Nguyn nh ng

S lc v

k thut v sn du

Mc lc
trang

Li ni u

I) K thut quan trng nh th no?

II) Tm tt lch s k thut v sn du

III) Vt liu v sn du
1) Vt liu
2) Mu
3) Dung mi, cht to mng, cht trung gian, du bng
4) Bt lng
5) Quy nh v an ton
6) nh sng trong studio

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14
17
24
26
27
28

IV) K thut v sn du c in
1) K thut Flemish
K thut ca Jan Vermeer
2) K thut Venetian
3) K thut v trc tip
4) i mi nh Rembrandt
3 nguyn tc c bn ca k thut v nhiu lp
Mt s cng thc pha du v

29
30
31
36
37
37
37
38

V) Ti v nh th no?

40

Li kt
Ti liu tham kho

44
45

Li ni u
Nhn li mi ca Ban M thut Hin i (Ban MTH), ngy 8/1/2009 ti ni
chuyn vi sinh vin m thut, mt s ho s, nh l lun ph bnh m thut,
phng vin mt s t bo, v nhng ngi quan tm v k thut v sn du ti
i hc M thut (HMT) 42 Yt Kiu H Ni. Bui ni chuyn thu ht kh
ng ngi nghe. Sau khi ni chuyn, ti cn c tr li nhiu cu hi.
Theo yu cu ca nhiu ngi quan tm, ti bin son bi ni chuyn ca ti
thnh dng vn vit di y cho d c, ng thi b sung mt s chi tit, cng
nh tr li k hn mt s cu hi m, do thi gian eo hp, ti khng lm c
ti bui ni chuyn.
Thu tm chi tit v ton b k thut v sn du trong 5 10 th k, li cn
thng thm ci ui ca hn 30 nm kinh nghim bn thn, l mt iu khng
th lm c trong vng 2 3 ting ng h cng nh trn vi chc trang vit.
Vic ny i hi mt kha ging vi hc k kt hp l thuyt vi thc hnh, nh
v ang c tin hnh ti cc i hc m thut ca cc nc pht trin, v
cn bin son mt cun sch dy hoc gio trnh t m. V th, ti bui ni chuyn
cng nh trong bi vit ny, ti ch c th i lt qua phn lch s vi mt s
danh ho tiu biu nhm minh ho cho vic pht trin k thut sn du, nhn
mt s chi tit v ho phm, nu tm tt 3 k thut v sn du c in chnh.
Cui cng, khi qun mnh, ti gii thiu vi nt v k thut v sn du ca
bn thn.
Chc chn bi vit khng trnh khi thiu st. V vy, ti hy vng nhn c gp
t pha c gi c th a vo nhng b sung v/hoc sa cha cn thit,
vi mc ch duy nht l gip ch cho tt c nhng ai quan tm ti k thut v
sn du, h c th dng bi vit ny nh mt trong nhng ngun tham kho
hay tra cu.
Nhn y, ti mun cm n Ban M thut Hin i, c th l b Bi Nh Hng
v ng Phm Trung, mi ti ni chuyn, v cm n HMT H Ni ng ra
t chc bui ni chuyn ny. Ti cng cm n ho s L Huy Tip, ho s V
Huyn, v cc thnh gi khc m ti khng bit tn v nhng nhn xt qu gi v
nhng cu hi su sc gip ti hon thin bi vit di y. Ti a t tt c
cc thnh gi lng nghe ti ni chuyn t u n cui trong sut gn 3 gi
ng h hm 8/1/2009 ti HMT H Ni, mc d nhiu ngi hm phi
ng nghe v khng c gh ngi trong hi trng.

Nguyn nh ng
Tokyo, 16/1/2009

I) K thut quan trng nh th no?

S l mt sai lm khi ni rng sn du l cht liu ca nn dn ch ri ai
cng bit v m khng nht thit thnh ho s. ng, khng ai cm bn dng
dng bt lng hay dao v bi mu sn du ln toile (ca bn). Nhng iu
khng c ngha l bn bit v sn du. Cng vy, dng ngn tay g, thm ch ci
tay nn ln phm n piano pht thnh ting, thm ch thnh mt giai iu no
khng c ngha l bn bit chi n, v ci th m thanh pht ra khng
phi bao gi cng l m nhc.
C l chng ta khng nn qun rng, trong lch s - theo Aristotle (384-322 TCN)
- t ngh thut (ars ting Latin, [tekhne] ting Hy Lp) vn c dng
ch nhng hot ng ca con ngi da trn cc quy tc v kin thc. Thc s,
trong thi C i (t.k. 6 TCN t.k. 4) v Trung c ( t.k. 5 t.k. 15) ngi ta chia
ngh thut lm 7 ngnh ngh thut t do: Trivium (tam khoa): Vn phm, Hng
bin, Logic, v Quadrivium (t khoa): S hc, Hnh hc, Thin vn, v m nhc
(lc l mn duy nht ca m thut). Hi ha v iu khc lc ch c coi
l ngh th cng. Dn dn cc ho s v nh iu khc xut chng c ngng
m nh nhng ngi rt gii quy tc v k thut c th nh hnh hn mang,
to nn sn phm c gi tr thm m t s hn lon. Ti khong nm 1500 cc
nh nhn vn Phc hng ti thnh cng trong cuc u tranh a hi ha,
iu khc v kin trc thnh cc mn ca ngh thut t do.
Dng sn v nh th no l iu rt quan trng i vi ho s, lin quan n
vic to ra mt hin thc bng tranh. iu ny c th snh ngang k thut chy
ngn tay, dng c tay, c th lm pht ra m thanh i vi mt ngh s piano,
hay ton hc v k thut lp chng trnh i vi nh vt l l thuyt, bi thiu
n mi cm xc, trc cm ca ngh s hay nh khoa hc s ch dng mc
nghip d, o ut, khng my gi tr. Tnh t do trong biu hin ch tr thnh
ngh thut chng no cm xc c ch ng bi kin thc, l tr v kinh nghim.
Chng nhng cc ho s m cc nh l lun ph bnh m thut, hay tt c nhng
ai vit v hi ha nh cc nh bo cng cn bit v k thut v sn du, cho d
mc phi thc hnh. L do tht n gin: Nu khng hiu k thut v sn du
th khng th khen ng hoc ch ng mt bc tranh sn du cng nh tc gi
ca n c.
Ngi ta thng cho rng cc i danh ho bao gi cng hay v mi phng
din trong ngh. l mt s nhm ln. Cc thin ti cng tng mc li. Th d
in hnh l Leonardo da Vinci:

Leonardo da Vinci (1452 1519) Ba ti cui cng (1495 1498), 460 x 880 cm,
Nh th Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan

Bc Ba ti cui cng (Il Cenacolo hay lUltima Cena), hng ngay sau khi v
xong, v i danh ho Phc Hng khng hiu k thut v tranh bch ho. ng
dng tempera (mu trn lng trng g) v bc Cenacolo ln tng
c ph bng gesso, mastic v hc n, khin tc phm b hng rt nhanh.

Peter Paul Rubens, bn chp li (nm 1603) (Louvre) da theo mt phin bn khc nm 1558
ca Lorenzo Zacchia: Nhm cp c trong Trn nh Anghiari ca Leonardo da Vinci (1505)

Sau tht bi ny, ng rt kinh nghim. Ln ny ng dng sn du v bc Trn

nh Anghiari ln tng. ng th nghim v lp lt bng encaustic mu
trn vi sp ong - m ng c c trong bch khoa ton th Lch s t nhin
ca Pliny (vit nm 77) [Xem [1]: Book 35, Chapter 41]. Theo k thut ny, lp lt
sp ong phi c h nng mu ph pha trn c th d dng ho vi nhau.
Leonardo cho t mt l than gn bc tng, song sc nng lm sp ong
chy ra, rt xung sn cng vi mu. Tht vng, ng b d bc bch ho.
Leonardo dng nh b qua cnh bo ca Pliny rng encaustic l th khng
dng v ln nn m (tng) c [Xem [1]: Book 35, Chapter 31(7)], trong khi
tri li ma to trong ngy u tin khi Leonardo v mu ln lp lt. V vy,
sinh vin hi ha cn qun ci mc thin ti i, m cn hiu cn k cc vn
c th c tnh cht thc hnh trong ngh.

II) Tm tt lch s k thut v sn du

Chn dung tng trn xc p (98 117), encaustic trn g

Nn vn minh c xa nht vng a Trung Hi, bao gm La M, Hy Lp v Ai

cp (t.k. 6 TCN t.k. 4) bit trn cc ht mu tm thy trong thin nhin vi
sp ong (encaustic) v. T cui thi La M c i (t.k. 4) cho n u thi
Phc Hng (th k 15), k thut c dn dn c thay th bng sn du v
tempera (mu trn lng trng g). Lc u, Hy Lp v ngi ta dng du
olive, c nhc im l rt lu kh.
1) Kt qu nghin cu gn y nht cho thy sn du c dng v t
th k 5 7 ti Ty Afghanistan (12 trong s 50 hang ti Bamiyan). Cc nh khoa
hc t 3 trung tm nghin cu ca Nht, Php v M dng cc phng php
khc nhau phn tch hng trm mu th. H pht hin ra rng nhng bc ha
trn tng hang Bamiyan c v bng mu, trong c vermillion (sulfide
thy ngn) v lapis lazuli (gn Bamyian c m lapis lazuli), trn vi du ht thuc
phin v du walnut (ht cy c ch), vi mt k thut v nhiu lp, c c lng
mu, tng t nh k thut v sn du ca thi Trung C sau ny [2]. T , c
v nh k thut v sn du c lan truyn sang phng Ty theo con
ng t la.

Tranh sn du t th k 5 - 7 (phi) tm thy nm 2001 trong hang Bamiyan (Afghanistan) (tri)

(theo kt qu nghin cu ca cc nh khoa hc Nht - Php - M cng b 4/2008)

2) Tu s Theophilus (~ 1070 1125) l ngi cng b cun sch u tin

cp ti k thut v sn du nhan Schedula diversarum artium (Latin, Danh
mc cc ngh thut khc nhau) hoc De diversibus artibus (Latin, V cc ngh
thut khc nhau) (khong 1125). Cun sch vit bng ting Latin, gm 3 tp. Tp
1 vit v cch ch to v s dng ho phm nh sn du, mc, k thut hi
ho. Tp 2 vit v ch to knh mu v k thut v trn knh. Tp 3 vit v k
thut kim hon, v cch ch to n i phong cm. l cun sch u tin
trong lch s cp ti sn du. Trong th k 19 v 20 cun sch c dch
ra 9 th ting (Anh, Php, Ba Lan, Hung, c, , Nht, Rumania, v Nga).
3) Cennino Cennini (khong 1370 1440) (ngi ) vit cun Il libro delarte
(Cm nang ngh thut) (khong 1437) [3]. Sch gm 6 chng, 128 mc, gii
thch chi tit v cc ht mu, bt lng, bng g, vi dn trn bng g, ngh thut
bch ho, cc th thut, v lt, v ph bng tempera trng, k thut v sn du,
c bit, trong chng 4 mc 91 v 92, ng m t kh k cch ch to du lanh
un trn la v dng nng mt tri. ng cng m t cch nghin ultramarine vi
du lanh, sp ong, v nha mastic.
4) Trong cun Cuc i cc ho s, nh iu khc v kin trc s xut sc nht
(Le vite de piu eccelenti pittori, scultori e architetori) [4], Giorgio Vasari (1511
1574) cho rng k thut sn du m chng ta dng v n ngy nay c
Jan Van Eyck (1395 1441) (hay John of Bruges) (pht m: [yan van aik]) sng
6

to ra vo khong 1410. iu ny gy ra mt s ng nhn rng Jan Van Eyck

l ngi pht minh ra sn du. Thc ra, thnh tu tht s ca ring Van Eyck
l ch ng ch to ra c mt cht varnish (vernis) da trn du to mng
(ch yu l lanh) dng lm cht kt dnh cc ht mu. B mt ca ng n gin
nh sau: ng trn mu vi ht thy tinh, than xng, v du lanh ri un si
lu cho khi c mt hp cht c snh. Du lanh lm mu kh nhanh hn
nhiu. Van Eyck ch cng b b mt ny vo nm 1440 t lu trc khi ng cht.

