K thut cm bin

Bai 1
KHAI NIM C BAN V CAC B CAM BIN.
1.

Khai ni m
c ban v cac b cam bin
Cam bin sensor: xut phat t ch sense nghia la giac quan do o no
nh cac giac quan trong c th con ngi. Nh cam bin ma mach i n, h
thng i n co th thu nhn thng tin t bn ngoai. T o, h thng may moc,
i n t t ng mi co th t ng hin thi thng tin v ai lng ang cam
nh n hay iu khin qua trinh inh trc co kha nng thay i m t cach uyn
chuyn theo mi trng hoat ng.
d hiu co th so sanh cam nh n cua cam bin qua 5 giac quan cua
ngi nh sau:
5 giac quan
Thay i mi trng
Thit bi cam bin
Thi giac
Anh sang, hinh dang, kich
Cam bin thu hinh, cam
thc, vi tri xa gn, mau sc. bin quang.
Xuc giac
Ap sut, nhi t , cn au,
Nhi t tr, cam bin
tip xuc, ti m c n, m, kh.
ti m c n, cam bin
Vi giac
Ngot, m n, chua cay, beo.
rung ng.
Thinh giac
m rm bng, song m, m
o lng ng trong
lng.
mau.
Khu giac
Mui cua cac cht khi, cht
Cam bin song siu m,
long.
mi-cro.
o cn, thit bi cam
nh n khi ga.
Cam bin la thit bi dung cam nhn bin i cac ai lng vt l va cac
ai lng khng co tinh cht in cn o thanh cac ai lng in co th o va
x lc.
Cac ai lng cn o (m) thng khng co tinh cht in (nh nhit , ap
sut
...) tac ng ln cam bin cho ta mt c trng (s) mang tinh cht in (nh
in tich, in ap, dng in hoc tr khang) cha ng thng tin cho phep xac
inh gia tri cua ai lng o. c trng (s) la ham cua ai lng cn o (m): s
= F(m)
Pham vi ng dung:
Cng nghip
Nghin cu khoa hoc.
Mi trng, khi tng.
Thng tin vin thng.
Nng nghip.
Dn dng
Giao thng.
V tr
Qun s

K thut cm bin

2. Phn loai cam bin

Cac b cam bin c phn loai theo cac c trng c ban sau y:
2.1 Theo nguyn l chuyn i gia kch thch v ap ng:
Hin tng vt l:
- Nhit in
- Quang in
- Quang t
- in t
- Quang an hi
- T in
- Nhit t...
Hin tng hoa hoc:
- Bin i hoa hoc
- Bin i in hoa
- Phn tich ph ...
- Bin i sinh hoa
Hin tng sinh hoc :
- Bin i vt l
- Hiu ng trn c th sng ...
2.2 Phn loai theo dang kch thch :
m thanh:
- Bin pha, phn cc
- Ph
- Tc truyn song ...
in:
- in tich, dng in
- in th, in ap
- in trng (bin, pha, phn cc, ph)
- in dn, hng s in mi ...
T:
- T trng (bin, pha, phn cc, ph)
- T thng, cng t trng
- t thm ...
Quang:
- Bin, pha, phn cc, ph
- Tc truyn
- H s phat xa, khuc xa
- H s hp th, h s bc xa ...
C:
- Vi tri
- Lc, ap sut
- Gia tc, vn tc
- ng sut, cng
- M men:
- Khi lng, t trong
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K thut cm bin

- Vn tc cht lu, nht ...

