Chng 1 Cht lng dch v trong mng IP

Chng 1
Cht lng dch v trong mng IP

1.1 Gii thiu chng

Ngy nay, Internet tr thnh phn khng th thiu trong cuc sng ca
chng ta. Internet m ra mt chn tri mi i vi nhn loi. Khi mng Internet
pht trin v m rng, lu lng Internet bng n th vic p ng nhu cu cho
ngi s dng v cht lng dch v ngy cng cao, i hi cc nh cung cp dch
v ISP lun ng trc th thch lm sao lun lm hi lng cc thng ca
mnh. Do vic cung cp cht lng dch v QoS l cn thit cho php m bo
cht lng ca cc ng dng thi gian thc nh VoIP, Video Streaming v hn ch
nghn mng.
Trong chng ny s trnh by khi qut cc khi nim c bn trong cht
lng dch v QoS, nhng thng s c trng cho cht lng dch v, s cn thit
ca lnh vc ny trong mng IP. ng thi s i vo tng quan v kin trc ca QoS
vi cc dch v tch hp (Intserv) v phn tch r cc khi nim, hot ng cng
nh u v nhc im ca dch v phn bit (DiffServ) trong mng IP.
1.2 u v nhc im ca mng IP
1.2.1u im
Trong nh tuyn cc router IP s dng thut tan SPF (Shortest Path Firstvo bng thng v hop count ca ng i) tnh ton ng i ngn nht
cho lu lng, gim tr ca lu lng khi mng hot ng bnh thng
1.2.2 Nhc im
Do c ch nh tuyn ng ngn nht (shortest path routing), khi lu lng
trn mng qu ti, cc lung lu lng vn c tnh ton i trn ng
ngn nht. Do tt nghn l khng trnh khi trong khi mt s ng vn
khng c s dng. vic s dng bng thng trong mng khng hiu qu

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Chng 1 Cht lng dch v trong mng IP

c th chuyn tip gi tin i trn mng, cc router phi kim tra a ch

ch v so snh trong bng nh tuyn v xc nh chn tip theo ca lu
lng.hat ng ny lm tng thi gian tr ca gi tin
IP ch cung cp dch v Best effort, c ngha l khi hng i cho chn tip
theo qu di, gi tin s b tr hay khi hng i qu y, IP router cho php
hy gi. Vic tng thi gian tr v mt d liu l khng th d on c.
Vi nhc im ny yu cu cung cp QoS trong mng l vn cn thit.
1.3 Cht lng dch v QoS
1.3.1 nh ngha QoS
Cht lng dch v l kh nng ca mt yu t mng (v d nh mt ng
dng, my ch hay router) c mt vi mc m bo cho lu lng v cc yu
cu dch v cn c tha mn. N ngy cng tr nn cn thit trong vic qun l
mng v s dng ti nguyn mng hiu qu p ng nhu cu dch v Internet
ngy cng tng nhanh.
1.3.2 Tm quan trng
Khi lu lng c chuyn tip vi tc nhanh nhng khng c bt k s
m bo no v thi gian x l cng nh tin cy ca vic vn chuyn lu lng
n ch, kiu dch v ny i hi cc giao thc lp cao hn, v d nh TCP
cung cp tnh tin cy v iu khin li. Bng trng thi di y th hin mt s
vn thng gp i vi mng khng h tr QoS.

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Chng 1 Cht lng dch v trong mng IP

Bng 1-1 Cc vn khi mng khng h tr QoS

Dng lu lng
Thoi (voice)

Vn khi mng khng h tr Qos

Ting ni truyn trn mng thng kh hiu
B ngt qung, m thanh khng trong sut
Tr truyn lm cc cuc i thoi kh khn hn,
khi u dy bn ny kt thc nhng u bn

Video

kia vn khng hay bit

Hoc cc cuc gi s khng kt ni c
Hnh nh khng n nh
m thanh khng ng b vi hnh nh
Cc hnh ng lun b ng bng

D liu (data)

Tc truyn d liu chm

Mt d liu khi ang truyn

Vi cc xu hng pht trin t cc dch v thng mi in t (ecommerce), vn m bo cht lng dch v cho cc ng dng trn mng
Internet tr nn cn thit hn bao gi ht.
Nhn chung c 2 nhn t c bn dn n yu cu v cht lng dch v.
Th nht, vi cc cng ty kinh doanh trn web, h cn cht lng dch v
ci thin v nng cao cht lng vn chuyn cc thng tin v dch v ca h
n khch hng nh mt yu t thu ht ngy cng nhiu khch hng.
Th 2, cc nh cung cp dch v Internet IPSs cn thm nhiu cc dch v
gi tr gia tng trn mng ca h tng li nhun.
Vic cc nh cung cp khng ngng pht trin cc dch v, s lng khch
hng ngy cng nhiu. Theo truyn thng nu mt mng lm vic khng c QoS th
gii php gii quyt cc tc nghn trong mng i hi mt lng bng thng ln.
iu ny l khng kh thi i vi cc nh cung cp dch v (IPS) v cc nh kinh
doanh mng khc v gi thnh cng nh tnh hiu qu ca n. V th yu cu phi
cung cp cht lng dch v QoS l rt cn thit.

