()t
fcPrcscnlalivc
rhc cxanrples
SonrelintcJ
cnoughcxamDles.
lhc
cvidencc
nol
lbllow
funn
does
thc con(lLrsioD
ADdsomctimes
why llle conclusionis falsc
h cach of thc lbllowing, discr.rss
t. Il ir is a bifd, it can l]y.
A chickencanno{fly.
Therefok, a chickcn is nol a bird.
2. EiNtcin was noi a Soodsludcnl.
Einsteinwas a genilrs.
Thereforc,aoyoDewho is not a good sludcnl k a gcnius
l. All metalsare rclid.
Sulfuris a solid.
Thereforc,sul{ur is a nrclal4. People,kangaroos,pcnguins,and ostrichcsall 14'alkon 1wo lcc!
' I h e - e l u r rcl.' e y
n (rrb(f.ul l,e'dnr('ltc.k'
"r(
5. Archimedesdiscoveredihc prnrcipleof water disltacementin the balhtub
The displaccmentprinciple i! a major scienlillcdiscovcry
Thereforc,Lheplacc 1o make a major scicntilicdiscoveryis iI the baLhlub
6. Someclcmentsarc gases,and olhers are liq ids
Sulfur is an elemenl,and it is 'lot a gas.
Threforc,sulfur is a liquicl-

,n ?t?vuq)

J l u l r l s u ro l i
'

'z
Daunoa ot I

'Irpssi)ro ,{rpuorlrrprno,{
Jr
)rrq)
'riuL'qr SurllJdsp irnbrr
Isurlsp u! qtt^{ sprcA{ stslxrI Jr ,- IeLrUrtil rlor0 ,.rxujns rq1 :urppp ,{q sunou ol sqre^ 8L ^^o oJ Jqr rBueql .ro- /uoF :s?rrlns

BururoLurt.ql dn r^rs ot rldorri 'rros ,prrr.trd o, ryfror, 70, ,n^ ,f1q"qu.,A

qr,tir'ii
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rillor urqM srllrlt rlr^,\ ,.lrl0 ,tspg rlpplhl
Jllt Jo sJrpld ulEtDJ ul IJ4JJ Jluesiq1 JJnpolclot pcprao Jle srsopliLISlq teql
os DUI{Jprroj rrrr.rilr, rserrJtrl ot .lqlssod sr tI fiutqrtnxa Bulsne. tt1lujt14irl
upr sJsopq31H ,|n1, )lorll plte lr,r4 ssJIIr{ Irsn Jqt o)ieurJur:IJpr.lorro?lrd
itprtpow LuJls,(ssno^JDtrrqt sr/rrx, leqi ':)uBlsqnsp ,i)uriJJcJsulstuoj J4Jo:)
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l;utpllng ltolfiqbtot
S'I'II'S

DNI(VAU

'lPruruPrrEsr
'JloliuJrJl
e
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v
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uP sr lr Jl ' o t
trPrP sErJlr
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sr Dueniupru'rrotrr:qJ
tor
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srlrlrrnP sP^ro)lnE)
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rJle,!r uPqt rrlllnl sr poo.MrlPo

aor rrurpr^g 8ur^r)

104 Giving Evidence

5. to
6. !o gravilate

lubricale

8. r()
climinate

1 0 .l o
ll. lo
12. 1o
IL to
spccLllatc

1 5 .r o
1 6 ,t o
1 7 .r o [,)rmuhte
-of D()l) lhc Iinnl
changethc lbllowinilvcrbs() noLlllsby addi|8 thc sLrlllx
-c if ir cxins.
l.

$.tlr4pgtan

2.
3 . () irlsulate
t . () acceleralc
7.
8.
9 . l() lubricate
10.
r r r r l \ L r (L\ l r (
Vocdbularyin Corlexl. Circlc thc I r L r ( r, ' l r h ( . . r r ' $ \ r l l r . r rl ( . r
scrrlcnccs
word as il is uscdin cacho{ thcsc
meaningol lhe ilalicized
I The droughl drerddcondili()ls lfi thc larmcrs
(, chaDgcd
a. improvcd

'prtpdlrnue
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ol JrllElslst|q
'J.rrllcrrdrrrl r\I saut
lxa nl

p.!olo|q
idPqsJo nro .P
'p)110$tp
rE.rl<lellr^^.rrlc^^ur pili uqns lrlls tllSterlsv ./I
ul?Jlsrr .q
JSP.lrr .e
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ot sllKl loot rq ,tq8rr^{ rsol oI .91
pl|tu q
,{tperp .D
'tr slrerlLrcr
oq^,\rllofi i^..r0J ssiull /r4rl e sr sctv,s I
lonunq q
JniilteJ.p
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r./o4s/?rrlf,
uo.rJpitiJJns slrqull) ulutunoul aql ,rl
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prdoli^ip rq UiqM qol srq (((xJpirl)o.riH .l
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i)IP^ P 1.1
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1
.Z

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r06

Giving Evidcnce

Skinmi

Skimmi g for mairl icteasis a rcadingskiLllhai is useful in a number ot waYs:

l. Always skirn a lcxlbook chapterbclbre readingit 'losely' Il you folloh'lhis
proccdure.you will rcad fastrand wilh greatcrintercn and colnprehcnsxrn'
Z. Wtren you need 10 write a rcsearchpaper.skim rhc reterenccsvou lind in
the 1ibraryto scc whi(h contah the malcrial you need
L skim any passagethal YoLrfird difiicull Onceyou havc a gcncralidca of dlc
you $rilLbe ablto rcadil lhoroughlywilh betlcr
contenland organizalion,
undernaDdiDg.
Seep. 27 !o review skinnrirrg lchniques
qucslio'rs:
Siim the followinglassagein rhreenlinutesand dlcn answcrLhesc
I Whichof thc lbllolvingis Lhenlairr cal
a. Drug\arc alwiryslolcnliallyh.rJnl"L'
b. Drugsirrenol hnrmful.
l)crrtti(i'l
h.rnrfulbtlt Lrsually
c. llrLrgsare o((asi(mallY
irr
lhc lassilllci
af(r
discusscd
drllgs
2. which ol 1hciollolving
rnll(jnc,m'lnltrnn'r'
nar(olics,
PcP.
inhalirrts,
cocainc.anlphclarnincs,
and
hashish?
barbi(uralcs,

Re6d{ng
The Dakger of Dtugs
Lhalallcr tllc Lrodychcnri\lry.Thc plcalirr!lcllcd\ ol any
Drlrgs.lrcsLrbslarrccs
d.rgcr's
drug shouldbc weighc(lcarcfullyag.inslils scriotrs
lt fclaxclLhc
an(l (lcL)alcd
nlLrch
discusscd
is a diug rhat hasbccn
l.tarijuarra
Al lhc s'lnre
Lrscrs
in
nlany
lccling
happy
a lrlcasrnl,
miDdairdbodyand fr(xlLrces
nn)ljvnl1()11
coodinaLiorl,
mcnr{)ry,
thc
lime, ir canaltcrflrndbrrsthat may alfect
alrohol'
lraflrlirl
lharr
L)e
lc\\
miy
iLs
cl{ccts
Although
andallcntionspanoflhc Lrscr'
i!
hanllcls
or
any
drug,
lh.l iL,
il shoulLlnL'lbcaslLrmcd
"h'f(l drLrS\"
(codciDc,
hcrcin,opiuma|cl mor|hirrc)arc consi(lctcd
Narcolics
tv\lcrll'
1he
ncNolrs
oD
dcl)rcssnnts
They
a(!
as
ftrrDling
or habil
.1DdarcaddicLivc,
lclh;rrgic
thc
LLrcr
mnkcs
vigor.
Hcft)in
alc|!rrell.r
pairranLldecrcasing
relicviDg
cona, and evcn(lenthlnrDrovc(lore BccaLrsc
lo infecli()D,
and highlysusccptiblc
rhc
Lrscr'tocfinrcto pay for lhc high cosl ol
leads
heroiDis addiclive,it olicn
b! hos|ilil\ a\ a |nin
morphinc,is Lrsc(i
nafcotic
oblainingthc drug. Anolher
addirLc(l
becor
c
nn)rphidc
patients
rcceiving
relicver.occasi ully,
'1
syslcm'fro(tLrcrrrg
Lhe
ncrvolrs
"cokc")
lhat
stinlulalct
(or
is
a
dr!!
Cocainc
lo|lg
ovcr
'
qlrong
sniffing
cocainc
sc|lliari(nrs
|itwdcr
alr(l
leelingol well-being
hypcraclivity.nd chronicinsomnia"Cfnck,"a lonn
pcriorlcar ca se paranoia.
bc(drr\clhc tr\cr tan Lrcco']rc
ilangcrorrs
is cspecially
is
snroked.
ol cocairclhal
le'(ls
hcroin,iL lrcqucnll-v
Likc
pcriod
of
1imc.
a
vrv
shon
irr
inrcnselyaddicled

'IoLIorlD
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snor.SuepllrElrlrrliDtl
rr! \ erntriFDI' 0 1
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IIrMs)Lrlurctrridurp
Jo )sqxi^o up u.^3
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Jo
Irprxhu.l rpr^ordtrrql rsrlrrq s)L tUelr(tdurp
rsn sru)ptrls ||oS ' 8
'r^rDrPpE
loLrsr rpllt nnrpi)lrost
e)o)
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p.]ol 9
tturl
ijr()t
ou
sL'rl
JL
InJlu.]ELI
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'E
nrp]$ruiJrs
V
rr^rrlr.rureo
u sDslDtr(s(nl
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ssrtLLriurl
^lq!(lor(rsr rrotJjrqt puu loqorluuuql snoiiiiuepss)lsr urrpntlrp!!.t
'uorlc^ltoruul JsPir]rP
jo isn arlt urJ^\l)q ltollulJttoroo sr )r ll z
u ILrucrrPnlLrDLu
',trstrLr.LI)
s,lpoq I jotc strup urul.rJ:),{luo

' i i J l ' s s u ds n o l ^ i r d . q l o t t u r p l o ) l p ( J ) i s l e j r o ( J ) i n l t s l
s r t r ) ( L l ) r P ri Js L l r M o l l q l f l r . l o q r e c . l c q l l M i l l ? ) | ) u t 6 u t p v a Ua r [ i u ! p u r $ ) a p u n

's))uinl)isUo:r
srlor.ris
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Iiup,{uu ilutsuii|Lrrprsuor
)uo,tlrv /illpturpr.)J!
UrIut sr lltnorr|uletpJc p ! ,rliJrrl
,{l\no.riiluup
iq,{uLuJ)uprrlots,t)lpppuu sJ!!ltlJuI())^.stlJl]iuLisiLIl J^ilq)u ol
sisol)lJulsuir)uliiuuruh)r'Jnrp I] rll ,))up.rrlol
o dn plrnqsrsn i^|])rppurrLr
'nuonlljp(l uolt(h)xJ)Lll rlltM
siirip )^oqu)rll Joln)rutuqtsrtp)rpurLI).tlJsJi
lo
'uoru)rl
rpnt)!rtsl)rltB .-redspUr )tlrrlJo rUo .ro)srlr
luD',{t)rxuP'rrrsrrpr'ssrurzzrp
Iup
.)t.tDDtpr.rll(l
n)r^PqrqfuD'iiu'tL ql'poorrr ur sriluDLl)
rsne) uDr srrtrprqr,{sd
lP!t^\JtUosrIL' slrrui rl)Ll.L sr.)pn)srp
r)Llto pLrc\Lro pL rnlluq rtrnpord
IprLrJtrr
tDql\J p r.rP'(.rrll'rsJruplrDCSt turpnl)Ur)srrJljouDrlllDq
ro ,s)rtrprLl),(sd
\
'tclulJq
l)tlusr lrrr HLLltpirqJ\l s$Id(lr)!'
,rl)rrds
tuD)r)LIl)5oltorl('rluPLrPsrturlllqrPqJo isn rql oorsrllrorIDII r pLrL]
prr IrlF'r()r)uLl|l)I(J(')
JpsrlttrJo
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ro,s:)tprnlrqrlg
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prrp
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I()
spou)d.{ol iq pr^\o ({ )rp tDql5ut.q-ltr,\"{lrlr.1!l
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srlrrLLrul)Ll(lorc
Jo!rrcnrrlirrrr^rMoH rtrtiddpl|rqrrsprrtrrpolsrrtrlp.{qp p.Duu
LruoJrril
IJttl r^ordrurot sJtrll0D,{q,rlpMpipls ol srr^r.rp
pr! nLriprrls
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sno^rru ritl Ietnurns plrFJrnssJ.rd
pootqi'ql ispJrrur siJn.rp
rsrllt )L rp)rllil^l pUr:
':)Lruprxrc'irr'rp'rrJa rpnlrLrr(,,srrddn,,
ro,,pJrds,,p;)llEr)\.)ultup]iqdrlrv
r0t

'uJpr^a 3ur^r9

108 Giving Eviclencc

.((Lrri(f lh( cllccl\ol LSI)
l l. Scientists
ran prcdi(l ,i1hrca(maLrlc
ol r l.rl.l
12. A u\cf who buildsLrpir (tcfanrc li)r a droitis h (1.1u!er
ovcr(losc.
LISTENING SKILLS
Vocabularyh Cotrsxf. Circlc the lcLlcr ol lhc answcr lh.l L,(n rlntthcs Lh(
word ns il is ulicdiD ca(h ol lh(\( \clrlcrr(cs.
rrcaningol thc italiLizcd
a\ well .s |sy(holo!ic.l eI1c.l\.
l. q)cainc hasp/?',ji,,/.,.tiir'.1
physictl
tJ. nrenr.l
k)
lor I heilllhyir1(livi(ltrnl.
2. Excrcisc
is 1]d?{riti.rl
t). g(xxi
n. dangcrous
wns/rr?rJrrlll.t?lry
clccln)nicnl.ril.
3. Thc nrcssagc
L),\cnl
a, rcccivc(i
l)ftar.rsc
thc d|ivcr wa\ /,,/oJr(ir/rt.
4, Thc accidcnlo((Lrffc(l
l), (lnlnk
a. arrcslc(l
oJ ll)c Lrorl!.
lhc $r'.dLril./(3rr./!?/rtr
5. Ol(iagebrirrSs
L), wc.krlrilrg
a. slrengthenin!
nr1(l(rtrsc.l pcrson1ohc
carrallc(l rcl)|1xltl(tio1r
o. llrgh (1,^(\,,1ri(ii.1Li(,rr

a, srrong

t) unal)lcto hnvcchil(lftr)

7. SLritar
hasa dctdrk,rkrlcllccroD youf lccrh.
l). ha nJirl
its luntli(nr.
8 , l ) t r s td a a r r r , r / . l l !o, 1r l thc cnginc,inrpaifirrg
l). !arhcfcd
a, cvaIoratc(i
10g|.{)\!a nclv onri a cil rlocs
9 . I l a l a i l i s c l r l o l f , a lizdr(lllis lhc.14r,r.l^,
L).irL)ilily

bccnusc
Lhf lcnarrl!tliil nol likc
ol thc L)uilding,fu/!fl.i|,rl.,l
10. Thc corldili()D
pr{)percnrc ol n.
l). irD|ft)vc(i
n. worscnc(l
Note-Taki g
Afterwritirg dorvnm.in idc.s.lry 10 wfilc (lorln nuy cliilcu.c thnl nrl)por1\
\\,orlhr\tilc
Factt.staliniG.rcnrllso1cxpcdurcnls,
.|d crllirnnriorr!.rrf
lhcscicleas.
jorringclown if yoLrhavc linrc.Thc cvi(lcnccrcllrlorcc\lhc nrain.onrcpl\ nrr(1
help\yolr ro fecnllthcn l.rlcr.

asr)!l(i)rtqn(ll|rrut|iuLrrq Jq iur)ot's pt'rorts 1

rq iUrlL rp.roJriJL'l|rnru||rll irl] ptnotls 9
al)rn"UeLl)
iq !oenrupr(IpJrlorls s
(rri)rrtrn.)t
lrsuJ:)rt
rrrqr )^ert ljur^ut)LrilrijrjI piDr^Lrorrt(lo)(lplnorts t
i,\L'^\L'ur:{ur
Io
qtrq u)rr
rrosijruI SLIsn.k)l
rq nurpnr\ plnoqs t
asrl(hLr!.
looLp\
l))|r(lxi
rol ii!r,iirr^l)! ptnoqs z
aPruuP!)(t Lr)Lto)lf
rru(l r(l si iiuiJr).rotijlusrur^p!plnorts I
i|

rot r)t1iPr^rn"rrrrrll()
\rr(ll))rsrqr to

'op
n')1
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iq,\.1
ro rro rro|l rlo rnoi )^ri r)t 1)rrp(1.)r({
.]u
SINIOd NOISSN)SI(I

st)ilJ) r^rlDilJrrrr.rrl-,!ju{)l
,({ll))qn_riMlno,{llpnsn
rr! lorlorl! lo rl)iJjr lelrlJ.)u)q
llrrt-lioqS Zt
'loqo:rlu sl)iur
Io
)rll )rL()).r.^ouos.r,)(l
! (llill llr^\r{Jo.r )rulq iiro.rlsiJLIlutic II
'sr
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Ilo rrLnlt
,{)rLoull)r(l
JosrlrroLU,tFD)
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t(ruuliri({
ll r,rrtLr
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u1lrrlrur0rl
Lliinorlllv
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.l.tuitq
i q l l o t L r i L ! r i n " i L l l ru\rr P ) l ) r r r s i l ) s 1 r ! ! ir! l l ) ! L D l l L r u
l P) r!r\rloqorlv !

'rLr.rl!,(r
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1l )l(io)i{ p)tPrrxolurjo uorsr^|)'|'|ntqt)uLrq)rrds r0)trunrq.L
'Uor\!1)lr^Jlt).ri!rLr
lorto)lPjo sr tlu!nh ll!rus
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I
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t r ) t ( L r ) L l r . ) ) ! L L\ lrL l n o r u p
I
tortorlr JoiLrrrourf erur )IIS

i i i r r l ' p o o i Jt ) r i ) l ( l o ) ( l ) ) ! u

') InDrl
;rqr ur Lroufrtuojor
)qt ot iiurp!))P (J) )strt ro (./) irul sr sru rrrllrlsiJurMoll()t
. ) , t I , , , t l f . , - . . , t . , r . 4 . ' r rr \ . ' l r . i , . , r , , rI' , . i . , I ').u11D'r)qt autyuotsapun
'i\rrrr\r 1\irr iqt rlil(huor or
lrlor .rroi )srr Lr)rt-LsrLlorlorPltr:rqtor uonrPlDur :)ru)lr^) rr^()l )tu,r\ ol irl
iql', J.rntrrlrllt or u)tsrlnol \P \irolr rIPL
.. lorlo)tv jo sl)r a ll1)rijolorslqd
60I

.1:)crop!^3
Bur^r5

ll0

Giving Evidence

WRITING SKILLS
Giving E lidence
yoLLr
tt'rlcr crrLs'
lhal yolrprovidcevid(ncc1osr'rpporL
scicnlificwrililg requircs
()r
your
sl(rlcmcnt
is,
the
nrorrgc'
il
Thc morecvidcnccyou havcand thc bcLLer
thc uscol ex'r plcs'L)"1thc( ife
argunlenlwill bc. In Chaplcr6 we di\cusse(l
obscrvali()nstesl rcsulL\'!Lrfvcy
slillinics,
oL'herforrnsof evirlence,includingi.lcts
lbrmsol cvi!i(nccarc rrscdirl
lhcsc
which
ol
resuhs,and expcnopiniorr'Discuss
nrorclh'n orc lorln ')l
irrcllrdc
(Arr
mav
txam|lc
eachol lhc examdesbclow
oj
nlay l)c ovcf l(rrhurnaobcinls For thorsnrr(ls
ol cvolLrtion
l. Thc proccss
ol
trcirlg
instead
cnvironnlcnl
their
charrging
have
l)ccrr
ycari,htrnranbcirrgs
changc(lbYit
z. ,t daiigcrcxistsrhat1heozorlcin (hc trpfcralr )s|hcren1'y Lrcdcn()YC(lLry
light t() rcnchLhccrrlh
ullravi(rlcl
albwing barrrrlirl
che.licals,
nrnn-lnadc
(eam
wlro (lcnnnr_
scicnLjsls
llrilish
ol
l98l
by
a
irl
Thiswas lirs(Lliscovcfed
il) thc slr'()s|hcrc
ol ozonevlcredccrcasins
slritedlhat collccnlralktls
overA|lrarctica,
orr
L Thc dcnlllratclionr lf.lilc ac(i(lcnlsorr lJ s ll);r(lsdocsrr()Lincrcnsc
ollc
l)y
ai)ouL
ilr(rcascs
of
lhl.li(ics
rltlnll)cr
Allhoogh
lhc
wcckcnds
holiclay
perccni,thcrcitc aboLlllhrcc pcrccnlnroredriv('lsoD lhe ro'd\'
lo lfs(s
accor(11n9
() ilrcrcasc
lhc incidcnccol hyl)c(cnsioll,
4, Drinkin! apl)cars
llnivcrsily'
al
Stanli)nl
nlcrl
hy
rcscarcllcrs
pcrlorrDcd
adr'llt
orr
l]an ol lhc wofl(l'sclcclricjly
5. by thc rri(l(llcolLhc21sl(cnttrfy,a sigrlillcanl
'lccorlrrllllo rcl)orls
lirsio|l.
nonuclcar
lhc
by
conlftrllcd
sLtll)lic(l
will L)c
,'l
(lrr
En(rt!
y
U.S.
D(l\rtlrrl(nr
r
i:'\u(,'
iDlcr!ic rcd lhi|1ycrcnlivc
collegcol lircdicilrc
nl a nli(iwcstcrn
6. llescarchers
(iis()l!crs
llclvl'ccllcfcalivilyalr(lnrellLal
aDassociatioll
writersan(i lirLrn(l
'u.lr r\ (l(t\i*.i,"r nrr,lrrr.r'rr(i(l n\\r"rr'

Writitlg

wilh Evide ce

's
orr orrcol Ll1cDit'Lr\liionPoirrtsFirslsl'rlcyoLLfol)irrr)n
Wrilc a paragrdlrh
yotrl
o1
cfc(lil'iliL]
cvj(lclltcL()cn't)lishthr
lhcD pl1)vi(lc
the topicsi'ntencc-an,1
or rcconr
by slrnnnafiTing
poinl.ConcluLle
Yotrri(lca\'\l'lirrg lhcif \iS!rilicnrrcc'
'
r
r
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l
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'sloos trre{:loI
tj d'(?rat

'
r j . N ) . r r r r ' s ' r r4 , r , t ! .i . u r r r v ( n o r s v r u r s l +

'pu!u ordo ue puP rir dlPqsE drrl o1sprru lsllurlrs JLll

'3u!lu Ulridxr rtrq14 prrr^orslp re^ s.{Pr-x'snqJ 'r)dPd IrPlq prlPllrurd
'<681 uI
siEr rpoltlpr lpqr prrlrou urSlurou tulrqllM lsllurl)s uPturr5 tql
'uillpturd prr^orsrp illEnliplr)P pPq rH plolu E Iq pi^orlsrp uirq pPq e'r'DPq
Jros lPqrprJlroLrSuIrutll i)puPxrlY i!s rrqrrers)r LIsInorstqt'JIdtuPxr rol
'626I ut ruiurrrrc{xru! Jo sruJplrrPrrr.t srlir^orslp le S iuPW prpurlu!
sr^orci lurLulreclxJue s:LulrJuros
.rrllrrPtsrr rql lPtl^\ LtPqrrrqlo BLr!LIlruros
+,,11()rlPJl.llpottr
sll JJrOJlsnru 1! qlLM luJlslsuo)ulsl ro slrlpPrluo)leql uollP^rJsqo'l8uls
! rno .rPrqol purt srt^rtsqoJo suo!ll!qqSnoqlur^3,, r;)lor^/\
s 'uolreT!lErru.3
.qI ptlJ!pourro prptFr rq
^olursv rpr?sllsttuclrs-r tr,M,{rnlurr-Lllrllur,Ml
rsnLuslsrqrcd,{qrql'sls)qlod^rl s lioddns lou op sltttLuIlrdxtII sPrp!pisErq
ro )^lrrrlilns ireuluttlt ol rPeu s! uojJr,{rr^r'slsrll(xl,{q P Bullstl urlt^{
'1!
sr rrrul ssilun
rru)p!^r
ol
lroddns
lou se^\ tuluosEor
prr(lir)B st rd no) rullorl)s otr 'urLll r)ulS plle^ s,4uMls
s,o[o]sFY luql pi^ord sluitulrrdxc s,o)lllcD lng )l3ol puP ijuluosurruro'|l
)srr^lun )qr lnoqariJptlMou)rlrql pou!utqosrtqdosollqdIrr'rD luiJ)ue'ql

NOII)NOOUTNI

Ms4au6awpuo flnupal{

Supueu4radxE
g raldeqr

112 Experimenling
Short Readifig
l t e a d t h c l o l l o w i l l g t . s s . g c l o l i n ( l d i r t c t i o n sl o r l ) c r l o r n i n g . r r r c \ l ) f f i r n c n l

Lightni g Strikes
Y o u k r ) { ) $ ,l h . l l i g h l n i r g i s . l c l u a l l } t l c c l r i c i t ) . B r r Lh o w t l o ! \ l i S h l r r i r r so r . u r l
T h c : r n c i c n l C r c e k sn o l i ( c ( 1 l h . l \ ' v h c nt h c y r L r L , L J CI(lIrit c o l . r r r r l ) c r a\ 1 j l h w ( ! ) l
r o u l ( l a l l r a c l o r t i t k u l ) ! n ) . l l l ) i c . c \ ( ) 1l i r . Y ( \ o r l l u \ 1 . l ' h i ! l v i r \
or lirr, thc amL)ew
c a l l c d t h c . n L r c t c l l c c l . T h c E n g l i s ht ! ( ) r ( l f / { . r - i . / / r r o n r ( t l l o r n l h c C r c c l ' $ 1 ) 1 1 1
f l . . r - c r , w h i c h u r c n n si r n l b e r . ' 1 1d) c r D o l r \ l f n l cl h i s ( o r r ( c | 1 , I c f l o r r l l t h f I n I n ! j r r f
l . A n ' a n g el i n y p i c c e so l l l l t r c r o | r . r r . l r l r .
2 . R L r Lnr t l i n i c ( o r r ) l )w i l h n J n c w o o l ( r r l a l ) f i t .
: 1 . I - l o l d1 h c c o r l r bo v c r L h e t ) i e c t so l l ) i r l ) c r . n i l o L r s r r v r$ l r . r h . r | | e n s . l l l (
p . l c r s h o L l 1 (t )l c . 1 l r n ( l r ( l L ( )t h c ( o r r r t , ( N , r / r ' l h t ( o r r 1 Lr,r r t r \ lh c r t r L ) L ) c ( l
. 1 g a i nr r ) ! L r s l a i l il r s n r r g n c t i . c i l t ) i ( i 1 y . )
I n t h ( c j g h L c c r r l chc n L L r f ys,c i ( t l l i s l sd i \ r o v c r c ( ll l l i l l l h f r r ' a r r 1 \ \ , (t)f l ) ( s o l c L r . l n .
c h i l r y c . l h c A f i r c r i r a n l l c u i i | ] 1 i r 1l ' f n n k l i n n r n r c ( l l l r c n ( h n r g c s l ) o l r i v r n r ( l r r t l l a l i v c . l 1 w n s n o L ( ( i t h . l l j k c . h r f g c s r c l x l c r ( l r o l h f f n r l ( 1L r r r l i l i (( h . f l l r s n l l f i r . l
l r ) t h c e x I c f i r n c n l i r b o v c ,L h 1nr r . g r r c l i . c l l c ( t ( ) c ( r . r rl\r r ( n t r \ ( f t l b [ ) r r r gl l ] r ( o r l r t r
c a u s c 5s o r r r cc l c c l ( ) r r sl | 1 ) r ) tl h c c l o l h L o n l l r o l 1 l ( ' t h c ( o l l r l r , T l r c c l { ) l h l l l r l r l l , l s
f c w c f c l c c ( ( r r l s ( w l l i c h r | , ( ' r r c g a t i v c ). n t l l h L r sl ) c ( o n r c \ l x ) s i 1 i ! c l y( l l i l r S r ( l l L l ( '
s .i v i r r g i l . l r c g , l l i v cc h a r s C l - l r c ( . o r l l t )
c o n r b r h c r c l i ) r c h a s a ( l d i l i ( n r a lc l c c l 1 1 ) r r g
a t t r a c L sL h c p a t ) c rb c c a u s co 1 ) l i o s i l cc h a r l l c E( t l l | a ( l S i n r i L l r 1 yy, o L rh a v c l J r { ) l \ r t ) l !
c x l ) c r j c r l c c calu c l c r l r i c s h o c l (w h c n y o u r r r n o v c ( l s Y r n h c l i r( l o l h i l r g I i o n r . r ( l l ) 1 h c s
d r y c f , c o m b c d y o u r h a i r , o r ( ) u c h c ( l a n r c l a ld o o r k n ( ' t )d l l ( f r v . l l k j n gi l c f o s s . lt h i c L
rLrll.
A s p c c t . l c u l a rc x a l n I l c o l t h i : ' l ) h c n o n r c n o no c c r r $ t l u r i r l g a s l o f n r . I r l s i ( i 0n
ol1
c l o L r d ,c L l r r c n l so f a i f r L r La, g n i u s Ll h c r i l i n ( 1 f i ' l ) sA. s t h c c l c ( 1 n ) | s i r c r ' t r l r t r c d
o D cc l o L r db c c o n r c sp o s i l i v e l yc h a r g c da r r ( i D o t h c f n c g a l i v c l rc" h : r r ! c ( l l ' h c( ' l ) l r o s i l c
c h a r g e s. r t f . c l c a c h o l h c r , a n ( l . n c r r o r r r r o l r\sp a t k o l c l o c L r i c i l li L r r r ) | s1 ( r n r o r ) e
c l N d t ( ) a | r o l h t r o r l r o r n a c k ) L r (Ll o L h c g r ( n r r r ( 1T.h L r s ,l i { h l r ) i r r r li s l ) r o ( i r r ( r i l