Nhit:
- Nhit
- Thng lng
- Nhit dung, t nhit ...
Bc xa:
- Kiu
- Nng lng
- Cng ...
2.3 Theo tnh nng ca b cam bin :
- nhay
- chinh xac
- phn giai
- chon loc
- tuyn tinh
- Cng sut tiu th
- Dai tn
- tr
- Kha nng qua tai
- Tc ap ng
- n inh
- Tui tho
- iu kin mi trng
- Kich thc, trong lng
2.4 Phn loai theo pham vi s dung
- Cng nghip
- Nghin cu khoa hoc
- Mi trng, khi tng
- Thng tin, vin thng
- Nng nghip
- Dn dng
- Giao thng
- V tr
- Qun s
2.5 Phn loai theo thng s ca m hnh mach in thay th :
+ Cam bin tich cc co u ra la ngun ap hoc ngun dng.
+ Cam bin th ng c c trng bng cac thng s R, L, C, M .... tuyn
tinh hoc phi tuyn.
3 Vai tr - ng dung ca cam bin
Cac b cam bin ong vai tr cc k quan trong trong linh vc o lng
va iu khin. Chung cam nhn va ap ng theo cac kich thich thng la cac
ai lng khng in, chuyn i cac ai lng nay thanh cac ai lng in
va truyn cac thng tin v h thng o lng iu khin, giup chung ta nhn
dang anh gia va iu khin moi bin trang thai cua i tng.

K thut cm bin

Bi 2

CM BIN NHIT
I. KIN THC L THUYT
1.ai cng:
1.1. Thang o nhit :
Thang Kelvin : ( Thomson Kelvin 1852) : Thang nhit ng hoc tuyt
i, n vi nhit la oK. Trong thang o nay, ngi ta gan cho nhit cua
im cn bng ba trang thai nc nc a hi mt gia tri s bng 273,15
o
K.
Thang Celsius ( Andreas Celsius 1742) : Thang nhit bach phn, n vi
nhit la oC va mt Celsius bng 1 Kelvin
Nhit Celsius xac inh qua nhit Kelvin theo biu thc:

Thang Fahrenheit ( Fahrenheit 1706) : n vi nhit la oF. Trong thang

o nay, nhit cua im nc a tan la 32oF va im nc si la 212 oF.
Quan h gia nhit Fahrenheit va nhit Celssius:

1.2 Nhit cn o v nhit c o:

Gia s mi trng o co nhit thc bng Tx, nhng khi o ta ch nhn
c
nhit Tc la nhit cua phn t cam nhn cua cam bin. Nhit Tx goi la
nhit cn o, nhit Tc goi la nhit o c. iu kin o ung nhit
la phai co s cn bng nhit gia mi trng o va cam bin. Tuy nhin, do
nhiu nguyn nhn, nhit cam bin khng bao gi at ti nhit mi
trng Tx, do o tn tai mt chnh lch nhit Tx - Tc nht inh. chinh
xac cua phep o ph thuc vao hiu s Tx - Tc , hiu s nay cang be, chinh
xac cua phep o cang cao. Mun vy khi o cn phai:
- Tng cnng s trao i nhit gia b cam bin va mi trng o.
- Giam s trao i nhit gia b cam bin va mi trng bn ngoai.
Chung ta hy khao sat trng hp o bng cam bin tip xuc. Lng nhit
truyn t mi trng vao b cam bin xac inh theo cng thc:
dQ = A(Tx Tc )dt
Vi: - h s dn nhit.
A - din tich b mt trao i nhit.
T - thi gian trao i nhit.
Lng nhit cam bin hp th:
dQ = mCdTc
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K thut cm bin

Vi: m - khi lng cam bin.

C - nhit dung cua cam bin.
Nu bo qua tn tht nhit cua cam bin ra mi trng ngoai va gia , ta
co:
A Tx Tc dt = mCdTc

Trao i nhit cua cam bin.

tng cng trao i nhit gia mi trng co nhit cn o va cam
bin ta phai dung cam bin co phn t cam nhn co t nhit thp, h s dn
nhit cao, han ch tn tht nhit t cam bin ra ngoai thi cac tip im dn
t phn t cam nhn ra mach o bn ngoai phai co h s dn nhit thp.
2. Nhit in tr vi Platin v Nickel:
2.1. in tr kim loai thay i theo nhit ( Nhit tr PTR va NTR)

Da vao h s nhit in tr, co th phn in tr nhit thanh in tr co h

s nhit in tr dng PTR (Positive Thermic Resistor) va in tr co h s
nhit in tr m (Negative Thermic Resistor).
Nhit in tr co h s nhit in tr m NTR. Gia tri in tr giam khi
nhit tng.
Nhit in tr co h s nhit in tr dng PTR. Gia tri in tr tng
khi nhit tng.