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Chng 1 Cht lng dch v trong mng IP

1.3.3 Cc c tnh QoS

Mc d cht lng dch v QoS cha phi l gii php hon ton nhng n
ra i nhm gii quyt cc vn v lu lng trn mng. Cht lng dch v
thng c nh gi bng cc thng s sau:
Bng thng
tr
rung pha
Kh nng mt gi
1.3.3.1 Bng thng (bandwidth)

Bng thng l t l bit trn mi giy phn phi d liu i trong mng.
Trong mt s trng hp, bng thng cn c hiu l tc ng kt ni vt l
hay l xung ng h (clock rate) ca mi interface. V d nh cc kt ni imim trong mng WAN th bng thng 64kbps chnh l tc ca ng kt ni vt
l. Nhng i vi cc kt ni trong mng Frame relay hay ATM th bng thng l
tc cam kt (CIR) gia nh cung cp dch v vi khch hng, bng thng ny c
th ln hn tc cam kt khi lu lng trong mng cho php.
1.3.3.2 tr (delay)

Cc mng hin nay thng tn ti cc loi tr sau y:

Tr mi trng truyn (propagation): l thi gian chuyn gi i, thi gian
ny thng ph thuc vo bng thng ca giao tip
Tr x l v xp hng: y l hai loi tr tn ti trong mi router
Tr x l: l thi gian mt router ly gi tin t interface vo v t
n vo hng i ca interface. tr s ph thuc vo cc yu t sau:
+ Tc x l ca CPU.
+ Kh nng x dng ca CPU.
+ Mode chuyn mch IP c s dng.
+ Cu trc ca router.
+ Cc c tnh cu hnh trn cc giao tip vo/ra.

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Chng 1 Cht lng dch v trong mng IP

Tr xp hng: khong thi gian gi nm trn hng i ca router. Thi

gian ny ph thuc vo s lng cng nh kch thc ca cc gi
ang c trn hng i v trn bng thng ca interface. ng thi
thng s ny cng ph thuc vo c ch xp hng gi tin.
1.3.3.3 trt (Jitter)

Khi nim trt v tr thng lin quan n nhau. Mt gi tin trong

mng vi cc thnh phn tr thay i th lun tn ti trt. Vy khi trt
xy ra th c lm gim n cht lng dch v hay khng? i vi cc ng dng d
liu th trt khng lm gim cht lng l bao nhng mt s dng lu lng
khc nh thoi c s ha i hi cc gi tin phi c truyn nht qun tc l
khong cch gia cc gi tin l ng b. Dng lu lng ny cn gi l lu lng
ng thi (isochronous traffic). Di y l mt v d thy r hn v trt.

Hnh 1.1 V d v trt

Xt 3 gi tin thoi i t my 201 n 301, thi gian truyn ca mi gi tin l 20ms.
Nhng khi i n my 301 th gi tin th 3 thi gian truyn tng ln 30ms, vy
10ms chnh l trt ca gi.
1.3.3.4 Mt gi (loss)

Mt gi l mt thng s quan trng trong cht lng dch v, khi t l mt

gi xy ra trong mng qu ln th cn phi c bin php khc phc. V d nh
trng sa li FCS (Frame Check Sequence) s kim tra cc khung b li khi truyn
trong mng. Cc cng c ca QoS c th lm gim mt gi tin khi cc hng i qu
y.

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Chng 1 Cht lng dch v trong mng IP

cc mng hin nay, s cc gi tin b mt do t l li bit l rt t (t l bit li

BER 10-9 l c th chp nhn) [2], a s cc gi tin b mt l do b m v cc hng
i qu ti. Do vic khc phc tnh trng mt gi trong mng l cn thit.
Forwarding

IP
IP

IP
IP

IP
IP

IP
IP

IP
IP

Tail-drop

Hnh 1.2 Mt gi trong mng

1.3.4 Cc gii php tng QoS
1.3.4.1 Tng bng thng
Hin nay, mt vi gii php gii quyt vn thiu bng thng c ra:
Tng dung lng lin kt nhm to ra mt lng bng thng tha m
bo cho nhng ngi s dng hoc cc ng dng c yu cu bng thng ln.
Vn ny xem c v n gin, tuy nhin s tn rt nhiu thi gian cng
nh tin ca thc thi n ny do nhng hn ch trong thit b s gy kh
khn trong cng vic nng cao kh nng bng thng ln qu ln.
Phn loi nhng lu lng thng tin thnh cc lp v trao quyn u tin
chim gi bng thng ty theo tm quan trng ca tng loi hnh thng tin.
Nn ti nhm tng dung lng bng thng lin kt. Tuy nhin, vic nn ti s
lm tng tr trong vic truyn dn do phi cn khong thi gian di
thc hin nhng thut ton nhm gii quyt vic nn d liu.
Mt c ch nn hiu qu hn l nn phn header. C ch nn ny c bit
hiu qu i vi nhng mng c gi cha d liu nh ( t s ti trn header l
nh).
1.3.4.2 Gim tr
gim tr trong mng, di y l mt s gii php:

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Chng 1 Cht lng dch v trong mng IP

Tng dung lng lin kt, vi mt dung lng bng thng va trn lin
kt s gip rt ngn chiu di hng i v nh vy gi s khng phi i lu
c truyn i. Mt khc, thi gian pht nh k s c gim xung. Tuy
nhin gii php s khng c kh thi do cng vic tng dung lng th gi
thnh cng s tng theo.
Mt gii php c tnh hiu qu hn l to ra mt c cu hng i c h tr
quyn u tin i vi nhng gi c yu cu tr nh bng cch a cc gi
tin ny ln hng u.
Nn ti s gim c kch thc ca gi v t s tng c bng thng
lin kt. Thm vo , kch thc gi s nh hn sau khi nn ti v gi s
yu cu thi gian truyn ngn hn. Tuy nhin, thc hin nn ti cn c
thc hin thng qua cc thut ton phc tp. Gii php ny thng khng
c s dng i vi nhng gi truyn trong mi trng c tr nh.
Vic nn header khng l cng vic tp trung x l chnh m n s c kt
hp vi cc k thut khc gim tr. Phng thc ny c bit ph hp
vi gi l voice.
Bng cch gim tr truyn dn th trt cng c gim ng k.
1.3.4.3 Ngn mt gi
Mt gi thng thng xy ra khi router khng cn thi gian b m phc v cho
vic xp hng i. Router s thc hin loi b gi trong nhng trng hp sau:
CPU b nghn v khng th x l gi.
Router khng cn khng gian b m
CPU b nghn v khng th n nh mt khng gian b m no cho cc gi
mi
Li khung (v d CRC).

Sau y l mt s gii php gip tng ngn chn mt gi i vi cc ng dng:

Tng dung lng lin kt trnh nghn.

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Chng 1 Cht lng dch v trong mng IP

m bo lng bng thng v tng khng gian b m nhm p ng

c khi xy ra bng n thng tin.
Trnh nghn bng cch loi b gi trc khi nghn xy ra. WRED s c
s dng thc hin loi b gi trc khi xy ra nghn.

Weighted
Weighted Random
Random Early
Early
Detection
Detection (WRED)
(WRED)

IP
IP

Data

{{{

FIFO queuing
Custom
Custom Queuing
Queuing (CQ)
(CQ)
Modified
Deficit
Round
Modified Deficit Round
Robin
Robin (MDRR)
(MDRR)

Class-Based
Weighted Fair
Hnh 1.3 Trnh nghn ngn
mt gi(CBWFQ)
Queuing

1.4

Cc kiu dch v QoS trong mng

nh ngha kin trc QoS ra i vo gia nm 1990, v cho n nay nhm

nghin cu IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) nh ngha hai dng kin trc
QoS cho mng IP l cc dch v tch hp (IntServ) v cc dch v phn bit
(DiffServ).
1.4.1 Dch v tch hp Intserv
Cc dch v tch hp (Intserv) c nhm nghin cu IETF a ra nhm
cung cp cc dch v end-to-end gia cc my ch cho cc ng dng point-to-point
v point-to multipoint . N nh ngha qu trnh x l bo hiu cho cc lung ring
bit v yu cu phi d tr mt lng bng thng v tr nht nh. m bo
cho mi dng, IntServ m t hai thnh phn: d tr ti nguyn v iu khin lu
lng. D tr ti nguyn cho php lung d liu ring bit yu cu mt lng bng
thng v tr thch hp. Nu vic bo hiu thnh cng, th cc thnh phn mng
s phi d tr lng bng thng cn thit. Cn iu khin lu lng Intserv s
quyt nh yu cu d tr no s b t chi. Nu tt c cc yu cu c chp nhn

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Chng 1 Cht lng dch v trong mng IP

th s c qu nhiu lung lu lng i trong mng v kt qu s khng c lung no

c nhn dch v yu cu c.

Hnh 1.4 Kin trc dch v Intserv

1.4.1.1 Giao thc d tr ti nguyn RSVP (Resource Reservation Protocol)
RSVP l mt giao thc cho vic thit lp cc d tr ti nguyn. Giao thc
RSVP c cc my ch s dng yu cu cc cht lng dch v c bit t
mng cho cc ng dng ring bit nh cc dng d liu hay cc lung thng tin.
Cc router cng c th s dng giao thc ny thit lp, duy tr v phn phi cc
yu cu QoS cho cc node hot ng dc theo ng dn. Kt qu l cc ti nguyn
s c d tr cho mi node theo ng d liu.
RSVP phi mang cc thng tin sau:
Thng tin phn loi, nh n m cc lung lu lng vi cc yu cu QoS c
th c th c nhn bit trong mng. Thng tin ny bao gm a ch IP pha
gi v pha nhn, s cng UPD.
Ch tiu k thut ca lung lu lng v cc yu cu QoS
R rng l RSVP phi mang nhng thng tin ny t cc my ch ti tt c
cc tng i chuyn mch v cc router dc theo ng truyn t b gi n b