Jan Van Eyck (1395 1441):
tri: Ngi n ng i khn (t ho?); phi: Giovanni Arnolfini v v (1434)
81.8 x 59.7 cm, sn du trn g, London National Gallery

Minh ho ni ting nht cho k thut ca Van Eyck (k thut Flemish hay
Flamand) l bc tranh Giovanni Arfnolfini v v. Van Eyck vn dng cc ht
mu khong cht nh cc ho s , song du lanh khin cc ht mu tr nn
rc r hn, mu trng trong hn v cc ht mu c treo l lng trong lp du
lanh, to nn hiu qu quang hc, v thit lp mt tiu chun trong hi ho m
cho n tn ngy nay cha c mt cht liu v no khc c th vt qua c.
Sau Van Eyck, k thut ch to sn du c lin tc pht trin:
- Antonello da Messina (1430 1479) pha oxide ch vo sn du lm kh
nhanh hn. Thc cht l du ht c ch (walnut) un vi oxide ch.

Antonello da Messina
Tri: T ho (?). Phi: c B Maria trong li truyn tin (1476), sn du trn g, 45 x 34.5 cm, Palermo

Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) thm 5 10 % sp ong vo du lanh ri un

100 C trnh mu qu ti. Giorgione (1477 1510), Titian (1488
1576), Tintoretto (1518 1594) ci tin cht t cng thc ca Leonardo.
Vo th k 17, Rubens (1577 1640) dng du ht c ch (walnut) un vi
oxide ch v mt s keo mastic ho tan trong du thng nghin mu.
Nm 1720 Jean-Baptiste-Simon Chardin (16991779) t Charles Laclef c t ca gia nh Lefranc, lc l nh bun cc ht mu - lm sn du cho
mnh. Cng ngh sn xut sn du cho hi ho ra i. l hng Lefranc &
Bourgeois ngy nay.
Nm 1841 John Goeffe Rand - ho s M - ng k bng sng ch ra tube
bng ch cha sn du. Nm 1842 Winsor & Newton (1832) sn xut cc
tube sn du u tin c np y bn cho ho s.

S pht trin ca k thut sn du gn lin vi s tin trin ca hi ha phng

Ty. Thng thng s pht trin ny, c trnh by theo trnh t thi gian, i t
Phc Hng, Mannerism, Baroque, C in, Tn C in, n Lng mn, n
tng, Hu n tng, Hin i, Hu Hin i. Cun sch ca Brian Thomas
Vision and tecniques in European painting (Longmans, Green & Co. , London,
1952) xem xt s pht trin ca k thut sn du trn 4 phng din: ng
nt, to hnh, sc , v mu. Ti nhc ti cun sch l v khi ti chun b bi
ni chuyn ny, ho s L Huy Tip than phin vi ti v mt s bi vit v k
thut sn du ng trn Tp ch M thut gn y. Trong c mt bn dch
ting Vit (s 191, thng 11/2008, tr. 10 13) t bn gc ting Anh tm tt cch
trnh by ca Brian Thomas, ly c t internet (http://www.oil-paintingtechniques.com/history-of-oil-painting.html). Bn dch , tic thay, mc rt nhiu
li thng thng, c v ting Anh ln ting Vit, cha ni n cc thut ng
chuyn mn. Ngoi ra chnh bn gc cng mc mt s li v lch s hi ho khi
nhn nh v nhiu danh ho. V th, ti mun nhn y lu cc bn tr rng
ng d dng tin vo bt c ci g nu khng c chng minh, v cch tt
nht l t mnh kim chng bng nghin cu, t duy ca chnh mnh.
Khng th bc tch s tin trin ring bit ca ng nt, hnh kh sc , v
mu. Song, c th ni, k thut v lt v nhiu lp ca cc ha s x Flemish
c pht trin rt phong ph. Nh th gii trong tranh tr nn ngy cng
ging thc v nhn bn hn. Di y ti ch nu cc i din tiu biu nht cho
vic minh ho s pht trin ca k thut sn du. a s tranh m ti chn ti
nhn thy bn gc.

Van Eyck, trch on t Ghent Altarpiece (1432)

Jan Van Eyck (k thut Flamand): (s ni k phn IV-1)

- v ln bng g lt gesso
- dng tempera to khi v ln sng ti n sc
- lng nhiu lp sn du mng

Tri: Giovanni Bellini (1430 - 1516), Ni khc khoi trong vn, tempera trn g (~1465), 81.3 x 127 cm
Phi: Andrea Mantegna (1431 - 1506), Ni khc khoi trong vn, tempera trn g (~1460), 62.9 x 80 cm
London National Gallery

Giovanni Bellini (1430 1516) v Andrea Mantegna (1431-1506) u tng l hc

tr ca Jacopo Bellini cha ca Giovanni. Song, trong khi Mantegna c cch tip
cn mang nng tnh iu khc, vi ng chn tri thp, v dng lut vin cn
tuyn tnh to ra o gic v khng gian vi phong cnh kh lnh nh kim loi,
th Bellini dng mu m t kh quyn trong tranh, lm mm cc ng vin
i, to nn s thay i ln trong hi ha Venetian, nh hng su sc ti 2 hc
tr l Giorgione v Titian (Xem k thut Venetian phn IV-2).

Leonardo da Vinci: La Joconda hin nay (tri) v La Joconda c g o varnish (phi)

Leonardo da Vinci p dng k thut sfumato trong hnh ha m ng hc c t

Andrea del Verocchio vo sn du lm bin mt ng nt, to nn o gic
v chiu su. (Ting : sfumare = bin mt, c lin quan n fumo = khi).
Verocchio dy Leonardo rng: Hy v sao cho ch sng v ti ho vo nhau
m khng cn gch hoc vn, sao cho trng nh khi vy. ng ch trng vic
tm hiu cu trc hnh, nhp iu trong t nhin, dng sng ti p o mu.
9

Cu hi 500 nm: Leonardo dng mu g v mt Mona Lisa?

Thng 4/2008 hai nh nghin cu Php l M. Elias v P. Cotte cng b kt qu phn tch
ph nh sng phn chiu t 100 triu im khc nhau trn mt Mona Lisa (La Joconda) [5].
H phn loi c hiu ng khc x nh sng gy bi lp varnish, lp sn pha trn v
lp lt phi di. Nh h ch ra c chnh xc pigment no c dng. H pht hin
ra rng lp ph pha trn c bo ha rt cao ca pigment umber (nu en). iu c
ngha l lp mu pha trn c v bng lng umber - k thut Flemish trc cha c
dng . Sau h so snh ph o c vi ph mu thu c trn cc pigments dng
trong th k 16 c ph vanirsh c lm c i bng phng php nhn to. Nh h c
th ra o lp varnish bng k thut s, v xc nh chnh xc rng lp mu pha di
cng c v lng vi t l 1% vermillion v 99% trng ch. y l cng thc lng cc ho
s thi thng dng, song ch v lp b mt ch khng lng lp di.
Ngi ta cho rng Leonardo v cc ho s ng thi hc c k thut lng sn
du t Atonello da Messina, ngi ph bin k thut Flemish vo nc vo khong 1450.
Cc nh khoa hc Php cng dng phng php ni trn phn tch bc Ngi n b
v con chn c Leonardo v trc (1490), song khng tm thy lp lng no.

Titian kt hp ti tnh ca mu sc cc b (local color) vi sng ti

(chiaroscuro) to nn s hi ho gia ci p (beauty) (th hin qua mu sc) v
s hng v, b n (sublimity and mystery) (th hin qua sng ti). Joshua
Reynolds coi trng phi Venetian l trng phi lng ly nht v v tao nh [6] .

Tri: Giorgione (1477 1510) V N ng (1510), sn du trn vi, 108.5 x 175 cm,
Bo tng m thut Dresden
Phi: Titian (1485 - 1576) V N Urbino (1538), sn du trn vi, 119 x 165 cm,
Galleria degli Uffizi

Bc Venus Urbino th hin mt ph n tr nm trong quang cnh ni tht mt cung in

thi Phc Hng. Tuy th nm kh ging Venus ng ca Giorgione (1510) - bc tranh u
tin trong lch s v nude nm nh mt ch th duy nht (Titian l ngi v nt bc tranh
ca Giorgione sau khi ng ny cht), song khc vi v xa xm ca Venus ca Giorgione,
Venus ca Titian khng c mt t g l thn thnh, m trng y v khu gi nhc dc, mt
nhn thng vo ngi xem. Con ch thng l biu tng ca lng trung thnh, nhng Titian
v con ch ng nh mun t du hi v s chung thy ca ngi ph n trong tranh.
Mark Twain khi nhn thy bc tranh ny vo nm 1880 cho rng y l bc ho tc tu
nht th gii, rng c l n c v cho mt nh cha, nhng ri b t chi v qu nng
k, rng n qu mnh treo ti bt c a im cng cng no tr bo tng m thut.
Bc Venus Urbino gy cm hng cho Manet v Olympia vo nm 1863 trong n
thn i tnh c mt c gi im th chn.

10

Caravaggio (1571 1610) Ba ti ti Emmaus (1601)

sn du, 141 x 196.2 cm, London National Gallery

Caravaggio m mn cho hi ho baroque vi phong cch v hin thc n mc

kinh ngc, a sng ti (chiaroscuro) thnh mt k thut xc nh, to nn bi kch
v b mt trong tranh (tenebrism) [tenebra (ting ) = s ti tm]. ng v rt
nhanh, lun t mu thc, khng bao gi v hnh ho chun b m dng cn bt
lng phc lun hnh ln toile. Rt nhiu ho s tr ng thi bt chc
Carravaggio. H c gi l caravaggisti hay tenebrosi. Caravaggio c nh
hng ln ti ton b hi ho sau ng vi Rubens, Rembrandt, Vermeer,
Velasquez, Georges de La Tour, Delacroix, Courbet, v Manet.

Rembrandt (1606 1669) i tun m (1642)

sn du, 363 x 437 cm, Rijksmuseum, Ansterdam

Rembrandt y cht bi kch v cht th ca Caravaggio ln nh im, cm th

v hnh rt su sc.
11

Tri: Jan Vermeer (1632-1675) Ngi n b rt sa, sn du, 45.5 x 41 cm, 1660, Rijksmuseum,
Amsterdam
Phi: Joshua Reynolds (1723 -1792) Thn i tnh ci dy lng Venus, sn du, 127.5 x 101 cm, 1788,
Hermitage

Jan Vermeer (pht m [yan phmia]) l trng hp c bit ca hi ha baroque,

ngi tin thn ca hi ha n tng v hin i [7]. Ti s tr li vi Vermeer
phn IV-1.
Reynolds c bit ti dng sc trang tr, ho sc trng giu c, phong ph.
Cch ng dng mu nguyn cht m ng cho Constable v cc ho s
Php sau ny. Tuy nhin cc th nghim v k thut sn du ca ng phn ln
tht bi v ng b mang ting l mt ho s kit xut nhng li dt v cht liu.
Cc tranh ca ng v b nt rt nhiu.