USING ENGLISH TO GTVEDIRECTIONS

we an.lyTci strt\\l.rr(c,slrch.s .ir. L)y
Au cxpcrin'cnlis n kind of pr()(csri.
sctafalingard idenrifyingiLs.omponenl5Wc irn.rly/rr l'rocc\\L)vliicilirrs ir
ordcr (llic
.rr(l arf.ngiugLhcr in chronolo!.ical
dow| inro scps of ptuccdufes
or'{icrin r,hich rh1lurhappcn).
'Anrbcr !s . hi

. y c l l o w i \ | h ( ) w n { n ) \ 1 i f . c l , r i t d L n. . r r i i r ) ! ) i l \ '

's{lr)^ )^rrurlltlrr itll

' t r o r r q r L l i r r l o . r tllrl t r n f t L r! l r r s u l {
'rrql)lol )rr^r )ql
J o s P L r Ji q l r r l
,r$Ji

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r -1"

lr'\'\r'|'l^

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|

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llf rurlrit)rrn \\Dor(1 irll ur

u o t l i l u t ^ t o q sl l r r t u r r r d
) ) r r r p o f t l t t r s r l ) t L i l u rM
L' \l r L r i ) lqr r P ) r P q l r ) r l o N , { r r r r . r D r l s
rl! ilrrrruot.li(l roj suonrJrrp rttl )r! ^\olrtl

sqraA 2^4ohdutl

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Jois!lil lLl)sil(l II (uol, pitrllol )lP
p l r D r ( n { ) i ) l ) i l u l s / r , r / ' P ) r l ( l t u sl l l 0 t l l l ) t l i l n s s ) ^ u t l
l ) s n u l ) l r J o l J L l l L l u l i i i il rqt l l l r . )l u i ( l t l u
l t l o l l ) ) r J p l o p u e ( u r u o )P ) A I n

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t
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lpqn^ rnrrr4d pue redEd Jo sereld.ql rr^o qtuo) rqt p/og t
'rlrqPJ ualoo^ euos tlrl^ quror )nseld P 4,'& z
'rlqel E uo rrded Jo sarald ArJl]}a6utt.tv 'l
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^llPnsn\r ll

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tl I

Surlururl.rt(ixE

l14

Experimenting

4. Movc dre magDel back and Ibrth !hrolrgh thc coil.

5 . Place a conpass ncar lhc wire blrl away frcm thc nragucl.
C h c c k l h c c o m p a s s1 ( )s e ei f t h c n c c d l c i s n r o v i n g .{ A m o v i n g n c c ( i l c i n ( i i c a t c s
cnn
l h a t c l c c t r i cc u r r c n t i s f l o w i n g l h ( n r l h l h e w i r e a n d t h a l n r a g r r c L i n n
producc eleclricily.)

Removethe bulb ... alter dlsconnectlnglhe elecl clty.

Aftangi g ltefis Chronologically. When cxplainirrila l)roccss,it is csscnlinl()
Ntrnrbcr
slcpsin thc orderin which lhcy happcll,thal is (hror)ologically
describc
irr(licalcd
order.Thc lirstslcphasbcerr
cachgrollpol slcl)sbclowin chronok)gical
in eachlisl.
L Thc hean pumfs blood!h()ugh thc hunaD body.
J

The oxyiten-richblood retllrus 10 thc lcft sidc of lhc hcan.

The right sidcol thc hcarlpumpsbloodinto thc lur)gs

From rhc lefl sideof thc hcan,thc bbod is pumPedout lo lllc rcsl
ol lhe body through lhc arleriesand rclurrrs1o lhe hcart lhrcugh
tlre venrs,

In the lurgs, lhc bkJodgivesup carbot dioxide (which we brcaLh('

oul) and absorbsoxygcr.

2. Il is easylo prini a simple mcssageon this (L'ml)ulcr

Turn oli lhc computcf.
Typc thc {lrsr line.
Tun on thc compulerkcy aftcr typing cach line.
Prcssdre RETLRN
Pressthc pRrNrkey beforc lyping eachlinc.

rrpn)
or )rP sLl s IIDr.llrs)lPru pru ql'^.)^tleri(llul rre qtla (li1sqrPr
Il'rrnol(nrorqr
oriji8 tlBoc poe'rrM pilrlnsur'turDeqp LIlr^\truiJuluorlrrl) p 3ur)p|uroJsuorl
-)rrlp irtr^^'iptlli P sc uortcrlsnllriur,loll({ rqr ijursO 54rrl1a^lpQ.lul6u!sn

(ln 3u[Iirr^J
puEslro.r
pup
l3ulx[Ll'sntunq
Jll]
orn!a^o
stJasul
s(uJoMquu!
's.pprEd
ILI] ilLIJnpor({'s)j)or
iqt ie^^uruiM ulul puc'puus'p lM tsllJ
'lro.r s.r.)l(l
Jo
Iull rql ol sntunqiJurppp
snql'isodrrrcrippuu.)lpslrrcl({uorlJ
'pi)tlr.(! u)rq suq
Ilos pooD
'ss))or(l iirrol I sr LlollurLOoJ ' 9
Iros
'suoJtlru .lrlllo
'stlldssnrl)nU
JJoilul^liJ
iq1 'L()InJLrU ^q tlLIS!r()lu tunluurnp lo sn)l)rluallt LriLI^\
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lto tlldsuiqt sl()flr1iuJiqlo II
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Jo
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'uotr iql
Jo illrllt!ldsi(lt iq pi)npord sl uolsoldx,ru)l)nu u Jo r;r^\odcqI
'lli)
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ot ulSJqs uosoruorLlJ
s,llJ)JLI.L
Ilrd pup sdnortoMl olul )tp.rpdrs
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llJtaldruo)lr''q snqtJ^cLl,,sllJ).rJlrl8nPf,,
alerediso,\\I
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lleM ll)) v
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'uorsr^rp
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u.lr r^rlrEorpPr P -runruErn

'pPJl or pJlrJ^uoJ uariq SPLI

l P q l u n l l r P r n s l l t o t u l l o r u Pa q t S l r u n s e J r , { q p J l e l J l e ) s r l J o r P I o r 8 P r q l
5II

SUIIuJTuJIJdxg

116 Experimntidg

verb Fofms:Infi ithtesand Gerun*

ln an English scnlcrrce,whcn ol)c vcrb {bllows anothcr, the se(oll(l vcd) can
takc ol,lcof thrcc lormsl
L an infinitivo 1loirdvrnce,lo tlctecl),
2. an iDfinilive\tilhoul lo ladvanc. dclact).or
3. a gcrund \advdncikg,dctectinl)
Slud(xlt{of En$lishas a secondlangllage{icquenlly lirr(l lhis conlirsins How (lo
you cic'l,lfioiL.(
wlrich forn ol lhc verb10 !sc? The arlslvcris Lhalthc fiNLvcrL)
iletcnrri,rcsthl lbrnr of lhc sccond For cxanlple,thc vcrL)bci]i,?rllay bc lblk)wcd
by an ioliDilivc or a gcrlnl(l.Thc vcrb p/,tr nlust bc lbllowcd by in infinitivc. Thc
modal ,{rsl may only bc followcd by aDinlinilivc withor.rtrd Thc vcA d,.tcrr.r)l;ly
bc tblbwcd by a gcrund or ar) il)fiDilivc wilhoul to. Hcrc nrc son)ccxanrpl0si
Elnstein began to study the photoelectric effect.
Etnstein began studlifig the photoelectric effect.
Researche$ pldhheal to /epdd, the experiment.
Researchers ,tf rep?4,the experiment.
Astronomeru orssrved the supetnova exploditrg,
Astronomers oDselv?dLhe stJpefnofa explode,
wriLing:
Bclowis a lisl oI somcvcrbsthal arc usclulin saicntilic
l, vcrbs folbwcd by inlinitivcs:
tail

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ll ot srp|ru(l urFltP

lo q)ci ul qri^ )qt Jo rrlroj DirroJ ilql jo lrllrl ,\11tl.rt)

'sJltril!lJsistql
surol qraA 6tt!soo4)

3ut,{pntspDp!o^e3^r '8ullpnls peqsluu a^{ '8u!,{pnls peddols aM

piuueld I'e^Up ol paredotdl'5^!lp oi pturerl I
' e^!rp ol
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:or nn)LIrt/'a
s.^rrrulJLrl
l1l

BLrtluJutrJdx{

ll8

Experimenting
4 . Thc wourd sloppcd

whco prcssure
was al|licd.
b. to blccd

a. bleeding

5 . Somescientist\
bclicvethat lifc mighl
a. cxist
b. 1oexin
6. G.llilco'swL'rk inspircd Newlol _
a- 1osludy
7. wc lclt thc house_
a. vibraling

on Satrrrn's
ln(xD Tilnn.

moli(D.
b. slL ying

whcn thc rrainwenr [)y.

l). lo vrDrare

8. Mnny aninalswoul(l_
.r. L,eLo,r.

cxriu(Lit rheywrrc not bfcd in raprivily.

1,. Lr.,,,nr.rr.

9. The caietcria
oIly alk)w\sll|dcnrs_
a. snoke
b. to snokc
10. In lhc 1920s,cvidcrrcc.
began_
a. lo inLlicate

rharill gilirxicsivcre|1rdri]l{.l$,.ry
b. indicnrc

READINGSKILLS
vocabularyBuilding
I-ikcIrcfixcsaud sulllxcs,word r(x)lr(.n h(lp you n((luirc.n(1f(ntcntt)cfncw
worcis.Thc rool ol a wofd (sonrclimes
callc(lthc r/(r,,)is lhe bascl|1)rrr
whi(h il
is fonned.Thc roor is lhe pan nn)srlikclylo itivcyou a cluc to Lhcntcaningol thc
wo . An Er)ijlhhwonl nray bc buill lionr onc or nr(nc|1x)rs,
wilh or wilhoul
prcfixcs,sulfixcs,or both, IIcrc afc sonrccxatltplclil
ty/rchrcnize-to happen at the same time
syr" (prefix meaning togetheror t lith)
-throno- \rooL mea,tring timel
-ize (suffix indicating verb)
drlsdndr.e-unpleasant sound
d,s- (prefix meaning ,or)
-sor- (root meaning rd rd)
-dfl.e (suffix indiating noun)
photoelectric-pertaining to the emission of electrons when a
substance is exposed ro light
photo- (toot 'lreanilrg light,
-ele.r/o-.(root meaning electficityl
-ir (suffix indicating adjectivc)

JS'IJAJI

olLrr
rqr PUP,{3iiurler|lrPqrrur
Jqt lo Ipnls
tDJqjo LrorsrJ^nor
(rp) LIrSixoJo Jru.srrd
rql ur IILr0 sr^ll ruql tusrlllnro
Surqltur^n
'q
e lq nuJ(.ti) Jo uolllurqulor
.rrie.MnlrrsolJo ssrroro 'ii

:rrlnurplq 9

s l P u r l t r cP o e s l L r 0 l l : r
Jo uoIrso(rlro) )ql Jo ^prlrs

rcnEjp^q)p 6

l0tL()J l

rJIP^'r lul

s u u J r ul u J l t l e L I : ) J l u
.lo1rrnss)ld ril!^{ lo rsn p
sJs0n.lrLll0 ptle
rlr? lo lLlJttri^ottl Jtll lo Ipnls
irlllu.li(lLuJl
. ( x ) p u l H u l l u l n i l i ) .i l o l i ) l ^ ) P
trll^ulti
)Lll>ds iiL[trrtci)tu .()l ltl)ttln nsul
JaMOd rale^{ Iq

snorpiq.Z
srl(!leuipo1urrL0
9
tLltsoLu.rrLs
iqortu t
sJTLLI?LL{l)ol)p {

slsrqru,{n)lq
z
,i'r)slu:rtl)olqI
parnpord AlpFpelo = tq!.ynapo4trt!
itale^A i-otpl4

leeq SuFnspeu.IroJ etl^tp e = Jatawou)aLll

lleeq t-our,4l
'lJerJrlP
Sullerado
Jo 3)uJltrs 3ql = stlttrouoJat
!tle r-o12,)
sgulql 8u!^!t Jo ,{Pnrs aqt = [6oP!q
1alll t-o'q
'prlsll sijLIruPrr rql lle )sn xrLIIlrMnoi
'r,tiu.,11
r rr' \ : r r r r " ' r rrrr i l r l r s $ " 1 \ I r l \ ' \ r l r r ' \ r ' r i r ' i r r r r l l t r u r ' ' r l r ' r ' r ' n o ' \ l
-orpIq lolur)ql rorJP rolq 1/ooy pJotl
l,r;,M t.' F I i,r'\s'.','t rl' \l rrl\
'ulPnepue
'rlrtl'4'\c rruY
oretP rrrrll i)s nol sPrPnrluPlJttrorrq III^'Isnxt r)qlo !t'e JsJtll
-spro^\rrrrllrrrrs LII punoj IItroLlrLL()rJre Iooq slql ur nlilnPl sloor proM tql
'(qrr^ppro')^rr))lpP'qrJ^'LInou)Ll)rrdsJo ued Jql srlarlPtrrxl}ns Jql xxx
.qt Jo lillur)lll rt1] ol sppe ro srlllu)tll xPrd rql ilurtrurttrslr ol )nlr ls)tuorls
'srldtuPxr J^oqPrql IIlr ur lcql )n)N
i)rtrsr^rn_
rertrpro^\ .L| lo uPd Jql sr nror trll
6II

3ulurlu!rtdxg

120 Experimenting
Vocabularyik Cor?l?xl. Circlc rhc leucr o l l h c a n s w | | l h . l L ) c s lI n . 1 ( h c \ l h (
nreaningof thc italicizcd
wo(] as it is r|sc(li n c a . h o l l h c s c s c n l ( n r c \ .
t. Oil and watcrrclcl eacholhcr.
rcsisl

2. Thc possibilily
of Iifc exisLine
clscivhcrcin lhf Lrlrivcrlc
i:,trrltrll/,./Lonr.rn)
a. firlicul(rus

b. i|lrrcsling

L Maric irndPicrrcCufiewcrc al)lclo 6.j/drra new r:r(li('.clivc

clcnrcrrL,
ndium.
a. scparalc
b, crc.lc
4. Thc bridgcwasJl/r/,fnddd
lion cablcssup|]ortc(l
l)y loivcrs.t cithcrcrr(1.
a. hlLng
b. sct.r.rc(l
5, Thc handson lhc dialplydl.das rhe gasprcssurc
rv.s rais0{lin(l l{)\ry(r((1.
a, rolalcd
[r, rcvcrscrl
6. Thc blucl)rinlli)r lhc nra(hincrywasdrar,.dri,cxccJrl
Ji)ror)ccrror.
a, corre(t
L). in(orre((
7. To nrakeslrrcthc rranrcs
wcrc choscnl)y chan((,thc (onrl)u(crr\'ns
progranrnrcdto list Lhcm4t fdrrorr,
.1. wilhout orcicr
l), itr o|1icr
ll. Duringthc cclipsc,lhc calth,sun,.nd nnx)[ wcr'cd1itrr,./.
a. jn a linc
L).our ol liuo
9. The cxpcrimcnts
wcre conductcrl
t i t n u l l t \ t l r o i l l .1
\ )1 L o n ( l o r ra r r ( l R o n r c ,
a, in thc sanrcplacc
b , a t t h c s a r n ct i n r c

Scohning
Scanlhe f(tlowiDgfassagcin rhreeminutcsarld put nluarc brackcrs;1|1ILu(l
lhc answcrsto lhcscqlresli(ns.(Firsli(lcntjfylhc kcy wor(ls.)
I Who wasWilliamCilberL?
2. Whcrcis thc magncric
Nonh Polc?
L Whal dki MichaelFirndayan(lJ(xcphHenryl)orh(li{cov0r?

Readihg
The Magic oJ a Magnet
Whal is lhc magicthalenablcs
a magnello pickup irn ir{)llrrailliut rr(ni1r,oo(lcll
pcncil,a rubbcrcraser,or a coplcr |cnny? M.gDcLi\n,lrnlrrc(llir thc.ncicnt
Grcckrown of Magnesia,
is a li)rrc of narlrfcthal m.nilcslsitsclldiJlcrc|llyin

'1'|urHq(l)\of u!.)u)Lrv rqr puc,{rpcrD.t

rqt,iq prrr^o)\rp
IrcqJlWuDrrLt\rtiJlrg
il\r")rrrPrlfur|s
rPM,{]lrutr;rlrpup rusrtiuiJDLu
Lrrr^4riq
l|orlrruuorrrlt'a8t uI
't)rlprr rL|
)rlt lo .)l(xlqlnosrqr
tr)ilo(l quou rqt ot prtrllltD sr drP r.)1lD(l
i)qr lo rtorl qlrro\ tt ot Iit:)pr]lpsr (lrtrir(lpa rLIt l() rt(nl quou rrtt
PUD'l)trijour
rr.L[ r.^trsur)\] uiJrtD
or (lrL:)
]'(l!11)rlr.lo surcu)p )!)!ileru,{uI rql U sJs er
(ln
)ql to iriol lj (lrlrri{lud lrrls u slrqrnslDl)rulo sDrr(lpJzrrruiJcl||Lrn
l)uiJpLU
p,{Lt^ sr l'l(lxr srLll rrrrtPurr !c Du r(xr IlrM uorr rql'prtLrDr
t)r(1 rM r.)rrn"u(r
ro.\lur')P'r!r.)rr?
surp'rr')p
rs tt uiqM pirrrrui-L'ur
sr uor rqr'priirrL'rruiUrf.ro
r.rf \uroLUoP
i\iLI rlrqM rurp'u()l)l).) c) sfiiu )tt:)lrijpur
^trrrltrpur l') dr' .)lrL,trr
r(t or uri\ i)q ucr uo.l|I()D)Itl
uol' paz!lau6eurun

uor!pz!lau6eht

-) -:
...:

i L ) s . r i )^) r ^ l ) u ! i l { ) J r l l r ( ) N) l l r L r J u t t r , ) q r
s ,rr { r . r u r
r i t L r ( ) ) , ) q , ) l o ,rtI r l o s ) l l i u i l c L u ) r I s L )J l i s ! s . s . r i ^ i r . { u r 1 r . )lu) 1 . ) l.J) l r , n r J u r L
i L l r ' r l l . r c ) , ) L l rt o A . r o r s r )r L
| l l u L , r u I l o l r ( I r r u o . r tr u r l r l ) , r . r ) ^ o ) s l l ) , ) ^ us( lr \ r r u J r . ) s
'!)l)o.r
t o , r n _i!L t l i i u l i p n t s , t q u o t P l ) uu t r l l . r u )) L t l l ( ) s i l r l \ r n x l ( l o ( l t ) L ' r r l 0 r , ) ^ r
s , r l o t ll l l n o s p U u r l t . r o N) r l l u r o . r J\ ) l l u i l ) r f \ r ( i r I u . r , r ^ ol ) , ) r P ) o l
t o L ri . N ^ , ) r . l tl ) u L 1
l l l c ] l r ) u . ) . r ! \ , ) l ( x l ) l | , ) l r i u L r . ) r l i r u L I r ) u t , ) r ] l $ l . r i r r , { r 1 Lr , ) q l ( ) 0 V r u s t r i l r i l e L L! rrl
s ) \ ' ) l 0 r ) r ( q r i L ) ) l ) q 1I o . J i l l r r ) r L t l l L l] ! 0 0 0 1 r ) ^ o ) { r u i q r r r r n r f r s f r . ) , n l r , n r n u r IPl
, ) q t { l l r ( L r 'r). r ( ' )t L ' r l l ' i . r o )! r o . r l | | r s D r lr l l i D i i q r q n n o q ) l v r r r u{ r x , )o r ) l ( l P U J , ) qs u q
) ( o o L r L D l r l MD r L i p s l r ) s i l r i r ! f u r l f ) r i J ) L l l l o ) U o \ r r L r \ r , n r i i r r rsr , L l l . r u r . ) L I . l 'li)uJurrl
!
\
L
'
^
)
r
l
u
c
i
J
l
N
l l i ! l r q l r L r ,r)q l r ! r l r l ) , r r L r l n ) r (({nt t M
' . r o l ) r ) ps . r l t r q ! 7 r t . tr l i i n a ) ' l r r q t r l ! u D r l l r M^ r t
ur p.rLIL'l'l\r
0
0
r
)
l
i q ( l \ r q . t . \ \ D ( h L r o r . r r D r r I L ' 1 r i ^ D i i L r r . l p r \un L | ' q r n o ! l ) L | | L
' | l ] ( n Lr U ( r l l r r t r o ^ r ( l
P t n o ^ { r ' P ! , ) r I P u r o . r Jt ) . ) l ) I | . r 1 $ ]r|. r i M . ) t | o r \ . ) p o Jt r ) . r . ) l u L t lLl \rl l l c r l l I r . r r ^ o r s r l )
r\ruLq1.)q1
l ) 0 r L r ) I ) q rI u n o r r ' r ) l c ' t \ f i r r t t u i r r u D i L | ] r )ur M r ) u )\ r , ! \ \ r ) r ' ! l \
( l n s r ) r l r o l ) u L ' u { j . f D L r r N r ) r ' s r u o t \ i | o l i 0 ' \ r r o u o j l ) r r L r n L r r J r )^ l r t r l r ) q l .
'iuolu l\rx.).rr^r(r
\ r l o r { ) I ) u i i p r ^ j r l 1 ) ( lq r n o \ . r L t tl t r ( x j p i ] D l o \ r r q l o u u p r ) l o ( { L t L r ) rr q r ' ) 1 1 ) ( { r l l r o \
p r L L ' r l l r o u! r l l r ^ \ q r c r ' s r r u n L r l t r r n o t r ^ c q P l n o ^ { r ^ 1 ' \ l r u n L ' u ro ^ 1 r . ) f . ) L tlln ) { ) r
).rir\ )M
. l o r l r | n o \ | r r P L l u o r r! q r t , r \r l r l ' ) ' p U ] o Jr . r ! s r . ) u J ! ( r ^ \ r u o ^ \ r 1 l ! L l
u r f r ) ! r r r L r i r u uP
r L r r l l M r c q l D L ' tr L | ^ ( l I i r r I u r L l L r . ) . r\l I f ^ \ l r r ^ ! q \ l s r r r ! i , \ r l d
'rrqu) q)r)
t r P i r l ! \ i l ( x l L I r n o \' ) , s r
. I , ) r l rl ) u f r ) q r o L p r i l ) ( J r \ i l o ( r r J u o u ( | ^ l r , s r . u n r L Lrrq t i . ) t 1 l ! s r o r ) r r ) q r o q . ) 0 . )
L U o . rl tD , ! \ L r' t s n ( i! | L r i r I o I u u r i r l 1 i ) q r r i I r c , ( ) r L r ^ l P r lrJi r t I u r t l r D u ) r q ) r L l , ! 1
r l l r ^ 1r ) r o t l r l - r r M o ( li L | ] ^ l o u l r o , { ' s r . u i i ! L t I o $ l r l r r \ l ) ) t r f t ( l r r ^ r ) ^ D q n o l J I
'\rptij
l r L r pr ) ( l ( l o ) ' r ) q q n r ' f o o M
s ! q r r s s t u r . r . ) r PLr U
t l r MU P L I II i . ) r s l ) l | P r r o r r q ) r r { t ! r I r r M ( x l ) r o L u L P n t L Ir r ! s D ) l J r
r n i L r l 0 L r r ' i , ) l n - i p) l L r ) t 1 ) l) r l . ) u i r [ L tsJr ) ) u e ] \ q r l { , { r r ^ r L l i l n ' ) q ) l Vs l f u D u rr l r , ) r i l l r l )
IZI

Sultu)Lugtdxg

122 Experimenting
Tiry found fiat whcn a magnctis passcdthrougha coil ot wire. il p()duce\.rr
eleclric current in dre wirc. This o(curs bccauscthc wirc conrainsun.(achcd
electrons.
A magncticficld movinf nearlhc wirc pnllsthcscfrcc clccrron\atong
thc rrilc, crenlingan clcctriccltrrcnl.
Not only docsa movingmagnclicfiekl induceelcclfi(ity.bL lhc opfosircis
also true. Electriccrrrrentsp(xluce nragnelism.Whcn n corfcnr ol elcdricily i\
passcdthrougha ronductor,a magneijcfield forns aroundil. Thlrsa nr.gncrir
field may be induccdby an ctecrriccurrcnl.Scicnrisls
bcticvclh.]l ilt nriiDetic
fieldsarc produccdby elcdric currcnrs.This is the rruc nagic ol n ntagncr.
U derstandingthe Readr'rg. ID{ti(atewhclhcr eachof lbcscscrlcnres i\ lnre (7.)
or falsc 1F) accordinf lo lhc l)r.cviouspassagc.

l. All subs|arlccs
are somcwhalmagDclic,
2, Magnclicpoleslbnl arc alikealtrad cacholhcr.

3 . A nagnct can cxc( ils ldcc acrossill opcn spa(c.

4 . A norlh nolc of a nragnclc.rnnol(xisl scpararclyliour . v)L h

pole.

5 . CoDrpnsscs
wcre uscdby thc ancientGrccks.
Willian Cilbci sLrltljcstcd
rhal a contpnss('cdlcpoiDls|lo h at)(l
soulhbecausc
lhc c.rrlhis a Dral.lnct,
7, Wc know thrl lhc eaflh is a ntngt)ctbccauscil hasan iron cofc,
The Dlagncric
polcsof lllC eanh arc l()cal('(l
al lhc
t)rcciscly
gcographical
Nonh arxl SouthPolcs.
9 . Thc carth'snlagnclicficld rcvcr{s ir\cll pcrio(ii(ally.
t 0 . A picceof iron is magnetizcd
whclt ils (lontaitrs
.rc s(.ttcredilr
diffcrenldircclious.
MelalsaregoodclcclricalcondLrclorr
bccausclhcy conlainnrany

t 2 . Magnelscan prodLrcc
clcctlicily,bu1elcclrjciry
cann('tIroducc
magneli!m.