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Chng 1 Cht lng dch v trong mng IP

nhn, v vy tt c cc thnh phn mng ny phi tham gia vo vic m bo cc

yu cu QoS ca ng dng.
1.4.1.2 Cch thc hot ng ca RSVP
Cch thc hot ng ca RSVP da trn vic ginh d tr ti nguyn trc
khi truyn d liu. C hai loi bn tin RSVP chnh c s dng bo hiu. Bn
gi s gi bn tin ng dn PATH v cc thng tin phn loi n bn nhn xc
nh cc thuc tnh ca lu lng s gi. Mi node trung gian s chuyn tip b bn
tin PATH ti cc node k tip. Khi nhn c bn tin PATH, bn nhn c s p
ng li bng mt bn tin RESV. Bn tin RESV xc nhn phin c cha thng tin v
s cng dnh ring v mc QoS m bn nhn yu cu. Cc node trung gian trn
ng i c th chp nhn hay t chi cc yu cu trong bn tin RESV. Nu yu cu
b t chi, router s gi bn tin Error cho bn nhn v qu trnh bo hiu s kt
thc. Nu yu cu c chp nhn ti nguyn s c d tr cho lung v cc
thng tin trng thi lin quan ca lung s c ci t vo router.
Mt c im quan trng ca RSVP l vic d tr ti nguyn c thc hin
bi trng thi mm. C ngha l trng thi d tr ti nguyn c lin quan ti mt
b nh thi, v khi b nh thi ht hn, vic d tr trc ti nguyn c loi b.
Nu bn nhn mun lu li trng thi d tr ti nguyn no, n phi u n gi cc
bn tin d tr ti nguyn. Bn gi cng phi thng xuyn gi cc bn tin ny.
RSVP c thit k dnh cho kin trc Intserv nhng vai tr ca n cng c m
rng cho giao thc bo hiu trong MPLS.

Hnh 1.5 Giao thc RSVP

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Chng 1 Cht lng dch v trong mng IP

1.4.2 Dch v phn bit Diffserv

Vic thc hin kin trc IntServ gp nhiu kh khn, n gy ra mc gi yu
cu cao cho ngun x l (processing power) v bo hiu. i vi mng ng trc
ln, nhiu phin kt ni, RSVP truyn thng yu cu cc b nh thi cho mi phin
v s phn loi trong mi router lm cho b x l v b nh tr nn kh p ng.
Do ch p dng c cho nhng mng c s cc lung d liu l nh.
Mc ch ca vic a ra dch v Diffserv nhm t c tnh linh ng.
Diffserv tri ngc vi Intserv l da trn tng lung d liu, n phn loi cc gi
thnh mt s lng khng ln cc tp (gi l cc lp) v do t c hiu qu
cho cc mng ln. Cc chc nng n gin c thc hin ti router li, trong khi
cc chc nng phc tp c trin khai ti cc router bin. Tnh linh ng rt l cn
thit v dch v mi c th xut hin v mt s dch v tr ln li thi. Do
Diffserv khng cn thit phi xc nh dch v nh l Inserv, thay vo n cung
cp cc thnh phn chc nng m trn dch v c th c xy dng. Vic thng
tin gia ngi dng v dch v s nm trong Bn Tha Thun mc dch v SLA
(Service Level Agreement), vic i x lung lu lng tng ng vi bn SLA.
Vic xc nh SLA s c cung cp bao nhiu ti nguyn s c cu hnh tay.
Kin trc Diffserv bao gm hai tp cc thnh phn chc nng:
Ti bin ca mng, vic phn loi v iu khin lu lng c thc hin v
cc gi c phn vo cc lp.
Ti li, mt c ch phn loi n gin c thc hin. C ch hng i da
trn lp c p dng.

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Chng 1 Cht lng dch v trong mng IP

Hnh 1.6 Kin trc dch v Diffserv

1.4.2.1 Cc thut ng s dng trong Diffserv
Kin trc dch v phn bit DiffServ nh ngha mt s thut ng thng s
dng sau y:
Min (Domain): l mng c chung cc thc thi ( thng th chung s iu
khin ca qun tr)
Vng (Region): l nhm cc min DiffServ k cn
Node vo (Ingress node): l node u tin m gi tin i vo min Diffserv
Node ra (Egress node): l node cui cng m gi tin i ra khi min Diffserv
Trng DS (DiffServ field): octet TOS ca mo u IPv4 hoc octet lp lu
lng ca mo u IPv6 v c i tn l DS bi DiffServ. N l trng
ni cc lp dch v c gi km.
im m dch v phn bit (Differantiated Service Code Point_DSCP): l
cc gi tr c bit c ch nh cho trng DiffServ.