Tri: J. Turner (1775 1851) Nc cn trn bi bin Calais" (1835), sn du, 73 x 107 cm, London
National Gallery
Phi: C. Monet (1840 -1926) n tng - Mt tri mc (1872 1873), 48 x 63 cm, bo tng Marmottan,
Paris

Sang th k 19, cc ho s dn dn hy sinh s chnh xc ca ng nt v sc

. H t hi ho (harmony) lm mc tiu, v t mc tiu bng cn bng
trong ho sc, mu nng mu lnh, mu cng mnh vi cng yu. Cc
bc tranh v ni tht ti tm dn dn nhng ch cho cc tranh phong cnh
sng sa. Turner c th c coi l tin phong cho tro lu ny. Tip theo l
12

Constable, cc ho s Pre-Raphaelites, Corot, Courbet, Manet, cc ho s n

tng v hu n tng. C th ni, vi cc bc tranh phong cnh ca mnh, nh
bc Nc cn trn bi bin Calais, Turner mi xng ng l ngi khai sinh ra
phong cch n tng, trc Claude Monet gn 4 thp nin.

Edouard Manet (1832 - 1883) Olympia (1863) , sn du, 130.5 x 190 cm, bo tng Orsay

Olympia ca Manet: iu gy schock i vi ngi ng thi khng phi l

s trn trung ca c mu, m l ci nhn trc din, v mt l cc chi tit chng
t c gi l mt gi bao hay gi im. Trong khi Venus ca Titian che ch kn
ca mnh mt cch thanh nh, Olympia ca Manet bo v ca qu ca mnh
mt cch cng quyt nh th khng nh tnh c lp v u th tnh dc
ca mnh i vi n ng. Manet thay con ch - biu tnig ca s chung thy
- trong tranh ca Titian bng con mo - biu tng ca mi dm. Olympia
khng thm n b hoa trong tay ngi hu, c th do mt khch hng
no tng. Mt s ngi cn suy din rng c ta nhn v pha ca, ni ngi
khch ang xng vo m khng bo trc. L do su xa ca phn ng quyt
lit ca cng chng l s s hi t nn im trong x hi. i vi h,
Olympia l mt s s nhc v o c.
Manet l ho s c o to hn lm, song ng t b li v ca ho
vin thi , m v Olympia bng nhng vt bt rng. Cng chng thi coi
kiu v ny l ca tr con, v hc. Nh vy bc tranh gy sc v c 3 phng
din: hnh thc, ti, o c. Vi Olympia, Manet bc qua vch gii hn
ca nhng g c chp nhn trong ngh thut ng thi ch cha ni trong
x hi.
iu ng ngc nhin l hi ng m thut ca Salon nm 1865 li chp
nhn bc tranh. Nhiu nh nghin cu cho rng l do hi ng khng mun
b mang ting l kim duyt do bc tranh n sng trn c ca Manet b ch
trch mnh 2 nm trc. Ngc li, h mun cho bc tranh v ho s chu
ba ru d lun.

Th k 20
n u th k 20 c v nh s pht trin v k thut sn du ht. Nhng
ho s thi thng by gi khng cn ni gt tin bi na, coi lm nh th l tm
thng, thiu c tnh (derivative), l th cp. V mt k thut sn du, thc s
khng c g nhiu hc y, ngoi tr xu hng lm sng li k thut ca
13

cc bc thy c in nh trong cc tc phm ca Salvador Dal, k thut ca mt

s t ho s thuc fauvism (d th) [8] nh Georges Rouault - y impasto n
dy ti a - hay photorealism (v d Richard Estes).

T tri sang:
Salvador Dal (1904 1989) Gic m gy bi con ong bay quanh qu lu mt giy trc khi tnh gic
(1944) 51 x 40.5 cm;
Georges Rouault (1871-1958) Sarah, 1956, 55 x 42 cm;
Richard Estes (1932) Hnh phn chiu ca xe bus, 1972, 101.6 x 132.1 cm

III) Vt liu v sn du
1) Vt liu (support)
Support thng c chia lm 3 nhm:
-

Vt liu c mt trung bnh: bng g p tt hn bng g; bng g tt

hn bng g dn.

Vt liu nh: vi (toile hay canvas, t gc Hy Lp = cannabis =

vi gai du): vi gai du (hemp) dai nht, k n l lanh (linen), ri bng
(cotton), cui cng l ay (jute).
Gai du v lanh c con ngi trng t khong 10 ngn nm trc. Si gai du v
si lanh c tnh cht kh ging nhau. Rt kh phn bit canvas gai du v lanh bng mt
thng. Cc ho s Phc Hng v Baroque thng v trn canvas gai du. Canvas lanh
bt u c trng phi Venetian dng t t.k.15 v cc bc tranh c ln, v tr nn
ph bin t t.k. 19. Canvas lanh ca B (Belgium linen canvas) c coi l tt nht v c
gi cao nht. Canvas si bng (cotton) km dai hn canvas gai v lanh nhiu,
khng gi sn tt, ht m mnh, d b nhim acid v tia cc tm lm h hi, d
mc, d co gin khin mt sn d b nt, khng nn dng cho nhng tc phm quan
trng. Canvas si ay yu nht, gin theo thi gian, v d mc khi m. bn ca
canvas t cc loi si tng hp cha thi gian kim nghim.

Vt liu mng: giy si bng tt hn giy thng, k l ba, ri giy bi.

Mt support cn rp sn dnh vo nhng li khng c ht sn khi b

xung mu, khng c co gin nhiu qu khi nhit thay i sn khi nt
v. V th vt liu phi c x l (preparer, hay size (ph) v prime (lt)).
T th k 15 chu u lm support v c coi l mt ngh ring. Ho s
c gii phng khi cng vic nng nhc , v ch cn mua support do th
14

lm sn. Ngy nay cng vy, tt nht l mua toile c ph lt sn ngoi

hiu. Toile bn sn thng c chia lm 3 loi: mn, trung, th. Toile mn c gi
cao nht, k n toile trung, ri toile th.

th

trung

mn

Ph (Sizing):
C th dng acrylic priming dng cho mi b mt v cho mi cht liu.
Nu khng c th t chun b theo cng thc sau:
-

t l: 45 ~ 60 gr keo da tru (hay da th) / 1 lit nc lnh

va un nh la va quy trong ni, nhng khng si
khi keo tan ht c dung dch lng nh thch, th ngui n
nhit trong phng (24 25 C)
hm ln cho thnh lng
dng bt bt to bn pht ln toile cng trn khung sao cho cht ph
chui vo tt c cc ch lm
kh

Keo da (tru hay th) ngn khng cho linolenic acid trong du lanh n
thng toile. Nhng keo da c nhc im l ht m khin lp lt b co hoc
rp dn n nt sn ph pha trn. Ngy nay nhiu ngi thay bng acrylic
gesso (Xem bn di).
Lm lt (priming) (ground)
Nn (ground) l lp ngn cch gia support v sn sn c th dnh tt v
bn, khng b xung mu. Cht lt tt nht v thng dng nht l dung dch
gesso, c bn sn ngoi hiu. Dung dch gesso gm bt thch cao (calcium
carbonate) trn vi keo casein (phosphorprotein ca sa, ting Latin caseus c
ngha l pho-mat. un sa vi acid hoc dng acid lactic lm chua sa c
casein) hoc keo da tru. Nm 1955 hng Liquitex (1933, USA) ch to ra
acrylic gesso (titanium dioxide + cht kt dnh acrylic) dng dung dch nc,
c nhiu ho s a chung v c th dng cho mi cht liu (sn du,
tempera, gouache, acrylic, v.v.) v lt mi b mt.

Liquitex primer

15

Cng thc n gin lm gesso:

-

Ngm qua m 85 gr keo keo da tru vo 0.8 lit nc.

un cch thy, khng si, quy t t trnh si bt, cho n khi c mt
dung dch sn st. Thm nc cho c 1 lit dung dch.
Trong khi vn tip tc un, rc vo khong 450 ~ 500 gr bt phn (CaCO3)
C th thm bt trng titanium hay mu khc vo theo t l
bt trng titanium : phn = 1: 9.
Khi dung dch cn m, dng bt bt to bn ph mt lt ln toile.
Ch : Qut bt v mt hng
kh (t nht 1 ting). nh giy rp. Lau sch bi.
Ph lt hai (Qut theo hng vung gc vi hng lt trc).
C th ph ti 5 lt ty theo (nu dng trng titanium: 2 lt, nu dng trng
km: 3 5 lt) .
kh (qua m).

Ch : Trn y l cng thc cho support cng, v d g. dng cho toile phi
thm vo, khi un cch thy, khong 20% du lanh c ( qua x l nhit).

Cng thc n gin lm lp lt sn du:

-

Dng dao v trn bt sn trng vi du lanh p lnh c mt hp cht

snh lng.
Thm gesso vo v trn n dng nho c.
Pha long bng du thng ty theo mun.

Khung cng toile (stretcher = chssis clefs, strainer = chssis ordinaire):

- Dng khung ghp mng (strainer), c nm th cng tt (stretcher).

cc nc pht trin nh chu u, M, Nht, st-xi (chssis) c bn sn

theo kch thc thng nht quc t (xem bng bn di, trong n v o kch
thc l cm). Cc kh c phn loi thnh F (figure = hnh), P (paysage =
phong cnh), v M (marine = bin) theo t s gia 2 cnh di v ngn ca
chssis. T s tng khi i t F n P ri M, tc kh tranh M th di hn P, P
di hn F. V d khi ni bc tranh ny c kch thc F100 (hay 100 F) c ngha
l ~ 162 x 130 cm, P100 tc l ~ 162 x 112 cm, M100: ~ 162 x 97 cm. Ngoi ra
cn kh vung, k hiu l S (square), vi hai chiu c di bng nhau v bng
cnh di ca c F, v d S100 tc l 162 x 162 cm.
16

2) Mu
a) Cc ht mu (pigments):
Cc ht vt cht kh c mu c gi l ht mu (pigments), hu c (organic)
tc c cha carbon, hoc v c (inorganic), thng khng c tnh thm thu
hoc thm thu rt yu trn cc b mt vt cht m chng tip xc. V th cn
cht kt dnh gi chng trn cc b mt (trn giy, toile, g, v.v.). Chng
khng b ho tan trong cc cht kt dnh, song s c phn tn treo l lng
trong cht k dnh. Mt s ht mu c ngun trong thin nhin (v d umber v
sienna l t). Cc ht khc l do ch to (v d cc mu cadmium).
Cn phn bit ht mu vi phm nhum. Phm nhum ho tan c v thm
thu c. C th bin phm nhum thnh cc ht mu bng phng php
ha hc, tc tch chng ra khi dung mi sau hm chng bng mt cht v
c khng mu (thng l mui kim loi nh barium sulfate, calcium sulfate,
aliminium hydroxide, aluminium oxide) chng khng b ho tan. Nhng ht
mu loi ny c gi l lake. V d:
-

Indigo (chm) lake c ch to t thi Ai Cp c i t l cy tng lam

(woad), sau c nhp t n ;
Hng madder lake c ly t cy thin tho (madder). Mu tng hp
(synthetic) c gi l Azarin crimson;
Carmine lake c chit t xc kh con rp son (phm yn chi) (c cc
nc nhit i, cn nhit i, Nam M v Mexico)

Cc ht mu ch t phm nhum thng b phai mu.