)rroj tsJlo)^^ I.L z

.u(,rlrtrjsrsnPrruql rrrct 1\tL
|

3-

(N,44)
rD)p'rulcra ro'(Ns) irrpno liuorrs'(E) rrl)LriJDLrr
-olr.tr'(9) IuuoIBr^ei3sr srsDrq(l
rsrql J0 rtrpr Ur frqursrp rrlot iql r)qtrq^\
rle)tprll 'irnrr.)l ll Lrl uorrc(uolur It uo p)s!g ar1tr21 a4t gulpuDfrapun
'aslJrrxrlxru rql rrrl(huoJol $lou
rnoi isu rarll puD,,ri)i)roc
.rno:IrLIL, rnlrrl )ql ol Ui,tslln{),{so srxnr rlpt
'rlLrllls.rLl
rqr ^lic)lJ rlu^^ 01 l.r(l[r rLIt J)ol l laritlrLr I] iiutqiosqurdrl)rc no.{ 'tu(I,.(t ro
iJ(|rldorirc no,{illqM sit(xrrnol iiul(1,{l
.() iirlidor iq ull )tsL'Mto^irr 'oslV
',toIM r1otrtcll^^ tuo iirUnil !o tolt 'suJpl)qt uo alcJlu.)J!lo)ol
)l(lc )q or ruu^4noA o)lllrM J^uq no^ lcrlM pui-ri.rot llniuJlpiq ^utli ll rulrru
-ulun sl raltr.rtrDalilrls)qt JsnP)Jqluql IrrltLrul d)a)l 'spjoMJo sru.r(lp)uil.()rls
suoltulAiJqqP
)sn noi qijnoqlur^r'si)x)lrijullut u l^4/.ilicilJitlt^ sluMly
POr.r

6u!4bJ-aNN

itLrulrroP (l
J/rlrji)n)r| Ll
' s u o - r l ) ) l JJ ^ l l u l J J t r / . u t r t , . 1 s ( r o t io^r!(l l s o ( i i s n u ) ) q J i J r 0 ! l )o u s u r l r L ( ) l u( r V
I

nru.ro!riil (l
snolJstlo:)P
'srlur\l)rll.ruJ
jo luirLllrqt Jo ,Jr,r1,iru suclur{lllluJ'9
lrrdo q
JI]'P
'puuoM)qlP,rrrlol
iq.L <
lrurl) u p:)snuu(rr)rl(xl
li)^/lot
:)rsuq1l
.)lulPr(rru|u
tu.rJo )i)ul
ltL'tU
'rrn tsrn)t rLIl p)lrlts )lt)rpiir) lll D qiirorlllv
t
I scM i$rc) l'ilriTrrp ru
uoll)PrrP q
)Illslp u
sJliuqr lorulDlr r)rlJo !o^Jr.rr.r ll prrr)ourlluir!.rl L|lturlirig {
.lu-rrPou q
rilnrt e
'rtclo)clIUDnLp)ltrt III oIx.W Ur rlcnbqurr ,,rrssrllrc '996t Lrt
Z
,{jDurilDrur1t
llur:r.,.e;rq
fn)
'srr.lq()
'uoolu rL| 'uns .qr prrprlrssspt),t"uxro.asur!!
1
/rasrl.rrFqro plrD
'srrurlr.s rsrll].1()LlrPr ur
Prsn sr lr sa p(),4^przrrrll-'lrrqt Jo SLrruerLll
rqr sitl)relLr rs.q reqr rJMsrp .qr lo rrn)l JLII )lr.rr:) tx?lroJ u! trrtry1qfioA

S']1IYS DNINAJSIT
tZI

S u r r u n l |r i d \ f

124 Expcrimenting
) . Thc nn)stinrportnnljarcc.
The forcclhnl holdsat(nnsand nn)lccrllcs
loltcther.

5 . T h c lar\'c thnt hol(1sp()rons lollclhcr.

T h c k)rccth.l slickstapcto.1 |ircc ol fnpcr.

7 . Thc Iorccthat kccpsl)laner\in ortrir.

Thc lor(c th.l appcarsiu radioacrivil).
Thc Iixcc thal a(fact\ bLll(locsnol rcl)cl.

10.

1wo lorccsthat lirncliononly inrj(lcirrrJtonr.

Thc k)rccLhatis n|()rgly lcll bec.uscpllnrls.fc so largc.

t 2 . Thc
l L Thc basiciofccol chcnrisrry.

DISCUSSION POINTS
() lcllowslUdcrrts
yoLrnrighr
Givcverbaldifecriorrs
ro conlttcrcsomcl)ro(cdurc.
want to cltooscfrontthc lbllowingsoilgcslionsl
I l'L1ya ganrclioln aDothercounlly.
2. Cooka dish lion .Dothcfcounlry.
L Pcrli)nnnn cxpclirncnlnot discLtssc(l
in lhis class,
4. Makc Knnclhingby hand.
-t., Pcrlbnnnrractivitysuchas changiDlt
Lhcoil in a (nr, fepaifirUa ra(jio,or.
dcvclq)inglilnr.
P l . r n\ ' \ r t a l l ( . r ( f r r l l v\ , , r l r . l | l l n ( \ c , \ j n . l ( t r , . r r ci n i l u , i r . jA. I r . r j , rn , ( t r , lolil.n ncwspatcroncc pfintcdir rccipclhat in(ludcda slcp that saidro rcnrove
thc chickenfrom thc Nl. UDli)flunarcly,
rhc stcprhat saidto l)l|rLhcchickcnin
rhc pot had accidcnLally
becnoDri(cd.Onc lidy w()lc rharshchad tbtlowc(llhc
rccipecarctullybu1wasvcry confused
whcn shcknkcd in hcf pol for rhc chickcn
aDdcouldroL lind i(l As you prcpareyour ralki
L Lis!all lhclrcps in thc proccdlrrc.
2. Make slrrcth.r!c.lchstcpis scparatc
an(idisrinclnnd lhat nothingh.s becn
omillcd.
L Arrangcthc stetsin chronolo|ical
ordcr.
Your lopic sentencc
will bc r natcmenlof lhc l)rrrpose
of yol|| lalk. A goo(lwdy
l() concludcis lrr cxplainhow this inlornrali()rrljlhl bc Lrscd.

'u^1ornoi
asooql tulqltluos aIPu ro op ol ornp
Jo rldot p ro stuloduolssn)slcaql Jo illo/a^oqe
-$ord e liup{olloJroJsuolprulsLll
rql EulMolloc
allrM
PolsllsaullaplnB
tuolpatlo gulrltl
'sdi)l1iIlgssa))uun
iue prpnlrul ro ilulll ee piltlruo tolr n^DLIl1o,{lpql rts ol IJiLI) 9
'sill?p
pur?'slrriluorrlsgi)ul'srll0uenb )$ljids sc qJlls 'sllBlaplJessJtiu IIU)pnl)ul E
(rrqlriior dJlsnuo ouqt oturndlouoc) uotlsIFIBJsr)uilltostql dJi)l t
'.rcpro
l!)dolororqr t)!rt1iul sdolsi)Llltiluul]v I
'qr)^
(l.ls
qll^
Llltitfl Z
tl)|]i
.^!lPDdt(tl
LIe
'ssi)or(lrql ul sdils tLIl ls$ I
lle
:sLmlDi)llPilLlltlr,1^.roJ
s.ull.p!nil ilP illrr,4^oll{[tql, r0rl)
irP suolDrrlp LrJlllrMrlo^ irns Jleru ol 'tslnoJ Jo 'sl liols sllll,l{) lPlotu iql
ill Jlqutssr ol Moq L() suo0Jr.llsulnulsnJllo)Jo
r8pd ro qllM siJild )lerpdrs 009 ul loqor rql pul ot .{luo llpJllJxi ll urdo ^rql
's.^l r?xoq illl
rv ruludlnbr illl tlqurssg ptll-'stx)lDrlrlslrlrql Moll(! uu)
lsel
'luiluerlpr.rd rlrql
tpql loqor 0 a^p)rr lllM iiql plol are itql
Jo quer 4l!x)ll ^iql
nrLIA/! lrrJttdlnbJ aql iiullqurJsseIoJ srlolllnrls l LlilllrM il0 puPlslJPLlnl{)rtlle)
i 0 .)snerrq )!rr?lso)edsrlrtll ,lerrdo ol rlqeun are quPt tt()4 reJ uolsslloe tlo
slllDlrcisc o^,rl'^orursYrocst rJluM LrP)!r .uv Jql ,lq ^rols L()1])uJruJlJs P ol

s o!pat!Q
S'I.IDIS 'NIIIUM
SZI SuluJmtrrdxs

chapter 9

Calculating
Liquids and Gases

INTRODUCTION
To a largccxtcnl, mathematics
is the languagcol s(icn(c.Thc acuracy
ol
predictionsdepcndson the accuracyof lhe measurcmcnLs
and (omputations
uscd in experimentation,
Wc havecomca long way sinceancicnttimcs,when
mathcmatics
was regardedby somc,like plato,as mysleriousor supernatural;
when numbcrslikc sevenor thirteenwere thoughtto havemagi(alpowersfor
goodor badluck; and when mcmbcrsofcertainbrolhcrhoodswerepu1to dcalh
for rcvcaling mathematical//sccrets"that arc commoDkrowledge today,

126

--{-

--l

.r-

--r-_.i_

_-..1 -j

..1 -.-

(-

-r--.

"^,."{
J L l l t L n l t s u ! a ( u s l q t ' L I I r r a i c n b s i r d s f u n o dolltllu n t ) J s r l i ^ i P
l isl!rl!alllJo
scrl/,ltr]nlru
rlc t!rlt pi^ord
lrliili^\ irlt'suotttpoorrttpurtJ)tpuuour:rpun llln_tiM
o)l!l!9 $erjq prlcqxi r)qt ro pl|l^1rql lir] plnor ,4rql.sr1Pr)q'))r"'(lslldu.
puqrlL,luqt,!\irr:,1s)iirDtuilJl|uiql
,{li,ri((r
spM
1(xr
tl
turlt'\l
turlt'i)o!lsqns
'rrlrrirq rr
'surulLrnow
ll (llrLlor LrriJi\o.rlursrJqrrrl.)
L,trulPu||H
)rl) su rlrns'srrorlu^JlJ
rliiq ,{r)^ llr urql o\ sr-IDJqt )srrr))fl J)P(lso]|rl
siur(l(lpsrp,{llDnpurJ
sl)il irV qtrun
)r lr)un 'oll noI irrliiq )rltiiuLILll ,tl)^rsr)r3oid
rlulfurnr)r r.riq(lsouIurno jo srsullrrlr 'lln(lIcr()rrprr^uIil
.rrllIo rruFnsirLll.rurLr
\Ploq ,{lr^Prn^ trl(kuls
:r(lror rnp 'lrul ul Lll.r!.) ol
irlr
i\()p
il.rrrldsorulu
rpr0
ll
sr r.),!\sLru
rrll r)P(lsrrrro orur i(lc.)sirrou sr1)l).IU.||'o
lq,!\ .rrPUo^\
rLlilttunoI
'.r)Lrlr?luo)
i!ru llrJot puLlrlxisisPJi)ols .rlusl qtlMr!lllluul tsl)rrr
irr i^{ sDlii)rll
'irrs\ird
prll!r
sr
DoJjlrs
r
rro
srlnrilour
luursLro)
Il.JolJurururnrp
puL'
slql qJnotirqt Dujrns ^uo otrrl pu! rillto Lplr o[I ilrrJ(lrun(l
]no(lc.^olu
p)q)cnr,{lrs(x)lr.rosiln)rloLU
)qt's)spiJul srlnr)loruru.r(IsrrrotulosdrrorS
llurus
'.rlP)ql u)s i)qt's)lpoqrno 'quP) )10-srlrolP )purus! s11
punoir nolqt^r)^!
Io
,p!llo) salnlzlow sv :zrnsszrd
\drqsron
-el)r lPrncrurllluur ssri(lxJ lflll srro)trrrs Pou or iiirss|r(l iir^^ofl(rr Jq) pet)t

6ury0aduotls
'rrldxr
llt^{ uns rno urqM rtun rql ol qupr aqr uo prrer{jder$l stulql
3ul^!l utq.tt rrep rqr uro.rjpue :rpq etouerae ur sroolpr Jo rrqunu rqr or srpls
Jo IxptEB p Jo rtlpt.M rq) tuorJ :uns rql Jo lErq rql ol urSorplq Jo urPrSe ul
sruolPJo rJqtunu aqt uorJ Surqt,{lr^r rlPInrlPr slstnrrtJs Durluts s!I{rJo put
rql le polr.d rqr uo 1lJplno:)e!eDPq puEsnoqlprrpunq lerr^rs teqr oslPlnq
puor:s rrd
rlqlst^ul are irqr reql IIPrusos :le slrrDPq lPql lsnl lou Moul ti
srlllu 000'98t Jo prrds P lP sle^Prl 1r rPql lnq rsPJslr^Prl lrtBtl rPqr,{JJlrtu tou
'rtdurexiJrol 'sn
II.r)suoltplnrlP) rnO J]urDs ot uorsrrrrd sr^13srleutqr?W
IZI

3!lletnrlP:l

l2a

Calculating
. r r . r. . | ' . r i I r . . i ' . l 1 . I
1.. s rtrlrr.,n rr..r.,., 'j .lr'' ,,,, .,l\:!\l)
d o n l w c f c c l r h i s c n o n r r o L rIsr c s s u r co n o u r l i o ( l i ( s ?T h ( I c n y ) n i s t h r l i t r u o \ | h c r i f
j t . c t s i n n l l d i r c c l i o n s( ) | . 1 1 s u r { n c e \\ o t h . t i r v c r y l h i n ! o r l
|rc\\rrrc is nivcAnl;
thc c;rah is in balrrrc.
T h c l r . ( \ s L I c i n s i d c y o L r rl ) o ( l yc q u n l sr h c t ) f c s s ! r co L | l s i ( l cW h e l r ] 1 ) r Li r o u t ) j l l
. n c l e v . l o r o r n i f p l r r c , v o L LI c e l ! o r r r c . l r s p o I p i u f b e c i r L L \ c . t1hr c . i r g c t \ l h i n C r ,
L h c1 1 L r n r boc{r n l o l e c u l c s" h . n r n r c r i n ! ' i n s i ( l cy o L r rc , r rc x c c c ( l st h ( . r r L r n r L ) chf , I r r n r c f i n g " o L r l s i d ( ,u n L i l l h c n n ) l c ( u l r s h a v c : r . h : I i ( ( l ( ) e ( l L r . l i z c
I l c . a L L stch r r r c l c c L r l c \a r c c l o s { j L ( u e l h c ri r r : r l i q U j ( t( h . n i n n { n \ , t h c f j l i | . r ( l
s l i r l co v c r i r r r ( il r o L r ( i c . c h o l h c f , ( x c n i n g | f c s s u r c r n r t h ( ! v . l l s o t l h c i f ( o I r . L n r r .
'l
Y o L rf c c l t h i ! t ) f c i i L L r w
c h c . , v o ud i v c L ) c c , i t h l h c \ u r t n r c o t r t r r w . t r r . h e | r c s s u f (
o l L h cw l r t f r i s ( l i r c d l y p f o t ) o r t i o n i l ( ) l h c ( l c t ) t h . t h c | f c s \ u r c o i ( l i v r r i r l h u \
! q u . l t o L h c w r j q h l . o l t h e . l n r o s p h ( r i r I ] l c s s u r el ) h r \ t h ( w . t c r t ) f c \ . j u f r .

U S I N G E N G L I S HT O C A L C U L A T E
Mathcnrali(.1
.cl.lioushi|s
!.ltd! |a. ts !fulotlinrl1l nJ,,1t)d
thr \\'itlltt rl thc dit tll

irr scnLcnrcs
Lr$in!lrhrir\.slike ir
11.7t,nrnd\yt nlutttt'iktll

14,7pounds
I square inch
I l t ( l i r c t s r ' ?i:t . J i l t . t , n I t l , . ) l \ n l | . t l ! t h ! l n $ L t ' { , r t t i l t

pressurcr= pressure
Tht fr$surc nn d,livtt it thtt! nl|,rl lr tfu vtj4h! tl tlt( tt! n)rttt|,).itprls It
lrrrr r//r' ndar /r,1ssr/r..

pressureon cliver = atmospheric pressLtre+ water prcssure

Ttu !rclsu]t t)l tht \t\tt t it ditt.th' prt

ti)t!ll tn tttt dtpttr

water prcssure 7 dcplh

N r / . ' rM a t h e m a l i . a l r c l n L i o n s h i t r l i . fc x l ) r c \ \ c ( ti n r h c p f c r , ( n tr c n s cL J c ( n u \ r h c ) .
a r c u D i v c r \ , r l sT. h c y n s L r . l l yc o n r i i n r h c v c d , r r , l r ! .

Understandifig Mdthe|tidtinl Terns Thc lcicn.c o{ ph!sic\ i\ conccfncrl liflclr

w r u r l h c n r c i \ u r e n r c n l o l s L r r hp h y s i c i r lq u i n t j l j r \ . \ l c n g t h . L i n r c ,a n r l ! o l r L u r c .
M . n y o l l h e r ! q L r i n l i l i c si r c f c l a r c r i .E r . h o l l h c l i ) 1 l o $ , i n g{ c r l c c c \ c \ t ) r r \ \ r \ d

'1rtrtrtrl,r,',ruore
r r J )s t ) f . o s t i r o ^ i r o r r i t P r s f s * r : 1 : j o o l t 1 , )s l ) u r ' o [sr u u o r o r . r ) ] . q p i m s r r r

(rntqro
\e rt)r1s)
rolor B Jo (ll,rrurijL ) rolor
frr
(trro.'t:JLI|.Ip
r^\ purl rql) sselSp ro (rJlrels(lns
rql) ssel8
(Prrnosr!trr.Iul'dD) punos p ro (turirrrilur) punos
'p.)snrr! lrql MorlLroiJLprri(lilr,rlqprunor
rq uu) lJurIr^\rrtrt(r.rrsur ill!Jrtrijl pisn su orrru)s t
(.)t(tf
nrnor r()U)uopnfiod "llo,{rrsrtueqr,rrddor
lrtqutuno))Jsrl p,apor-lrJlr up ?edorsrlJts
srl)ll.rc rrrrrrpUl
.r)ct ldr/op rlsrln_o3
Uril(lptuno)lo .).? lprll sunoN
r!lfn_urs
i.r!,{rrlt Lriq,.!\
srl)rtruitlurlrpUr,)lut qsrliJLrS
Ir il(lrrtUno)
r.r!
trrlt s!0oN lou ol).)tttospltus.)1.)[.tu
J]ll liput iltt !UnoUlp.tll(ktou.)lUos.z

.srlBnbLIueeBu!.rns'au,,
ioJ sert^eperp sqa".rtiHi::
trulnirLs)
.eInbquso uE Suunsseruloj 5r!^ep e sl qdllSo|"Uslrs
V
,)l)rl-ru
rllLllliplrtiLll ilur rr^.)usrrnoul[.I]ld I
r).rusil|rl rrruuorlurl
ln)uriql siteniirpl Lrosul
fprll rlcrlnu:t r ^|luijr rp
i.I|r
r) sil)ltru,rlrULlrpul
.)rl.L.nrlr/11
l))s
l)uu
lsrrJLro.)
tu)^ Jq ,{!ors)l) .rurqr Joisrr )rll ,rtlunii!ull)rI{)risL.sL,qsrl:irrt.lo
stulrpr.1ls
.roj

elrluV at!ulapul
'o^\t'
\l.rrrI
snurru
E))rn)p
\)urI
tr)qur.r(lul
sqrrrrU
)^|l
sIrslr:)
s))rit.C
'rrr,)(lrupiql s uu (!) r(l \tl'nbr rplr Dtcrrbr
r)Lriritrun
:)rr].)q.l_
Jo
'pi.rPrrbs
Arrolr^
rql \iunl ssL\U,)L|Io l)npordrqr llDLI,)uosu |rlplnrlDr! ,{ltrilr)rrrrlrr)l
.)rult
^qlio^ ljrlrt)r^r|,{!frN(luor !r tr:rLI()psr ).ro^,r
LIJLI^ul r]er rqt srrrMo.l
'lqSroqrqt s;)turl
rtll)r^\rr| s uu LllJu)t tt iJurlltllt |ll iq lrlplnrtrr sr Jqnr u lo ILrnto^)ql
ru'n,{q JruDlsrp
n'Urpr^tp
lq p)l!lurtrr st ,itpolr^ -Z

fxl:n

'str! )).ri)1
.rqrqrrqn\qiirrorqt):)LrDt\lp
iLlt srurrtr){)r
l)nlord )qt sr :lro/ll\ I
11)
'tlrqsuonDl
p .)Ir^^,rJ{xlluissDnrllJl n^rrrso
Jr 'l)ur r()l DlnLru()l
(hqsuorl!t)rl!rnpur)qrpur
6ZI

SunPtnrtetr

ll0

C d l (u l d r i n g
Usitrg Indefi ite Articles. hrerlan indefirit article (d or/rr) v\'hcncvcr rc({rsmy
i n d r e I o l l o w i g s c n t c n c c sN
. o t e v e r y b l a n k n e e d sa r a | l i c l r .
I

S i f A ] e x a D d e rF l e m i n l gd i s c o v e r c do L ' . d - r r etJr u r n - ! o l d

|cnicilliir,

drug thar is

u \ L L lr \ , ! - u I r

"ro

qlrasarmry bc

2. x is rlnrughtdlat
L In comparison,
_

d.

zinc is _

4. Wc krrolvl(xhy rhar_

hearis

t. Thcfcwas irrsLrlli(icrrl
_

gilnxy rlrari.j cxplodirg.

modefntcly
d(tivcnrct.l.
encrgy.

lighl in the lalrofalory,

so wc insl.lled

light,
cxlfn Iluorc$ccnl
6. Elcclricircnsarc not madeof
alwiys nradcof

Defittite A

glirs\crnfe not

alpharnys,

bctarays,in(l

!hss.

7. Radioa((ivc
sobstanccs
cnrit

8. Oxygcnis

iron,and

(oloflcss,o(lorlcss,
.1ndt<lsLelcss
llas.

icles

Thcdclinircnrticlc(lrr) rn.y L)cLrsc(l

wiLhplLr.l rroun\ nr)(1
wilh.jlhcf.ounr.lLrl(
or uncouDtablc
siDglcnollrs,So|]rcconr )()DrLscs
ol rhcllclhitc a(iclc irrscicntilic
Englishafcl
I lo spccilyof fcfar() sonrelhinll
nrenrioDed
(NoricclhnL
th!1thas!llreariyLrccrr
lrc is uscdlhe:iccoudaDdall succccdin!linrcsa DoLLn
is r)lcnliorc(],)
In 1986there was an accident at a nuclear reactor in Chernobyl in
thc Soviet Union, causinBthe spread of dangerousradialion.
The reactor was shut down. The accident awakend concern for
the salety of nuclear reactorsall over the world.
2. Lofclcr 1osonrcrhin!rhat is uniqrc
a planet, th earth
an era. thc Middle Ages
l. lo rcfcrro somcthingsrccific
Thc dotor performed an operation. (gcncril)
The doctor pcrformed the bone marrow t.ransplant.operation he
was famous for. lspccillc)

spro,$:riqur.urrr ol lLrE^,{
noi spro^,\rqt rsooq) tsllc srspq3ur03uoup u0 srsop
llPrusLrrprqrosqprq ot pJru sproM sproM to nsrr Suol urort lpnts ()1ful t,uoo
'rr .rzuour u or
UoJJJup r)'ru 'proM E Jo SurUlJrurqt prur?rt r^pq no,( rrlro

qulnmg [.ttlhqqrot
S'ITI)IS 5NI(IVAU
'uouorosqe e.rlo
uo surrdrp sSurqtSlll^rlls.,u

prutrsrpIlqrnuw -

pupprqosqeuorlprp!r
jo nrnorup
UouonElfprlo ]r+Jr S
'rJrnotuor)ruorl)i)lJ-lle
pue !r{rg -,9r6t
ut .,

'nnsol palladxo
prtll8ls sr)ttrcuo.nscJuros {
I.)ql lJrrroJ
tor| seMt! lnq 1iurcr
'plro^ u! i'rlplrq
r()lso)dsl1sls)i1LOI
sr uflrt|l8 lcir9 rr] citplJgliqunH z
'popiitr iq 5lllutuB aU,
Lllt?lqo
lolr plrlorlossjloid
-{
sittl u;tu||.l{

JsnB))q pJluroti)d iJ^ru suM tucr!lridxi

uo ruiruurdxr
zr'z, op ot prluuM .rossilordillsltu.rqrolLl
I
bl
')l)ltrp Lrusp))u
lLrDIqfu.)^JtoN
'sJiUJnlJsrs:lqt ul,{rrsscrcLrJrArurLI^{fl/t ro 'rr '0 tllstrl salxluv aIu{to 6ulsn
'struld LrlEuil sr!Lr.'u)ql rllr^,'
Jo
prsn,(lLrosr t)up)tdor(l jo srureuqtrM prsn rr^ru sr )po.rprl[rrJ,)piLll:rroN
ullltrturd Jo ^rr^orstp aql
uaSixo Jo raqtunu rltuole aqt
,{-I^rrEIrr Jo ^rorqt rqr
Jsprrtd/i,up lq pr^aolt(I sr tcltt U ou p q ^{ 9
asdnrr tsel aql
luaruatr qunot-Irrulu aql
^rnturr qlurrl.utu rqr
lJ)rl .rt0pt'D'rspl'qunoJ'prgr'puor)s 'lsrtJ)sj]qtunlrteurproqtr.M (
{s4 }tnJr.}Jrptsour .ql ,1uaturt. lsel^prq aql
sJ,luPlladns ssJllxr ol t
IfI

durlElnrlE)

l12

Calculating
lha1reclrrofien,lhoseuscdirr yoLrrIicld ol sludy.and olhcrs1ha1yolr know will
be usefulin your generalvocabulary.
Thenwrilc thrcc ro fivc of rhcsewods o1r
aD indcx cardor picccoi papcr.Write 1hencaning of cachword a[(1 a phrasc
lhal showsyoLrhow lo Lrscil and will providca me.niDgllrlnsv)cialion:
chronic-lasting

a long tim; a chronic illness

Carrythc cirrdor papcrwilh you and usc sparemonrcDts

lo rcvicwlhc wor(ls.
Makc scntenccs
wilh eachword or lhink aboulln)w you woLrklUscir. whcn yoLl
h r \ c r i . l , r ( ' r r h , s , r , i \ , , \ . r r r r( r r L r r. c t l ( . IL r ( l j r , \ . . . l ( , \ ' t l l r , . , 1 .,1. r . ' i . . 1
honc and rcvi('w lhem from linle 10 lime.
Nufiber Pfefixes. Study lhc lollowing lisl of prcfixcsand lhcn nratLhthc lcflns
al the lcftbebw with lhcir nrcanings
al lhc rigbr.YoLrwill nol useall lhc nrL'anings
Iistcd.
I
2
t
4
5
6
8
iii

l0
100or rk
1000

binary

a . stu(lyol righLlfinnglei

pcnrallo11

b . havin! 4 rj(lcs
lirc lh.r cutr a cif(lc irr hnll'

(1.involving2
di.nrcrcr,
(lccilircr'

L singlccolof

decalilcr

g . I i v c - 1 i ( l c (lli g L I c

haviu! 6 nnglcs

h. l0(X),rr.1nrs
krlogrirrl
milligr.lnr

j. l0litcrs
k. +ol ,lilcr

.,1lr1Lr6.
.)r/jrid pul,.r/rt.)rdsL,IIr^a
tu utlutkt lfuDil l)tLln4
rpnlr r tq ur Ll) srnb p'||qtrqt r{)rsl)ro^{/tr) ,rldttlpxr
.ro,J Lrorls)nr))qt !r rur(l(l! xrLrop l1\lt sproM rpnl)Ur ,{crLrspro^,{,{i)t :rrdN
rLlrrr(lsrqt sr lpqM .
Z)l(lordlo .{lr^priJ
zto()trrqn) .li(l spurrodtg Jo itrsurp D scrlJ.]ru^,r.Jo
rdll rpqM .z
zJl(roulr(r,srprllll)rv sr luqM .l
^ry rLtl1'ou)pl tsju) sUoltsanb
Ispro,\,\
rs tt ol sjr^^\ucarll
rr.rql rrr rilussu(l
|ulrorP srrlruq rrPnl)stn( pUu\.rl|]Lrltu
itor^,\ollor
rllt uprs

6utuuuJS

rzlli q
uoluo(iol(l,c
'auo 1)lo^1l 0r4r u Ur
iii.{xo prl|,)Uiijotplq sLrlL,lr()J
laluM ' I I
,o
pirns! u.u
ll Jo slqiilr^,rrrlt lxrtr.tror uo)MilN , O I
prtPlnrlu|q
'nrur-'l(l

ss.)Uloo)q
ssrulJlllt,l.
'illll(llsl^.roo(lsn r^pil iiot
iql Jo ,t/lsrrpirll
Iunoruu,(l
^lllPnb ,P
'p)^lo,\ulslrililo r!lt i71siLll
'I
uo spLrr(tipIln(i luuoltutl^ujlt
Io
Jorr.rr.?i)rlt
snl(l (l
ssrl u
'xlr slunbilnol Jrrl1l/!r)I
itltul,nh .(l
illlunh P
'liil )lqnJ ul pJtnslJ(riq !tu) rr(x).r
u ut ll0 Jo,nrrlr/ Jrll
pilrrtor(l q
piijri(rqns .u
urrs irl.t,)ijuoloU plnor p(ru.ril0Mrqt ul firl.rrj,ll/r
)!!ru)r(lilI)rnb i.iorjrqI 5
.P
finPurPPq
Jo rrDl(irql lilct
'sDrllo iu!ru ul sr u^,\JdIl
r^Dq srossrtrordptoM
l.,rrl./e,
.q
.u
P t)tcM
'rlnnLlsr)P(isrqt PrPrq
srrMrr^Lrotsr^ilrl
rql .t
lo uorsoFlxirrll l,r/.r.)qo
rtqDlUrs q
JtqllDou .L,
'r)rPM qsr.rlut LrpqtrrlsM
lPs r ltl|lintl )tt)r| IrJl sr uurr,ls z
strP.lruol,q
:Prrrtxr
o
'.1lol
uoRr.rrllt
rr^I lrrqurlllDt p Uo rrnler)(hLrlrLlI l

ol.t6 rll()it li4,.rr

' s r : ) o r t u ) si ) r r q l . l o q r c .
pJsn
U
r
i
p
r
o
r
\
p
.
z
D
r
l
D
r
r
s
l
r
1
r
)
q
l
j
o
iiullrD rl
.)rlr srqrrDrrr rsr(l ruqt rrMsrrf )qt 10 rrnrl Jllt .pj|l
DInqwoA
/xrtroJ ut
tI

SuIlPIn)lPl

ll4

Calculating

Reading
whal Makes ObiectsFlo.||?
A s a c h i l d , y o u m a y h a v e p l a y c d w i l h o b j c c r ! i n r h c b n l l r L r r l rn, o l i t i n g t h a l r l r c
b a r o f s o n p s a n k 1 0 t h e b o l l o m o l L h c l v a l e r w h i l c l h c p l a n i c s o a f d i t h l k ) n r e do n
t o p . W h y i s i t t h a l n a n y o b i c c l s ,f a n g i n g f r o n r a p i c c e o f c o r k 1 ( )a l r o c e a n l i n c r ,
w i U f l o a l , w h i l c o r h e r sw i l l r o 1 ?