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Chng 1 Cht lng dch v trong mng IP

Tp hp i x (Behavior Aggretate-BA): L tp hp cc gi tin ca node

dch v phn bit c cng m DSCP.
Phn lp BA (BA classifier): Phn lp cc gi da trn m DSCP
(Differential Service Code Point).
B phn lp (Classifier) : Qu trnh sp xp cc gi da trn ni dung ca
header ca gi theo quy lut xc nh.
Tha thun mc dch v (Service level Agreement_SLA): l dch v lin h
gia khch hng v nh cung cp dch v ch r xu hng yu cu ca khch
hng. Khch hng c th l mt t chc ngi dng hoc phm vi nh cung
cp ( phm vi i ngc dng).
S phn lp a mi trng (Multifield Classifier) l s phn lp ca gi da
trn ni dung ca cc trng nh a ch ngun, a ch ch, byte ToS, giao
thc ID, s cng ngun v s cng ch.
i x tng chn (Per-Hop Behavior_PHB): l ti mi node cc gi BA s
c chuyn tip hay c phc v.
nh du (Marking) l qu trnh thit lp cc trng DS ca cc gi.
Chnh sch (policing) l qu trnh x l cc dng lu lng, v d nh loi
b (drop) cc gi vt qu.
nh dng (Shaping): l qu trnh m cc gi tin trong lung lu lng to
cho n tng thch vi hin trng lu lng nh ngha.
Hng i (Queuing): iu khin chiu di ca gi hng i bng cch loi b
cc gi khi cn thit hoc cho ph hp.
1.4.2.2 im m dch v phn bit DSCP (DiffServ code point)
Cc c tnh k thut trc y, IP d tr mt s bit trong header cho vic
h tr cc cht lng dch v QoS. i vi IPv4 octet th hai ca header l octet
ToS (Type of Service) cn i vi IPv6 th l octet lp lu lng (Traffic Class).
Cc gi tr ca trng DS chnh l im m dch v phn bit DSCP. Cc node
dch v DiffServ s phc v cc gi tin tng ng vi im m ny.

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Chng 1 Cht lng dch v trong mng IP

0-2
IP
Precedence

3-5

6-7

ToS
Field
A

unused

ToS
byte

Mo u IP trc
khi DiffServ

DS
Field

Sau khi DiffServ

DSCP

ECN
0-5

6-7

Hnh 1.7 Byte ToS trc v sau DiffServ

Trng ToS cha 8 bit, 6 trong s chng c s dng biu th cho
DSCP. Vi 6 bit trng DS s c 64 gi tr nh phn tng ng vi 64 trng thi
cht lng dch v cha trong 3 b tr (pool). Trong s c 2 b tr vi 32 gi
tr c d tr cho thc nghim hay s dng cc b. Cc c tnh DiffServ hin nay
khuyn co s dng 21 gi tr trong b tr th 3 (21 gi tr ny s c m t trong
Bng 1.2).

Cha s dng
2 bits

Trng DSCP : 6 bits

Hnh 1.8 Khung DSCP

1.4.2.3 X l tng chn PHB (Per-hop Behavior)

Kin trc DiffServ nh ngha i x tng chn PHB cho vic x l chuyn
tip gi tin ti mi node mng p dng mt tp hp i x BA. N m t cc c

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Chng 1 Cht lng dch v trong mng IP

tnh v cht lng dch v nh tr, trt hay mt gi ca gi tin khi i qua
node dch v DiffServ.
Cc node dch v DiffServ s nh x cc gi tin n cc chn PHB tng
ng vi cc gi tr DSCP ca n. Bng 1.2 biu din vic nh x gia PHB v
DSCP. DiffServ khng hon ton c chc nng nh x PHB n DSCP m n ch
thc hin cng vic ny khi c yu cu. Cc nhm PHB l thnh phn ca cc
c tnh DiffServ l: xc tin y gi (Expecdited Forwarding), m bo y gi
(Assured Forwarding), chn lp (Class Selector) v mc nh (Default). Mt node
chuyn mch c th c h tr nhiu nhm PHB tng t nhau. Cc node thc thi
cc nhm PHB ny s s dng c ch m v lp lch gi tin.
Bng 1.2 nh x gia PHB v DSCP
PHB
EF
AF43
AF42
AF41
AF33
AF32
AF31
AF23
AF22
AF21
AF13
AF12
AF11
CS7
CS6
CS5
CS4
CS3
CS2
CS1
Mc nh

DSCP (Thp phn)

46
38
36
34
30
28
26
22
20
18
14
12
10
56
48
40
32
24
16
8
0

Xc tin y gi (Expedited Forwarding)

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DSCP (nh phn)

101110
100110
100100
100010
011110
011100
011010
010110
010100
010010
001110
001100
001010
111000
110000
101000
100000
011000
010000
001000
000000

Chng 1 Cht lng dch v trong mng IP

i x tng chn EF PHB l i x c tr , trt v t l mt gi thp m

mt node DiffServ c th thc thi. V vy EF PHB c s dng cho nhng lung
c u tin rt cao. N c th c thc hin bng vic s dng cc thut ton
nh CBQ (Class Based Queue) hoc s dng hng i u tin n l. Nhng thut
ton khc nhau nhm tha mn yu cu EF s to ra nhng trt khc nhau i
vi tng gi d liu.
m bo y gi (Assured Forwarding)
AF l mt nhm PHB vi 4 lp m bo y gi khc nhau vi 3 mc u
tin loi b gi xc nh khc nhau m mt node DiffServ c th h tr. Bng 1.3
lit k cc lp AF vi mc u tin loi b gi.
Bng 1.3
u tin loi b gi