17

Cc ht mu hu c (organic) thng nh, trong, c nhum cao (high

tinting strength). Cc ht mu v c thng l cc hp cht kim loi, c
(opaque), nng, v c (nh cobalt, iron, zinc, ).
-

Cc ht mu v c trong t nhin nh ochre, umber, sienna c trong t

c mu do oxide st, hydroxides, kt hp vi t st, phn, v silica to
ra.
Cc ht mu v c c tng hp trong cng nghip thng l kim loi.
Cng c cc ht mu v c tng hp thay th cho cc mu t nhin nh
mars v vng mars.
Cc ht mu hu c trong t nhin thng c chit t tho mc hoc
ng vt (thin tho, ng voi, xng, cy nho)
Cc ht mu hu c tng hp l cc hp cht cha carbon nh
quinacridone ( - tm)

Cc ht mu c phn tch theo:

nhum (tinting strength): c th bng trn mu vi mu trng theo t
l 1:10. Cc ht mu hu c, c bit hu c tng hp, thng c
nhum cao hn cc ht mu v c;
c trong: Mt s ht mu hu c hon ton trong do cu trc phn t,
v th c dng lm mu lng;
bn i vi nh sng: Mt s ht mu bn khi v c, nhng li khng
bn khi v long;
tc kh: Vermillion ( son, thn sa, sulfide thy ngn HgS) khi ho
vi du th lm du kh chm hn, trong khi cobalt lm du kh nhanh hn.
hp th du: Mt s ht mu cn nhiu du hn. Cng nhiu du th
cng d nt.

b) c tnh ca mu sn du:
Ph thuc vo hng sn xut. V vy cn c ch dn trn tng tube mu. Mt
s hng ni ting: Lefranc & Bourgeois (1720) [9], Winsor & Newton (1832)
[10], Talens (1899) [11], Holbein (1900) [12], Kusakabe (1996), Matsuda.
Trng:
- Trng ch [carbonate ch PbCO3: l loi trng c xa nht, rt c, c
ph cao (c), sc m, v nhiu chuyn, kh nhanh, nhng b en
(cht, bn) theo thi gian. V c nn ngy nay trng ch kh him,
thng ch c bn cho ho s trong tube nh.

18

Trng bc: [flake white (trng vy) hay Cremnitz white]: carbonate ch +
hydrate ch 2PbCO3 Pb(OH)2, b en khi gp sulphur hoc khi. Tn gi
trng vy (flake white) bt ngun t cch sn xut cc ht mu trng ch
(Xem bn di). Kremnitz hay Cremnitz l mt a danh bin gii
Hungary Slovakia, ni c m ch, cn Krems li l mt a danh o
ni ngi ta lm ra carbonate ch.

Trng km (oxide km ZnO): ph yu (bn c semi-opaque), khng

dng v lt c, nhng tt cho v trong, hoc vin cn khng kh.
Trng km tinh khit c sc lnh, lu kh, khi kh to thnh mng gin
nn d b nt nu v dy.

Trng titan (titanium dioxide TiO2) c pht hin nm 1821, c dng

thay th trng ch t 1921 do cng ty M sn xut i tr cho ho s, c
ph rt cao, bn mu, kh nhanh, khng c, sc lnh hn trng ch
nhng m hn trng km, ng vng theo thi gian, v kt si trong du, v
th thng c trn vi 15 20 % trng km khc phc; c coi l
mu trng ca th k 20. Khng nn dng qu nhiu v trng titan c xu
hng t cc mu khc.

Trng ng nh (trng x c) (iridescent white = blanc nacr): vy mica

(khong cht silicate) ph trng titan, bn c, ph ln nn trng c cho
mt mng trng ng nh nh ip.

Trng s (ceramic white) (titanic acid strontium): mi c sn xut gn

y (Holbein), khng ng vng.

Phng php sn xut trng ch (flake white) c truyn [13]

Ti tm dch phng php ny l hun dm & phn kiu H Lan (stack
Dutch method). Cc l ch c t k trn y cc th t nung c khoang
y ring cha dm (acetic acid) (ngp khong 1/3 th). Cc th ch sau
c t ngp trong phn nga v trong nh kn. Phn nga phn hy
sn ra nhit v kh CO2. Sau khong 3 thng, hi acetic acid v carbonic acid
phn ng vi ch to thnh carbonate ch v hydrate ch 2PbCO3 Pb(OH)2
bm trn cc l ch di dng mt lp ci mu trng. Lp ci ny c co
ra thnh cc vy trng ch (flakes), phi kh, v nghin thnh bt trng.

Cc l ch

phn

Cc l ch trong th cha dm

Trng ch bm trn cc l ch

Nh phn

Vy trng ch

Mu cht (mu v lt) (dead colors):

- Dng ph cc vng rng trn tranh, trc khi v chi tit: en mars ,
trng titanium
, n (Indian red) , vng t (ochre) , vng
Naples sng , lc ngc (emerald green) , xanh lam Sevres (Sevres
blue) .

19

Mu cht trong bc
Thnh Jerome (~1480) ca Leonardo da Vinci, 102.8 x 73.5 cm,
sn du & tempera trn g, Vatican

Mu lng (glazes):
- Trong hoc bn trong: Alizarin crimson hay madder lake , gold ochre ,
nu raw sienna , vng chanh , vng n (Indian yellow) , lc t
(terre verte) , burnt umber (nu en chy) , raw umber (nu en sng)
, trng trong v trng km.
Mu trong (transparent):
Aureolin (vng cobalt)
Permanent rose (hng)
Permanent magenta (tm hng)
Scarlet lake ( ti)
Lam cobalt (cobalt blue)
Ultramarine (xanh nc bin thm)
Viridian (xanh lc chrome)
Light red ( nu)
Gold ochre (vng t kim)
Burnt sienna (nu Sienna nung)
Burnt umber (nu en chy)
Mu c (opaque):
Naples yellow (vng Naples)
Cadmium yellow light (vng cadmium sng)
Cadmium yellow (vng cadmium)
Cadmium orange (da cam cadmium)
Cadmium red ( cadmium)
Cadmium red deep ( cadmium ti)
Cerulean blue (xanh tri)
Chromium oxide green (lc oxide chrome)
Indian red ( n )
Yellow ochre (vng t)
Mars black
20

K hiu mu trong - c:
Mu trong:
Mu c:
Mu bn trong:
Mu bn c:

T (transparent)
O (opaque),
ST (semi-transparent),
SO (semi-opaque).

c trong ca mu c xc nh nh th no?
c - trong ca ht mu (pigments) c o bng ch s khc x nh sng
(chit sut) v kch thc ca cc ht mu.

1) Chit sut ca mt cht l kh nng lm lch hng nh sng khi nh sng

chiu vo cht . i vi mu trng, chit sut cng cao v kch thc ht
mu cng gn kch thc ti u th mu cng c. Pigment trng titan c chit
sut cao nht, v th c nht, sau n ch ri km. Tuy nhin, khi trn vi cc
du to mng c chit sut khc nhau, ngi ta c th bin mu c pigment
c thnh trong, v c by gi c o bng hiu s gia chit sut ca
ht mu v chit sut ca cht kt dnh. Cc ht mu v c (khng cha
carbon) c chit sut cao, trong khi cc ht mu hu c (cha carbon) c chit
sut thp hn nhiu, v th cc mu v c thng c, trong khi cc mu hu
c thng trong.
Di y l bng chit sut ca mt s ht mu v cht kt dnh:
Chit sut
Cht trung gian:
Khng kh
Nc
Du to mng

1
1.33
1.4 1.6

Ht mu:
Talc (magnesium silicate)
Calcium carbonate (thch cao)
Oxide km (trng km)
Carbonate ch (trng ch)
Titanium dioxide (trng titan)

1.55
1.58
2.01
2.09
2.55 2.76

2) Kch thc ca ht mu cng l mt nhn t quan trng nh hng ti c

ca mu. Khi kch thc ca ht mu tng ln, u tin kh nng tn x nh
sng ca mu tng ln, t n cc i ti mt kch thc nht nh - gi l
kch thc ti u. Sau kh nng tn x nh sng li gim xung khi kch
thc ht mu tip tc tng. V vy c ca mu u tin tng theo kch
thc ht mu, t ti gi tr cc i (c nht) ti kch thc ti u, sau
gim xung khi kch thc ht mu to hn na.
tn x

Kch thc

V th, trong khi khng th thay i chit sut ca ht mu v cht kt dnh,

nh sn xut cn c th iu chnh c - trong bnhg cch thay i kch
thc cc ht mu.
21

V d, hng Winsor & Newton c 2 loi trng: (a) trng bc (silver white) 242,
v (b) trng trong (transparent white) 655. C hai loi u c thnh phn l trng
titanium (PW6) v trng km (PW4) trong du rum (safflower oil hay huile de
carthame), nhng loi th nht (a) th c cn loi th hai (b) th bn trong (semitransparent). Trng bc H411 (blanc dargent hay silver white, cn gi l flake
white hay Cremnitz white) ca Holbein c lm t carbonate ch (PW1) l bn
trong, cn trng bc ca hng Maimeri (Italia), cng c lm t carbonate ch
(PW1), th li c.
Ngoi ra, trng bc 2 PbCO3 Pb(OH)2 gm khong 70% carbonate ch PbCO3
v 30% hydrate ch Pb(OH)2. Hydrate ch lm cho du lanh bin thnh linoleate ch
thng c gi l x-phng ch, lm cho sn tr nn trong hn theo thi gian.
Nh vy, mc d titanium dioxide v carbonate ch l c, song do cch
nghin vi du to mng, cht trung gian khc nhau, v thay i kch thc cc
ht mu, ngi ta c th lm ra cc mu bn c hoc bn trong t cc pigment
. V vy khi mua mu phi ch n cc k hiu trong, c, bn trong, v bn
c ghi trn tube mu (Xem nh chp mt s tube trng bn di)

T tri sang: trng titan (dioxide titanium: PW6, c) ca Holbein, trng bc (carbonate ch: PW1 v oxide
km: PW4, c) ca Maimeri, trng v lt (kh nhanh) (PW6 v PW4, c) ca Winsor & Newton, trng
trong (PW6 v PW4, bn trong) ca Winsor & Newton, trng ng nh (x c) (mica v PW6, bn c) ca
Winsor & Newton.

Cc ho trn gy mt mu (mu bn, cht):

- Cerulean (xanh tri) + Indian red ( n ) hay ivory black (en ng voi)
- Cadmium yellow (Vng cadmium sng) + red earth ( t) , colbalt violet
(tm cobalt)
- Cadmium orange (da cam cadmium) + burnt sienna (nu Sienna chy)
- Ultramarine (xanh bin thm) + aureolin (vng colbalt)
- Ultramarine (xanh bin thm) + zinc white (trng km): bc mu, bnh
ultramarine cht.
- Nn c mu nu t hoc t thng lm cc na bng (mid-shade) ti
i dn.
- Viridian (xanh lc) + cadmium yellow (vng cadmium) ch bn nu c trn
vi zinc white (trng km).
- Naples yellow (vng Naples) v colbalt violet (tm colbat) c th b bn khi
tip xc vi kim loi (dao v).
- Vermillion ( son hay thn sa) ng en theo thi gian v -HgS ()
(sulfide thy ngn) bin thnh -HgS (en). Vermillion trong t nhin c
trong tinh th cinnabar (thn sa) tc qung thy ngn, thng thy cc
mch khong cht thuc vng ni la hay sui khong.