This concc|l wi:lscsLab'

Thc forccLhalnrnkesobjc(lsllonl is callc(lbLroyarrcy
Archinrcdcswho alY) l)l.ycd ilr lhc
lishcdby thc llrcat Crcek nrillhcnlaticiaD
Archinlcdcs
obscrvcdlhat whcrrhc got inrc his l)athlub w.lcr'w.ls(lis_
t);r1hrub.
thatanyobicclinrnr$scdin a liquidis L)noycd
placcd,or plrshcdoul. HcdctcrnliDcd
up by a forcccqualto thc weiShl()1tbc flrJiddisltaccdby lhc obicct lhit is Nnowrr
a l1)ckwciFhs100 DolndJ.rr(l
For cxamflc,supl)osc
as Archincdcs'principlc.
has.1volunc of I cubiclirot.whcn lhal ft)ckis subncrgcdin walcr,il disl)laccs
PLrll
I cubicf )r ol watcr,whi.h wcighs62 poundsThcrcfbrc,thc gravilaliorlal
upwJ
forrc is 62 polrrrds
downwarrland rhc buoyarrt
on rhc rocki! 100DoLrnds
oul ofthc walcr,you woLrklDccdlo cxerla lorccof 100Poundslo lili thc fo.k
(of l8
In rhe watcf you would havc ro cxcfl . lirrccof 100 minlrs62 poLr|rds
Thc buoyanrlofccof a liquid,or horr nuch it pushclupwnrd,dcpc'(lson rhc
dcnsilyof lhe liquid.A body rrill lloal if iLsdcnsityis lesslhan that ol lhe li(lui(l
in which it is inrrncncd;il will sink if ils dcrrsilyis grcalcr'Icc i! lcs\ (lcn\clhnrl
lvith
lloil(m lhc surhccof fic occan Sleclthip\ irredcsigrrcd
walcr,so icebergs
thnt
of
u'nlcr'
fillcd with aif so lha! lhcir dcnsilyis lessthan
many spaces
bv irt volur c salr\,l'alcf
rhewciShlol rhcliqLrid
Densityis conDutedby divi(liDg
has:r densilvol 62
frcsh
waier
hasa dcnsiryof 64 toun(lsper cubiclirot,whilc
is
sahwatcr
ol
pourxlsper cubiclbol. llenct th( buoyanlfora_c
lrcalerlhan lhnt ol
(r
floal iir thc otcarr
'i)r
n
swinnrcr
frcshi{ater,which explainswhy il is easier

L r P r r r l r ? l u r q t c)tiui r 5

Ar^urii rrJrri(ls
)rtl to rsnDrrq,i""*
IULrI rqr lo sruJlLror
iql JtPijllsr^U1
q

rr^rt) f .r:

u).)qr^!q ts U !ip rlrqrrv .01

Jrr(rt lLrll\onq

"q,

l.

u,ru('Ju'orUrlol ,{sc.st lt

.6

Itn('rtsnol )uup. x)n lo Llrorxxlrqi 0r s:{urs

rqnr r L ? Ir .ilrp(t ! lV .8
r.nlr^{qs)rt q
rJlL'Mllus P
tur.r,)ltrq
leou llrMiiiir uv z
rilcs\udrqt ut l)Jturst{)tl rl
(l [{]pq iqt L .u
' -sl ,{l)^oJstp
JlJtlrjat)s
u rllrur or r)ol(l tsrq )q,L ,9
.l)r?,{,\
JIol .u
.rrtu^ttrur.)l)q

ur .r)L{ntq
tuouItrM(trLts
V E

]0]-11-

n.^.,,,*,u,,,
,",,,Jlj,l,
,; ,
".,0

ro,iruurllss)l rl
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.r)ru,\,1
turll
Lruqr
ijoru
-Jo
' -_!I1,1,,
sl ,,(tisrr.rp
slr tL)L{l
Morrl )M ,r)l!^^ ur sluoLl:l.ror
lr)L s ,I
roolJ rl
.u
' llrls
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lllM tl
sl)uno(t
y9 ueql rroru sq ;,r, tlrqs:uy1 .7
. r ' . , , j . r . .- . ! r . t r 1 1 . r11- , , g t , , r r l T ) . , r . , \ri 1 . i . , t
I . I r i r r . ) .t r l t - r , l J . r
rs \\,r ,iur! v I

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t
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t,
lprl^^)rnrlfLrr,,\llnJrrcrri-pssp(isnor^rr(lJLIrJ,rpn",,"t]y.ruorinlruu3iwirr"17

.rrrrtDoU
rLUD.r)rsp;)
LruJ^pq llrM Jr(UrrJql
t)uc uos.rril urql I upql ,{rr^prBrUr)rds ssJl spLIuosr)(l
,:.r;;;,rH
e
tpJ
i,rrn;
slrrqt o,\{rrrP \)rpoqino lelll Jrrrr:rprsuor,lJursu.tlrrs
.r"r"nny.,
x,u,,.,q1
1nq,
rlrr \r torqM'0 r ,rr.)rumrxord{rp
.{l^DriJ
)rr)Jds
ro
.i*,,"f
'.rrtLr^r 1I\u)l)
::-..1::lP:
JLIIor rJlrElsqnsp to ,{trsurpiqr
" "i"ll,;.,,,q
Io
Jo ortpr rLIt sr ,{lr^prHr!r)r.ts

J'''|c'|rl"iJ1, ']
,' ,'ll":'i;"'"1,
))lri:l
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: i . - . . , ' i' . n ' ."rr
\ r \ , ,I , , , r ,r , L , ' u r , ,
i , "'
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,ql

),r.
. ) r r' ' f t ' \ r . \ r ' . . ' M , . . \ r 1 t
t.u,,1tr\r ri\n
, t r . r r | J n , i s J i t r.
t
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,
u
n
,
r
u
.
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t
r)r luDs lplll rlp,|{ to ssptiE Lrrreou
ltrMrqn) lr up ,,.{tjptrlUrs
,1"j n ,,, u"qr
stI

Surlelnrlpl

136 Calculating
LISTENING SKILLS
Lhc
vocabulary in Cofircxt- citclc lhc lc(lcr of lhc arrswerth.lL bcsl nt'lchcs
'
lcncc\'
thcic
sc
ill
each
ol
mcaningo{ lhc ilalitizcdword as il is us((l
lhc:jl)accJlilrhl
1 Thc wea(hcrwasd &rrdrin thc dccisionl{) carrcel
cvcnr
tr.
ar
(t) a r(ason
2. A ln)gor lLrnlcc.rnlivc in cithcra land or \en drv/,1',,k1?r'
b nrrroulldings
a. ren{cfature
L A nn)vingobitcl will continuc!(, nn)velrrfilcd rro lorccsuclri! lri'ri(nr
a, as lollg as

D ln orllcrtDal

loil snill c.!le

4. Thc noukeyswcrc.ir,?y'red
b. rcleasc(llionl
a. cnck)scdin
(vcn
5. Thc price ol gisolinc \\at qtktdrtt\ltd, airl thcrc wcrc l('irrsil would go
highcr.
t) dividcdt)y toLrr
n. nlulliplicdby li)ur
ar)(lscicnccol Wcslc r
d/iLlP,tllc Philosophy
6. Ncwlou'sdiscovcrics
civilizali(nlilr scvcralccnlllrics
b clirproved
a. inlllrencc(l
lo L)cIfccisc.
InLIslIrc ,l/a,lllnrlivc
7. A scicntili(analysis
Irr{{iv,(
11.
r-Iiial
ir. nr.rlh(
lilill nol krr(nln
ol thc al(rniccxpbsional lliroshirlla.lrc
lJ. All lhc i/trrlxr?l/dr?s
b clfcds
a. causcs
is colldc|rsallon.
of cvall(xa(iorr
9, Thc co,{uc$d
b cllccl.
rcvcbc
a.
10. ln brighllight,lhc ptrl)ilsol your cyct idrtllt-r.
b $irink
a. cxParrd
cxpcrincnls.
was dll,li,rc,/.flcfDumcrotrs
I l. Succcss
b achievcd
a. denicd
l2. Absol]i!r pftxJl of li(nrc concep(sis undttaifiahk
b. nol Possiblc
a. nol desirablc

Note-Taking
a
Il is ahvaysa goodidca1orcadovcr yolrrnolcsrs s(x'r1;rspos\iblclollo\'virril
lakingInLcsffequc|llyconl)lainthatlhc in\trlrclor1a1l\l(x)ldn
lcclure.SlLrdcnts
ll yolr arc havirg troublekeepinglrp wilh lhc inslruclor,lcnvcsl)acc\llr ]()ur
ruorcbookas yoll lakc nolcs. Aflcl Lbc leclllrc ad(l () yoLrrllolcs dcl.llls lhal 'fc

'ot)l atnlosqu )rntL,lr(ku)l

Jo
c urunDol i)lrlprrrM st\l)tsilldluqr illur)rr lrrlllrlorrsuM]l I

'z

nufll{ r(! r ltu.^ poonsr :) olz- Jo i)jnl!.'rdruJtv

I
'{xrz ol pDtll)il sr
tuql ,sciJt Jo r[rnlo^ rq] lou ,siltlJaloru
illlJo ^nrrlrr )qt sl rt )
ru tpllt pi)Kxk)rdur^lr)l pn).] ' I I
ozz
'funore
r1\or ol rjr.r(s arout rl|nbi.t s)ln)il{)!Lt,s)lltulJ(huil laMol ly O I
'sJln)iloru li)qrt|n(riluus Jql
Jo
lult()r s)spllllc Jo s)tunlo^lcnl)J
'srsi)rllo(lAq
luln)alorlt rqt sp ol piJlal st ,4,\p.]
s,orppilo^v ' I
'iirlqtoLrot )iullqs
lll^r
'L
sDiluJo ittlnlo^ i(lt') olZ- lu tuqt p)^or{tsturutl.rr(ixr,siltuLI)
'rrnturJdulil
1lrol l)itllir ,tlt)).Ipsl suile Jo unlo^ JLIIlplll piri^oJslpsJllDqf ' 9
'prleitl urq^\ pUp(lxisisut UtDlri]:),{lUo
's
'i.lllSSilrl
Jql ot luLl()lt.()(k)l(i
il.)s.liAUl
s1spilu,o )t!tnlo^ ll
.oJpuno^v^q pil)^o)srp su,^,\
Mul suiJtslLJ,q,L I
'llp urrql uirs a^,no1,l')^pLli(l
sc3ruo uiis a^, ol Il ' z
. unlo^ pllr , trssJl(l
' J r r r l r , r r i d ( u rLt l l s ) i j r r p r l . )
o ] t D { q l r s s t s J s u 3 . ] ol o l ^ u l l ) q . l q t . l

'rroA0lrq
ol srn)rrrno,{rsn r.rnDrl)ql r rrooDrurolur
)rll ol n^Ur}uo)r({) )slp}ro (J) rlul
sr srlr:rlu)rPrs
i'rllM('ll({ rLIr.loLI)prIiqtrq^{ rtD)tp\tt arnpa,I t4t qulpuDtstapun
' J s r J l a x rl x r u r q l r t ) l ( l L t r ( ) ro t s r l o l r r n o , { r s n
UJqt
,, srrP5 I{)ror^Dqr8 rtqlr)Iltur]t )qL, rrnDJl rqt ol u.ls't 'ro1 sp srpLDlD-L
' i t t o n u o ( l ( l o r r D) ^ p r t n o , { s p u o ( x
s ! t i L r u o r ) ) r t i)L F L t r p r I l r r o s l r p ) r u l r I a L I M
n ) l r n r l \ | r . r o l I s D r i l ! , t l ) U u , u ) l r . r r ) , ( s f u n o s t r . { ! ^ , \r q t ) , { l t p ) l . u o q d L l l . r M
' f u r o D r rs t rs s r n n _
t o l r L r p )n o t r p o u ) r n D . l J q t o t t u r l r o ( i u r rs r t D r l l p r o ^ { r p r l t r u D l u n
LrPicrll noI LriLlM lxlv .ls()l rroriq o,{ plrlr J(lol lxru rLIl ot 0o si^oru ssplr
iql
o j ) r l p u P l s r r p u nt , u o l r n o i i j l r r q t , { U er ' . J u t po l s u o n s r n b
lsprl rno,{ L
I
r
v
, { t . r l ' r pr r ^ ( ) p r . r Mt , L r p r p| r o , {r r q l t u r r t t , { o l rD ) I ] o ) o s t v p l r u r n o , { U r q s J . r t
II|s
tat

3u!lPInrlP:)

ll8

Calculating

DISCUSSION POINTS
a
arra\trononlcr?
wha! are somethingslhal a biologislnced\to calc(rlale?
a Scologisl?
chenrisl?.Physicist?
(Thinkbcvond
irl yonr (lassroonr?
2. What colrldyou mcasureof calcuLlLc
re, siTcand
tcmrcral
wciShl,
volumc.
lincar nlea:;urcmcnlslo sLrchlhings as
hu ridily.)
L Somepcoplc havc suggene(llhnLwe r.rseth( (lccimalsyncm bccalrscwc
wc hrd 1hesnrnc trrrberol limlrsas an octoltrsor
havetcn fingcrs.Suppose
kird
of nulrbcrinr svslenrdo vou (hink wc nriSht
a thrcc-ioed\ldb? Whar
havc?
4. Thc ancic|1Hindusdevebl)c{lLhcconccptol rcro, which wns lalcr adoftcd
by lhc Afabs.why was lhat concellso inrln)nanl?
(o Dc
runthcnralics
5. Why do you (hink n)nrcancienll)coplcLrcliev((l
n)agical,
wcrc (onsi(lercd
Why do yoLrlhink.c(airr nrlnllJcrs
myslerk)us?
llrckY
ol
trnluckY?
lhal is,
I

WellA lbert,
did vouqet it
yet (!(

WRITING SKILLS

to wrilc thcrl irrfarnllcllornr,

whcncvcryolrhavca lin olilenrs.it is |rclcraL)lc
rbal is, wi!h all thc ilcms in lhc samcli)nnat For cxanlplc,tltc senlcnccEll',?/ilft
Thc samcscnlcocemay t)c rryrillc'r
to pditlt. stNillni\, drl ddr.f is unacccl)t;rL)lc

'tuerldrlr uB

J o l L l S l i M i \ l i l l l n J l e J ( ) 1. M o H I

'qri)^ illl
Jo u|loJ r^r]eridufl

'uloJ
It asn
IJlleJpd

!l(luilurudino,{r^lii ol rnplo lrJliolol(rq) ur r.l! sdits llr-'rtnsrleW prlldltlnrrr

,sl
ro'pil).())ir'prrnsp
u
rq
ot
spiiu
Jle)lpul
qJuJ
tpLIM
uJdrls
t0L0,ssiJojd
It
lnoqerUlrrdsog 'ilLDa
olloJrLIlJo ruo lo, suolt)rrlpiju!^13qdBlSDrori
r?atFM
suolpallo atow Duuyil
,sa^Iosslpl!
Ilxun lles eq1 rlls .relpr\ eqt u! lles
Jo dnr p JIBqe^lossrpuaql .Dle^i qll^r raulptuor lJpnb.euo p JIId
;rllsllollgred,ro'AJltrlslsLlo)
til rtrLll UJLIM
sJuroJeqLldgr8grDd
aqt irru)l) q)nu ,\oq rJlloN .J)!oA r 0)9 pue a^lssedpup
pJrqlpue'puorts'tsJ!l :stsuetsJXIu lt tsneJeq:jursntLloJ
Irrcsli)Cl
sr qdoliJ0J0d
oql

.pr^lossrp se,i{ltr
ltrxunparrlls spn lles EqI .relpn eqlulllesJo
dnt p JIeq e^losslpuaql .J'tp^r qll^{ reu!luor upnb"euo p pellg J
;itlr^^ ol Jo, ^toq Jo rldrupxo SulMolloJiqt lo loo,l
'(!roos
prre'ullot'ilqt'tl 'rilr'ay')uoslrd pllrll ro,(ro,{) uosrid puo)as1(r.rl
ro ?) uosrad
tsJli iq) LrlrllrM ol 3uro3 oJeno,{Jr epi)ap utql .lnoqSnolql ,sltrl terll asn pup
tlPlrdoJddelsol! sl Jsurl rjntnJ ro 'tuasDJd'lsed Jqt Jl rplJao ,uolJd pup islrJl
ur ,{ruslntsr ro,{Juolslsuor ILrcs oq plnoqs eJ'ql qder3erpd,{upur ,,{Fp|rurs
.eruPp pue ?ru!/t{s,lulEd ol sJrlll urlJg
'e)uep ol puE /lulr!\s 01
lulPd ol sarlll ueJJg
.SuDuEp pup ,8uuru!^is ,3ullulEd sa{I ua g
:srurluJs IeuDrropqt upql peal ol ralspJpup ,lrrsJlJ ,rJrltoorus
sr sJldurExrrs:rll Jo qrer ^,\oqrrlloN .ruroJIrllprpd Sursn,s,{p^4llrr.rqJrprr'lql
6I

SurPInJIPtr

140 Calcularing
2. How ro calcula(ethe dillcrenccbetwccnthc amount of time you spcnd
studyingand thc amount of time yolr spcndrir'archinglelcvisionin a week.
l. How to calcularelhe speed(milcs or kibmctcrs pcr hour) of a flighl frcm
Paristo Tokyo.
4. How to calculatcthc hcight of a lrcc.
5- How to calculatethe percentof your weekly expenscslhal gocstoward
recreation,
6. How lo calculatewhat i! would cost you to drivc lrom Ncw York 1o san
Francisco,

tfl
'tsro
:]qt
Jo strrr^, l.(xlrr
prix
)rrtou l)(re)5!s\frliirr,\'rollotiLlt
: -_i.::.rrPrpqlsrsurtqrr^ lurrrJirp.)rlr
Eutpta\

UoLIS

'Suruodr rlunrrp'ror8rllrlur uoclnrurpuJdrp st uolteJrdoor.totdlr slql suoJJr

llnot rir^4 tpql sltrrurr^.lrlrp ]rJrlurps rpilB Jo srtdlllexr rr(tro :.)rPuoolr rql
uo uetu E lnd rPql Drlbrd rql pup rrrndulor rqr.lo ruiLUdol)^rp:)qf E)uIuY
puP ooorna Lrlsrsllurtrsrrlllo ^L'eLnpuE 'lllu.rc o:)ulrg'Illog slrrN UIJrsulE
u:)qtv Jo lro^{ rqt uo prsEq sE^\ 'rtclu'Pxr roJ 'iSrrur rlurolP Jo nrilurJotr^tp
rSuEqrxr
rqJ )j.ro/\s,rrL{roqret uo Bo!pllnqsrrurrersJrqrl^\ uo!rPLuroJulJo
ro 3ulrpLtse iq 1nq uosrrd ouo Iq poLtslldluoJrp
]ou )rp srur^o)srp lsow
'r8prt^^out rrJrrurr)s uorsupdxrprdprIlSu!sprrlrt rqr or 3u!peil
Jo
'uollp8ltsr^u
! Jo sqtEd^\)u srs)88ns,|r^(Dsrp Ll)pg srlnsrr )ql r^oldstp ro {lii^
ot stroullridxi urro,rodot srJlltoSulll^ul'slPurnotur spoqlJrclPlu)nr!JdxJ
rlr(ll errp pue s:lulpul.jrliql rrod nsILr;)lJs'iPpot srur^o)srprrrqr IeIUo:)
ot sqt8url 1err3ot rlrrM srslr!)LlrlP tr 'sr8v ilpp!t rL| nt pFo/\^)qr tl()|
Irtl)os rr]r)s
sBurpuUr lt prLl'srprroBEqlid)rlt srirr,MouI'slrpt)!rELu)LFPttlJo
r'JJAJTD luJlJUPOl aUOpStrP,Mle
1OOSu^\Slrll suipl rlrLll tulls)luntulllo)
puP si)l.rr^oJs!p
pur,)slro!tu^risqoil lt 3u!uodiJ prl,rslsrldo)cl lltun a!ttq
rl ll plrp sJ^l)sul)ql
Illprr x)u plp r)rrrlJs uJrpour'rr^i^\oH tuJruLrorl^u:)
lnoqe srlri^o)slp Iuurrr )pu(u r^Prl siiulrq uL,Lunq'irolslrl lnollSnorql

NOI.L)n(IOU-LNI

artt lo u161tga41

3ullrodeu
91 ratdeqr

142 Reporting

Ho$' Lik Begah

To discovcrhor'vlife bcgan,archacologills
sludyfossils.
Forsilsirc rhc rcnr.rins
ptants
or imprirls of
and animalsof k)ng ago rhar havc bccn t)rcscrvcd
in Lhe
ea h's crust.The snnplsl
formsof life appcarin 1he]owestor oldesrrocks.Al
thoughscientinscan (al.LilatcIhnl thc carth is 4.6 billion y(rfs ol(1,llrc ()ldcn
rocksthat showany lraccol lilc arc lcsslhaD.zbilll(Dvcarsold.Thercfofc,
alx)Lrl
2.t billion yrars had passedon 1heearthwhen lifc origir.tcd.sincc thc ol{l(st
formsof lifc wcrc all sealifc, Dr.]nysci(ntists
bclicv(liJcl,cg.n i lhc sr..
Wc do rrot krrow(r.c(ly horv,bLrtin sonrcmir.(uloLr!wny, ll)c righl kirr(loJ
nxtccrlc\ happcDcd
ro cor:bincin lhc occanof ilr cl.y 1olonDa nrinurcofgnninrr
Al1life hasp()bablye\,ol\,tdlrornrhal single(rfiginalccll.which m._vhalc bccD
Iikc lhc b.cl(rinoft(xlay.fhisoirc'ccll(dorg.rrisnr
sonrcthing
.r1(,!(\v, f(sporr(lcd
to ils sLrrrolrndings,
rcprodrlcc(l
ilscll,an(lsprcadthroLrqhoul
thc oce.ns.
wcre nor all nlike.sorrc wcrc betLcr
Prolrably
lhosefifsl1i1lyorganisnrs
nbleLo
oblainf(xri or adaptlo coldcr*,alrrs. l-hcn(rngcr c(lls survilcdirl(l lhcir chir
aclefislics
rrrlc passcdon to thc ncxt gencrili()n.
Thc cafly cellsLcpnxlLrrcd
simplyby liivirliDgirl lrvo. Alier .r long Limc,singlc
cellsbecanrraltached
to oncanolhcr,nndcach(el1becanrc
s|(.inlizc(lin i rtil{crrnl
lirnction.cradudllyorgdnismsbccinrcnroreindrnorcconr|lcx.'lixlay,nrrnlli!ing
(hingsarc Ir1;r(lc
()l slii
u]r ol n conrl)inatioli
of (clls; or.rrl)o(licsnfc (()rrlt)o\c(l
(clls,bloo(1cclls,nrLlsclc
(clls.br.in ccll\,.rrr(lso or).
Thc Hri]dLral
nriitraLion
Lhcoccilnro thc lnn(lrvasanolhefnraiofrrrp
ol Ijlc l|1)rlr
evcntu.llypl.nls !rxl dninLrl\(l vi(lc(linlo
Lhalnra(lcnranya(lv.n(csl)ossll)lc.
m.lcsarr(ili'rnnlrs,
nn(ltx)ssil)jlirjcs
i|r(rca\cri
li)r(l(vflot)ingr)cwirr(l v.fic(ls1)r(
ics
s|c.icr ol pl.nls rn(l 1,200,0(X)
\t)crics{)l
or rypcs,To (i.rlc,rr(nc lhan 2100,000
.rrirnalsy'ravc
dcvclopc(1.
Gra(lLrally,
lhc scnscsol sjghl.1 (l hcariINinrl)()vc(lin
Irinallv,inrclligcrrcc
lci(l rrg
auiural(andbr.ins grclv aDddcvcli)t)c(i.
1)r'ogfcs\cit,
ro lhc rlcvclol)rncrrl
ol hLrnriln
btirrgs.