AF1

AF2

AF3

AF4

Thp

AF11

AF21

AF31

AF41

Trung bnh

AF12

AF22

AF32

AF42

Cao

AF13

AF23

AF33

AF43

Cc nhm AF PHB hot ng ph thuc ln nhau v khng cha cc c tnh

nh tr hay trt. Vic mi nhm cung cp cc m bo dich v ph thuc
vo cc ti nguyn ca cc node, s lng cc lung n ti node v cc u tin
mc loi b gi. Cc ti nguyn ti cc node chnh l bng thng v khng gian b
m.
Cc la chn lp (Class Selectors)
Diffserv nh cc la chn lp CS PHBs a ra tnh tng thch ngc
vi vic s dng mc u tin IP trong octet ToS ca IPv4. Cc la chn lp m
bo th t u tin tng i (v d nh gi tr cao s tng ng vi th t tng
i cao). Cc c tnh ca CS PHBs l khng tr, khng trt v khng mt gi.
PHB mc nh (Default PHB)

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Chng 1 Cht lng dch v trong mng IP

Min Diffserv cn phi cung cp mt PHB mc nh a ra dch v besteffort. Vi cc c tnh khng tr, khng trt v mt gi, min DS phi y cng
nhiu gi tin i cng sm cng tt.
1.4.2.4 Phn lp lu lng v iu ha

Cc dch v phn bit c m rng ra bin gii min DS bng cch thit lp
mt bn tha thun mc dch v SLA gia cc mng [15]. Bng SLA c th ch r
s phn lp vi tin v cc lut nh du li v cng c th ch nh cc hin trng
ca lu lng v cch hot ng n cc dng lu lng nm trong hoc ngoi hin
trng. Bn tha thun iu ha lu lng TCA (Traffic Control Agreement) gia cc
min c rt ra t bng SLA. Chnh sch phn lp gi tin nh ngha tp hp lu
lng nh m c th nhn mt dch v phn bit bng cch c nh du n mt
hay nhiu tp hp i x ( hay bng cch nh du li im m DS) trong min DS.
S iu tit lu lng thc hin bng cch o, nh dng, chnh sch hay
nh du li m bo lu lng i vo min DS tng ng vi cc quy tc c
nh ngha trong TCA, ph hp vi chnh sch cung cp dch v ca min. Phm vi
yu cu iu tit lu lng ph thuc vo loi hnh dch v, vic nh du li im
m n gin n chnh sch phc tp v cc hot ng nh dng. Cc chnh sch
iu tit lu lng c k kt gia cc mng s c m t chi tit sau y:

1.4.2.4.1 Cc b phn lp (classiffier)

Cc b phn lp gi tin chn cc gi tin i vo mt lung lu lng da trn
header ca gi tin. Ta nh ngha 2 kiu b phn lp: b phn lp BA (behavior
aggregate) phn lp cc gi tin ch da trn m DS. B phn lp MF (Multi-Field)
chn cc gi tin trn c s gi tr ca s kt hp 1 hay nhiu trng header v d
nh a ch ngun, a ch ch, trng DS, giao thc ID, s cng ngun v ch, v
mt s thng tin khc na.
Cc b phn lp c s dng hng cc gi tin ph hp vi mt s
nguyn tc n b iu tit lu lng v sau s c x l. Cc b phn lp cn

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Chng 1 Cht lng dch v trong mng IP

phi c cu hnh bng mt s th tc qun l ph hp vi bng TCA. B phn

lp cn phi chng thc thng tin c dng phn cc gi tin.
1.4.2.4.2 Cc hin trng lu lng
Mt hin trng lu lng biu th cc c tnh thi gian ca mt lung lu
lng c chn bi b phn lp. N cung cp cc quy tc cho vic xc nh cho
d gi tin nm trong hay nm ngoi hin trng. V d nh mt hin trng da
trn c s gii thut thng token nh sau: im m (codepoint) l X v s dng
thng token c kch thc B v tc token l r .Hin trng trn cho bit tt c cc
gi tin c nh du vi m DS l X s c c lng cho ph hp cc thng s
ca thng token. Trong v d ny, cc gi tin nm ngoi hin trng ca lung lu
lng n vn c xp vo thng nu token vn cha .
Cc hot ng iu ha khc nhau c th c gn vo trong cc gi tin nm
trong hin trng v ngoi hin trng, hay cc hot ng tnh ton c th c kch
hot. Cc gi tin trong hin trng c th c php i vo min DS m khng cn
thm iu kin hay thay i m DS
Sau khi cc gi tin i vo min DS v s dng mt nhm cc PHB khc
nhau hay nh x t im m n PHB cho lung lu lng ny. Cc gi tin nm
ngoi hin trng s c xp hng cho n khi chng l nm trong hin trng (nh
dng) hoc s b loi b (policed), v c nh du li vi m DS mi hay c
chuyn tip cho n khi khi ng mt vi th tc tnh ton. Cc gi tin ngoi hin
trng c th c nh x n mt hay nhiu tp hp BA thp hn c th thc thi.
Ch rng hin trng lu lng l thnh phn ty chn ca TCA v vic s dng
n li ph thuc vo cc c tnh ring ca yu cu dch v v chnh sch cung cp
dch v ca min DS
1.4.2.4.3 Cc b iu ha lu lng
B iu ha lu lng bao gm cc thnh phn sau: o (meter), nh du
(marker), nh dng (shaper) v loi b gi (dropper). Mt lung lu lng c
chn bi b phn lp s hng cc gi tin n b iu ha. Mt b o c s dng
o lung lu lng da vo hin trng lu lng. Trng thi ca b o i vi