22

Tinh th cinnabar trn qung dolomite

Cng chia theo tc kh:

Kh nhanh (trong vng 2 ngy):
- Umber (nu en): bn, do lng (flexible)
- Aureolin (vng cobalt)
- Burt sienna (nu Sienna nung): kh mnh
- Trng ch: d ho hp
-

Kh v (khong 5 ngy):
Cerulean (xanh tri): kh do lng
Raw sienna (nu Sienna sng): bn, kh mnh
Xanh cobalt (cobalt blue): gin
Tm colbalt (cobalt violet): kh gin
oxide st: mnh
Lc chromium oxide: kh do lng
Vng Naples: mnh

Kh chm (nhiu hn 5 ngy 1 tun):

Lc t (terre verte): mm, do lng
Vng t (yellow ochre): kh mnh
en ng voi (Ivory black): mm, gin
Vng cadmium: do lng
Trng titanium: gin

Kh rt chm:
Trng km: gin
en mui n (Lamp black): mm

Trnh dng en ng voi (ivory black) v lt hoc phc v rt lu kh;

Nhng mu c cha ch, cobalt, manganese lm tng tc kh, v th c
th trn vi cc mu khc lm kh nhanh ln, v d khi v lt;
ng bao gi tranh kh trong ti v mng du b ni ln trn b mt v b
vng.

bn (vi nh sng):
Phn loi cu Winsor & Newton:
AA: rt bn, A: bn, B, C. v.v.
(i): A c th b bc mu nu dng vi mu c (i)
(ii): Khng chc chu c m
(iii): B ty i khi tip xc vi mi trng c acid (v d trong khng kh)
(iv): Mu dao ng: ra sng th b bc i, nhng khi vo ch ti th
li hi phc li
(v): Khng dng c vi trng ch pha long v s bc i
(vi): Loi A vi mu hm
23

Phn loi ca M:
ASTM (American Standard Test Measure): I (tuyt), II (rt tt), III (kh), IV (trung
bnh), V (km)
Phn loi ca Anh:
Blue Wool Standard: 1 3 (bc mu trong 20 nm), 4 5 (20 100 nm), 6 (rt
tt), 7 - 8 (tuyt).
Mt s hng nh Lefranc & Bourgeois, Holbein v.v. dng sao (*) ch bn
phi sng. Mu cng nhiu sao cng bn.
Gi ca mu ph thuc vo gi ca ht mu (pigments), c xp theo series
number, t 1 n 6. S series cng cao gi cng t. Mu sn du cht lng
cao nht, v gi thnh cng t nht, thng c gi l Artists Oil Color.

3) Dung mi, du to mng, cht trung gian, du bng

a) Dung mi (solvent)
Dung mi l dung dch ho tan sn du trong khi v, v ra bt v palette sau
khi v. Dung mi tinh khit phi c kh nng bay hi hon ton, khng li du
vt.
- du thng (turpentine hay pinen): dung mi c hi nht v nng mi nht,
bay hi chm, khng th thiu khi v v l dung mi duy nht c kh nng
ha tan nha Dammar;
- xng trng (tm dch t white spirit): t c hn turpentine, thng c
dng ra bt v palette. White spirit l sn phm dng ty ra sn, thu
c sau mt chu trnh chng ct phn on du m. u tin ngi ta
chng du th (crude oil hay petroleum) thnh du ty (kerosene) v naphtha
(tn gi chung cho nhiu hp cht lng chy c cha hydrocarbons).
Nhng sn phm li c tri qua 2 - 3 bc chng ct na cui cng
thu c cc sn phm c nhit si khc nhau v c x l theo
nhiu kiu khc nhau.
- dung mi khng mi (sansodor hay orderless solvent): dng khi khng
chu c mi du thng, nhng khng tt bng, bay hi chm hn du
thng;
- dung mi ra tranh (picture cleaner): dng lau vec-ni c bn khi tranh
c. Phi rt cn thn khi dng v phi dng li ngay nu mu cng bt u
thi ra. Tt nht khng nn t lm m nh cy chuyn gia phc ch.
b) Du to mng (drying oils)
Du thc vt dng trn ht mu (pigments) lm nn mu sn du, ch yu
gm

24

du lanh (linseed oil = huile de lin),

du thuc phin (poppy oil = huile d'illette ),
du rum (safflower oil = hulie de carthame),
du ht c ch (walnut oil = huile de noix).

(1)

(2)

(5)

(3)

(4)

(6)

1: lanh, 2: thuc phin, 3: rum, 4: c ch, 5: mastic, 6: dammar

Du lanh thng c un ln, khin du c cao phn t ho (polymerized)

v -xi ho, tr nn c snh hn v kh nhanh hn. Tuy nhin, ngy nay
boiled linseed oil (du lanh un) thc ra ch l mt hp cht ca du lanh sng,
dung mi du ty v ho cht lm kh. Du lanh c x l nhit bng cch un
trong xoong y kn (khng tip xc vi oxy) c gi l stand oil, c snh nh
mt ong, v kh chm. Stand oil to cho sn mt lp men bng. Thm qu nhiu
stand oil s gy ra hin tng mt sn b nhn nheo (gi l da c su).
- du lanh nguyn cht (refined linseed oil): thng dng nht, song lu
kh;
- du lanh p lnh (cold-pressed linsed oil): hi vng, kh nhanh hn, lng
hn, c p t ht lanh khng qua x l nhit (un);
- du lanh c ty (bleached linseed oil): hi c, nht cao hn mt
cht, kh nhanh hn, c ch bng x l nhit phi nng nhng y kn
khng bay hi;
- du lanh c (thickened linseed oil): c, c nh syrup, rt ngn thi
gian kh, tng bng v bn ca mng, c ch bng phi nng
nhng h bay hi;
- du lanh un (stand oil): kh chm song to nn mng n hi v dai, v
khng b ng vng, tin cho lng (glazing) v ta chi tit.
- du thuc phin (poppy oil): trong, khng b ng vng, kh chm, hp vi
cc ho sc sng.
- du ht c ch (walnut oil): tng t du lanh, nhng khng b vng,
c dng t t.k. 5, kh chm hn du lanh, thm ch v du kh nhanh
th c du en (black oil).
c) Cht trung gian (medium)
Thm vo to hiu qu (thay i bng, dy, to ra kt cu, v.v.):
-

Painting medium: lm long mu, to bn, chng ng vng, tng thi

gian kh;
Impasto medium: dng v p, kh nhanh, khng b vng, na bng;
Oleopasto medium: dng v p, kh nhan, khng b vng, na m.
25

d) Du bng (varnish)
Dng ph ln tranh hon thnh v kh hn (t nht 6 12 thng sau khi
tranh c v xong) bo v v tng hiu qu quang hc.
- Varnish bng (gloss varnish): to nn lp ph rt bng, khng vng theo
thi gian;
- Dammar varnish: rt bng, hi vng, v ti i theo thi gian. Nha
Dammar c F. Lucanus dng ln u tin trong hi ho vo nm 1828;
- Varnish m (matt varnish): to mng trong m, trc khi dng phi hm
li dung dch tr nn trong sut (v c sp ong bn trong). C th ho vi
gloss varnish gim bng;
- Retouching varnish (du bng sa tranh): xoa ln ch mu kh
kh lu th mu mi bm v tip.
- Wax varnish (vernis sp ong): c, c th pht ln mt tranh, to nn lp
bo v m nht (matt). Khi kh dng bt nh bng (nh nh xi giy);

4) Bt lng

Lng kolinsky

Lng cng (ln)

Lng tng hp

Lng nylon

Bt lng mm tt nht v chi tit l bt lm bng lng chn Siberia (kolinsky),

sau l lng chn zibelina (sable). Bt lng ln tin cho v mu cht, i nhng
mng ln khi v lt. Bt lng tng hp tin cho v lng. Bt nylon ni chung
khng bm mu, v si d b cong v nhit .

Chn kolinsky (tri) v chn zibelina (phi)

Bt xoa

Ngoi cc bt bt v trn, bt hnh qut thng c chuyn dng cho v xoa

(lm mt vt bt, ho cc chuyn vo nhau, v.v.)
26

5) Quy nh v an ton
Quy nh ca EU:
c hi (ch thp cho hoc u lu v hai xng)
D chy (ngn la)
Nguy him cho mi trng (ci cy kh v con c cht)
Quy nh ca M:

AP (approved product): khng c

CL (caution label): cn thn

Ngoi ra trn cc tube mu u c ghi r cnh bo v d:

nguy him nu ht ph dnh vo da, hoc nut (Harmful by inhalation, in
contact with skin and if swallowed),
gy kh chu trong mt hoc trn da (irritating to the eyes and skin),
c th gy phn ng vi da (may cause sensitisation by skin contact),
c th lm hng phi nu nut (may cause lung damage if swallowed),
cch li vi tr em (keep out of reach of children),
mc qun o bo h v i gng (wear suitable protective clothing and
gloves).
Cc cht c hi:
- Nhng cht cha dung mi (white spirit, turpentine, damar varnish, v.v.)
- Nhng cht cha carbonate ch (trng ch), oxide km, xanh tri (cerulean
blue), trng titan, trng km.
- Nhng cht cha cadmium, cobalt ho tan
- Cc dung dch hm (fixative)
Cc bin php bo m an ton:
- c k ch dn trn tube mu
Trong xng (phng) v:
- m bo khng kh trong lnh, thng xuyn thng gi;
- khng ng trong studio trc khi ct k v, cc dung mi tha v vt
cc r lau sn du i, hoc ct k trong cc thng chng chy;
- y cht tt c cc du pha, tube mu, v.v. khi khng dng;
- ng mu du gn nhng ch d bt la.
Trong khi v:
- khng n, ung, ht;
- hn ch tip xc da vi du v
- ng ngm bt, mt bt dnh sn
- hn ch dng ngn tay xoa mu trn tranh (Hy dng bt xoa). Nu v
bng ngn tay th nn eo bao tay cao su (gng tay gii phu)
27

ng qu nhiu dung mi ra hn mc cn thit cho mt ln v, v du s

bay hi nhiu vo khng kh
nu chng may sn hay du bn vo mt th phi ra ngay bng nc sch
hn ch ht hi du
lau sch tt c nhng ch du ra
cch li ho phm vi tr em, sc vt, v thc phm

Sau mi ln v:
- ra sch bt v palette, vt d lau i, hoc git sch.
- eo gng tay cao su khi ra bt v lau palette
- ra tay tht sch
- ng bao gi dng dung mi chi hoc ra tay

6) nh sng trong studio

1 nh sng ban ngy t hng bc l tt nht (gin tip v khng i c ngy);
2 n dy tc c nh sng ng vng da cam nn cc sc lam v tm trn
tranh s b yu i. Thnh ra di nh sng ban ngy tranh trng s qu lam.
3 n hunh quang c nh sng ng lam - lc nn cc sc v da cam trn
tranh b xn i. Thnh ra di nh sng ban ngy tranh trng s qu nng.
4 Cng ngh hin i sn xut c cc bng dn dy tc v hunh quang
c nh sng c iu chnh thnh trng nh nh sng t nhin (hay nh sng
ban ngy) gi l color corrected light. Nn dng nhng bng loi nu v v
ban m. Tt nht l cho nh sng chiu t pha sau 45 ln mt tranh t c 2
pha.
5 - Nn v trong ngun sng mnh hn l ngun sng ca phng treo bc tranh
khi v xong.
Ch s din t mu [Color rendering index (CRI)]:
CRI biu th trung thc ca mu sc hin ra di ngun sng khi so vi ngun sng t
nhin. CRI c o t 1 n 100 %. Nh vy CRI cng cao th kh nng din t mu cng
chnh xc. Nhng ngun sng c CRI t 85 n 90 tr ln c xem l tt phn bit
chinh xc mu sc, cn trn 90 l tuyt.