\/z

J.ssed pe|]. :2surl Parad tspd

p4Dut6uoelt ur4tt ttyDaaU o passtdpttt stral uonttqS Z tnottDt.to{tr}qJ
gr{rr rsvd Nlr^r9 y s{oJ3q q:t#t'ldwol Noulv Nv
pe^lo^e seq :asuattrr{)rd tlasau
'rtoldruo)u1
(ilur^lo^r
sr.JII 3t
tpqt
oslesl Lroltrpslql)
llns
' ' ' 'll pulquo ,l6uls
tb\ aLdl pe^p^aMDqotd stq |Ju ttv
pedole^ep e^Pq :asuaipa.LadUts d
(trnlnJ iqt olul cnu|uor,,llqpqord
lll,Mpup'Mou
crpld Sullpt sl 'cLultIo polDd l?r)^o rrpld LI'IBTspqteqt uonJsup sl slllt)
'ptdolzirp aAtLl
slttunuv{a saDads
0aa'002't pup stuDld
00a00, u04t afiw atbpoJ
lo eaDrds
NOIIf,Y qAIgldWOf,NO NY
prssed ara^r :uti)J ir^tssDd'tsunDdaFuS
( uoll)e rqr lo rrlru(lFi(
rql uelll llrPuodrul,roru sl rrclDs rql rsnDJJqpasnsl truqj r^rssDdJril)
ualrrtuzq lxdu t4 at o pAsSvLl
,lXtrr9lltllXpltltq )lt4l
a,tar'^:|suatFDdnldluls
( uortrp up Lrpql.rrLIlEr
Lolllprlo) sttodarr)u)llrJs slrll)
e
[u]t lsltl)5041[tq]jq d
4nD tP tou tM sutstutJqto
peerds 'pernpojdrr

'p.puodsrr

'MrrB 'rtp :)sw tsDd)tLlwts

(prlrldllror
plrp
rrp
ote.Lu
3uo1
c
rreld
or)iL't
r^Erl
soortrp
rsJlll)
'sut,1aa\t ,loql;nor|) pt)irdsputl
full
p npordat squryunortns
s! al papuads'[^\t16 alD ttuttlito ptlti )t1oi\J
NOrrfv aaraldwof v
',9ul]u.dr$lurrrs rrr prsn ,(0lrrnb:){
lsotu aql sr tsuJl lsed Jldlursrql suorDelsEd!(xlrr ol prsn rrE $surt turr:tlO
IIIOd:IIT
{}t

OI HSI'I)N:I

DNISN

SulrodaU

t44

RePortrng
SentehcePatterns
(SIMPI-E PAS'TTENSE)
REPORTINGA COMPLETED ACTION
l o u b l i s h e dI
Da*''

l;"".,,"."di
tProPosco l

In'd-''
hi\rheoNorc\orurr"n

O R R E C E N TA C T T O N
R E P O R T I N GA N U N C O M P L E T E D
T
E
N
S
E
)
( P R E S E N TP E R F E C T

f
I
It""I

I
Bi('loFFr\I l'""
n",
He/She
I
I
I
I

often
arleady
\el om
,,-"r'*.
no, y",
recentrv
slill nor
usuallY

I
I
I
n,,id(| n(* di"r'veri<t
I
l
I

B E F O R EA G I V E N T I M E
R E P O R T I N GA N A C T I O N C O M P L E T E D
( P A S TP E R F E C TT E N S E )
'
rarrhed" rhe bamh lnad elph'dc'l
Bv lh I m. wc

rh( riht srurn'\'

ii, i.:r. n,.,i"'t"a t"unched

iRili*iH*fiiJifJ"'""'flliSl'"1'""'""'
:3i?lJii"ll
whil' in the Galapagos'
Darwin {was workinS} on his lheorv
' ' ' l f u t r 5 b i l l i u n) e J t sJ'
r h e u n i v e r s e, h a ) b e e ne x p d n o ' n F rl \ n c c i r < r n e p r i u n .
nrm'
carriagewhcn the idea came ro
Darwin {had been riding} in his
NOTESr\her tepotfto ftheub?r th,?fotl.Mittd
,fc I.xJ,v rr..d (. 1,
llj orren ' tttead) ,ad u\u.llv,
6,.,]
and
tme
aJ
hequen'v
t. A^ei,

'!;,'::,:;:::lX:":i":,:;'es
,"

i,",ii,iiliii;';,'***'v

t'l".)dre
Menelude,lab*,tu rckftnce Haw'|*'/'
't'ihn!'
i'1'cicktitk
do natac r Jrcq"lntl

ot dis"t\std

'ollpsreri Lrorltrru
S I lnoqL'(rprdd'r)

L'PIUlsrll rLIt

' P l 1 )s i P r i

uor rq z irc lPql s)jroroo (pUrt)

l'l,Lls la utnle )4J \ltuM)

aryw

\ t r \ \ ' r l I { L r .i lq l

ur^{rPcstlrEql I
'uontrL'
arFi.lr.r,1r.l
tr.lqns

J q l J l J I r J J r . / S l l : u o l l J c J ! 1 1 J r r J o r . rl dr ) l q n s J q l . l l J n r , r , s l r l l l r l l l J s v s i s r l l l u J r c d
ul qrJ^ )ql J0 JsLrJl lsed tl(llllls )LIr Jo (lol )^lssP(l ro J^llJc iLll lrqll) llastll
'L()rr)p prrrl(kr o) p s.qrr)sirp sJrlrrllrrs isiq r.lo Lpua 2s zI lsfld a4uls 24! 6ulsn

a r u o j J ^ r t J Pr o i ^ l s s r ? d I I L l l l ! s l q

luqM u
apisnsl )srrDl
'tsPdrqr ul rltrll)gptds
r-)rrotiq srn))o tpllt oolt)e uu suodi).llul0 rJlrJlui)s l] lo riqtullu i)ql illlM

zur.()lr^0ru.roi^lssu(l)qr ul 1lsl q
zprsnsl osrrirlpllM u
'uo!l)u Jlil(ruo)Lrl Lr?suo(lo]tr-'LltJ)uiturs Lrlo iiqutlrr )qt itli^
z
ro i^rtrp )L|] ul rl rl q
iuUot J^lssu(l
t pisn sr )sul)rreqM rl
-

L ( ) l t ) c | i l ) l ( l l l r o ) 0 s l r o o i r l u q l r l t l ) l l l i s e Jo riqllIlu .)ql i]!rM

'yNc
llr) )liJolsD su rlrl rlllibq scq-Ipoq llPtunrl
lo siln))lolu Mr) o rl)1,{,r
p io ',{slppu 'ruu LtP'orrldlo| !-ilutlll tor^rl iJr^a (9) slsolrrtrl)rllc) ssi)ord
u uJsllrr rrrlliirlPpIurrru.Pro^^lLuroJol JlDqtrriirrlrr^rp,{q DnPor(i.rslli) (/)
'rtnJrl')u'
rql sl
oorlPrLuolrr!
)qr sr vNd leqr pu'r rl'lrJlorL'nLrtrols
Nulfurur-uolcuroJul
vNc IPL PrPs,{)ql(9) Iruf sr)Lr!.upueuoslPM$llrDf ,{q prlPlrtlurolurrq pPLI
trro.ql e '{(arl ia (E) pr)PrrJlrnll
r|Drlolu vNc )qr lo rrnl)nrrsrql iJlllpiuiJrr
sru).{roi (t) (plre rl)lrnL()qu)vNx puE (prrP
to rrnrDLrrqr p)lpnrsslstiiototq
srrrlrnurql ({)
iprr! rlrt:)nLrJo
rrrltrnuoqlixo)p)
NnotuP.t]pl DsurDlLIor
vNc
.lJltral
lorluol rLIl sl l!tl1 sn)pno e qlr,]^',LsDldol,{jpJlleJ
,{lqE)returr
DrLltsqnsr)rrillrl P Jo pis{xhuorrru sllrl (z) rrnlrnrls trl .IDIILUIS
prr] sluPlo
ol slPtullrP
.rLrsll)r Jsftll req) pLIP'sllJrlo.pPLu:)rn'snurJqoPLunLl
iql Jo .uo srlI (l )
lirt^ P rPqrrrurDsJ()slr4 SuIzPruP
rldtnrs(uorlsllrsrupSrc
]',13) !lHl
'JSI]I:)XJ

rqt pcrd 'srsrrJ lsDdEut[lltuapl

3or^'\oll(Irr0 .lildluor Lr)10pul' LldPIilDiDd
glI

Suruodru

r46

Reporting
4. About 165million ycarsago,gianldrnosaurs

(livc)

on thc carlh.
5. About 4.6 biuion yearsago, lhc earrh

(tu m).

6. The first living o?anisms

1 r ( j r ' d u . c ) l \ , l \ i ! l i n Si n

ha1f.
7. Thc fossilsofNeandc(hal]nan

(discover)
in Irrq

b c l w e e n 1 95 1 a n d 1 9 6 0 .
8 . A b o u t l 8 m i l l i o u y e a . s a g o . v i o l c n l c a h q u a k c sa l o n g C . t i f o r n i a ' s S i

(rotale)Lhcrrorlhwestcm
Mojavc
D 5 c r La b o u t 2 5 " c l o c k r l r s e .

The PresentPerfectTense
To describear incompletcor rc(cn!ly (omplctedaction,thc prcscnrpcrlcctlclrsc
pcrfcct tc,Dse
is used,The fornulas for forming Drcscr'rt
arc:

= has ot hate + past participle

= hds or have + ,een + past participle

Using the PtesehtPerfe.t IsrJe, Eacho{ihesc scntcnccsdcscrilresaDirrcornplctc

or recendycomplclcdaction,Insc( cithcr dtc passivcof aclivc form of lhe prcscnt
pcrfecrtenseof thc vcrb or verb phraseiD parcnrhescs.
I. Ait l'ol]i:rion

z. vany studies

ha4 leeo/r/'3

/taue leelt natle

(trccomc)a major probtcm irr

(makc)ro dcrermine
thc

cilccls of smogon the 1ungs.

l. Morc thaD a hundred clcmenrs
(slillnot find) for dre conrmoncold
5. A salellilcof fic planet Plulo

' U " I n r . ) u 1 l\ r x , . , r r r l . r r r t \
i r i \ r i , . n l tr q t r l o r d ! l n o l

stLr)rLrr.dxJrrLIto (Lru(trrd)
srrqp pnPrnrrsedsrno'l.t1l
stsrlLrilrs,trrqt.ruls sSurqliiur^n rrqto ruo{,.(llrocurcr siJLql 8r ^n rPqt (.terlsuo
,llr.p)

llrrlulr.dxr rql

rro ro tr?r(' i)qt ut (pUU)

rel pllqt iql Jo tsuui^or jrded Jql

s,93roN rl'l puoDs .rlt Jo D^o:)

Lllolr iLIt uo pup r?l lrido rqt Lrlle.rr rql uo siJ.3r(,{Pl)

rr'l\) iql ,{qll)P.rirc)

srlu'(Iu):)p)

rLItuitlM rrdP({qll^^ (D^or)

prlqlrqt plrP'qtol)qlr^\(ri^o))

pLroJisiql 'uJdo (o Brl)

r!l tsrLJ

nll vcl,),)rqlur tfllru (,r)Lrl(l)

rH lioirll slLIttlprrrs!pol

l L l r L U u a d x [Jr p ( L r u 0 t r J ( i )

r p i l l o ) s r ) L t u l cl s l t u : ) l ) sL l p l l ! t l

;)ql 899t ul LDqj ^i^tuH LuPrllr^{

plr! LrolMrN :rop(l stsllllrl:)s teo.lij iql ilulpnl)

-nr il&)rd ,{uuru

(pliq)

,{q
LrortDriLriij
snoruDtrrodr
J0
ircntlt sllll lurlu pi^uJrp lr()4 sDJsurpUL)pnrrl ruo{ llsnorLtctuo(ls(itBtiutii)
srlp(rspuusiJorl
reqt()^rJliq)
NOrrvugN39snogNYINods
'rldurilurudtol^,\ollot DL0Lll srsaqturred
trl sqja.^JLoJo isurl lsed t)rllo) iLF ]lrsul .2srrJ Itbd lra o) a41 6ulsoo4J
lasual qulsootlJ

'rusrue o rJLIloiuP Lrcrll

silurql ilor^q

snrr.xluErrnH ' 6

olll (,(ol]s;)p)

tu.^r itrl'lniirr

(rJs)

r rr0:) s,Ir PH
'Lroourql uo
{rl orr

srrr)rtt (^\orrl)

s]slllrJrJs',srP),(lLreur toc -/

.trqro
ollrr (o3 tsnl)

/tI

: ) ] I I I J I E SJ P ! T U . L I P T IUJ q ] O U Y ' 9

Sutuodru

148 Repo4ing
Forming Se tencesThnt Repon. f o r n r i r s e n l c D f cr c | o r t i n { c a f l l o l t h c l t l ( ) ! \ 1 | , r
I

b i r t h o f l h c l i r s t r e n - L u l j eb n l J f . / L D l t ; r i r d I

the fu.ul l"X lul,z I'al'//

",a,i

I978

kaa a thqk4l

,4 /g7S

2. dcvrbpmenrof trincit)lrsot gcorDc(rvr FLrrtid I At(:.ndrir. E{vpL /

100 u (l
L classjJication
oI plnnl\ r (l .ninrits I C.rotU\t_tnnnc|\ I S r | c i l ( . r r /
l7)5
r e ( c i p l o l L h c N o b c l P r j z e l o f ( l i s . o v c r vo l | l u L o n j ) . n i t
Maric Curic / ljr.rlr.c r l9l1
5 . invcnlion of frintinlt rvirh rov.blr lf|(
I pi-\trcnS / Chin.r /
e r e v c n t Dc c u l u r y
6 c o n l r o l l e d n l | c l e i l rf i \ s i o n o l U r . I i U n r r E I r l c o t ] ( , r i I I l . l f / 1 9 . 1 :
7 . l i r s t I a n d i n l to n t h c r ( n r n / A n ] t f i . a r r I , ( ) i c r t A l ) o o r t 9 6 ( . )
6 . ( l i s r o v c r yo l ( i r c u l . r i o n o l b l o ( x l / $ / i l l i . | l r t r J n . ( ) , , L n g l . r ( t , 1 6 } j
9 . l l r s ls p r c cJ l i g h t / Y u t i ( l n c i f i r ) I S ( ^ c l U I i o ] l I l 9 6 l
0 . d c v c l o l ) r n c n to l l ) o l i o v . c . i r r c , . J o r r . rSs . r l l i , A n r ( r j c n / t r 5 4
l . i r ) v c n t i o no J j r l c a n ( 1 c s ( ( r l).tr n r t ) 1 t - h o r , r ! t i l i s o n / r \ n r ! r i c i , 1 8 7 9

READING SKILLS
VocabularyBuilding
l|lCrc.rsing
youl vocaLr
i;ry docsrrorlrnvrLolrr,t((oIrt)li\hc(t
whllr \i|lir)it,]l,r
ricskwith fntrcfs,boolis,.1nd
tJ
cnn)
r
.nrl
of
strrrL
ol n()t(,tr,rl)rl
l)cnfll\. )oLr

l i s t i n gl b u f o r l i v e n c w r \ o r l s , l o r ( a t . k c : r ( t ! d I t . g c o l t i ! c o r L r n n r i [ t | t $
],(ju
havc whilc vy.iting ill i lirrc
r h c l ) i r r l ( o r i d r , ) l l i . c , r j ( t i r l N, r t ) L r so, r c ! f I
w r i r j n g l o r l c l ( , v i so n . o n l l c r ( j n 1 \ r o r . ( 1 . t r r r q u c l t \ t r o n n L L r t ) . t r ( r i , ) ( lw
\ i t,c
n m r c l ) ( ) d U c r i v c1 h . 1 Io I c $ , c c k l v s c s s i o | r ! i t t r , r l o r ! t i \ r .
'li)
s l l r d yl h c w o r d \ , l i r s t r c . d c n . h ( ) | r r n d i l s | r c . r I i | 1 ! . ( C h f r k w j t h r i l j d i o r r r r f
o r a n a r i v c s p c . k c r i f y o . l r L r n c c t u i | . b o u r p r ( ) ! L | r r i . l j o n . ) T h ( . | . r ] r . i l ( cJ t ! c
\ c n t r D c c rw i l h t h c w o f ( 1o r i n v c n l i n i r l r . r : t i n . f l , c o r l V c r \ . r L i ionn! v t r i r h v o u ! \ 1 ) rl { l
u s c t h e \ , ! o f d .T h i s t c c h n i r l L r lc1 ' i l li ] r . r c n s cn o r o n l f v o L l | ! o r , r t r L ] n r ] , 1 ) u.r t s or r ) L r l
'lucDcybypfovidirgyouNithanopp(ntLrnilyrot)ri(lrc..\trerkjrr!,rvc|whcrr
y o u h a v c n o o l r c t o t a l k w i l h . C o n \ i d e rl h c r \ ' , r vn u n v t ) c o t ) l r( c \ e n n , r l i Y cs l ) c . k e r \ t )
f r e p . r c l h c m s c h , e sl i ) r . j o b i n l c r v i c \ \ ,o r , I r n r ! u n r e n l \ \ . i t t ri r c . r h c r o r t r o s \t , )
l h i n k i n g l h f t ) u g h r v h . l t h c y l ) l . n l o \ . y . W h c n t h c l i n r c t ( ) rl h e c o v c r s . r l o n . o i r r c s ,
t h c y . f c a b l c t ( r c x l ) f e s sl h c n r s e l v e sn n ! c r f f r c r i l c t y l ) ( r n L r s ct h c t t r . v c i l l r c n ( t ) .
f o r n r u l a l c dl h r w o r d s i n l h e i f I n i r ( 1 .A s . r ) o n n . t i l c \ l l c , 1 k r r .v o u w i l l l ) c n f i i l j i o | r
t h i s h a b i t o f " f r a c l i c e r a l k i n g " i m n l c a s l r r i b t y .t n o r h e f w o r d r . r . t k r o
) r ) L L r \ c I tl B r
trcsure() do il in Englisht)

r({

f) ! 'r!l{rl q

'nlrJlLru.dxJs,orlrleg Iq
Jr.^{ trrql',srunlLIJr
/r,rp.]/-rsrr
1r rq or pr^.!ti)q rrrM uo'l(nu Jo sruoilll s,JoolslrYqnnoqllv t
sutPrqoq
'!.rlr trrrpunorrrlsrrrlu) rql roJ .'(ll)llJ.rlr s.rrr'r:rrrtil(nreJ rLlI Z

FJr,I

o
'sJIllJ illl ul lle uPap rnl.1il.l ol JpPo ilul)q alc trcJg

'sr:)LrJrtr.s
t$LIr Jo rlr!.r ur Prsn sr lr sDPn).Mp)zDrlell rtll lo nol(rlrul
rql soqrrPrr rsrq IPLlrrr^^snP )ql J0 rillrl )LIl rlrrr:, ixrlro:, u! [Jtltl.lD3ot

urrs)LIl iiulrusurllr loJ orl^ip

il)qdsotlllP s,LIlls
r q 1 L r lL r t r s l s r l l l L l a u l i l i s l l o r s l r i l q
i^t()ldxi

liJrt(t

tlitlq

,rull iiuol c r(I Hulnullr()J

(unllrLl.8

l r l H l l^ q P i l i l P o t u s t l l . r i ( l o r d
IUJFI)JliLlll^ Jqlll runn)94

)lrLLlL'utrp/
)ptui)o!l)q 9

)slrAlL l
lt Jo rrluil) Jtll su tlns JtF ol ro ' p
l r n s F . J o- r J l L I t ): ) L l lo l i J u n u l J l
lqiil Io il)luDtl
i l u ! l i i u ! r r s u r L u , l o ll u i L u n r l s o l

'J

'q

,{il]iLri)
J u t J J l a s i l n p o r d I P L Ft L r l q ) u t u

o(rpuip s
)!LI{)rqr't
r)tiLuoLrorLl) [
',Z
ll.) rlIlJJlton)LId
LrotoLlo I

uns eql pre^^ol surnl 1eql lueld = aclollollzll

uns rql :-orrry'

r\l?'reue = rluDuIP
re6od t-oulP
eurll Jo repro ul luetuegue

e = {$op orqt
ewrll t-orroJLp

lq8ll Jo uolpe rql Sulsn sernpld 8uplP1 = lqd,rqott"id

Trl..8llrotoqd
'pJlsrlsiiultrPrur'ql IIP rsn loLI llr^! no^
'tqilu
qll^^
.t\olrq
rlJql
rql
siiuruE.Lu
le
IJI Jql lc sturJl rql q]lEur u'ql PUesl(Dr
-otleq leu^p rouorqr roloqd :stooxptoll
p.ro.\^
lo isrt Nur^\ollol)ql trprr)s
6tI

Bu!1loda[

150 Reporling
4. Numcrousrpecl!,rof aninals are in danlcr of beconrirr!lextincr.
b. habilals

5. Tlrc.rrhlidr? in compurerlcchnologyha! accelcralcdsircc 1980.

6. Alicr the bombing, lh ciry was rebuih by rhosewho rrryivc,
a. lived

b. died

7. It sraicd to rain when rhe nir wasrdrrldtfl wilh moinor(.

a. Iillcd

L Galilc{,discovercd
rhe cxa/cr..ofJupircr,smoons
9. The camcl is dddpl.,/ro dcserllifc and can So wilhout wrlcr tir long
b. adjuncd
10. Einstcin's
lheoricshavcf,cfalledthroughoulrhc rwcuticrhccnlury.
a. lailcd
b. dominaled
11. A butcrlly eyolles
lion a careryillar.
a. cs(apes
b. dcvckDs
12. The subjcctofaborriolrhasbeen.rr?l/dr/rj/r/
lbr a lonit rinrc,.nd lhercwill
pft)bablyncvcrbc complctcagrccmcDl,
a, lnrcrcsun!
b. disputcd
ll. Ncwr(nrpe ormcdexpcrimcnts
to cdr/ir/l?
wha( Galilcohad |roposcdrl)oul
a. verify

b. dispx)vc

Skimrfiing
Skim lhe followirlgpassagc
in lhrcc miDutcsor lcssnnd lhcn arlrwcrlhesc
L The main lopicof rhh lassagcis
a. thc search1o discoverbow hlrman Iifc cvorvc0
b. Arislollc's vicw of cvoluli()r
c. lhc lile of CharicsDarwin
d. thc scx lile ofan oyster

sJq)trllp)llPrsPIrqio
(ro'u)ql pFo^4
prlDnrstq 'sptrPtsr
Suuoqq8IJu
clnoli{e Io srDrilsrurrilJrt).{rrPtu
)LIl Jo IuPlU lPql DPJ.qr ,'(q)l:)lrlls
Jr| ur .\lr JIIt^\orr pr^rl ^lDsrq rlql slu(UlLrlr
p punq
sEMul^\rDo rrqler^ lprd(xl trrPr^rl1!qlurnSurdJordil p puP'spono{l
iupnli)lrr 'urrs rr^rlr
lulur!t'r^'ls
tcr)^rs PrqiirM laqr srlurlr PrrcllLr0r3'spreztl
pDq )q lelll s nrDrrr Jo sr(l^r ,(rr"'Lupr^rJsqo Jq ir.)ql PruJurv qlnos Jo lsPo:)
qsllSrra
ur/'!uPo
sipeql pJruPtr
lsllcrrllPu
n)iJPcieleg
Jql 01pi)I.^Err
rql JJos]xrPtst
3tn1o1v piLlotr^rp|L'rlstptl Lrppuu srolt(lio s)rrrdsrurlrljlp luDtu os ^^oqJo
slsrlol(,'q'^rnlu.rrqlurrlrlrrLrpltu rt0 (rl 'trrtll
Jql rrotdxi or LruiJ)q
uorls.)nb
L|
srLIprl )il.)srP IPLI sruitu!idxr p)tllroJ.rr(lrprr orsJruBIc lsltlrrDs ocll!ll )qr
)Lll
u0llerrlrrHsno.lrcluods
ll srrnrErriilol^ll LrrPl.rrrJo
relll g99t Irun r(xrsD.4'\
ol pr^rll)q )Folslrv r:)LI(k)so|LId
lrrlS lprrii JLIIor^. :)'frII'uLrrr rllrnoJ rLF r.rl
'psri^ a)l^ pllusl!u!uu 1)lL U)rLl suollgu.rclsllurl
plloM
ldnlqcio s)le]sJpnl)Lll
Jo
ol ^4.u lli^llElJr sl lt1i](ro)srlll
.r! jo sliP(l,4uprolo rrollloJ rtli plrl)i(rolu
'LluuJi!ll tlo JIll ijLllArJsir(l
c ul riLllouu
slrqr'JIJ,{JSLllnunL()J
ot alrl 11)Jluuu )tll l:)ssEdrusltreiJjoiuo .lJ^/loultlirD(l lr Iq p)]lri.l) sprJs tuorl
iliii rr0 ttl()rJprqrluq sl prlq V sltri}iu(l
sMorii.lr,MoLjv spitq ruired,{q l)..))npo.rd
.rll r.lrlr)qlo lt'orJtrluosin'or rir-l
str srlqurisir iJurqrijul^ll c Jo ilLrrrdsuo

uo!ltllo^x
6u!pbau

,,lsilng rql lo IP^I^lns,, Jo nuruP'LLIrq|p

uDlrrlo uriluo rlll Io lrols lerrlqlq rql )
q
IElsltr^OllLloros seM ,uorql s,ulMleo Arl]!{
D
,'torlll srq PrlPlnuroJ urMrPC ^\oq

' ISI

ldrJ-YrSurMolloJ rql Io llP lroqe uonPurroJlll ptrlr IIIM noi

SutuodJu

152 Reporling
As a resultofhis obscrvations,
Da ,!in fonD l.tcd. rhcoryoflhc c!olLrlj()rr
oJ
humar lifc.Heknewthalmdnyofganisms
pro(hr(rm(ncofllfrin{ rhnn(a1rir.lLr.ity
survive.For cxamplc,ar oyslercan sparln 100milli(n rlgs.r n li]]rct11nll Lhc\c
cggssun/ivcd,thc o.eanwoulclbc s.lufatedwilh oy\LcL\t
Sincc.llc.nnoLn ljvr.
lhcre is compelitiorr
amoirgthe indivicl.llsin. sfccicsIar loo(1,\{ cr, !!.rnrrh.
and spacc.ln thc nrlrgglc1(r cxi\tcn.e.only lhc llllcn, or thc oncsrhntnfc L,rn
atilero adnpt,will prcvail.
Danvincallcdhis Lhcoly"nallrr.rlsclcction,"
or the "suL!jv.to1ttrc titrcsL.'H!
argurdlhal thoscspccicsthal arc thc nx)n Jit,or the LrcstrL)lcto (or)r|cLcwith
olhcr specics
in the cnvironnlenl.
will slrrvivcThr t)roccssofDiLLfnl\clict;rnrh.s
occurrcdinnulncrablc
linrcs.Airimnlswith thc \r.LIrcstftrr 5rrrvive
in coldarcn\
Plantsthat rcquircthe lcaslann)u|l ol rvatcrsurvivcin rlic (1c\(r L Fishth.t rould
adoptlo lifc on land bccr|ncthr fifsl lnno rnr; s.
In 18t9 Ddrwinplrblishc(i
his findingsirlThc oi4ii1 il St.(i(.l1r clninrc(lrlrnl
man hascvolvcdJioma lowcr li)f|r ol lilc and th.r in lacrnll lit orrLhec.rrh h.s
devclopcdlrcnr a single,origiu.l ccll. Over million\ 0J yrirr:,,thrcugh{r.dUal
changc,(lcvclopnlcnl,
and nanrLrls{rlccrion,
nllthc (lillcfrr)ts|crirs oj lilc Lhntwc
know tftlay havccvolvcd.
l)arwirr'sideaswcrevcry corrl|1)vrfsia1,
|,rrly [,r.,r lict]rcyr!crr in l:onllictwill)
nlanyreligious
vicwsirboLrl
thc origir)(t rni rkiri(1.
ln a(l(1ili(rn.
r .Iy jrcol)lcwcrc
sho(kedal rhe idca lhfl hLrnr.ins
irc nninr.lsnr)(1f(lnlc(1Lo oLhcrt() s ot ltti.
y upsettin!wns lhc (onccl)ttltil thc atr(.\tofsol hLtntanL)cings
PanicLrla
wrfc
rclntcdlo alcs or nlonkcy\rnilliorrsoJ yenfs,r!to.IlUl nll tltc cvidcn(ewc ltiv(
lodayconlifnrsDarwins hyl)othc\j\.