K thut cm bin

Hinh 2.1: ng c tuyn lam vic cua PTR

ng c tuyn cua PTR chia lam 3 vung:
Vung nhit thp <TA: ging NTC
Vung h s nhit tng chm ( TA, TN)
Vung lam vic >TN
2.2 in tr kim loai vi Platin v Nickel (in tr nhit kim loai RTD)
2.2.1 Cu tao u d nhit RTD

RTD c san xut t cac vt liu co nhit in tr dng, ph bin nht la ng,
nickel, hp kim st- nickel, Vonfram, bach kim. Tuy nhin, bach kim c xem la
chinh xac nht, n inh nht va co th o nhit ln n 1200oF. Pham vi nhit
lam vic cua no cng cao hn Nickel, ng, hp kim st nikel. Ngoai ra s thay i
tr khang theo nhit cua no tuyn tinh nht
Tn vt liu
Pham vi nhit lm vic
Bach kim
-450 F n 1200 F
Nickel
-150 F n 600 F
ng
-100 F n 300 F
Hp kim st/ nickel
32 F n 400 F
Bang 2.1: Vt liu ch tao RTD
Cac vt liu ng, nickel, hp kim st/nickel cng c dung lam RTD, nhng
hu ht chung u co gia thanh thp va c s dng trong cac ng dng khng i
hoi yu cu cao.
* t tinh cua platin va nickel:
- Platin :
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K thut cm bin
+ C th ch to vi tinh khit rt cao (99,999%) do tng
chnh xc
ca cc tnh cht in.
+ C tnh tr v mt ho hc v tnh n nh cu trc tinh th
cao do m bo
tnh n nh cao v cc c tnh dn in trong qu trnh s dng.
+ H s nhit in tr 0oC bng 3,9.10-3/oC.
+ in tr 100oC ln gp 1,385 ln so vi 0oC.
+ Di nhit lm vic kh rng t -200oC 1000oC.
- Nikel:
+ C nhy nhit cao, bng 4,7.10-3/oC.
+ in tr 100oC ln gp 1,617 ln so vi 0oC.
+ D b oxy ho khi nhit cao lm gim tnh n nh.
+ Di nhit lm vic thp hn 250oC.

2.2.2 Phn loai u d nhit RTD

Co 2 loai c ban:

a. Loai dy ni (Wire wound Element) :

y la loai thit k n gian nht. Si dy cam bin ( lam bng bach kim) c
qun xung quanh 1 cai li hoc trc. Li co th la trn hoc phng, nhng quan trong
la phai cach in c. Ngi ta cach in bng cach t li va dy qun trong 1 cai
ng bng s hoc king. Dy cam bin c ni ra ngoai bng nhng si dy ln hn.

Hinh 2.2: RTD loai dy ni

b. Loai mng mng (Thin Film Element) :

Ngi ta phu 1 lp bach kim mong (day khoang 10-7 mm n 10-6mm) ln 1 cai
bng s. u im cua loai nay la gia thanh thp va khi lng tac dng nhit thp,
lam cho chung ap ng nhanh va d dang t vao cac vo nho. Nhng no khng lam
vic n inh nh loai Wire wound.