Nhit mu (Color temperature):

Nhit mu, c o bng Kelvin (K), ch mu ca tng loi ngun sng ring bit. Nm
1880 W. Kelvin nung mt khi than (vt en tuyt i) v thy rng n pht ra nh sng c
mu chuyn dn t sang vng ri lam trng khi nhit tng ln. Da trn s ph hp
ca mu ngun sng pht ra so vi mu ca vt en tuyt i khi b nung nng, ngi ta
xc nh uc nhit mu ca ngun sng. nh sng trng ng vng c nhit khong
2700 K. Nhit mu cng tng th nh sng cng i vo phn ph mu lam tc l cng
lnh i. Nhit mu t mt s ngun sng c ch ra trong bng di y:
Ngun sng
La dim
La nn
n dy tc
nh sng mt trng
nh sng mt tri gia tra
nh sng ban ngy
nh sng ngy nhiu my
nh sng RGB monitor (mn hnh computer)
nh sng mn hnh TV dng bng cathode

28

Nhit mu
1700 1800 K
1850 1930 K
2800 3300 K
4100 K
5000 5400 K
5500 6000 K
6000 7500 K
6500 K
9300 K

Phn ln cc n dy tc cho nh sng m (nhiu vng v ), trong khong 2800

3300 K. lc nh sng vng v , ngi ta thng ph ln bng n mt lp
neodymium. Kt qu l, tuy cc bng c nhit mu khong 2800 K, nhng nh c lp
lc bng neodymium, nh sng ta ra li gn vi bng khng c lp lc c nhit mu
khong 5000 K hoc cao hn. Nh vy c nh sng trng hiu qu gn nh nh sng
ban ngy nn chn ngun sng (bng n) c CRI t 90 tr ln v nhit mu trong
khong 5000 - 6000 K.

Hng Panasonic sn xut n hunh quang Pa-Look Premier L FCL gm 3 loi: (a)
pht nh sng trng m (mu n dy tc) (v hp bng n c in mu da cam), (b)
pht nh sng trng t nhin (natural light) (v hp n in mu lc), (c) pht nh
trng lnh (cool) (v hp bng n in mu tm).

(a) trng m

(b) trng sng t nhin

(c) trng lnh

Bng c nhiu hnh dng v kch c khc nhau, tui th 13000 gi, v sng
sau 13000 gi ch gim i 20%. Bng hnh vng trn (xem hnh bn di) c cc
c 9 (ng knh ngoi 12 cm), 15 (17 cm), 20 (20.5 cm), 30 (22.5 cm), 32 (29.9
cm), 40 (37.3 cm). Thng thng trnh nh sng b rung v tit kim din tch,
c th dng ngun sng gm 2 bng n hnh trn lng vo nhau, v d c 30 v
32. Cc bng cho nh sng t nhin (trng) loi ny FCL30ENW/28HL (c 30) v
FCL32ENW/30HL (c 32) c nhit mu 5200 K.

IV) K thut v sn du c in
Trit l hi ha t th k 17 [Vicente Carducho (1576 1638)]:
Ba giai on pht trin ca ho s:
Chp tranh
Sng to
Hon ho
29

1) K thut Flemish (Flamand)

iu 7. Tt c hi vin bt buc phi dng mu cht lng cao v,
v khng c v trn bt c th g khc ngoi vn g si tt c
phi tht kh, mi mu u phi c v lt trn nn hai lp.
iu l nm 1546 ca hi ho s thnh ph s-Hertogenbosch (H Lan)

Thng v ln g, ph gesso trng, nh giy rp n nhn bng nh

hoa;
Can hnh ho ln dng carton c l hoc giy can ph bt than mt tri,
sau hm bng tempera hoc mu nc;
Ph varnish (hoc mt lp tempera trng long v trong) ln ton b
(imprimatura). Mu ca imprimatura (thng c sc m: mu da, vng t,
nu, hoc i khi xm) quyt nh ha sc ch o ca bc tranh, d to
hi ha. kh;
V lt n sc (monochrome), thng bng tempera trng. Bt u bng
lng cc bng ti bng mu trong. Sau n cc vng rng gia sng
v ti, dng mu bn trong v bn c. Nhng ch sng nht v sau cng,
bao gi cng bng mu c, v dy. Cng sng th cng dy;
Bc lt khi hon thnh trng ta nh ph iu sepia. kh;
Ph mt lp lng ho trng long ln trn. kh;
i li cc khi cho r. kh;
Lng mu cc b, sau ln mu bng sn du vi cc trong v c
khc nhau.

Hubert v Jan van Eyck, Ghent altarpiece (1432) (trch on)

C th thy r lp v lt trn 2 bc gia trong 4 bc lin hon trch t b tranh

bn th Ghent do anh em Van Eyck v.
30

V lt n sc trong ting c gi l verdaccio (pht m: ver-A-chi-), bt

ngun t k thut v fresco (tranh bch ho). Verdaccio thng c v vi mu
en mars pha vi vng ochre, c mt ho sc phn pht mu lc xm hoc
ng vng. (Verde ting l mu lc). C th thy verdaccio trong nhiu fresco
, v d phn nn trong cc bch ho ti Sistine chapel do Michelangelo v.

Michelangelo, Vm trn Sistine (trch on) (1508 1512), Vatican

V lt trong ting Php cn c gi l grisaille (pht m: gri-zay), ch loi tranh

v hon ton bng n sc, c bng mu xm (gris) hoc nu.

Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres (1780 1867)

Tri: Odalisque v bng grisaille (khong 1824 ~ 1834), 83.2 x 109.2 cm;
Phi: Odalisque ln (1814), 91 x 162 cm, bo tng Louvre

K thut ca Jan Vermeer

Jan Vermeer sinh nm 1632 ti Delft mt thnh ph nh nay thuc H Lan,
m dn s vo nm 1600 l khong 17,500 ngi. M ng khng bit ch, cn
b ng l mt ngi bun tranh. Khi Vermeer ln 3 tui th Rembrandt l mt
ho s 29 tui danh ting ti Amsterdam. Khi Vermeer ln 6 tui, Frans Hals
bt u v bng k thut trc tip. Khi ng 12 tui (1644) v cn cha hc v (3
nm sau, v ko di 6 nm), Diego Velasquez l ho s ca triu nh Ty
Ban Nha. Bc ho u tin ca Vermeer chng ta bit ngy nay c v nm
1655 khi ng 23 tui. Dng nh b cc, ti ca ng khng khc my so vi
cc ho s tin bi hay ng thi x Flander nh Ter Borch (1617 1681),
Gabriel Metsu (1629 1667), Pieter de Hooch (1629 1684), hay Frans van
Mieris (1635 1681) song ng loi tnh cch dn tc ca ng tnh cch
H Lan - ra khi tranh, m ch tp trung vo ho sc v nh sng. Ngay t khi
31

bt u s nghip ca mnh, ng chng t l ngi c kh nng nh gi li

cc c l trong hi ho qua kinh nghim ca ring ng. Ta cm thy tnh yu
c bit ca ng i vi nhng ngi v vt ng v. Th gii trong tranh
Vermeer hin ra hon ho hn th gii thc. ng v rt t, mi nm khng qu 2
bc tranh. ng mt nm 43 tui (1675). Trong ton b s nghip 20 nm sng
to ca mnh, ng ch v 35 bc tranh. Sinh thi, ng ch c xem l mt ho s
tnh l, c mc thnh cng trung bnh.
Jan Vermeer b qun lng gn mt th k, cho n khi c nh ph bnh Php
tienne Joseph Thophile Thor hay Thor Brger (1807 1869) ti pht hin.
Trong mt bi vit ng trn Gazette des Beaux Arts nm 1866, kt qu ca 20
nm nghin cu, Thophile Thor gn 66 bc tranh cho Vermeer. Ngy nay
Vermeer c coi l mt trong cc ho s v i nht ca thi hong kim H Lan
(t.k. 17).
Palette ca Vermeer [7]:

xanh tri (azurite)

lc t (green earth) (5)

yn chi (carmine)

chm (indigo)

thin tho (madder lake) (4)

xanh bin thm (ultramarine)

son (vermillion) (3)

nu en sng (raw umber) (6)

ochre (red ochre)

en than (charcoal black)

vng ch-thic (lead-tin yellow)

en ng voi, xng (ivory black) (7)

vng ochre (yellow ochre) (2)

trng ch (lead white) (1)

Chi tit k thut ca Vermeer:

(i) Impasto

C gi c th bn ca s (1657 1659) 83 x 64.5 cm, Dresden

32

V impasto l p (hay trt) mt lp mu c dy. Impasto thng c dng

nhn cc ch quan trng, ni ln, v lp mu dy d gy ch so vi nn mng
xung quanh, c bit l cc ch c chiu sng mnh. Trong bc tranh C gi c
th bn ca s Vermeer v impasto rt dy phn trn ca c gi, lm ni cm
gic da tht phn chiu nh sng. C o trng cng c v impasto bng nhng
vt bt vng cung. Phn sng ca o vng cng c v p bng trng ch trn vi
vng ch - thic - th vng rc r nht dng trong th k 17. Ci gii ca Vermeer
y l li v p v cch dng mu ca ng lm c gi tr thnh trung tm ca
s ch mc d hnh c ta kh nh so vi ton b khung cnh.
(ii) Dng lapis lazuli (ultramarine) t tin

T tri: Ngi n b vi bnh nc (1664 1665) 45.7 x 40.6 cm (New York Metropolitan Museum
of Art; trch on; lapis lazuli

Nh thy trn, bng mu ca Vermeer, cng nh ca nhiu ho s thi ng, rt

hn ch, ch gm 10 12 mu. Song khc vi a s ch dng mu lam azurite r tin,
Vermeer dng ultramarine th thit lm t lapis lazuli, cho mu xanh nc
bin rt su v trong. l mu ti nht sau mu en trn bng mu ca Vermeer.
Khi ha vi trng ch, ultramarine ca lapis lazuli cho ho sc rt rc r ngay c khi
pha nht nht. Ngy nay ultramarine th thit t lapis lazuli khng c sn xut
na, m c thay bi ultramarine tng hp. Trong bc tranh Ngi n b vi
bnh nc Vermeer s dng rt nhiu ultramarine ( v ca knh, o, bng trn
tng, bng ca cc vt c mu trng di nh sng ban ngy mnh, bng trn
khn tri bn v.v.) Ngay t bui u s nghip, Vermeer pht hin ra rng
ultramarine th thit, khi ho vi trng ch, than xng, v nu t sng (raw umber),
cho mt phn quang rt c bit di nh sng ban ngy m khng th mu lam
no khc c th thay th c. Pht hin ca Vermeer trong cch pha mu lam vo
bng ti c cc ho s trng phi n tng p dng rng ri nhiu nm v
sau nhm to ra hiu qu nh sng ban ngy trn tr.
(iii) Lng

33

Trong bc tranh Ngi n b rt sa Vermeer dng ultramarine trn vi trng ch

v lp lt tay o. Sau khi lp lt kh, ng lng bng mu vng trong (yellow
lake). Kt qu cho mu lc rt p, khng th no t c bng pha mu trn
palette.
(iv) Dng cn bt v
Trong bc C gi i m Vermeer dng cn bt lng vch my nht, lm l
nn ti pha di, to ra bng v cc ch mng, trong, trn c o trng ca c gi.
(v) Dng camera obscura [14]

Ngi thu ng ten

(1669 1670), 24.5 x 21 cm, Louvre

(Trch on)

Camera obscura xch tay

nm 1686

Camera obscura (ting Latin: camera = cn phng, bung; obscura = ti) l mt ci

hp (hay phng) kn, m mt mt (tng) c c mt l nh, cn mt (tng) i
din c mu trng. nh sng chui qua l vo hp (phng), chiu ln mt (tng) i
din mt bc nh mu ln ngc (i xng gng v quay xung) ca hnh thc
bn ngoi, theo cc nh lut quang hc. Nhiu camera obscura c lp thu knh l
c th chnh tiu c cho nh c r nt m vn gi sng cn thit, km
theo mt h thng gng gip ngi v c th v theo hnh phn chiu trn mn
nh. Nguyn tc ca camera obscura c ngi Trung Quc bit n t th k
5 TCN. Aristotle (384 322 TCN) l ngi u tin ni ti nguyn tc quang hc ca
camera obscura. Nh khoa hc ngi -rp Alhazen (965 1039) l ngi ch to
ra chic camera obscura u tin.
Bc Ngi thu ng ten l mt v d in hnh cho thy Vermeer dng camera
obscura trong khi v. Nhng tnh vt c v t nh lch tiu c (unfocused), b
nhe i nh thng thy trong nh phn chiu ca camera obscura n ni cc si
ch thu mu hin ra nh mt m bt (xem hnh trch on bn trn).
Vermeer to nn s tng phn gia hnh ngi ph n, c v rt r, ang
chm ch lm vic gia nhng vt m o chm trong mu sc quang hc. Mc d
Vermeer c s dng camera obscura nh mt dng c tr gip, bc tranh ny l
mt minh chng hng hn cho thy khng mt thit b, hay my mc no c th thay
th s sng to ca ho s.
(vi) Dng lc t v bng ti trn da tht (trng phi Utrech)
Lc t (green earth = terre verte) tng c cc danh ho th k 14 u th k
15 a dng v lt trc khi ph mu da tht, nhm trung ho nn trng qu sng
ph trn bng g m thi thng c dng v tempera. K thut ny dn
dn mt i khi sn du thay th tempera. Tuy nhin cc ho s Utrech (H Lan)
sau ny vn dng lc t v cc ch ti trn da tht, c l v mt s hc c
k thut ny . Mt s nh nghin cu coi vic Vermeer dng lc t v bng
ti trn da tht l bng chng rng ng hc v Utrech ch khng phi Delft
thnh ph qu hng ng. C iu l l ng ch dng lc t v bng ti da tht
34

trong nhng bc tranh cui i ng ch khng phi trc (Xem Ngi chi
guitar bn di).