D i s t i n g u i s h i n gF a c tf r o n O p l , r i o r . l l i q v c r y i n r | o n a n t l o f e c o g n i T c l h c r l i l l c ( ' l l c c
b c l w c c n f a c t a n d o p i n i o n w h c n r e n d i n gs c i c n r i l i c' r r a l c r i a lo r l i s l c D i n gl o n s c i c n l i l i .
lcclurc. For exampl, it is a,.r thaI thc lvorld rcpulililnr iu I987 rv.s 4,975,000,000.
H o w e v e r ,i l i s l h c r p i r i o , o f m a n y s c i c l l L i n sl h a r t h c r v o r l d p o p u l . l n ) v ! i l l j n ( r c n s c
b y 1 b i l l i l n l i n r h e n c x t l w c n t y l i v { : y e a r s .I l r . l y b c . n c d u c a l c c o
l pinion, rhnt is,
o n c b a s e do n p a s t s l a t i s l i c sa n d ( u f f e r l r r e D d s ,b u t i t r c m a i n s a n o p i n i o n L L n t i il l
can bc proved.

srrp q

srrMo$

'rpr^ irc^r r rol4 lDqt lueld P sl IEIUurl)o Y t

srurr14ll e
'sror,rrrrrt A\4 P u! lJullx: rq
,{PpollslxJ lPql srlJJdstruPW
III.tt
sueSro E
srlslr:rrPrEqJ q

'sr^lJsdiql qrlelJs
puEuPq e
ro
larcl
's/rrrl LIEulnq iuelu r^pq s^aluow
z
ol spueq rrrlll tsn iJrll ,{E^/rrtll sP LIJns

1rc[t|q
'slorled qloq

.lrnbrEO

Jo srllsFrlreleqr /lr,ry,r solqPquPurnH J

'sa)uiluss Js)ql tlJuJ tl! ptsn sl ll se pron^pJzlrllell ,ql Jo SLlltlpJul

lo
;ql siqJlplu lsJq ltql lJMslle i$ Jo rJ1lol JLll JlJll) ,rrlroJ, tll fJtlnqb,o^

S'I1I>IS ONINEISI'I

'Lluijrqiirl i oq ^totll lt^o(r lllM i)M g l

'sJuntrriJ ^uelll rol i^lo^t ol ilnllllu(r) lll^{ LFll-iiLlostlrllltl]
'srrlslo lr(nDlMi)uld rrlliq u iq plno^ plroMiql

}l
tl

'slurulLl0
)Il?sillrltqLI|?tulrHzl
'lri ol
Pooil ilP srclsio I I
'ilupdsJoluP$ iirlPold sr)ls^O 0l
'tulMs Lle)spl0Tllituos 6
'spoPlsln)iledDlg) Jql tlo sJirlerll Iollsr'lunill0!u crtM tliLII 8
'e)lr uv qrnosrP)o rle spuPlslsotudPle)rql 1
'iluLLInPe sPn rllolslrv 9
Jo IE.p lPrrii c dn prlllls Lll,Mlec E
"{slr^olluo)
'snluJSe sE^/lurMrP(l t
'u(nlEJJllan

snolrPlll(xis olr sl Jrrtll leql p)zllear t^Prl pluoqs rllolsuv

' a l l l J o u o l l l r r J u r 8s n o i l l e l l l o d s o L I s l a r ' q l

'{r1 .r.Llrctuo{ ^lllo stuor qrl

'a
l

'Pr^ord rq uDr xitruor rql r.qlJq^^ rulturrlJp ()1tul 'rrnsun rre no^ JI
'10) uo}rldo rreio (J) l)ej P slursrrdrl srJlrrlurs ,srql Jo Llrei rrlllrq^ rle)!pul
tEI

Suluodau

154 Reporting
5. The midwesrernparr of the Unilcd Statesis sonlrtimescn cd rhe ,,brca(l
baskcf'because
whcaraDdcorn arr the rcgion,sdomindntaops.
a. mostimporranl
b. lcastimponalrt
6. The ocean'stides are characterizcdby aliernaringfonvard .nd fcc,,sriyc
a. raprd

b. trackward

7. The sbrs ar too nrfiercrr to bc collnled.

a. largc
b. abLrndanr
8. Antoine Henri Becqucrl'sdiscovcryof ridialion was rTgrrtcd,rand paved
rhe way Ibr the work of Marie and pierre Curic.
a important
9. The resullsol the expctin].e]ot
substantitlted
rhc hypothcsis.r
announced
1othc world.
a. supported
b. dis|rovc(l

wcrc

Note-Taking
Notcst.kcn in classshouklbc revicwc(llr()rnlinrc to linrc,csl)ccially
t)cli)rca
lcsl. The nlorc lrcqlrcnllyyor rcvjcw,lhc highcrrhc pclccnlngcol lhc nratrrinl
you will rclailt,Fof cxnirl)lc,if you rcvicw1hcnoleslhrcc lintcs,you nr.1yrccall
,s ntltcltas 20 pcrcentor J0 pcrccDlnt{)rclhatril yoLtrcvicwlhcnr lwicc,Aly),
spa(ingthoscrcvicwswill helpyoUlo rcnrcnl)cfovcf . lonu lcriod ol.lintc..t.h(1l
is,Ii)r l(rtl.t-rcnn
rccall,it is bcltcrlo rcadthc rr()lcs
rh()Ughonccn wcck li)r rhrcc
wccksthaDllucc tinlesin otrcsilling,
Takeltolcsas yoo lislcDto tllc lcclurc,,ThcScjcllccol Gcnctics,,nDd
lhctr Usc
yotlf no(esto completclhc nextcxcfcirc.
Uhderstafidingthe Le.ture. Usc your nole:i to d(,lcmrinc whcrhcr cnch of thc
following(aremcDrsis truc (I) or falsc(F) accor(lirrg
jn lhc
to lhc inti)fr)ration

t.

T h e A u n r i a n m o D k c f c g o r M c r x l e l p c r j i ) r l n c dh i s c x | f f i n r c n l s i r r
r n c s e v e n l c c r r l lcl e n t l r f y ,

2 . C " r ' . t \ ' r . I ' r , n r . . l y , , It o w f l . , w ' \ r , t , r , . .,l { .

l

M e n d e l ' s u n i q u c . o n l r i b l i o n l v a s r h i t h c s t l r d i c da l l l h c
c h a r a c l c r i s t i cn! r o n c t i m c .
W h e n M c n d e i c r o s sp o l l i n i l l c d r c d a D d i v h i r c f l o w c r s , h c c x p c c l c d
!o pftrLlucc llowers $at wcre pink or mixcrt rcd and whitc.

1 . All the fi.n gcncralion flowcfs ivcfe pink.

6 . W h c r r M e D d c l s e l f p o l l i n a r c dd r c { t A r g c n c r a l i o j l r c d f l o w c r \ . h c
produ(edred Ilowcrs .rnl whitc flowcrs.

a.u.Dsroj qsrEus
at
s)pDrrp ^'\q lxrlr )ql Lrlqtr^ inr:ro
lli^ ., ro 8tq,,Jql lpql Dlp (l ,{rql sl|olDplltpilururc)lo arr^)d c,{ll1o,ipM
rIL'nl) II lEqi riurLUp^^
rrp stslilolo(rsrrS
ttnel seJrfuVupS:rrltiiuotccr!rotrlel
,{Lrlrrsur Slrr^rlur s,{olsE IlrM s! ol \prpzoqirc rr)Ltl lDrtlrip!turir !'.ileluDp
'r rrqoDo uo
ur ('o'tlrLu
00i$ rr^o pJsn':rpup rtdord x's prltr) rlpnb rqr'186r
'PrLuojrlD:)'s)linuv\o'lloortsitprs.rJtqrrdrqtuot-9founsp
rrr{enbquu.rrv
'qdEiilere(l
prrr,{1s0lrrr0 srorl
il{IAo
ot
!t
Itl
'r{ snortsrnbrqr
-sJnb
puP'l{,14
rsrqrJo
rlrrqM
ssnrsr(J
,1orl
?ra4,\1
|}4rn
1rrl
or
sr.asuP
rfnl:)or
srrEJrsrllj rPruu uu Jo LldPriJprPd
ls.rl} 0 ut )Irrllntrro ue
iqr rrpc.r.qr i{ll^rJ I0 rnbruLIr r\r rsrl sr uM rrdedsM.N
.JosrrrJlDrrnissr

6uluodad
S'I'II)S

SNIIIIIM

'uorlPrluoJul
^'| r srql.Jor)uorrJrLriis
r(ll ijulululdxi,(q sl rpnpuo)ot,{u^\ pooijV u!)no/isc
suorts)nbJ^oqoiLll jo llrut(rsu li),,$suvssulJi(lt ot uodir lu.ro.lilrqu i^liJ lruc
)rlrtu)r)sllri)ir c ijulqlrJsipilJIur.,Julz!,tur!ro,rid!,dr,^,\iu
u pulC
lUJur(lol)^ip
'ito4 p\w'AilN'itnq ut4ll'trrl,,rl04 sl()ltsJnbiql l:),Msuc
apuuli lt prf rrr{r{
lll^\ lro(lri l)ooiiv aoiii)rlt prp,t/r1airilqt liii irllt plp,11ol1
zun4t1 trtt.M orrll a/!1oul or rlruarno,{ plnoM islr ruLIA Dirrr(l(lcll /r'rl^1^aoul
rr()l l rpl(li ltorrouo l)rpuulpuqsiluliquurunq ('()stuL0pre)q nol isoddns

srNrodNorssn)src

's),{r )nlcl ro s.r,tru^{or{l r^prt no,(.r)qlrltM ruruu)trp ilrqM

ro prr rr TJMOLI
u rJrttrqMru[ur rp ]PLlls)loDorro)urPsJq-L zr
'su)d
urprpHuo nlllo Iro^{ s'rrprs,l)pu)t\t tDrlt p)^ord slurllru)dx) r)lP'l l I
'pJlurlluiJrEstrPn
iJl)ererl) ^{oq rJ^oJsrpot sr-'MsruaulrJdxJs,lJpuaw Io t:lJqo Jrlf ' 0 1
',.Ueuprjrqrcu sr rotoJ
rreq )snErrqptrrp puotqc r^eq.{eLunu.red pr]lEq-Irepo.a,tl
suouprrurBrrrL'l rrr rtr ur {pur
puP uJpprl ruro)i'q sjottrPlr^rssDrr tPqt PJlPnsrrourrplrpurw ' 8
'J^lss:)r.rsr Jt[i.!r
rolor )qt puE ILrEU[uopsr p.x rolor ir]l tPrlt pir.^orslp lrpuat\l
E(I

Sutuodru

156 Reporting
Writing a Report
wrile a rcpo( ofa scicntificdiscoveryor evcD1.You nliSht choosconc ol lhcsc:
l
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

thc firsl hlrnan hean lransPlantor tcst'lubc baby

thc discovcryofpenicilliD, x-rays,or racliunl
fie first landirg on lhc moon, Mounl Evcrcsr,or thc Solllll Polc
lhe construclionof the Pyranrids,lhc Sucz Canal,or dre ParramaCanal
thc dcvelopmcnlof thc atomic thcory or lhc thcory of rclalivity
$c invenlionofthc lclcphone,thc computcr,or lhc airyhne

Beginby wridng a lopic scntcrccthat answtrs thc qucstidls wh,, \'/hal wlkn. a]|.d
wlrere.The remailder of the paragraphcan cxplain how or whr or both Your
concludingsentenccmighl tell lhc sigDi{ican(cof thc discovcryor cvcnt

LSI

'(zuoltisod'arzrs'JFinlErJroJ)prqlrsrp rrp
\rPls pric uns JqlJo s.rl.'idord qtrrq,{rr rur:t.)p ol rSesspdSur^rolloJrqt pD.!
6utpt ad ,toqs
'czllensl^ol rrrsPr lr sJTeur'uollJunJpue rrnDruls stl Sulllplep,rJuerprddest!Jo
uo!ld!.rrscpe tnq /ruolE uotlrurjrp p ruo{ dselSot tlnrr.JJ!pst rxolp upJo lda)uor
Jqt 'rldllrpxr rog rl Bulqtrrsrp lq prutpldxr aq upJ Sulqtrluos Jo ntpu rql
'pornpord sI ro 'slror\ 'sllrlrrs 'salsBl'spunos 'slool
tt ^^otl-li)rfqo uE Jo sr.rnletJ .^ttruttstp ro sJllstrJlrprEqr rqt IIsl oslp IEru
uolldlrlsrp v rdo)sorJlr! Jo JdoJsrlal e qBnorql uaJs sl tLl.{{ro /sluJlua^oul
/suoltlpuoJJqrDsJp
leJlsiqd'scBueqJ IeJ!ruaqr'luJurlrodxaup Jo stlnsEl
^elu lI plro,\{ Jql Jo ,{{Jl,\ s/lslluJl)s p JJnporlul ol sJ^ras uolrdlDsJp V

NOIJ)NOOUJ.NI

aslanwn a4J

6qq;nseq
11 rardeqr

I58 DescriL,ing
The Suk anrl Other Stars
The run ii a slar.I1 is a flrming b.ll of cxrrcnlclyhol liscs. lhc surfaccrcurperaturcis aboul 11,000"F, hol cnoughto rlrrncvcrysolidto vapor.LrUlfcl.livcty
cool comparcd10 lhc inlenschcal ar the ccnler.
Lo.aledaboul 9l million nlilesJromrhc c.rlh, rhc suDha! a (linlrct(rth.t is
approxinraLcly
cqualt(r l{)9 ol our ca[hs lincd p ]ikr . row oi Lrcach
ball\,a d
a massthal ii about110.000tiIncslhc massof lhc c.nh.
Thc sun is thc ofiginalsourccoJ ucirrlyall ouf cncfgy.Il is ulosrlymirdcot
hy{irogcn,
aldnugh il ,ln) conLaiD!
ncaflycvcryolher kind ot itonr rh.t exi\rson
thc carLh.Thc sun dcrivcsils cncrgylionr n pfoccss
of fLrsion
in whictrhy(l()gcn
at(nrs arc c(nrvcrled
inlo hcliurnalonlsuDdercxrrcur(hc.t .n(l prc\sufc.Thi\
proc(sscrealcsa lrcnrcndous
noisc.bur nrccalrrolhenfil b{cnlrsc
n)U (l (locsnol
lravcllh()u!th cnl y sp.cc.
OLrrsuDis rrolcvcncspcci.llvlargcor [rrighrconrpnfcd
lo othcf nnfs.Slnf\virry
in sizclronrsrlrall(rthanthc c.nh kr largccDoU{hto Iol(l d lroo(lpirl ot oLLfn)lnf
systcnrl
Thccokrfof a stnfirxli(.lcsils tcnr|cr.lLr('.A naf nriy be fc(l (thc(or)lcn),
ycllow (likc oLrfsLr|),whitc,or l)l!c (lhc horrcn).
Thc ncarcsL
sLnris 4.1 lighl-y(a|1fr\nn lhc !.nh. A lighl yc.f is t11((lislnn(c
liglrtlravclsir)(nrcycar,of nbout(rrrillionnrillionr ilrs (6,000,000,000,000
rnilc\).
Thc fanhcs(nnfi arc L)illions
oi light,y(.|\ .w.y. Son)cerc\{) tnf irwni,thnLil lhcy
wcrc lo bk)w up t(xlay,lhcir ljghl ivouldfontjn(rc1()[)esccnlfo r lhc cnflh li)r.1
Irillior ycafrl
gilixy (t l0 L)illionslirs,Lali((ltlrc Milky Wiy.
Our sun is pnfroi rn (no|'ln{)us
In .(ldilionrhcrcnrcl)illior)s
ol lraLlxics
withir)f.Iqc olour lclcscol)cr
aId (oLLllcss
t)illiorrst,cyond.l-hc crrorrllryol sl);rccis qLrilcl)ryorr(lhLrm.lnLorirprchcLrsiorr.
How cxcitirrl.l
il is 1olivc iu nn ngcwhcrrhLrln.nbcilr!shivc licg n lo cxIlofc lhil

USING ENGLISH TO DESCRIBE

ScienlilicwritingiDcludcs
dcscriflbnsof frocesses,
sLrl)slances.
conccpls,
.on
ditions.and cvc|rts.
the abovcpassagr
dcscribcs
vnne ollhc trtrysical,
fl rclion;rt,
and chcmicalpruJrcnics
of Lhcsun

sulolE
u,ttoul reqlo lla ^lreeu + u.Solp^q ^llsotlJ :uolleotl o lLlrl DqJ
'4lJW)Llt U0S)SIXA UtAlD
lp41
lo puq nqp fta^a lpvau su ttuai ostDt! 4lihaq\r 'Lt26aqtqlo apbu tttsoLus! U
NOIIdtUf,SAq1Vf,tWEIHf,
Aetaua Jno lo ertnos :tJubuadul
'I6rauatno
IIDtlurtu lo

nasputiua ,W s! uns)tlJ
NOIIdIUf,S!Iq lVNOIIf, NNI

ssEtu s/quee x 000/0 ifrrw

leleruPtrp s/quEe x 601 :ralawDlo
'4ltDd)tlt
J0 stvuttql sawlt000'0tt lnoqv5l lDtltseru b pult ,qluq \rDeqto ^ot tt t4 dk
ptuu t4u'a )t1olo 6aI al l,kba |pnturxarddtr sl lDrlt DQululp tt sbq uhs a4
qxJee ruo{ 9allru uorllrut t6 :u0rD)01
,10uoltttod
' ' ' '

\LtDt 24Julor! s21!uuolltlw 6 lnoqt prlpro.I

ralueJ o1 poledluoJ JooJ

Jodp^ ot p[os ^Je^J uJnt ol qSnouD toq
J 6OOO'tt:atwtt duDt D.lI1s
'lttuzt aqt tD
1oa4rsuatul aqt o1partdutor lan ltr^tlol2l fiq hd'^
ot plps tu4^ruint at 46nouap4 J aAa1II lhaIt $ arntDt2dwuaru!)t1tatlJ
seseSSuttljeu 1oq :uo\$aduortn$tUd
lleq:eduqS
'sasr6p4 [t)at2i]xt
lo tq iutu.tDll D st n
NOrdr{:)s:Iq tY)ts,(Hd
69I

SulqlDsaq

160 Describing
Se tence Pt7ttefi1s

D E S C R J B I N CC H A R A C T E R I S T I C S

Irhe\ir.R;,.'l

J MJunr Lrcr..r I

I a . r a 5 , n , i e), J i , . n pI.

1 8 , 8 4 8I n e l ( r ! I I h i h . I
s", | '' I rr-'r", f 1-".. i
I t. po""a
:pe

LTh(

l',n"n,'.

l . r . e n r i m c r c r .LJr h i . k . J

')

f'"""n

lrhe\Dn
|
| , u d . ( r c r n t , e r d r |u , (
1'lheGlJndcdnyon}h"'"{.|.||h}''r{s,rout..r'>

f..'",".'"-.
II
| n , 0 0 ul .

Liri:,**"
J l;r:l::'',J 11J"1,,,""
.j

f:rs''lfn,r-l lil;,r,h,-

The 1 ' ( r | u r c I u r 1 . . u r d

I i . J r c 1 r u u F h . I rFd r . . r . r . r )r .

Lil:i:
J Lf]:ln'''JL:,jiui:i )

.|
.""I;,r+r*
Iil,,*.".....|
Iii*i,*,,,,',,
J
,.J
L:h:,:l'i:,,
J l:;l';il''J
Li;I"
".,,"".,.",

Nnn,:Theptut.,t \hlttlc t.rtt it \cLlD.!t li!.t tnt\, r,hti d.{tihitttr, b uts! it$.t.iptii !
n $incc tn u!!rll\, llnh'ct\dl\.Tltt t)st ernntt tt\t utc.lrc,rr d,r to be ,rr; lo havc.

Using PreciseDesciptiors. ScicnccdeDlnn(ls()t)iedivilynnri prrrision jn ils r1rscfiptions.

To dcscribca corrrctas lanra\Lic
or loru.nd bciutilLrl1rl1\vcry lilltc.
Thc word,trldyr! dcscribcs
how you feelnboUrsonrclhing,
t)ul it docsnoLbfirrs
an inage ro nrind.rol,j i! a rcllLivcLcmr.Scicnlir,ts
Dccdro bc sl)crili(.ts il n nrilc
long?50 nliles?1,000milcs?l(X1,000
Inilcs?Thc rvr)r(lbr, //r/ir1is
sutiiccrj!,c.
rs il
lunrinousor dul1?brighlor dilnt rr.lnsparenl
of opnqLrc?
silvcN.cr.y, whiLe.ol
mullicolored?
Adjcclivcsmlrlt bc objedivc.D(lroncrcrc.Dinrc sions\holrt(tlrc

'Jii!rril

LrDlpllor)s r,'suqslirrs to sllrJpnls ol nlrlsnjuo:l SJLLIIIJLTrcSJJP SJ^N]iIPE )S)LII

sqri^ or ,ir- ro /r turpprl,{q prLU.IoJ)rP Burru,!\ r$rrurrrs rll si^lNrlpE IUPW

aul- pw) pa- qilh sanuxa{pv

rlqeilpru

:)rtsnD)tz
rlqllsnq(u{))02
.)sLripSl
rlIulo^ /l
ssi)l.ro1)o9l

rlqrx)uI
pr3!l
zr
tu)rudsuurt
ll
ilriJDrJ0l
LIiJnor'6
rFoorus S

ilqrpi

rlquurruPLl
z
rlqnlos'l

'snlrlrrco{lr
'siq!)sJp
puulsrtpun
rJLll
JUo
rl)sD
nulqlru()r
iluuu
)q.L
)rtrtrriljsLll prsrliru st.^lt)ilp!iJLtt.Moll(I
ro,4tuqt Moqso-[ suorldu)sJl)
'llrV]' tlorl lcli'ur.\rlr.r,' i,.iVrrn IptirrLr
0) s rorrr.lro'sjl/.rrr-1,]i10/u su tl)rls q,ri^ n(rllillll ! rilll[ itt()) ro (lu]t0 nrrl/.rJlrl
,4JlPoru
ol pisn irLisi^Jrrrlpv
ur\ou)LIrrl))r)r!lriLIllr si^|)ilpu qslliluSsLrnolr
'iJlpo(r.ro.q!)sip
,{)!ll sp.()M,() pro,M:rrll ol rlqtsso(isr?r?rLrsP pirPld rq siP^{le plnoqs s.rtllpol^J
'fro,4'\u sl rrlJlpolll
'l)roM
_rJqtoo9
s)IJIP0LU
.I()
rrqlr)si)P
Jsrlsl).ro'rsu.rqLi
lcql
sa^ltta{pv tttlAr tiulqlrtsad
v srilllporu.Io rsn iql )^lo^Lrl rrrlJo suol(llr)sic
'l)ol),o 9 lr.rMolloluorLrliirq
IlrMisdrl)i.rPlosv I
'Lrrlllnoru
rlll
sl
ls)rr^a trrno!\l 1
lsrqliq
'9
'.{!^'\Pstlltu
000't sr troPtrol
'0000't
I sr LrnsJq) lo .iDluidru)l JruJrnsrql <
'r^ln).ro) ssrl sr
lrrls t
'rilooJ
Jre
!rnsiql Jo srriPl rJlno aql
'rrit
00E'<sr uonuE) pocr) Dq.[ z

'I

n Slrol P Lrp8iq quPr uo {r'I

'JlJIlurrrs
rrolu lr r)Ptu IlnoM lPq^{rlPls
rlllJo qrei LIrr^tuorM srreqa rLrlturrl)c
l)uus)u urlDlsJ^odursrPiirrrMollot
I9t

Butqlrrs.c

162 Dcscribing
Adjcclivcs
rhal arc ibfincdwith lrj ircqLrcnlly
i]rdicalcir cc(airradior)rhnris
fcflbrrncd by lhc noun or occlrrsro the noun:
grinding machine: machinc that crushes substances into
small bits
recording mechanism: device rhar records sound
refining process: process that purifies mctals
revolvinB platform: a stand or surface that turns
Adiccrivcs
lhnl arc la ncd ivilh fd 1i(quentlyindi(.rc a (onltncL((i
aclioD:
dehydrated plant: plant that has dried up
magnetized rocl(: rock that has been made into a magnet
diffusd light: light that is spread out
cauterized woundr wound that has ben deadened by burning or
searing
Look at lhis cxaurplcol lhc
Many vcrbscan lonn cilhcr -i?.qor -cdadjeclives.
adjectivL,s
,?irlr,? arr{idilulrd, \\l1i(lt rrc lonncd lionr thc vc$ ro dlfut.:
to dllute: xo weaken or thin with water or another liquid
dlluxing agentr agent or substance thal dilules or thlns a liquid
diluted solution: solution or liquid that has been diluted or
wcakcned
Usikg Adjectivcswith -ed and -ing.
conrplclcs
cachof thcscrcrltcl)ccs,

Circlc rhc lcllcr ol lhc inswcr lhat Lrcrr

l. A substaDcc
dral conrbiDcs
nrclalsrvilh oxyScnis.n
agcnr
oxidizjng
agcnt
b.
oxidizcd
tr,
2. Walcf rhal hasbcc pLrrilicd
is .
Lr.disrillingwntcf
a. dislillcdwalcr
olbreakingapan is a
L A DuclclLs
th.ll is iD thc proccss
nLrclcus
b. disinlcgf.ting
rlLrrlcLrs
il. disin!cgra!fd
4. A J,\i.i rh,.h
r , . .L , r r r r . rr..l . t r , Jt . ' r( l | , , . ' r , r insLrlrnrenr
a. calibraring
inslrumcnr
b. calibr.llc(l
s . A , l c \ i , er ' r r ri d i r . r , . , rr , r j | . . | | r I r rI r| ,r .j . .
iullrrmclll
a. calibraring
inslrumcnt
b. calibr.llccl
is n
6. A gaslhal hasbcenrcdu(cdin vohrmcby prcsslrfc
gns
gas
.. conprcsscd
b. co.rprcssinll

F"'

Irgrs^od q lPq1uolletprJo uollrrlrp eql roj arr^3p .s

snoprss! pue qulq lp srnrJolpql D{rp t
q81qsI leql poolqJo ernssord
a^lssoJxr
sl lgqt rle aql Jo uollnllod z
!ftel siteqt llo Jo raulEtuo| t
.IrrroJpunoduo) e o1sproM sdnorSasrql
Jo
Jo
\aea aBuitl) loot tu!|ltou pasnb Aesar'd'aldutBxrroC $.rgsaurorsdpMpo^!pe[pp
eql 'unou r9qlougPUPa^lJrfpp uE ^q pagpoursl unou p uaqMlql a4loN
s8nrpJo Dtppeue ' 0 1
lPql UIPJ, 6
PIJPSUIeIUOJ
'8
sPro,M
Jo rossJ)ord
sp4q Jo uoller8lur ,L
pooJJo o^llg^$sard '9

se8e Jo ,{l!suap' (
IenJroJ drxnd
rlPJo uo_rssuduo,' (
'z
rolPn^
Jo luaruJJPldslp
qg)!ueq)Jo uoprear. I

'unou punoduro, e
olul sosaqd asoqlJo qJeae8lJeq) Dtuat 6unl salJJo:Eqcqunl
eqrlo rarutr'aldwexe
'sunou punodrrroJu! lgql rloN
roJ ruroJlplnSulsrleql u! ptsn or9 sunou
ll9
'ernssard amsarrl ol prsr aBf.eBe sl a0nv0 nssary'p ',{5{
Jo ad,{r e sl fr?
JrJ s /aldurpxaJoC so^I)olpe se rtp sprol4rJqlo JqJ, luBuodur.rJrorq l[pnsn sl
unou lspl oql unou punoduJoJe ul uuo!\lPuotJlv ro a ! qt ztbdsse q)ns'sul:.ou
eroru ro oM) Io uoneurquo) e sl unou punoduroJv SulluM JUIIUJIJS
lo ls)!u
-q)rl ul ^llrr)nberJfua^ posnrrp sunou punoduroJ sufloNpunodwoJ qultuod

runlrl9) pazluol'q
tunl)lPr Sulzluol P
cr suololur FrJUJ^uo)
uJeqsPqtPqtunlJlPf 0l
Jr!i{ palElnsu! P
uP s!.roDnpuoJuouP ql!^,t paJaloJsl lPql aJI^{v 6
luaSPpazllelnau q
lua8PSulzlleJlnru P
P sl IPrneu pr)P uP sr{Pu rPql asPqv 8

por prpauuo|q

por SultrruuoJ P

:
p sl rJqloue ol Jurq)pul e Jo ued Su our Juo sJqJPllPtPrp JPqv

164 Describirg
Writing SmoothSentenes. When wriling dcscripliont,a!oi(l short, chop|tr scnlcnccs.In eachseriesolsclrlcnccs,
colrrbincbitsol rclnlc(lirl()flnalionlo nchic!c
a smooficrllow.
I

Uranusis the lhird largrn planel.lr is orbilcdby mrny lhiu rings.ll hn\.rL
leastl5 s.rrcllircs.