Hinh 2.3: RTD loai mang mong

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K thut cm bin

2.23 Cach ni dy o
Cu hinh dy co ba loai

a. Loai 2 dy :
y la loai cu hinh dy n gian nht va chinh xac cng thp nht. in tr
cua dy mc ni tip vi phn t cam bin lam anh hng n chinh xac. Dy ni
cang dai cang anh hng cang ln. S mach cu 2 dy c minh hoa trong s
sau:

Hinh 2.4: RTD cu hinh 2 dy

Trong s mach loai 2 dy, dng in i qua phn t cam bin. Khi nhit cua
cam bin tng, in tr s gia tng. Kt qua la in ap tng (V=I.R). Tr khang thc
lam cho in ap tng chinh la tng tr cua phn t cam bin va tr khang cua dy ni.
Vi vy s dng c loai nay thi dy ni cn phai ngn.

b. Loai 3 dy :
Co 3 si dy ni t RTD thay vi 2 dy. L1 va L3 dn dng o, L2 co vai tr nh
dy chit ap. L tng thi in tr cua dy L1 va L3 khng co. Tr khang cua R3 thi
bng vi tr khang cua phn t cam bin Rt.

Hinh 2.5: RTD cu hinh 3 dy

c. Loai 4 dy:
Loai nay khc phc c li do tr khang cua im ni gy ra. Dng in i t
ngun dng n L1 ri n dy L4; Dy L2 va L3 o ap ri trn RTD. Vi ngun
dng c inh thi phep o chinh xac hn. Loai cu hinh nay co gia thanh cao hn so
vi cu hinh 2 hay 3 dy, tuy nhin nu i hoi chinh xac cao thi nn la chon loai cu
hinh nay ( trong phng thi nghim, it dung trong cng nghip)

K thut cm bin

Hinh 2.6: RTD Cu hinh 4 dy

2.24 ng dung
S dng ph bin nht la RTD cu hinh 3 dy. RTD co nhiu ng dng, o c
nhit cua cht long, b mt vt, cac dng khi. RTD la loai thit bi th ng, khi s
dng cn co ngun cung cp.

K thut cm bin

Trong cng nghip, RTD thng c s dng kt hp vi cac b hin thi nhit
(Controller) cua cac hng Autonics, Honeywell, ; cac b chuyn i
(transmitter) hoc c ni trc tip vao cac module AI (cua Siemens chng han).
Nu s dng cac b hin thi hay module thi khng cn co ngun cung cp ring vi cac
thit bi nay cung cp ngun cho RTD.

Hinh 2.8: B iu khin nhit (Controller) cua Honeywell

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K thut cm bin

3. Cam bin nhit ban dn:

3.1 Cam bin nhit ban dn vi vt liu silic (Si):
3.1.1 Cu tao:
Lam t cac loai cht ban dn thng la Silic tinh khit hoc n
tinh.
3.1.2 Nguyn l:
S phn cc cua cac cht ban dn bi anh hng bi nhit .
Silic tinh khit hoc n tinh th silic co h s nhit in tr m.S thay i
in tr sut theo nhit cua Si ph thuc vao nng pha tap ( dn ti s
din tich t do) va vao nhit . Do vy, co th phn ra 2 min nhit . Di
1200C, h s nhit cua in tr sut dng nghia la in tr sut tng theo
nhit . Do tuyn tinh han ch ma dai nhit ng dng cua in tr Si la:
- 50 n 1200 C.
Trn khoang 1200 C, h s nhit in tr cua Si la m va tuyn tinh kem
hn. Trong vung nhit trn 1200C thi h s nhit in tr khng ph thuc
vao mc pha tap.
3.1.3 u nhc im
- u im: R tin, d ch tao, nhay cao, chng nhiu tt, mach x l
n gian.
- Nhc im: Khng chiu nhit cao, kem bn.
3.1.4 ng dng:
o nhit khng khi, dung trong cac thit bi o, bao v cac mach in t.
3.2 IC cam bin nhit
Cam bin nhit ban dn la nhng loai cam bin c ch tao t nhng cht
ban dn. Co cac loai nh Diode, Transistor, IC. Nguyn l cua chung la da
trn mc phn cc cua cac lp P-N tuyn tinh vi nhit mi trng.
Ngay nay vi s phat trin cua nganh cng ngh ban dn cho ra i rt
nhiu loai cam bin nhit vi s tich hp cua nhiu u im: chinh xac cao,
chng nhiu tt, hoat ng n inh, mach in x l n gian, r tin,.
- Ta d dang bt gp cac cam bin loai nay di dang diode ( hinh dang
tng t Pt100), cac loai IC nh: LM35, LM335, LM45.
Nguyn l cua chung la nhit thay i s cho ra in ap thay i. in
ap nay c phn ap t mt in ap chun co trong mach.