Ngi chi guitar (1670), 53 x 46.3 cm, Kenwood

(vii) Tin bi ca pointillism, lp th, tru tng, dripping

Trch on Ngi n b rt sa

Vermeer dng k thut chm v tnh vt vi bnh m v gi trong bc Ngi n

b rt sa. K thut sau ny c cc ho s n tng v tn n tng Php
pht trin thnh pointillism - k thut v bng cc chm mu khi nhn t xa th
chng ho vo nhau theo quy lut ho sc quang hc, tc l: (nh sng n sc)
+ lc = vng, lc + chm = lam, chm + = tm, v tt c cc nh sng n sc
trn vi nhau th cho mu trng.

Trch on Ngi n b vit th

v ngi hu gi

Trch on Ngi n b bn n virginal

Nt bt ca Vermeer dn dn bin i t t rt thc n c l nh khi v cc np

tay o trng ca ngi n b vit th. Mt toile l ra trong bng ti ca o, trong khi
cc ch sng c v bi cc nht bt chnh xc nh nht dao ct. Ton b chi tit,
35

khi tch ring, trng ging nh mt bc tranh na lp th gii tch, na tru tng.
Trong bc Ngi n b bn n virginal Vermeer ch dng vi vy bt vi mu
xm v trng t mch hoa, ta nh k thut dripping ca Jackson Pollock sau
ny.

2) K thut Venetian

Tri: Giorgione (1477 1510): (c cho l bc) t ho (trong trang phc ca David);
Phi: Titian (1485 1576), t ho (1567), bo tng Prado

Giorgione v Titian l hai i din xut sc ca trng phi Venetian. K thut

Venetian tng t nh k thut Flemish ch dng mu trong lng cc ch ti,
song c mt s im khc c bn:
- Thay g bng toile;
- Thm du hoc sp ong vo gesso cho do hn, thm trng ch v
du lanh lm lt lt. Toile c ph (size) trc khi lt (prime), v
khng nhn bng nh trc (toile kh rng);
- ng vin sc nt v m c dng kt hp, to nn cm gic thc, v
khng gian m o;
- u tin v b cc bng mu nu trong bng tempera ln nn sng,
tht kh;
- V lt bng mu c hoc trong v khng r ng vin sau d sa.
[Michelangelo sau khi xem tranh ca Titian ni ng rt thch mu sc
ca Titian, song cho rng trng phi Venice sai lm khi khng chu
hc dng hnh ho cho gii . Theo Giorgio Vasari, Titian hc t
Giorgione cch v thng bng sn du, b qua hnh ha bng phn hoc
que bc (silver point)]. Dng ngn tay xo lm mm cc ch chuyn.
kh di nh sng mt tri lm du hon ton mt mu;
- Sau lng nh k thut Flamand, v dn dn cho mu c vo v v
t n khi mu st li th kh;
- Titian pht hin ra k thut day (scumble): pha du vo mu c lm
mu tr nn na c, ri dng bt lng cng lng ln mu ti hn (ngc
vi lng: mu trong v ti ln nn sng). Cch ny th hin da tht khin
da nh c phn, v vin cn khng kh rt hiu qu. Lng lm nn lnh
mu pht sng m, cn day lm nn m tr nn lnh hn;
- K thut v bo trn gy. Cc lp u tht kh ri mi v cc lp
tip theo;
V cui i mnh, do nhn c nhiu t hng, Titian b cch v ni trn,
v thay bng cch sau:
36

V lt bng mu c en, trng v , dy c ch ti ln ch sng. Bc lt

trng chi tit nh bc tranh hon thnh nhng n sc v kh ti.
Bc lt c tht kh;
- Lng mu.
Tuy nhin nhng bc tranh giai on sau ny ca Titian khng bng cc tc
phm ng v khi cn tr (thua v trong v s ti sng) .
-

3) K thut v trc tip

V bng y cc mu, t ln t, t u n cui, khng cn lt, lng, day.
Tt c mi mu (c hay trong) c dng nh nhau v v dy. i khi k thut
ny c gi l a la prima hay premier coup. Bc tranh phi to cm gic nh
c v ch sau mt bui, khng ngng. Trc kia cc bc thy ch dng k
thut ny v phc tho. Nhng ho s u tin dng k thut ny vo tc
phm hon chnh l Franz Hals (1580 1666) v Diego Velasquez (1599 - 1660).
K thut ny rt thng dng trong hi ha sn du hin i.

Tri: bt pht v trc tip ca Franz Hals

Phi: Diego Velasquez, V N trc gng (1647 1651)
122 x 177 cm, London National Gallery

4) i mi nh Rembrandt
Rembrandt kt hp ti tnh c 3 k thut ni trn. Mi mt bc tranh ca ng
l mt th nghim, to ra hiu qu m ng mun. ng dng chiaroscuro rt
tuyt. Rembrandt v lt n sc trn nn p dy (impasto) vi nhiu trng. Sau
khi lp impasto kh hn, ng ph mu ln, phn ln l mu trong, song khi
cn cng dng c mu c. Nhng im sng nht cng c v lng, cn cc
ch ti th li kh phong ph v sc ti. Ton b tranh c ho sc vng, nn
nu du to mng c vng i mt cht th ho sc ca tranh cng khng v th
m b nh hng lm.
3 nguyn tc c bn ca k thut v nhiu lp:
1. Bo trn gy
2. Dy trn mng
3. Lu kh trn nhanh kh
Nh vy mi chng c nt s cp.
[nt s cp (primary craquelure): do v lp trn kh trc lp di,
nt th cp (secondary carquelure): do tui ca tranh: du kh i,
nt c hc: do nh hng bn ngoi nh va chm v.v.]

37

Bo tc l nhiu du to mng (du lanh) cn gy l t du lanh. Nu v

ngc, tc lp di bo (dy, hoc lu kh) m lp trn li gy (mng, hoc
nhanh kh) th s xy ra hin tng lp trn kh trc trong khi lp di vn
tip tc kh. Kt qu l lp di ko lp trn to ra cc vt nt.
Ch :
- ng bao gi pha trng hoc en vo bng ti: Bng s c, mt trong,
mt v lng ly, cn ton b ha sc s nng v xm.
- im sng nht trn da tht khng bao gi l mu trng tuyt i.
- iu quan trng da tht ti mt, trong sng, m p l phi c v
bng lng nhiu lp mu, sau khng sa li na. Pha trn trn palette lm
mt s ti mt ca da tht.

Mt s gi tng qut v mu da tht:

(ngi u!)

1) Da bnh thng
Lp u: trng ch (hoc titanium), vng t (yellow ochre), nu (burnt
Sienna)
Lp gia: nh trn nhng tng mu ln so vi trng
Lp cui: nu , yn chi (carmine lake), nu ti (umber)
2) Da mn:
Lp u: trng ch, vermillion ( son, c v c cha thy ngn sulfide
mercury HgS), v vng t
Lp gia: nhiu vng t v vermillion hn trng
Lp cui: nhiu vermillion hn
3) Da ngi nng thn:
Lp u: nu ti (umber), trng, mt t nu , v lc t
Lp sau: yn chi, nu (sc trong bng ti)
Mt s cng thc pha du v:
Du v lt:
Du lanh un : vecni Dammar : du thng tinh khit = 1:1:5
Du v lp gia:
1:1:4
Du v lp trn cng:
1:1:3
Du lng:
C bn:
Vec-ni Dammar - 30 ml
Du lanh c 30 ml
Du thng 60 ml
Du oi hng (Lavender oil) - 1 git/10 ml (nh vo trc khi dng)
38

Hiu qu knh mu:

Balsam Medium
Du lanh c 60 ml
Vec-ni Dammar 60 ml
Balsam - 30 ml
Du oi hng - 1 git/10ml (nh vo trc khi dng)
Trong m:
Velatura Medium:
4 phn Italian maroger
2 phn sp ong
1 phn du thng tinh khit
2 phn du lanh un
1 phn du oi hng.
Italian maroger
(do Jaques Maroger pha ch ra)
trng ch : du lanh sng = 1:10 va quy va un t t ti 430
. Khi du t nhit , s chuyn mu thnh en. Gim nhit
xung 380 , un 1h20. ngui ti 300 . Cho vo 1.5
phn sp ong quy cho tan. hp cht vo l, ngui, ri y
cht.
Nhng im sng tn x (nh ca Vermeer):
Venetian Glazing Medium:
9 phn vec-ni Dammar
9 phn du thng
4 phn du lanh un
2 phn du oi hng
6 cng thc mai mt ca cc i danh ho
(theo Jaques Maroger, 1884 1962)
Jacques Maroger l ho s v tng lm gim c k thut phng th nghim ca
bo tng Louvre t 1930 ti 1939 v l ch tch hi Cc Nh Phc Ch ca Php.
ng ni ting v nhng pht hin trong k thut v sn du. Nm 1937 ng c
nc Php tng Bc u Bi tinh. Nm 1939 ng di c sang M. ng tr thnh
gio s ti Maryland Institute College of Art ti Baltimore vo nm 1942. Nm
1948 ng xut bn cun sch Nhng cng thc b mt v k thut ca cc bc
thy c in (The secret formulas and techniques of the old masters). Trong
cun sch Maroger a ra 6 cng thc m ng cho l cc bc thy c tn
di y s dng:
1) Atonello da Messina (1430- 1479): 1 (phn) vng ch oxyde hoc trng tr nu
vi 3 4 (phn) du lanh
2) Leonardo da Vinci: 1 trng ch un vi 3 4 du lanh v 3 - 4 nc
3) Venetian (Giorgione, Titian): 1 2 trng ch un vi 20 du thng hay du ht
c ch (walnut oil) .
39

4) Peter Paul Rubens: 1 2 trng ch nu vi 20 du lanh + mt tha du en+ 1

tha keo mastic. Thm du thng v sp ong.
5) H Lan: ging (4) nhng khng thm sp ong.
6) Velasquez: 1 r ng (verdigris) un vi 20 du lanh sng hoc du ht c
ch (walnut oil) .
Ch : Nhng cng thc ny RT C v hu ht u cha trng ch b un
nng!!
K thut v cng nhiu nh ho s. V th ng c hon thin mt lc
nhiu k thut. Bn s khng c thi gi. Hy chn phng php tt
nht ph hp vi mnh, v thnh tho n.

V) Ti v nh th no ?