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Chng 1 Cht lng dch v trong mng IP

mt gi tin c th c th c s dng tc ng n vic nh du, loi b gi

hay nh dng.
Khi cc gi ra khi b iu ha lu lng ca mt node bin DS, m DS ca
mi gi tin cn phi c thit lp vi gi tr tng ng.
Hnh 1.9 biu din s khi ca b phn lp v iu ha lu lng. Ch rng
mt b iu ha lu lng khng cn thit bao gm 4 thnh phn. V d nh trong
trng hp ny, khng c hin trng lu lng, th cc gi tin ch i qua b phn
lp v nh du

Meter

Inbound

Classifier

Marker

traffic
stream

Conditioner

Queuing

Shaping

Scheduling

Dropping

Dropping

Hnh 1.9 Cu trc ca router DiffServ

B o (Meters)
Cc b o lu lng s o cc c tnh thi gian ca lung cc gi tin c
chn t b phn lp da vo hin trng lu lng c nh ngha trong TCA. B
o s chuyn tip cc thng tin trng thi n cc hm iu ha kch khi mi
hot ng ring bit cho mi gi tin nm trong hoc ngoi hin trng
B nh du (Markers)
Cc b nh du s thit lp trng DS vi m ring bit, sau gi tin c
nh du theo tp hp i x BA ring. B nh du c th c cu hnh nh
du tt c cc gi tin vi ch mt m, hay c th c cu hnh nh du 1 gi tin

-19-

Chng 1 Cht lng dch v trong mng IP

1 m c chn trong PHB sao cho ph hp vi trng thi trong b o. Khi thay i
m ca gi tin c ngha gi tin c nh du li.
B nh dng (Shapers)
B nh dng s lm tr mt vi hoc tt c cc gi tin trong lung lu lng
theo th t lung lu lng ph hp vi hin trng lu lng. B nh dng
thng c b m khng gii hn v cc gi tin c th b loi b nu b m khng
khng gian cha cc gi tin.
B loi b gi (Droppers)
B loi b gi s loi b 1 s hay tt c cc gi tin theo th t ph hp
vi hin trng lu lng. X l ny thng gi l khng ch lung.
1.4.2.4 V d
Gi s trong min DS c 2 phin kt ni gia S1R1 v S2R2. Qu trnh hot
ng ca dch v phn bit DiffServ s c biu din nh sau:
Ban u khi cc gi tin i vo cc router bin ER1 v ER2 s c phn lp
ph hp vi cc trng trong header. V d nh cc gi tin i t S1 n R1
mang thng tin a ch ca R2 v cng ch l 80 s c xp lp BA 1 u
tin, nhng do ti ER1 ch c 1 phin kt ni n nn vic phn lp d dng
hn.

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Chng 1 Cht lng dch v trong mng IP

Hnh 1.10 Hot ng DiffServ

B nh du DS s thit lp cc 6 bit trong trng DSCP ln tng ng vi
lp BA ca gi tin (6 bit ny ban u c mc nh l 000000). Gi s gi
tin t S1 trong BA1 tng ng vi PHB l AF11 khi 6 bit ny s c
thit lp l 001010. Tng t cho gi tin t S2, gi s PHB l EF, khi
DSCP s l 101110.
Sau khi c nh du, cc gi tin s c b lp lch trong router bin xp
hng v gi i trong mng. Ti y cc gi tin cng c th b loi b nu nh
thng tin ca chng khng ph hp vi lung do cu trc ca cc router
Khi cc gi tin i n cc router li CR5 v CR7, vic x l l n gin do
ch c 1 phin kt ni cho mi router. Nhng n router CR6, router ny c
nhim v phn loi cc gi tin v thc hin cc c ch hng i nh
hnh 1.11 di y. Sau s y cc gi tin n ng a ch trong header.