IC cm bin nhit LM35

Cm bin nhit dng
Diode
Gn y co cho ra i IC cam bin nhit cao cp, chung h tr lun ca chun
truyn thng I2C ( DS18B20 ) m ra mt xu hng mi trong th gii cam
bin.

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K thut cm bin

IC cm bin nhit DS18B20

Lu khi s dung:
- Vi c ch tao t cac thanh phn ban dn nn cam bin nhit Ban Dn
kem bn, khng chiu nhit cao. Nu vt ngng bao v co th lam hong
cam bin.
- Cam bin ban dn mi loai ch tuyn tinh trong mt gii han nao o, ngoai
dai nay cam bin s mt tac dng. Ht sc quan tm n tm o cua loai cam
bin nay at c s chinh xac.
- Loai cam bin nay kem chiu ng trong mi trng khc nghit: m cao,
hoa cht co tinh n mn, rung sc va cham manh.

4. Thc hnh ng dung cac loai cam bin nhit :

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K thut cm bin

A.Gii thiu Module cm bin nhit :

Binh gia nhiet

Bo dieu khien - hien thi nhiet do

Fan

M1

M2 Mixer

TEMPERATURE
BATH

E5CZ

HEATER

Control output

Alarm output
POWER SUPPLY

Thng s k thut

Module bnh gia nhit

- Th tich binh: 2.6l
- ng kinh binh: 150 mm
- Kiu gia nhit: 2 chiu lanh va nong, cho phep iu chnh T = 65 C,
cho phep iu chnh nhit xung thp hn nhit mi trng.
- Lam mat: kiu i lu cng bc s dng quat gio
- Cng sut quat lam mat: 3.5W
- Cng sut b gia nhit: 300W
- Cac u vao / ra
+ Tin hiu cua cam bin nhit
+ Tin hiu iu khin b gia nhit
+ Tin hiu iu khin quat lam mat
- Thng s cam bin nhit
+ Dai o cua cam bin: 0 ~ 400 C
+ Kiu cam bin: PT-100
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K thut cm bin

Module b hin th - iu khin nhit

- in ap hoat ng: AC220V,50Hz
- Kiu hin thi: Led 7 thanh
- Cac tham s hin thi c:
+ Nhit hin thi
+ Nhit t xung b iu khin (nhit mong mun cua ngi s
dng)
- Cac loai cam bin co th tng thich c:
+ Can nhit: K, J, R, E, T, N, W
+ in tr nhit: Pt100, JIS Pt100
- Cng sut u ra b gia nhit: 400W
- Cng sut u ra iu khin quat lam mat: 60W
- Kiu iu khin: On/Off, P, PI, PD, PID
Cac u vao ra
- A, B, C: u ra cam bin nhit .
- 3, 4, 5: u vao b iu khin nhit TZN4S.
- 1, 2, 6, 7, 8: Tip im iu khin ( u ni bn trong)
- Cool/Heat: ao chiu tm gia nhit
- Sv2: iu khin ng c khuy.
- VR: iu chnh tc ng c khuy
- Heat, Stop, Cool: Led hin thi trang thai.
Nguyn l hoat ng
Khi cp ngun cho modul tm gia nhit s lam tng nhit trong binh.
Cam bin nhit s a ra nhin hin thi trn b iu khin nhit
TZN4S. Co th iu chnh tc ng c khuy bng bin tr VR, iu chnh
nhit trong binh bng cach ao chiu tm gia nhit.
Gii thiu b iu khin nhit TZN4S