UM%2, lle lh"zl bceaj p/aaaJ,!:1.a4nnedlE/ 'alaaq lki,x

4lr4s,La/4d aj le.i /5 taklltle,t.
2. crnniLcis.n igncou\rock.IL is har(lnn(l \hirry.Ir is r a(lcol sc!cril kin(1.i
ol
l. Cal(iunris n rilvcty |ncl.l. It is fourrdin linrrstonc,mnfbl(,.nd (h.rlk.Il is
lound ir thc sheUsol marincanimnls.
4. The bronlosaufus
was a largcdinosaur.ir wcighcd.LrolrL
thirty Lons.lt livcrl
in shallowlvalcr lr arc planls.
5. QLrasars
arc sl.flil(r objc(Ls.
Thcy cnril radiali(nl.
QLrasiNrnliL mofc rirlinlio]l
rhancD(ircgalaxies.
-Ihc
ll nlso
6,
ccfcbfunlis lhc ]argcslpan oi LhcLrrailr,
ll corlllolsLhcscnscs,
conlrolsthc musclcs,
y.
7. Hcnn)l)hili.is. (lisc:r\(.Ir is i|lhcrilc(1.
lhc blo(xl(locsr)o1(lor l)11)1x
ii. Thc grccnhousc
cllcctis thc w.fnrilrf ol Lhccarthl)y gascs.
Thc ]rro{css
i\
graduil.'Ihcgascsirc lfnppc(lin thc alnx)sphcrc,

READING SKILLS

vocabularyBuildi,lg
Altlrcughi! is not a good idea () inrcrrlrpl.1 rcadiDgor lcclurclo look up
Lrnlhmiljar
words,at tinrcsyou rvill rrccd!o conslrlta dictionaryto chcck thc
nlcaniDgol an impoflaDlword,
your locabularyis largccnoughso thal yoLLc.ln un(lerstand
rrosl
As K)or].1s
dcflnilions,LrscaD Englidrlo EnglishdictioDary.
Choosconc lhfl iri conrplctc
cnolrghto covcrrhc wordsyou will nccd.(Tcsrir by lookingLrf . lcw wor(ls.)A
gooddictionarycon!ainsa ld ol inli)rmalioD
that will hclp you L()!rndcrst;rr(l
lhc
corrcctmcaDiDg
aDduscol thc word. l! may includc
l
2.
L
4.
5.

Pa( ofspccch,suchas r. (noun),adj. ladiecrivc),

!.r. (Lr.rsjrivcvcrl),or vcrt)
$a1can carryan objccl),and u.r. (irlransirivc
vcrb);
Rooror dcrivatiurof rhc word (Lhatis, whcrcdid iLconrcftonr?);
Synonymsand antonyms;
or phraserconlainingthc worlj; anLl
Scnlcnccs
A lisl ofthe word'smcanings.(lt is import;lntto look rhroughthc (lcllniliorrs
1ofiDdthe oDcrhal is approfriatc'ir you.)

andrechnical
manlrals
conraina gloss.ryof tcrnrs..rlrv.ryt
Sinccmanylexrbool,s
your
going
book
bcforc
ro
ir
diclionary.
chcck

{!l luPld !

IIeJutP|c
LIJJIN J]UO JJ'M IEqI

sz.rE Lrluoltppli) tu.lrujnsur ol Jnp Dunxt turoJiq iBuI sluEqdrlJLlelsv

.

DrP^1dlrp e
r.rPM qrosqP q
'pJxIJs!
Joor rql lllun z
trrl ol tnuluor lll.Mll
In qLM (o
lo nt P
'uorlnlh)d
/o l/o4rp-JIBscJrppJl!lPlllsnplll Ltlslt^ll |^u I

'si)lroluos r$rqr LIJerul posns! l! se plo,Mprzpllell tql Jo ilulLretur

Jo
'lxdtuot u! trrtftqboA
aqt srqJlelu lsnq lBL0rtMsuP ,ql Jo lrlltl .Lll ,prl)
Jq,1 u! a^ll leqt
sleulue pue slueldroj lull

'I

srlpoq lellstltJ
.I
Jo uo$nllNuoJ rlll Jo lphls
LIUBA
Aqt iplsu! ' q
sarnleradrllJl

qiilrl 8ulnsPrurroJtJl^cp 3
plnbll,{ralEMl
puelq8no.r
r)lsM tul^n^L0JroJrrntJruls ' p
quPDql ,plnno ')
riirel ,{lsnol'urou.
JrA{

SulrnpordJo alqedeJuoslod E

rjlnIPnbP

lrnprnbe 8
Iet!urouorlseI
s)ls,{qdorlss9
ulxotol^d g
Itltluol^o

l9!ISa! ellxr'
ulPrel prllBnr 'z

uollnlossnotnDB I --l-

slrefqo lellsrle) raqxo Pue s.IElseql Jo ^pnls = Iwouorlso

tels roJlso
leeq ^q PernPord = Jlu26orM
arg i-ortd
puel Jo a5aldro PerP= /fuot!,rlrl
qxtea i-'

relPrr ul 8ul^rort

ro 8ul^\

Jal

= tlpt1bt

ale/l^

:-btlIJD

.prls{ s3uluPaLu
.,
eqt IIErsrl lou III,1^
.i
nol lq8lr rqr lP slguruerlurrrql qrl^^Molrq url rql lp stuli)l oqr qrlPrc orql puP
sixrJ)rd Jo rsn SurMolloJ.qr ,{pn)S :orlsP '-ot{d /-4i.1 4enbP :slooYp)oA
59I

SurqrDsJC

166 Describing
4. Cosnrcrays are dangerous to human beings.
a. space
b. eanh
5, The sun's rays arer/fered through the atmosphereso that we don't receive
their full stength.
b. scrccncd
6, In warm climates,water is sometimesheatedby Jolarcncrgy.
a. sun
b. electric

7. Theea(h'sshadoweclryslthe sun'slight,so ir suddenlygrcwdarkon thc

moon.
a. blocked
b. absorbed
8, ln a desert.fte temoenturealtemates
betweenextremeheatand extreme
cold.
a. varies

D, nscs

9, 'lhe fogdiJfuted
thelightsfrom the streetso tharvisibilitywaspoor.
a. spread
b, concentratcd
10. Somel rdr mounbinsand craterscanbe senfrom the earth,
a. moon
b, sun
1 1 .The plantMercury hasno ralelr?r.
a. moon
0, atmospnerc
12, Thespaceflightwaspostponed
dueto ddvsBe
weatherconditions.
a. favorable
b, unfavorable

skbtmbg
A goodtechnique
for textbookreadingis to readthetitlesandsubtitles
andturn
eachinto a question.Forexample,fromthe title ofthe passage
below,you would
formulatethe question,"ls th moona nicplaceto visil?"and thenreadto find
the adswer,Thismethodwill helpyou to focuson themainpoints,maintainyour
concenFation,
and readmorcrapidly.
Skimfie followin8passage
ro Iind its mainideaand thc kind of informallonil
containsand thenanswerthesetwo questions.
Try to do it all in thrccminutcs.
L what is the main point of the passage?
a. Themoonis a niceplaceto visit,but you wouldnl want Q livethere.
b. Themool!is not a dce placeto visit,and you wouldnl want to live
lhere,
c. PoeEdon't know anythingaboutthe moon.
don,tknow anythingaboutthe moon.
d. Scientists
2. \,vhich of theseiopics is coveredin the afticle?
'. a. rhefirsr]andhgon rhemoon
b. Lhephases
of rhemoon
c. dre climateon the moon
d. how the moonaffectsthe eafth'stides

l!.

:o
lou srop uooll|itlt ,Lll.tuirqt illl. ltooru)Lll
uo
LtMupto trliJlllM)
olt sl ,rJrll
ItrrlLlLr.r.l
r iri l,l r").rr,.)a,4lL.rtMJurr\r.\.)n
'I\'tu,1rl ,.^n,r{Jt{
tl-Lit DcIun1lluril ,uL.,lx,,Icut,rlrrqt,,r"nf.,,rticrl,
ol sl)or irnu) uur JlJuuqJu)fpns strll i.tno(liuo ut
su )q,(uru
I oO0Zsl?LLJn(u
).flrtu.rJdlLrit
!I riJuuq)iql.A,\opnLJs
s,rluL)i
arlt
Luojt
soil,rituJ
Lrns
iq1
se
ilalprpcru
-uI|.s)st.r
urqt puo ilprdl,rtrr^ sdrpu(x)!urLIl (rorrrrlurrd[rrliql s.')!un
qrni ly
'lq,'ill.s,uns
rql tno iJurtloIq
ilrrur(xl!!r)t, oorlr lt pLruL rs ,Lll uir,1l)q ,{lt))Ip
srsse(ir{uui r(lt urLl^\,isd|)i rplos! iluprrpiiulluts,4l.Ipln)nretj
r.,p;rrrie.,r,l!r,rr
l{) siluJjtx) )s)q_L.uMopsioiJuns rqt LtJLI^,t
.IlL)uJl!^
ur
tr)uuJq
ot u)Lll pue
nululrlssl tl uaq^,{slLrrs,unsJqt .IitlLJot il.)qdy)rlltB oLr
s!
Jr)qt
;rsnBjJqs.Il'l))oslLJl
'I
,JurrJlxJrtrnb Jllr uoout
ct l ot ).01 I u)rJ ijrrriJoL''l
Jqt LmsJlntetadurJl
.spnol)ou ,uturou ,pur^{ _rrtltDr^{
o
olt suuJtuosllr)l)Lldsorutp
oN )rJqdsl)Lu)L'uE.{q
prrrllrtun.r! tellt s,{Errltusortsuleiuuotl)ilord osletnq
.'rlD^'lpuc Lr)31xo,{luotou rrrnbrr rrooluJqt ol sDIr^D.rt,{lilurpro]:)v .rroqdsollrle
uD l|relJ.rol nrrrrunsursr itr^Er8rr rsnEtrrqLrooruiql uo rrp ou sr )Irqf
'q) nlrno,{ Buuq,03 no,{Jl .rrortelr3r^
oS
olr r)sll'srrraqt ,r)te^{oLrsl JlrLIlaJurs,asruoJ .rtru)tstxrLrrLtJJqsEq
lo
I lprll
slP)i uorllr.l 9 t rqt rr^o .rEds otLrrlno )prl ol puq r^pq ,t",u uoo.., ,qt.,rt",{uDprsnprseq llntl ll'rronDtr^Eril
Suorts!.Jo ItrPIrqt (.p)rIIVsE.3rpl sp lnoqE
sr DDjrnsstr lillErus qrnrr sr rroou|rql) .qupr )ttl uo upql ssrlqrrlru sr uoour
.)rlt oo il^pr8 Io rrro, rql )snErrq ralu^,r pro^rp ,(trrrldruor sr LrooluIJt
Jo

rurluL,orr^Lr.)
rlosoq.{rr^
D.{rrenDe
sruoolurq, *.,,,,,,'.,,,";1,#"X'ilou"j:j

)noDUor p rot Dprl p se srrod pup srJtu^{,juos,{q p)qursrp Lr.rq seli uoour Jtll

allsl^ ot aJDIdaxlN v :uoow a\t

6utpt)rN
r9r

Surqursra

168 Describing
s h i r c b y i ( s o w n l i q h l ; i l r c l l c c l sl b c l i g h l o f r h c s u n . u n l i k e l h r ( n n h , L o r v c v c r ,
r h e r i s n o a L n o s p h c r ct o d i l l i r s c l h c l i g h t a s d n y b c c o n l c sn i g h t a r d n i g h Ll L r . r s
i n t o d a y . C h a n g c sf r o m l i s h t l o d a r k . r n d d a r k l o l i g h l o c c r r rl l r d c l e n l y .
The llrnar sky is black. (BIuc sky on lhc eadh is t)(xlLrcc(l by rhc staltering ol
b l u e l i g h t i n t h s p c c l r u mb y f a r t i . l c s o f a i r . ) o u r l r c x n j t r l i t a n n r c v i s i b l ci n l h c
d a y l i m c , b n l y o u w o u l d h a v c t o s h i c l d y o u r c y c s f r o l n t h c u n f i l l c r c ( l s L r n l i l h rr o
T h e r e i s n o s o u n d o n t h c n x x r n . S o u n d L f a v c l s( r r w i v c s o i i r i r n n ) l e c L r l c tS. i n c c
t h e r i s n o a i r , l h c r c i s l r o t h i n g l o L r . r l s l n i ls o t n d . L c a v c y o u r l r . n s i s l o r h o n l t .
A l s o , t h e m o o n i s r r c l a n r a l n c l l t r c w n y l h c c a r l b i j . Y o L rc a n l c a v c y o u r r o m | n s s
T h c m o o n i s a s a t e l l i t co f t h c e a r t h , r c v o l v i n g a ( ) L r r x l L h c c a n h o n c c c v e r y
l r v c r l t y { r i n c a n d a h a l l d i r y s .T h c n r o o n i l s c l l f a l c s , b u 1 i l d o e s s o v c r y s l o w l f .
T h c r c l b r c L h c r . m c s i d c o l t h c m o o n i s a l w a y s v i s i l r l e1 0 L r s .l - ( )g c l l { ) l h c r r n ) o | r ,
y o l | w o u l d h a v e t o l r a v e l 2 4 0 , 0 0 0m i l e s ,a d i s l a n c el h a l i s n b o u l l h c s n r r l cJ s c i f c l i n g
t h c c a r l h a 1t h e e q u a ( n t c n l i n l c s .
I t i s c l c a r t h n l i i y o L rw c r c n r a k i n g a t r i p k ) t h c m o o n , y o u w o u l ( l n c c ( i l o | d r k
f i r c r c L h a na l m l h b n r s h a n d a c h a n g co f u n d c r w c a r . l l s a ( l v c r s (( o n ( l i L i o r r vs 1 ' o t l l ( l
makc it vcry dillicLrll bf a visilor lronr the cirlh.

is sl.11c(l
Makitlg In.ferenccs.Ir(li(.lc whL'thcrcachol lhc lollowings(a(cnrcDls
(1),or lrcithcfslillc(l
(,s),imIlic(ll)y olhcrinii)rrrratiou
in lhc passagc
in lhc l).ssagc
nor jr)rplicd(N). (Do,rcrin(licalcwhclherlhe sl.lcr cul is lruc or hlse.)

L T h c f o f c e o l g f . v i l y o n l h c n n x ) I i s l c s s t h a n 1 h . 1o1u t h c c l f l l l .

2, Thc lidcsorl (he eaflh arc cnuscriby lhc Inoor],

3. A pc$oDwould wcilth lcssoi) thc rrnx)nlhnu orl
il
4, Thc moon hasro walcr or atnn)ifhcrebccaLrs('
(.rxxgn8rnvlry.
5. I1rvouldbe difljclrhlo havcan aryur('rltwith nnneoncon Lhc
6. Thc m(xrnorbilslbc canh aboutoncca nronth.
7 w( dlsn). \'. rh{\Jr f .rJ( | l, t"',...
8. Thc canh is 4.6 billim yearuold.
9. Thc rcmpcrarur
on thc nroongocsul) 1o200"c.
1 0 . H L r m n Db e i n g sc o u l d n o 1 l i v c o n t h c n 1 d J n .
Plants coLrld no! grow on rhc moon.

lhan lhc c.dh h.s.

12. The moon hasmofe exlrcmesoi Lcmpcralurc

'Jslrrixi
lxJLr Jro JDIdLUoJ ol s.rlou
ruo,{ Jsn uoqt pur?,,ruJlsis rplos Jql,, rllllrJl iqt ()1 LtJlsll no{ sp salou JIBI
'IIi^^ SCSJIOLIJIpl ol
JlnS 'q ln lr 'sn
slqt plru noI p p pitlmurc{ sr s).rnt)rl 3Lrtd4 JI
suPlu IIP Aq ',lnJ.sn rnbrlrqr

.sr,.u
\rx* irLl,o,srdp,
rL'rur,{prdru
iq,rleM,illi,]i"]iliT,i,ili'il.lTl,l,ii
1l:r^rtprDdLuor
rqlJo pprtsulsr(iptJosrnoLI
iueLuqllM prll(xjuor.q I M no^,lsrl
E roJ )ruo sr lr LIJL{M'uonlppeul SuturuJloi lltelJodruros Jlp lul0 s,Mal^rltrolls
'tuJnbr4 rLItilpLu loLrupJnoi'satotl
lnoqll^'t tpqt s! riJctue^pesrp
lrqlo uV .rpcl:)Jq
torr ^t'ru tpllt stulod LrosuollsJnbButlsc ruo{ no,{ nur^ d pue ,tun srlsDMllqpq
srql ,, rclul UalsllLrpJI 'Mou Ltrtslrot t^r?ql,UopL, ,8u!)ul{ ,irnFJI 'tlt Supnp
,,drJI9,,ro ]oprPM pulu lltoi lil ol paldrurl iq ,{elu no,{ ,Jrnt)rl e adel noi JI
.BulIel
-i](xr Jl)loar iofi op si(,et alllDrl )lutipeJp,]
,IJAJAoH ,Jrrrll
ll0 ,to oJlrnlJst?u!
l$U oql ptssllu stn leql (lolDts P ^9ldit ut-'rl1o,{rsnPJaqSulUrpJIJitpniiuBllol
Flrsn ir;)^ )q |,J sidL'l srl l iiul)iel ol srlnlJrl iiLrdn Jqild slurpllls nlllos

6u!4e,L-aroN
r-ii)((reslp q
'ir)uplirlr )rl1 ur r/'lt/r,1pou

lua(l D '!

.1qtp.1^l)sqoiM
Jl(\ ,rIL.t.)rrr.l(Lru

.6

turJuloi,uruP
l!luPd q
'riMot uollr?Arrsqo
rqt (uorl lcrrrc) ;)ql Jo ,1r ! ,/rl,1rrlrrdr! pclolirr oM g
,4ucruq

'I Sltll n)p iql uo PlJal)te\tltlwtu luul irD iritll

Jo

tJo(Idns q

'uoltplndod)ijlpl olll ulrlrl7rlou pJltoJjrteM

Jo lunourp IJErLrsII

stsniol.q
sliju c
'rltlpi oqt uo
{il srolr, prroldxrun M.l rql Jo rLlo sr o)0Jreluv g
slrllrllrrrotu q
sicllu^ .e
'plroM tlll u!rro rrlo,1r^lDe tsi)iirelaqtJo Jtro sl
llu.ueHul eo.I punew '
J)eJJIISLITOOtrlSq
r)c!ns q8n(u p
' t Dt pl;litu iq p)zlj;tlrBrell) sp^ prrp rLIt rsne).q
llnrllrp sp.Mdut rql

IrFr?llllrls p
',{lr ^lun aqt ot ,{trrrJxo.ld
stl Jo Jsno)Jqtrr uupdp rqt )soq) ,rl .Z
rpnb q
1e.ro(zi)
Lrns.Lll pUnorprJlud/rJ.r.I4l,Lrput stJ^er1Llupr rql .l
.
's)rlrrllris isrr{t.to LI)er ur prsn sr sp ploM prz!)!lg1lrql
tr
Jo 3u!ueJtu
rrlr siqrrerll rsr.l lpqt D^,{suprqr Jo rrltil iql nlJrl:) /xr,lro) u! t-ntplqDxoA

sl'Ilts
69I

SNINaISI.I

Sulqlrrsrq

170 Describing

U dersta dihg the Lectale. hdicatc whclhcr cach oflhc li)llowill8 slalcnrcntsis
rrue (7) or falsc (l) basedon thc iDformaliol in thc lcclore.

1 , Thc suD'sgravity kccps!hc planetsin orbit.

2 . Vcnus is the cbscst plame!to the carth and thereforcdrc onc
scicntislscan seelhc bcsl,
J , Thcrc is morc likely 10 bc lifc oD vcnlrs than on any olhcr l)larlcl

dLleto its modcralcclimate.

in.lima!e, like lhc carlh.
4. Marshaschanges
5 . Recenlevidcnccshows therc may bc lilt on Mars.
Thc a,leroi,isarr'r Bfout,nf Bririslr"nxl

mLrsirinrr..

7 . Jupilcr may be a ball of gaslhal h shrinking.

Thc rings ol Sa n revolvc arolrnd lhc plancl likc salellilcs.
9 . Thc farrhcslplanet{rom lhc su is Uranus.
1 0 . No planel has morc thaD lwo salcllitcs.
I L Thc tail of a coDretpoin6 dircclly loward lhc slrr.

mu.!.s roJwlF{I r
(aprtprq uaq,^ lt ot surddpq lpqM
zJtsPI zlBus alrJJ zlool 1r s:op MoH) zs)lsrrJlrprpqr lerrslqd sl! erp lprlM .l
:suo!lsanbBu ^olloJ
ar{lJo erxosr:Msue {llensn lll,4^Drlqo ro )ruelsqnse Jo uortdrDsoprunualrs V

6u!q!.bsao
S'NDIS CNIIIUM

(alr,{ ruo slql lr8 no,{ p!( ieH ieH) rplxo snolllu ,rFlqtsrup
pllnr 9 sp pcsn ':iultooj^ddeq e sr)npord ,ropo lrrn s ,s!3 ssrllolor p .l
raqtsnolll aleu ol (rnJlns
qllM prlPoq ro) przllreJln^ ,srJll xalpl aql tuo{ sJltroJ,a)ustsqnsrllspl, zl
Jo
'lpp ^jo^c tl rsn nol
.cplxolp,{q
{ulql
tunlsseto(lro unlpos qllM leJlo llo Sullloq,(q rpput ,tJnpordploqrsnoll B I I
lalldnl pue quPr
rllt uD^4liq pol9)ol,suosers
pue sderrelod spqlr ,lrueldp ;qlprller.0t
rlrrlll Jo IInJsl ,{poqll1o,{ ,ado)so.rJlut
e tnoqlrM ilqlsnu! tsrltureq
are rtuos .llur,uleqJJs Jruos,aJI u oJ luppunqe lsoru aql ,tuDlde ,6
Jo
Ilrurd rno^
l0lool 'tr,{ MoLl{l,uop no^ JI pup,uoqle)JouuoJp,iulllets&J,Uos,l)elq g
rrntqtdLucl urooJlD plnbll sl teql Jpl u D /
,lrqu
.9
lelulug pa8iirl-lnoJe uro{ sruroJ
lernteu p
slullp ploJ pue rrJJor LrlpunoJ,tuelnurlls,8nrp p .(
SJJJI

s .llq ,letulusuprlrJvue .t
Jo sdoliqt tuori sa^etlslpe'Jrllel 3lq e rou 1J!,1
rlP rqt salnllod
reqt'rullosoSlo
Sulurnq
aDlduroru!
,ql r(qprJnpord,se8
snouoslod
e {
JJITU
Sletlcql prlq lPuJnl)ouE z
sdlqJlelnduoJ rlslu 01pJsn,llli)ruapJllleltuuorrp .I
'r!
,{Jlturpl
sluopnrs
/l1oll
rno,{
puB
c^pq
Ssslr
rno,,(
ot
uollur^ul
lo ,rrnDus
snotupJ'l)rfqo
ue seq)nsSulqleuos
lDllsrli)'eruEtsqns,oulqJeur,luBld.lptulup
iialqlDsrpslunl i)iel urq|suolldlDsrp Jalrqasaqlluo{ Lualrqreo ,!!lurpl
SJNIOd NOISSnIST(I

'aJeds
'vr
,'bdrur
sl
aslrlrun
Jqr
Jo rsow
'queJ Jql u{'
' ar
PUPItrqt guJlJLUrrp sJtDnJtJW
'lno urnq tPql srPtsJre sroJlrw ' z I
ltI

SurqrDsre

172 Drs(ribinP
( lr.rr.r(l(n\l(s) (whit is il Innri('rll H"w LL\'\il Lr(hrvc
2. whdl Jrc rtschcnricdl
il
comes in con(acl wilil otbcr subsran{esslrch as walcr ol
or react whcn
oxyger?)
3. whcre is il found in nature?How abundanl is it?
Rcad thc following paragraphwhich dcscribcsthc substanccnrcrcuryand (ic_
lcrmine \ir'hichof lhe abovc qucstionsil aiswcrs.
Mcrcury is one of a fcw elcmcntsthat was knowD in a|cicnl chin;, India an{l
Egypl, Mercury is a luslrous,silverymclal lhal is a liquid al (x)m tempcrallrrc.Il
is 13.6timesas dcnseas waler,frcczcsat -39" C, and boilsat 3t7'C. Mercury
does rot combine readily \,r'ithoxygen,bul it does react wilh nitric acid lo fonn
mcrcury nitralc and with srlfuric acid 1()form mcrcury s lfale. Whcn mcrcory
combineswith ccrlain metals (such as silvcr, zinc, or lio) thc rcsulling alloy is
callcdan amalgam.Mercury comcsIrom spain,Ilaly, and lhc southweslcrnunilcd
Slales.lt may bc oblaiDedby hoalinll mercury sullidc (ci labar). Mcrcury is usc(l
for lhermomclcrs,loolh fillings, and pholographicplatc$

wi

ng a Descriptlotl
wood,
sard,saltwalcr,
suchasrubbcr,
ofa rlalllralsubslancc
wrilea dcscripti(nr

ait, diamond, slraw, alllminuol, or carboll dk)xidc Your lofic scll(cllcenliglll bc

a dcfiniti(nr(d lolrg dcscril)tior)is a tyPcofcxlclldcd dclil)ilkjn) hl your PafagraPh,
answcras many of the abovcqucsliolsas yoll can. one wdy to concludcis 10
describehow lhc subslallceis oscd

Ll

'suope^rJsqo^u uo paspqsuollJlpaldJuger pue

NnfpEol lpeal Jq sde^{plsnur
lsllurps Jqf ulPtr.r luJr.rcd 001 sl rrnlpu Jo tot^pqeq ernlnJ aql Jo uorlrrpald
ou 're^a^ oH ^^orrourolulEl Jo eJUeqJlusriad gz p JJunouup ,{pul lseJJloj aqt
1^llllqeqordJo surrrt ul prtrlpJrd :q ,{luo upr srrqlo .puo)rs p Jo uolpp.rJp ot
pelPlDPr 3q upr asdtrrr up l{lrlErDJE atlnb p4rtprrd aq uer sluJ^r ruros
.aseaslppJlull { eJpru38 reqlous ro
Ellqdoureq
Sulllrequl pllqr rplDlupd Jo pooqllqll rqt DIp d tsnu lsl8ololq rqt pup lruro)
PJOllqio tql plpJld ot spJJu Druouollsp rqJ .tl)!qJ^ Jql uo rJqlga^{ Jsr) pE
Jo sl){Jr rql lrlpard ol slqp aq lsnu ta}Jot e suSlsepoq,^ rorulSuc eql .{poq
uPurnqaql uo-peq puspooS qloq -str{Jr s]! lrlprd ()1alqeoq lsnur Snrpn^ou
e sdole^ep oq^{ lstruoqr rql .a)ua!rs plalJ iJr^a Jo Upd p sl uoltrlprrd
'suoltdnl.l )!ue)lo,\ pue /salpnbqUpaJo
/sruP)lllnq se qJns slatspsrp
lPlnleu Jo
uolDlprrd aql Iq pr^ps aq plno lpql so^!lJo lrqtunu oql ,aldu.rpxJroJ,.roplsuo)
'lsu!p3 soiltslno
lJJtotd u9) rA1lJlpald ue) a,\{ lgqA\ lpqt uolldunsse rqt uo
prsPq sl puE /rrnlnj .qt tr!p..ld ot sl uollpSllsa^ul rulluelrs n Jo leoS rqt

NOIJ)N(IOUJNI

raqpahl aqJ

6q1rlpard
71 raldeqr

174 Predicting
Short Reading
Readthe folbwing passagcand find threc prcdictions.
The Wo ,l Tums
The eanh is round, fiflccnlh- and sixreenlh-ccnlutyexplorcrsIikc Columbus
and Magcllan provcd it. But therc wcrc ancientGrcekswho had known rhis rwo
thousandyearsearlicr.They saw shipsdesccndovcr rhe horizon and oblervcd lhe
curvedshadowofthe canh on rhe moon during a Iunar eclipsc.Thcn, in 200 Lc.,
thc GreekastroromerEraloslhenesnoted thal at noon on thc first day ol summcr,
rir'henthc sun was at its highcs!,ils rays shonero rhc botlom of a veflical wcll irl
Syene,Egypl.Ye1,on the sameday in Alcxandria,five hundredmilcs !o lhc norrh,
il was reportedthat a vcrlical post cast a shado\'r'.If the earth had becn llal, the
post could not have casl a shadoyr'at roon,
The eallh spins,or rotatcson its axis,orce everytwcnly-four hours,callsing!rs
to havc day and night. At any given lime, rhe side ol thc cardt facingfic s!D will
have daylight,aDd the sidc turDcd arr,/ayfron thc sun will havc nighl. Allhongh
the eanh is spinnirg at a spccdof over one lhousandmilcs an hour, wc do nol
feel thc movcmcnt or thc wind bccausceverythingaround us, iDclllding tbc atmosphere,is moving at thc samespced.The cffectis similarlo riding in aDairplaui.
Thc air moveswjth you, lf you light a malch on aD airplanc,no wind will blow
lt oul.
The eanh also revolvcsarouDdthe sun oncc cvcry year.This ycarly rcvolnlkD,
plus lhe tiltiDg of fic earth or its axis, causcsthc scasoDs.
WhcD thc snn's rays
arc nearly overhead(ro1 whcn lhc earth is closcslrc lhe slln) aDd lhc days arc
long, great amounts of the sun's radialion arc absorbcdand thc wcalher is hot,
For example,from April through Septembcr,rhc North Polc lihs loward lhc sun
and lhc northcrnhenlisphcrccxpcrienccssummerwhilc thc southerDhcmisphcrc
haswintcr.Thenthe Nonh Polctills awayfromlhesun and I he seasons
are rcvcrscd.
On March 23 and Septcmbcr2I, the North Polc is not lcaning $ward or away
ftom thc sun, lfyou travclcdaround the canh on thcsctwo dalcs,yoll woliki find
Lhedaysand nights equal cvcry placeyou went.