(a)

(b)
(c)
(a) km cng toile v my rp inh; (b) v (c) toile v chssis (c F20)

Cng toile t im gia cc cnh chssis ri lan dn ra 4 gc theo th t nh

nh s hnh di. Toile phi tht kh (ng xt nc hay lm m phi sau
toile, v lm nh th s nh hng khng tt n lp lt toile, tuy rng toile s c
th cng hn sau khi kh).

(a)

(b)

(d)

(c)

(e)
Cch thc cng toile:
(a): th t ng (rp) inh; (b): rp inh t gia; (c): toile vi 4 gc cn cha c cng ht;
(d): toile c cng xong; (e): gp 4 gc pha sau cho p

40

Lm lt:
Ph 3 4 lp acrylic gesso c sc trung hoc sm, mu m (ochre vng,
ochre ), hoc xm ty theo tng. nh nhn bng, nhng khng qu
( khi gim bm). Bt u bng giy rp nc s 60 (kch thc ht ct
265 m) 80 (~190 m), sau chuyn sang rt mn (very fine) s 120 (~115
m) - 150 (~92 m), 300 (~ 50 m), sau nng ln siu mn (super fine): 800 1000 (~ 20 - 18 m), [1 (micrometre hay micron) = 1 phn triu metre].

Holbein Acryla Gesso mu trng, ochre , ochre vng, umber chy, v lam colbalt

Pha gesso

Ph gesso; ra sch bt bng nc lnh; sau khi gesso kh hn, nh giy rp

Can hnh: [xem nh (a) (d) bn di]

1 - Dng b cc bng nt ch trn giy v bng ng kch thc bc tranh nh
v;
2 Can li vo giy can (a);
3 Ho ultramarine vi du thng c mt dung dch lng c mu. Dng bt
lng bt to bn qut dung dch ln mt sau ca t giy can c hnh v (b).
kh. Kt qu c mt t giy than.
41

4 - Gn bn can ln toile ( c lt) bng bng keo. i bt ch hay bt bi

theo cc nt v trn bn can. Hnh s c can sang mt toile (c);
6 Hm hnh: dng mu nc (ultramarine hay burnt sienna) t li (d).

(a)

(c)

(b)

(d)

Imprimatura:
C th ph mt lp mu t (nh umber, sienna, v.v.) pha long vi lanh:
dammar : du thng = 1 : 1: 5 ln ton b canvas. vi hm cho tht kh.
V lt:
trng lt (foundation white hay underpainting white), ochre vng kim (gold ochre),
lc t (green earth), nu mars (mars brown), hay nu t sienna chy (burt
sienna), xanh bin thm (ultramarine). Du ho theo t l: lanh : dammar : du
thng = 2 : 1: 10. Khng dng trng km lt v c th nt hoc bong.
V lt cng k th khi v mu s cng ung dung.
Ph mu:
- Dng dung dch v (satin painting medium) pha vi dammar varnish theo t l 3
: 1, hoc pha lanh : dammar : du thng theo t l 1:1:3, ri tng du lanh (hoc
gim du thng) dn dn trong cc lp trn.
- Dng trng titanium (pha trng km).
- Ph mu ch sau khi lp lt kh hn.
Lng:
Dng dung dch lng (glazing medium), lm long bng du thng.
Cch v nh vy cn cho php t ch v ho sc (color control), v c th to
nn nhng ho sc p vi mt palette t mu.
42

Thng thng nu trung bnh v mi ngy v 3 ~ 4 ting vo cc bui ti, v

ton b cc ngy th By v Ch Nht, th ti mt khong 6 thng v mt bc
tranh c F130 (162 x 194 cm) theo k thut ni trn.

Nguyn nh ng
Kimono mu lam (2008), F20
tri: lp lt; phi: bc tranh sau khi hon thnh

Ra palette, bt:
Nn ra bt v v palette ngay sau mi ln v, dng dao v v giy mm (tm
white spirit hoc dung mi ty khng mi) lau sch mu tha trn palette, vt i.
1- Lau palette bng du ty khng mi.
2- Ra bt bng nc ty ra cho sn du (water-based supercleaner), sau
trng li bng nc lnh. ng bao gi ra bt bng nc m hoc nc nng
v lng s b cong v rng, cn phn kim loi s b gin ra.
3- Sau khi ra xong, dng khn vi bng hoc giy bn hay giy lm bp thm
nc khi u bt, ri nm ngang, hoc treo u quay xung cho kh. ng
bao gi cm u bt vo l du ri b mc: lng s b gy.
Varnish:
Dng glossy varnish (satin) ca Lefranc & Bourgeois. Tranh phi kh t nht
6 thng ri mi varnish. Ch : trc khi qut varnish phi lau tht sch bi
bm trn mt tranh, v phi dng bt tht kh, nu khng cc ht bi v bt
nc s mc li trong varnish khi kh, rt xu. tranh nm trn mt phng
song song vi mt t. Qut 2 lt. Lt trc phi kh hn mi qut lt sau.
Ch qut bt theo mt hng. Chn ngy hanh kh varnish.
Mc ch ca ti:
K thut hon ho
B cc a chiu
(khng gian, thi gian, ng hc)

ng & Ty kt hp
B n ni ti
(mi bc tranh u nh c cu chuyn n ng sau)

43

c gi c th xem tranh ca ti ti:

http://ribf.riken.go.jp/~dang/page1VN.htm (ting Vit)
hoc
http://ribf.riken.go.jp/~dang/page1.html (ting Anh)
v cc bi vit ca ti ti:
http://ribf.riken.go.jp/~dang/art_articles.html
Mi kin xin gi ti email ca ti:
ndinhdang@gmail.com hoc dang@riken.jp
Li kt
Xut x ti chu t 10 15 th k trc, song dng nh b b qun ti
y, k thut v sn du lan truyn sang chu u, pht trin rc r t th k
15, ri sau lan ra khp th gi, c ti du nhp vo chu ch t cui th
k 19 u th k 20. Hi ho sn du thc s c du nhp vo Vit Nam cch
y cha y 100 nm, nh du bi s ra i ca trng M thut ng
Dng - tin thn ca HMT H Ni ngy nay. iu c ngha l, mc d c
th thnh thc k thut v sn du, chng ta vn thiu hn mt truyn thng
hng th k ca hi ho sn du. Truyn thng ny c phn nh s thm
nhun vn ho chu u, s tao nh trong th hiu thm m, s tinh t v su sc
trong vic thng thc ci p v nh gi ci mi trong hi ho sn du, mi
trng ngh thut bao bc ngi chu u t khi h mi lt lng, c lm l
ra ti ti nh th vi y bch ho ca cc bc thy c in treo trn tng
trong ting n i phong cm hng v v m u chi mt prelude ca Bach. Lm
th no lp c khong trng trong hi ho sn du Vit Nam? Khng c
cch no khc ngoi vic hc tp v thc hnh. Th gii m ngy nay vi thng
tin a dng hng ngy trn ngp internet v s t do i li cho chng ta kh
nng lm iu nhanh hn ngi xa rt nhiu.
K thut v sn du c trnh by rt k trong nhiu cun sch cng nh
trn internet [15] [18]. Tuy nhin, theo hiu bit ca ti, hin vn cha c mt
cun sch bng ting Vit dy k thut v sn du c in km chi tit v tnh
cht ca mu sn du, cc dung mi, v du to mng v.v. nh mt cm nang
cc sinh vin hi ho, cc ho s v gii chuyn mn trong nc c th tin
s dng, tra cu. Bi vit s lc ny ch l mt gi cho mt cch trnh by
nhm tin ti vic bin son mt cun sch nh vy bng ting Vit.
Cho n gi, to c o gic rt ging tht trong tranh, cha c k thut
no vt c k thut v nhiu lp ca cc ho s Flemish, Phc Hng, v
Baroque. L d nhin, hnh ha (drawing = dessin) ng vai tr rt quan trng
to nn hnh khi (form). V th, bn cnh vic thc hnh k thut v sn du,
cc sinh vin hi ho cn luyn cho mnh mt kh nng v hnh ho tht gii.
ng qun rng cc bc thy ca ho sc nh Leonardo da Vinci, Titian,
Caravaggio, Rubens, Rembrandt, v.v. trc ht u l nhng bc i cao th
v hnh ho. Ngoi ra vic quan tm ti cc lnh vc khc nh vn chng, m
nhc, khoa hc, trit hc s ch lm phong ph v su sc thm cc tng
ngh thut trong sng to hi ho.
44

 Nguyn nh ng, 2009 Tc gi gi bn quyn. Chuyn kho ny c vit vi mc ch ph bin kin thc v truyn t
kinh nghim. c gi c th ti xung min ph t http://ribf.riken.go.jp/~dang/kythuat/kythuatvesondau.pdf, lu gi s dng
cho c nhn mnh. Mi cch s dng khc nh in n hoc sao chp li bi vit ny, d l mt phn hay ton b, pht hnh
trong cc n phm nh sch, bo ch, gio trnh, lun vn, hay nhm mc ch thng mi (k c lu tr ti cc trang th vin
in t trn internet m c c hay ti xung ngi c phi tr tin m ti khon) v.v. u vi phm bn quyn nu
khng nhn c s ng bng vn bn ca tc gi.

Ti liu tham kho:

[1] Pliny the Elder, The Natural History,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)
[2] ABC News: Afghan caves hold worlds first oil painting: Expert
http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/01/26/2147150.htm
[3] Cennino Cennini, Il Libro delArte
http://www.noteaccess.com/Texts/Cennini/
[4] Giorgio Vasari, Lives of the artists,
http://www.efn.org/~acd/vite/VasariLives.html
[5] M. Elias and P. Cotte, Multispectral camera and radiative transfer equation used to depict Leonardo's
sfumato in Mona Lisa, in Applied Optics, Vol. 47, issue 12, pp 2146-2154.
[6] Sir Joshua Reynolds, in Beauty and the language of form (p. 22)
http://books.google.com/books?id=Xn9XVqnqibcC&pg=PA22&lpg=PA22&dq=difference+between+Flemish+
and+Venetian+techniques&source=web&ots=Fx0do7QdJ9&sig=sKYu_dDGqJYCYyvINUDA2f1ZXA8&hl=en
&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=10&ct=result#PPA22,M
[7] N. Schneider, Vermeer (1632 1675), Veiled emotions (Taschen, Kln, 1994);
http://www.essentialvermeer.com/ by Jonathan Janson.
[8] Ti Salon dAutomne nm 1905 nh ph bnh Louis Vaucelles gi phng by tranh ca nhm Matisse,
Van Dongen, v.v. l ci chung th (Nguyn vn: Mais cest la cage aux fauves!) T ny sinh ra tn
gi trng phi d th (fauvism).
[9] http://www.lefranc-bourgeois.com/
[10] http://www.winsornewton.com/ [C th ti xung min ph cun The Oil Colour Book A
comprehensive resource for painters (Sch v mu sn du ngun thng tin ton din cho cc ho s)
ca Winsor & Newton (2001) ti http://www.winsornewton.com/assets/ocb_english.pdf ]
[11] http://www.talens.com/
[12] http://www.holbein-works.co.jp/english/index.html
[13] http://www.naturalpigments.com/
[14] http://www.vermeerscamera.co.uk/home.htm
[15] Ralph Mayer, The Artists Handbook of Materials and Techniques (Viking Adult, 1991);
[16] Pip Seymour, The Artists Handbook (Arcturus, London, 2003) (c th ti xung min ph t
http://rapidshare.com/files/180507527/Artist-hungraphics.rar )
[17] Ralph Murell Larmann, Art Studio Chalkboard Information for artists and students ti
http://studiochalkboard.evansville.edu/
[18] Daniel Burleigh Parkhurst, The painter in oil,
http://www.artrenewal.org/articles/2002/Parkhurst/parkhurst1.asp

45