1. Giai thch model:

1- Mc:
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K thut cm bin

TZN: iu khin nhit PID

2- S ch s:
4 s
3- Kich thc:
S: W48 H48mm (Loai co kt ni)
SP: W48 H48mm (Loai co chn cm trn)
ST: W48 H48mm (Loai co kt ni)
4- Ng ra ph:
1: Ng ra Event1
2: Ng ra Event1 + Event2
R: Ng ra Event1 + Transmission (PV4-20mADC)
5- Ngun cp:
2: 24VAC/24-48VDC
4: 100-240VAC 50/60Hz
6- Ng ra iu khin:
R: Ng ra rle
S: Ng ra SSR
C: Ng ra dng (4-20mADC)
2. Thng s k thut
Ngun cung cp
Cng sut tiu th
Cach thc hin thi
Kich thc ch
Ng
vao

Can nhit
RTD

100-240VAC 50/60Hz
5VA
Hin thi bng LED 7 thanh (Gia tri x l (PV):
mau o, gia tri cai t (SV): mau xanh.
PV: W7.8H11mm
SV: W5.8H8mm
K (CA), J(IC), R(PR), E(CR), T(CC), S(PR),
N(NN), W(TT) <sai s in tr ln nht trn
ng dy 100 cho mi dy>
Pt100, JIS Pt100, loai 3 dy <sai s in tr
ln nht trn ng dy 5 cho mi dy>
1-5VDC, 0-10VDC, 4-29mADC
250VAC 3A 1c
12VDC 3V 30mA max
4-20mADC tai max 600
Event1: Rle 250VAC 1A
iu khin ON/OFF, P, PI, PD, PIDF, PIDS
F.S 0.3% hoc 3oC
0.5 giy
1~999 giy

Analog
Relay
SSR
Dng
Ph
Loai iu khin
Hin thi chinh xac
Thi gian ly mu
Thi gian cai t
LBA
Cai t canh xung
Canh ln, canh xung 1~99 phut
3. nh dang mt trc v cac phm chc nng
Ng ra

15

K thut cm bin

1: PV: Hin thi gia tri x l (mau o)

2: SV: Hin thi gia tri cai t (mau xanh)
3: Ch thi hoat ng cua SV2
4: AT: ch thi hoat ng t ng
5: Phim AT: ch thi ch t ng
6: Phim cai t
7: EV1: Ch thi ng ra Event1
8: OUT: Ch thi ng ra chinh
9: MD: phim Mode
4. S kt ni

5. Kch thc

6. Ci t
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K thut cm bin

n phim
thng s c chon s nhp nhay, n phim
ch sau o n phim
d liu s c thay i. Sau khi n
lai ch RUN, nu khng n no s t ng RUN sau 60s.

Trong o:
: u vao cam bin, la chon 19 loai
: Event1, la chon 9 loai
: u ra canh bao, la chon 4 loai
: T ng bt turn1 hoc turn2
: Chon PIDF hoc PIDS
: Chon chc nng heat hoc cool
: n vi nhit oC hoc oF
17

chon
no s tr

K thut cm bin

: t gia tri gii han cao

: t gia tri gii han thp
: La chon vi tri im thp phn cho u vao analog
: Cho phep t ON hoc OFF cua chc nng Ramp
: D liu khng th thay i kihi phim khoa la ON

7. Thay i gia tr ci t
1. Trong trng hp thay i gia tri cai t trang thai RUN, n phim
s tai SV s nhp nhay.

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K thut cm bin

2. n phim

s tai SV s ln lt nhp nhay.