^ropeqs e lsPJ
e^Pq lou plnor lsod aql

leu uerq peq qlee eql

( pillulnJrq lollllu) tlonJlpird

iLIr 'o.olrrrql ruu(nr s! rluD;))tll ^lsnol^qo-ilqlssod[l sl trol]!puor)ql

'ri^)^ oH
i|,lll i(lo) plnoM ollJll]tlo iql'JltH)
U iri.^ sLro0lpllo) tql
I
J!
'Ltoaup ^ollt,Lls t )s111)rq )ou plnar tsadt4l IDLIuarq
Pp4 tlub) a4]Ji

NOIIf,IqlIUdlISISSOdWINY

Ienba s1q3!uPUP
s,{epaql puu plno4{ noi

salep o.&l eseql uo plro/L{

eql Punore pele^erl no

( anll trl())
lolr iorlr ro il)rLrlt lD)tll)qrfillqs! uo!lJlpoidtql-s^rlp isilll llo pl()M
iql purlor0li^r-illol ilrlllun tru no,{-.rrr))o()1il)llFln ir! suolllpuo)iql
uolllpooJslql)
J)UlS't118latu,rl] suolllpLloltl!0lltJJl tnll iulo) oslpll!A/t
'lui,Mnot aJuld{JaArptlba sl46!Lt
Itub stttpa\t pull pltlo/Ano/i'stltp oN tt:,ql uaq taaql punolltFp^ul nofJI
NOII3Iq;IUd IVJIISH,IOdAH Y

tno 1l^rolq III^i puln ou

eueldrleup
uo q)leu e IqBII noi

(lrLLItJc suollrploJrtlPllJ)Jl)nrl Jtuor II!,1uoll)lpJ slqll

'aup4tlDuD uo
')hatl $on
rylDut)t ttt6! a(!
lM pu!410u
NOtrfI(!lud

g'IsYsoud Y

't\$!Lt1^tJ4
uns)qt ttto4trtft paulit )p!s
111/"1
)4t pua Uiu[ap ,^rr4 tlh\ ut$ a4J6u11]t{
4trn )4t lo /p!s ,4t )utLtLtl^lliluD tv
:urddeqlttM 3ulrttruosleqt tu!elJDsi uollr!p.id Y
NOITtrICAUd V

I)I(IAUd
gtI

OI HSI'IDNE 9NISN

3ul|rrpr.rd

176 Predicting
Sentence Patterns

PREDICTION
4clryerThre lwiu be) an eclipse tomorrow
/djsiv4 The eclipse{will be hidden} by thc ctouds.
PROBABLE PREDICTION
acrir,4 It i1 rains, we {will gd wel.}
pdssiv.:lf rhe eclipsc is hidden, lhe pholos {will b ruined.}
HYPOTHETICALPREDICTION

fwourdl

a.lil/e|
lfrs(udled,llcoutd I pass.
Lmishr
J
p,irrvcrrf rheeclipse
werehiaaen,rrrephoros{['i"#J ,",",""r.
Lmishl
J
I M P O S S I B L EP R E D I C T I O N

Iwoulal

dclin:IfI hadsludied,Ijcould I havepasscd.

ImishrJ
p,l,siuarr ir hadbeenhidden,,hephoros
{ff]ilt} n""" ,.." ,",,,.r.
LmishlJ
Notes:Whcn witiflg ptedictiotls,rcnptnber thcIo awin
L Thtrtturc tet$e with will is ustldJor Wcdktiont thdt arc tikll,t t.1lcen. Thc
nolak would, could. $ milhr a u\.d Jar hytotndiiil.y iral,,.n/,/..
2. With iI clauset,the subinlctiv.Iom werc n uted instntl olwas (Jot eran41lc,
l f I w e r er i c h ,. . . ) .
3. At1! predietia rht:ttit bdtedou d pon eonditia,tca dt bcltltfi e.t (Jbt .xr fu,
If De war had ended a year arlicr, many tlv.'s woutd have becn
sayed.). Snlcethe wat did ot nd ld kt, the prcdictit e :.,t)t contetruc.
Neverthelets,the relatio ship lxprissedh th? settarcc is true.

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rllt urort llrJ rl(tde )qt JI 8

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SurD!prrd

178 Predicting
5 . If lhc nandardswere lowcr, morc studcnBwould pass.
6. If ftc sarcllilcwere nol inrerruprcd,ir would conlinuc iI irs orbil.
7 . If the eggceil werc fcnilizcd by spermcarryingan .rrchromosomc,lhc baby
would be a girl.
8. lf he ate a balarceddic!, he would be hcallhicr.
Cot pletifig Sentences. Complelclhe lollowing prcdidi(nlsby filling in lhc propcr
form of the verb in parcn(heses,
L PlaDisyr'ill not grow il they

(bc) dcfi(icnt in

a2p

niuogel,I,
2. Many lives would havc bccr savcdif scicrllisls
(predicl) thc rcrnado.

3 . A satcllitewill go in1oorbit whcn it

(rcach)a speed

of 18,000
milcspcrhour.
The calciumwould mclt if yorl

5 , WheD \,r'intercoDlcs,thc bcars

If thc iroDbar wcrc cxposcdk) air, ir
7 , If thccompound
hadbccnan acid,it

(hcal)it lo 845"C.
(hibcrnalc),

(nrst).
(lunl)lhc

bluelitmusrcd.
8. If thc oxy8crlwcrc coolcdsufficicnrly,

(liqucly).

preilicli(xrs
Predicti,ns,
ir anyl{)gical
or im.
Oeating
C0nrctcthc&tbwing
aginativcway, usingthc corrcclverbform,
it
t Thercwould bc fewcr tra!fic accidar:irs

&.tw
Peoplcwould be hcahhier if
The air would bc clcancr il
Schoolwould bc casierif
If human beiigs could lly,
If we could conlrol lhc weadrcr,
If lhere wer.'Do irrcgularvcrbs,
If compurerscould makc brcaklbst,
If I could go anywhcrc in lhe world,

\_

fea'pk dila I /)44'l

a?tA

'Al!r!rDrlr
Jo
pobil e s! r! isrpr)q nod roj p.sn sI ttlnululnlv <
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sc poqlJJsaps! strolloruo.lo plllLLlrqr iq

s! leql ssiull!uv
uo tqiSnorq
Jnou

u! ri^o pilrodsuprl surl ril9M 'sJttlll lLlilJLtl, Lll

')rllilus Iq

?"/Wrttt2r\

'z

s! L|olleluloJllllillleoM . I

puFu eql Jo atu.lJt .t$ = n66pt4ttsd

pulut t-a4risd
slasse^poolq pue uaq eql Sul^lo^ul = tolrttst^olprDt
ueeq t.olpttt
quea
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ritmr pIoM Jo lsll rql ^pnrs raqrisd aofprer /-oaa '-lrnp- 'xlut- :stoou ptoll
'turqt )zlJorutt! puP sPro^l Jql
iJll)r-'rdot Jlt irpds rno,{ asu puP nol q}lM srtdgdtlotl lo spreJJsoql fu.Ie]
'sjcdPdalouJo
spreJLrcs3ulugcurrlaql atlr^1puDsproMInJosnro lueuodrul lsoru tql pJlas
'.{rpssJ)rurrtr]M 'rnlBJds.
lleu ro fueu()llJlpe qllM s8u!ueeturltql {)aq:,
'sProMpDleJ ro slrpd plo.Mse q)ns stnl) Jsn
'qder8ejsdro cJriJluasaqt txJlrrcJtql uo{ s3ulucJluJltql ssenSol ,fuJ
Jo
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g
t

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uolDnpold pup uolsurqrrdrlrorrLIl ol ltsse alqenlP^ulue sl{rBlnqero^ )ftel V

fualMd :aulqllrrg /fuqnqoto\

s'I.IIrS CNT(IVAU
64I Suprlprrd

180 Predicring
6. A condirion in which thc hcart slopsbcadng is called
ac anesl,
7. ln rhe springthc high school

urctr

applicalionsto colleges.
8. A melal rhal can be slrelchcdin() wire is dcscribcdas
lle ,

9. The fieory thal thc canh is rhc ccnlcr of rhe Luivcrscis rbc
cenrflc ulcory,
10, A devicedral mcasuresheart movcmcnlsis a
graph.
I l. Thc branchof maficmatics thar dcalswith ntcasllrillgat)(l survcyingthc

earrhh

mclrv ,

Vocdbuldry in Corltext, C]rcle thc lctrcr ol thc aDswcrlhal bcsr nratchcsthe

mcaningof lhe italicizcdwod as il is Llscclin c.lch ol thcscsertcllccs.
L Madamc Curic irrplrad maDylwcDlicth-ccntrlrywoutcDto collduct ticicnlillc

rcscarch.
@ srinularcd

b. rcquircd

2. Birds and airplancssccnrlo /q6, lhc law of gravitywhcr)thcylly awaylronr

the eanh'ssurlacc.
a. obey
b. rcsist
L The forecastwas f(x dark cloudslhal wolrld bri'lg prccipitdtion.
a, hcal
4, The cxperhnerrtwas fionitored'ktreftorr,
a. dcsilncd
b. obscrvcd
5. Wcalher/r/dc4sts
arc molc accurate$day lhat) cvcr bcforc.
a. prcdictions
b. dcscripti{nts
6. Thereis no ikfaLlibkcure for canccr.
a. perfect
b. parlial
7. fhe ragwas satuntedwith oil.
a. fuu of

b. enllnicd of

8, rTheseasonsof lhc ycar recur in cyclej,

- a. regularperiods
b. irrcgular pcriuls

7'

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pisnctr
p
i
l
u
.
^
r
r
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4 l t ) r r L ' n b !) ) P u r u r s p p . c i q r u r s , o r r . r , l x r o r I D r ) u r $ l ' I I
i)slaDur 1l
Ltoosnuqxi u
' L U r l q o r (^ r r l r l l i r - q t r r t r r ) ^ , \ l
e s r s J r r n o s . rl l l o J o u o t ) r l d . p . L l L a l
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'.neLL|Jp
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I8I

SutD!pi.rd

182 Predicting
than do lhoseDcarLhcNonh aDd SouLhPolesThc warrrr.ir ncar lhc cquirt(n
expands
and rises.nlovinglowad lhe polcs.As il cools il siIks,rcplntinglhc cool
thc cqrrator10 rel)ln(clhe dsingwanD
air on thc surlacethal hasmovcdtorvnrLl
healnlgofthc carrhcauscsrrorlh.nd soLrthvlindt Ean lvcn
a1r.This uDcqLral
winds nrc caosedby lhc ()latioool lhc ta'lh
is irllothefindi(iLorof thc
as mcasurc(l
by . baronrelcr,
Armospheri.prcssure.
Wann air (.rr
wcatirer.Thc inrounl oflvatc. vapofin lhc air is nrxjlhcrpredi(L()r'
(lisvtves
nnr.c \Lrllarthnn icc(l
dissolvcfiorc watef thar .old air, ilrslas hoLlca
js
1ea.Thepoinl at which thc air carrnolhold nrr) rnorcwaicr c.llcdthc salLrrali(,r
the lcnrl)criLtlrc
lDinl. ou n wa n dny,i{ l}rc nir is salurillfdrvilh nloistLrrc.ncj
walcr is squeczcd
oul ol Lhcirir' we sccLhisnloislLrrc;rppcaring
drot)s,rhe xccss
ou( wc havc rain or, dl
as dew, fog, or clouds.lf nrffi(icrr!wllcr is sqLrcc/cd
poirn,snow
lenpcralurcsbel v fic frccTir)g
Todry lbere exislsa lhrc.r 1(r1heenrlh'sclir ale fro|n nrarr'nladtchcnricnl
lhrough
havcknown for a Iorrillinc Lhallhc tilrLhl]asscs
wasrcs.Mcleorobgisls
thc
gra(lu.lly
\ranllin!l
sirrcc
cyclcsof warnlingau{l cooling.Thc eanh hirsbccn
havc
sciclllisls
lasl i(c agcoccurredaboul 18,000ycarsa8o.Rcccntly,howcver,
civiliz.li{)nn1.y t)ccirusing
0warcof (hc IbcLthat olrr lcchrrical/irrdLrslfial
Lreconrc
tlral cor.rklnllcr lhe wcalhcrnnd lhal lhcsc
changcsi|l lhc carth's.1lrllost)hcrc
(langc|(rus
an(iifrcvcrsiblc
chrrrgcscouldbc vcry
ol lhc
or'tll)|cr.lnrosphefc
ouc problcnris ozorrcdeflcli(nr'Thc strak)sl)hcfc,
(hc
harl
ltll
(t
l|'()nl
lhc
stln's
eallh
a laycr oTotrc8asthat frolccls
earth,corrlajns
havc
bccn
d|1)p|ing
ovcr
Anlalcti(a
ullravi(tclrnys,llcccntly,o,/onccon(cn0atiorrs
(hcnlhavctlclcrllline(l
lhnLa gI()uPol llrall'nlnde
rnlc,llescarchcN
at an alarnljrril
(lcslI1)yirrg
oTor)c
the
lhc
ca
h
and
arcfisinfliion
icalscallcdchlo|1)llLrorocarLx)ns
cllecl.Cn x)n dioxi(lejrr lhc
is lhc to.callcdgfccnholrsc
A sccord proLrlcnr
illlrnrc(l
glass
olll cx(cssivc
in
a
firn(liorrs
likclhe
.rnrl)sphcrc
Srccnhousc,licrcclling
wjlhoLlt
al
lrilht
hc.l
lionl
csca|iDg
insulal(n
1()
rnysand aclilrltas aD
Drcvcnt
on lllc carlh rotrl(ifcachlhc ('x_
lcrrrpcratllrcs
thc prolcctionol the almosphcrc,
()
bLr
l lassillircls lhc lcvelol c.rLx)n
nnxm.
ll
wc
corltinue
lrcnreslhcy do orrthc
poirll
whcrc
il will bl.Ikcl lhc en h .rr(l
iDcrea:ic
to
lllc
dioxidcin thc air nray
,JLr'( il r', !\.rrn I't J ,llr '(_!l\

h\r'1,

It rcmainslo bc scenwheLhcrlhis wanning trc|d will .onlinuc nnd il n),

will bc alrlcl(Jdo somclhingnboutil in li'Ic l1).vcrl (lrsnncr
whelhcrscierllisls
ncxr
ccntury.
irr thc

Distikguishing Fdclfro,r, Opiriolr. The Anrcricarrwrilcr Mark Twnin orlcc saiLl,

"Gct yourfaclsfirn, and lhcn yolrcin dislonLhemasrrruchasyorLflcasr.' Twarn
was, ol coursc,a h nnrie aD(illor a scicnlislbLrthc ktrcw lhe im[)da['e ol
idcnlifyirg Iacls.Indicntewhclher ea(h (rt drcse:,cnlcncesfcpresenls'1 lncl (i_) or
an opi'rbn (0).

Wcalbcrhasalwaysbcenof inlcrcsr() melrand wonrcrr.

lhe \k)
2. Mariner!uscdl(r fore.anlhc wcalhcrby nLrdyilrg

r^rDnpordun q
o^lDnpord P
'alurrJs! puq rql asnPraq
ra^u rlrN Jtll Suolec^lr rldoad,{uPW Z

".?"30

'quer rr.il JgEaql rprulu, ^luo ueJ slslnolorD

Jo
l
'sDrraluasasaql q)er ut pasnsl se proM psztrlplt
1!
or0 Jo 6uluerur
Jo
cqr srqrlur $aq lpql raMsue aql Jo relrgl oql clrllS lartroJ u! A|tlhqorot

ST'II>IS 9NINAJSI'I

'postc^araq louupJ lr /soSugqJclpullp s,roJpaaql a)uo

'zr

'uo!rnllod luozo Jteurtlllr) ol rlqp .)q rJ^ru

'II
lll/LlsduloquptunH
rrqlelM eql loluo) 01 alqp rq l.^ou llu stsllurlJs ' 0 1
'salrir BullooJpue BulrulEAqiSnorqlsissedque, rql,
'rrqtean^ar{t lolerlpul up sl rtnssrtd Jltcqdsorulv ' 8
Jo
'spulM sasneJLrollelols,quE oql ,L
'sa^rllno slo,tllroJuns JqI '9
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rq
lr^alr
lllM tiultser oJr llprM
.lJuolM
AlJellsn E ^alll rsn?Jcqou.lllJo JlspMp alp stseJoroJ
rJqlltM ' ,
'iiunDur)seJ
sl lSoloroelJurJo ,JrrJIJs,qJ ' a
'ulBrp ocueqoou ql!$ Iepol l{lum puEJElc

8t

SurDrpeld

184 Predi.ling
iulo g.rdcrrswilh lhc
3. Landsrhat hrcrcdridfor cerllrricshavcbccrlconvcfLcd
useof irrigarion.
b. nn)isl
a. dry
4. lron is a very ve alitu sLrb\l.nccbecausei1 can bc Lrse(lin a grcnl nLrnberof
a. abundart

b. many-sidcd

5. Wc uscd . ro1fe,/to renrovcthc dricd painl.

b. liqucller
a. hardcnr
of thc nrcunlainsidr was duc to lbc hcavy winds and rain.
6. Thc r,roJl,rn
b. wcaringaway
a. buildingup
7. Thc windshieldwas trrilcfe./ whcrc lhc accideDlvictiIn ha(i brrnpc{l his
r. brokeninto pieces

h. hardcncd

11.The computcr has a word processing]4l.trry.

b. dclact
a. capabiiiry
9. No onc has cver inve]nle(la perpclualfioli<rn nrachiDc;all nlacl]inc$rcquirc
!o kecpthcm goin8.
errcrSy
pcrmancnl
0. s()w
a,

Note-TakingHints:Reriew
To sh.I|crryoLrrskills,
sllcccss.
skillsarcesscrtialLoacadcrnic
cood rrotc-lakinll
followingl
rcmcnrber
lhe
Prcrc.ldthc lcxlbookchaplcrwhcDcvcrpossilrlc.
ou wriling dowD thc nlain poinls,
Duringfie le(turc,aonccnlralc
symbols,
and
shorlcnedfornlsolwo|tls lo savclime.
Uscabbrviali()ls,
pcr{cclgrantrrar,or corrcclollllinc
Don't woffy aboLrlusingflrll scntences,
fo|m bLr!nrakcsurewhal yol wrilc is co|nplctccuoughlo rcad.
dchils (s ch ns examflcs,cvidcncc,arrd
5. Add.1smany sul)porling
artdrcntcnrbcr
the nlaiD
as pL'ssiblc
!o hch you Lrndcrsland
explanalions)

l.
2,
I
4.

poi1llr.

6. write clcaflysLryou can rcadwhar you wro(c.Dor11rccopyyour rolcs.

aflcf class.Fill in anylbingyou havc
7. Rereadyour nolcsas soonas possible
left olrl and .orrec! anylhing thal is not l:lcar.
8. Rvicw your noles pefiodically,espcciallybc{brca ten. The more yoll
rcvi$,r',the more you will rcmcmber.
Take noresas you Iislen Io lhe leclurc "Thc wondcr of walcr." PracLicclhc
skills you havc dcvelopedin this course.Thcn use your nores10 complclc lhc
nexl xercise.

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186 Predicting
WRITING SKILLS
Predlcting
O n c g o a l o l s c i c n c ei s l o p r c d i c l r / h a t l h c w o d r r i g h l b c l i k ( i r l h c l u l L r r c .I n
t h c l o l l o r v i n gp a r a g r a p ht.h c w f i l c r I f e d i c t s t h . l i l r v i l l n ) r r l c ( l . yL r cp o s s i b l c1 0 s c n d
:l letler anywhcrc on carlh in onc (iiryot lcss:
, 4 .f e w y c a r s l r c r n n o w , w h c n y o ! w i s h L o s c n d a n u r g c n l m c s s n g r ,) o u v l i l l
p u f c h a s c a s r a n d a r dl c ( c r l o f n o n w h i c h y o u w i l l w l e o r t y p c w h a l c v c t y o L r
h a v c r o \ r y . A 1 t h e l o c a l o f f i c e t h e f o r m w i l l b e f c d i n t o d D r a c h i n cw h i c h \ c a n s
l h e n r a f k s o n t h c t a p c t a n d ( o n v c n s l h c n r i r r l o c l c . L f i c . l s i g n . l s .T h c s c w i l l t ) r
r a d i o e du p l h c r r c i r $ t r c l . y s a r c l l i t c ,r o u l c d i n t h e a p p r o f f i . t c d i r e . l j o r r( ) L r r ( l l h c
E a ( h , a u d p i c k r d u p a t l b c d c s r i n n t i o nw h c f c t h c y a r e r r l x x l L r ( c ( i ( ) 1 rr L ) l i n k
f o r n l i d c r r t i c a lw i t h r h c o n c y o u i n s c r i l r c d .T h e l r a r r m i s s i o r ri ( s c l l w o r r l d l n k c i r
f r a c t i o Do l a s c c o n d ;t h c d o o r ' t o ' ( l o o r d c l i v e r y r v o u l d c x t c n d l h i s l i r c l o n ' v c r . l
h o u f s , l ) u r c v c n l l r a l l yl c t l c r s s h o u l d n c v c r l a k c r n o r t L h a Dn d n y b c l w ( c r r i r n y l w o
p o i r t s { ) D L h c E . r l h . T h c f c n r c , o l c o L r s c ,f r o b l e n r s o l p r i v n ( y , r v l t i c h n r i j t h l l ) c
$ l v c ( l l ) y ( ) b o t h i r n r l l i r r ga t n l l s L a g c so l t h c o f c r n l i o n . H o w c v c f . c v c r ) l h c o l ( 1 s t y l c b L r l n a np o s l m c n h a v c b c ( n k r r o w r r l o 1 1 i ( l l h c r r r . i l .
A f l h r l r C C l . r k c , l a 1 t l i l $o l t h t l L t t I R :
Att lt1,lIitr i,tu tltc !.inrilr d/ l/rf P.\'vl,/r'
( N c w Y o r k i I I . t ) r / 6 R o \ v , 1 9 r ) : ) ,p . 1 9 5
N o r j c c h o w t h c p r c d i c l i o ni : i n r a d c i D t c f c s t i n ga r l ( l c o n v i n ( j r r g[ ) y l ) o l h t h c d c l . l i l c ( i
d e s c r i p l i o no f h o w l h c s y s t c n lw i l l w o r k a u d l h c ( l i s c r r s s i oor ll a l ) o l c n l j i r ll i 1 1 ) L ) l r n r
r h a l N i g b t a f i s c . N o t c a l s o L h eu s t o J l h c l u l r r r c l c D s cw i t h L t/ 1 / .I h c r l l o ( l n lr 1 ' d / / / , /
i n d i c a l c st h c h y p o t h r l i c n l n a t l r c o 1 l h c p | . ( ' d i c l i o l r , . n ( l, r i r r r j \ L r s ( t lt { r c x p r e s s
possibilily.
T h c c x a m f l c f a r a ! r a p h b e g i D sw i l h L h t i r r l r ( X l L r . l o r yp h r a s c ,, ' 1 / ! w v c , r / r/ i D n
,rw. Orhcr rransitiorr rvords for predicring jnclLr(lctvcnt nllr. i]1llt! littttrt, lltattttlll,
lon!, and one ddy.
Ldter.dfkr n while, 11c10]"

witi

g a Plediction
or crcarrvc
Poi s. lmaginntivc
on one of lhc Discussion
Wrile a paragraph
writing docs not demand suppoling nralcrial lo "provc" . foinl Ho\'!evcr,any
concrctccvidenceyou can providc will make yolrr parrgrtlh rorc cffeciivc or
morebelievable.
For cxamplc,il you predictrhal mer and womenwill dressnlikc
Lltal$'omerr
by lhe lwen!y-lirslcentury,you cansuppoflyourclaimbypointingout
alrcadywcar pants,suit!,and lic!. Thcn orakesureyoLrdcvcloflhe paragrafhby
could sum r.lriTclhc nain idca ol
givingdcrailsor exanplcs.Your conclusiorl
exprcssa waming or hope fLrrthc Iu!ure.