Hnh 1.11 Nhim v ca router li

1.4.2.6 u im v hn ch ca DiffServ
1.4.2.6.1 u im
Kh nng m rng
Kh nng m rng l mi quan tm hng u ca cc nh cung cp dch v,
khi s kt ni ngy cng tng. Do trong mng li cng tng s lung lu lng
vi nhiu giao thc khc nhau, n yu cu m bo cc iu kin trn mi lung
hay phc tp tnh ton kh c kh nng m rng DiffServ, tp hp cc lung lu

-21-

Chng 1 Cht lng dch v trong mng IP

lng sau iu khin vi s lng ln. Cng t khi cc PHB c thit lp d

dng, DiffServ s dng cc tc cao nng cao cc tha thun v tc [4].
Qun l d dng
Trong khun kh cc dch v phn bit, cc min DiffServ khc nhau c th
thc thi cc PHBs cho n khi no chng thy tha thun gia cc min thch hp.
iu ny s gip cc nh cung cp dch v t do la chn cc thc thi ca h v c
th cung ng c cc dch v phn bit vi s thay i ti thiu v kin trc h
tng.
n gin
Thc thi DiffServ khng khc g so vi mng IP c s. Do n m bo
tnh n gin v d dng thc thi hay nng cp vi cc mc gi tha thun khc
nhau.
Kh nng o t
Ti mi chn trong min DiffServ, cc b iu ha v cc b nh dng lu
lng lin tc o cc dng d liu i vo v b lp lch ng lin kt s iu
khin cc gi tin c gi i, khng qu kh yu cu cung cp cc thng tin v
i x ca mng. Cc nh cung cp dch v c th s dng thng tin cp pht tt
nht cc bng thng v cung cp cc tha thun mc dch v cho khch hng.
1.4.2.6.2 Hn ch
Hai hn ch ln nht ca kin trc DiffServ l [4]:
Kin trc DiffServ ch xut cc c ch i x chuyn tip gi tin vi cc
lung hp nht, qun l lu lng v iu ha. Tuy nhin n khng cung cp
mt kin trc dch v im- im.
Mt khc, trong khun kh DiffServ khng c kh nng iu khin cc li
ng kt ni. V nh trong min DiffServ, mt ng kt ni mang lu
lng EF b t kt ni, th s khng c cch no cung cp ng kt ni
thay th m bo mt gi ti thiu nht. Hn th na, trong Diffserv
khng cung cp bt k k thut lu lng no, iu c ngha l s c

-22-

Chng 1 Cht lng dch v trong mng IP

nhng ng kt ni th qu ti, trong lc cc ng khc c th khng c

s dng.
iu ny t ra th thch cho cc nh cung cp dch v lm sao khai thc c cc
u im ca DiffServ m vn khc phc c nhng hn ch ca n.
1.5

Nhng tn ti ca mng IP trong vic pht hin li v ti nh tuyn lu

lng
Lu lng i trong mng khng phi lc no cng sun s, vic kt ni b li

c th xy ra ti bt c thi im no. Mng IP c th cung cp c ch pht hin li

v ti nh tuyn lu lng bn trong mng nh sau:
-

Node s pht hin ng kt ni hng

Sau s tnh ton v tm ng dn thay th

Node trc ng lin kt hng s pht (flood) cc thng bo li ng

truyn n cc node cn li

Tt cc c node s tnh li ng i v cp nht bng thng tin nh tuyn

FIB (Forwarding Information Base).

Vn tn ti y chnh l thi gian cp nht bng FIB: thi gian hi t

(convegence) v thi gian truyn ti mi node l khc nhau dn n thng tin trn
bng FIB sai lch. Kt qu s xy ra hin tng vng lp trong mng. C th nh
sau:

Hnh 1.12 Ti nh tuyn trong mng IP

IP s dng thut ton SPF (shortest Path First) tnh ng ngn nht cho
lu lng ( t A-B-C E-F). Khi c s c link xy ra gia C v E, C s nh tuyn
lu lng quay tr li B, trong khi B cha hi t y , bng FIB ca B cha cp
nht hon ton nn vn c y gi n C. Do s xy ra vng lp gia B v C.

-23-

Chng 1 Cht lng dch v trong mng IP

Khi link khi phc li, c th lc B vn cha hi t kp thi, bng FIB cp nht
thng tin trng thi lc ng lin kt lc li. Do khi lu lng n B s c
nh tuyn quay tr li A trong khi lu lng t A vn gi n B. Vng lp li xy
ra ti A v B.
Mt vn khc, khi C tnh ton li ng thay th tc l lu lng s i t
A-B-C-D-E-F. Lc ny trnh xy ra hin tng vng lp ti cc router A, B, C s
c thit lp thi gian gi (hold down) m bo mng hi t y . Nu
khng thit lp thi gian ny, hin tng vng lp c th xy ra
y chnh l nhc im ln nht ca IP, khi s dng DiffServ trong mng
IP s khng m bo c cht lng dch v k kt vi khch hng..

1.6

Kt lun
Vic cung cp v m bo cht lng dch v l mt trong nhng mi quan

tm hng u ca cc nh cung cp. Do khi thc thi DiffServ trong mng IP, vi
nhng u im ca n c th mang li cht lng dch v tt nht cho khch hng
theo ng hp ng tha thun, nhng vi kh nng ti nh tuyn ca IP khng th
p ng c nhu cu ca khch hng. khc phc nhc im ny, vic tm ra
cng ngh mi vi c ch khi phc nhanh l mc tiu t ln hng u ca cc nh
cung cp dch v. Chng 2 s i vo tm hiu mng MPLS, k thut lu lng v
mt s m hnh khi phc ng dn.

-24-