3. n phim
hoc
tai s nhp nhay thay i gia tri cai t.
4. n phim
khi hoan thanh cai t. No s ngng nhp nhay va sau o
tr lai ch RUN.
B. TRNH T THC HIN:
Bc 1: Cai t thng s cho b hin thi.
Bc 2: u ni gia l nhit va module cam bin nhit .
Bc 3: Cp ngun cho mudule l nhit va cam bin nhit . Chu : tranh
in git, chp in
Bc 4: Theo di s thay i nhit trn man hinh, quan sat cac loai n
bao( inh), n bao qua nhit, n bao thp nhit, cac n bao: Alm1, out1,
out2( ch lam nong/ lanh) va theo di cac n bao Alm1, Alm2,out1( ch
iu khin tiu chun) trn mt hin thi cua mudule cam bin nhit

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K thut cm bin

Bai 3: CM BIN TIM CN V MT S LOI CM

BIN XC NH V TR V KHONG CCH KHC.
1. CM BIN TIM CN:
1.1.I CNG
1.1.1. c im:
Phat hin vt khng cn tip xuc.
Tc ap ng cao.
u sensor nho co th lp nhiu ni.
Co th s dng trong mi trng khc nghit.
1.1.2.Mt s nh ngha: ( cac thut ng thng dung)

Ng Thng
S Dung
+. Thi GianCac
apThut
ng (Response
Time):
Trong di hot ng

D
i
ho
t

ng

Cm
Bin
Tim
Cn

+ Vt Chun (Standard Object):

Ngoi di hot ng

Vt
Cm
Bin

B
mt
cm
bin

Vt liu
Hnh dng
Kch thc
Tc
v..v..v..

Thi gian ap ng (Response Time):

t1 : Khoang thi gian t lc i tng chun chuyn ng i vo vng
Vthin
Chun
phat
ca(Standard
sensor ti Object):
khi u ra sensor bt ON.
Mt
vt
c
xem
l
vt
nu hnh
dang,
vt liu,
t2 : Khoang thi gian t lcchun
i tng
chun
chuyn
ngkch
i rac,
khi
v.v.v...
ca
vt
phai
ph
hp

phat
huy
c
cac
t
tnh
k
thut
vng phat hin ca sensor ti khi u ra sensor tt v OFF.
ca sensor.

20

K thut cm bin

+. Tn S ap ng (Response Frequency):

Cam Bin
Tim Cn

B mt
cm bin

Khoang
cach cam
bin

Vt cam
bin

Tn s ap ng f (Response Frequency):
S ln tac ng lp lai khi vt cam bin i vo vng hoat ng ca
sensor.

1.2. CM BIN TIM CN IN CM

1.2.1 Cu trc ca cam bin tim cn in cam:

Hinh 6.13 Cu tao cam bin tim cn in cam

Mt b cam bin tim cn in cam gm co 4 khi chinh:
Cun dy va li ferit.
Mach dao ng.
Mach phat hin.
- Mach u ra.
1.2.2. Nguyn l hoat ng:

21

K thut cm bin

Hinh 6-14: Nguyn l hoat ng cua cam bin tim cn in cam

Mach dao ng tao dao ng in t, t trng bin thin t li st s tac
ng vi vt kim loai t trc no.
Khi co i tng lai gn, xut hin dng in cam ng chng lai s thay i
dng in, giam bin tin hiu dao ng.
B phat hin s phat hin s thay i tin hiu va tac ng mach ra ln
mc ON.
1.2.3..Phn loai:
Loai C Bao V (Shielded):
Vt
Cam
Bin

Sensor

T trng c tp trung trc

mt sensor nn t b nhiu bi
kim loai xung quanh, tuy nhin
khoang cach o ngn i.

Shielded

Loai Khng C Bao V (Un-Shielded):

Khng c bao v t trng xung
quanh mt sensor nn khoang
cach o di hn, tuy nhin d b
nhiu ca kim loai xung quanh.

Sensor

UnShielded
Vt Cm Bin

22

K thut cm bin

1.2.4. Nhng yu t anh hng n tm phat hin ca cam bin tim

cn in cam.
a. Vt Liu i Tng (Material):
Khoang cach
phat hin

V
t
Kim loai khng cha st (nhm, ng, )

u
Sensor

Kim loai c t tnh (st, SUS, )

Khoang cach phat hin ca sensor phu

thuc rt nhiu vo vt liu ca vt cam
bin.
Cac vt liu c t tnh hoc kim loai c
cha st s c khoang cach phat hin xa
hn cac vt liu khng t tnh hoc
khng cha st.

K
ho
an
g
ca
ch
ca
m
bi
n
(
m
m
)

u
Sensor

V
t

Iron

SUS
Bras
s

Aluminum
Copper

dn ca vt

b. Kch C Ca i Tng (Size):

Khoang cach
phat hin

u
Sensor

u
Sensor

V
t

V
t
Kch thc vt ln

Kch thc vt nh

Nu vt cam bin nh hn vt th chun (test object), khoang cach

phat hin ca sensor s giam.

23

K thut cm bin

c. B Dy Ca i Tng (Size):
Vi vt cam bin thuc nhm kim loai c t tnh (st, niken,
SUS, ), b dy vt phai ln hn hoc bng 1mm.

u
Sensor

Khong cch
cm bin

dy
vt
Vt

Vi vt cam bin khng thuc nhm kim loai c t tnh, b

dy ca vt cng mng th khoang cach phat hin cng xa

1.2.5. u, nhc im ca cam bin tim cn in cam:

u im:
Phat hin vt khng cn phai tip xuc.
Khng gy nhiu cho cac song in t, song siu m.
Tc ap ng nhanh.
Co th s dng trong mi trng khc nghit.
- u cam bin nho, co th lp t nhiu ni.
Nhc im:
Khoang phat hin vt cn hi nho.
Ch phat hin c cac vt bng kim loai.
* Gii thiu cac u cam bin tim cn in cam trong thc t

24

K thut cm bin

1.2.6. Mt s ng dung ca cam bin tim cn in cam:

ng dng: phat hin vic ong np nhm cac chai bia

Phat hin cac la kim loai trn giy boc socola sau khi ong goi

25

K thut cm bin

1.3.CM BIN TIM CN IN DUNG

Cam bin tim cn in dung tng t nh cam bin in cam, im khac
nhau chinh o la cam bin tim cn in cam sinh ra vung tinh in thay vi
vung t in nh cam bin tin cn in cam.
1.3.1. Cu trc ca cam bin tim cn in dung:

Hinh Cu tao cam bin tim cn in dung

Cam bin tim cn in dung gm bn b phn chinh :
- Cam bin(cac ban cc cach in).
- Mach dao ng.`
- B phat hin.
- Mach u ra.
1.3.2.Nguyn l ca cam bin tim cn in dung:
Trong cam bin tim cn in dung co b phn lam thay i in dung C
cua cac ban cc.
Nguyn l hoat ng c ban cua cam bin in dung da trn vic anh gia
s thay i in dung cua t in.Bt ki vt nao i qua trong vung nhay cua
cam bin in dung thi in dung cua t in tng ln.S thay i in dung
nay ph thuc vao khoang cach,kich thc va hng s in mi cua vt liu.
Bn trong co mach dung ngun DC tao dao ng cho cam bin dng, cam
bin dng s a ra mt dng in t l vi khoang cach gia 2 tm cc
1.3.3. u, nhc im ca cam bin tim cn in dung:
u im:
i tng phat hin co th la cht long,vt liu phi kim
Tc chuyn mach tng i nhanh
Co th phat hin cac i tng co kich thc nho.
Pham vi cam nhn ln.
u cam bin nho, co th lp t nhiu ni.
Nhc im
- Chiu anh hng cua bi va m
* Gii thiu cac u cam bin tim cn in dung trong thc t

26

K thut cm bin

1.3.4. Mt s ng dung ca cam bin tim cn in dung

ng dung : dng phat hin sa trong hp giy.

Phat hin c b mt cht long, khng bi anh hng bi mau sc

cht long va khi ng bi bn

27

K thut cm bin

bt

iu chnh nhy

Cht lng

Dy ra

E2KQ-X10ME1
Monitor photodiode

1.4. CM BIN TIM CN SIU M

1.4.1 . Cu trc:

1.4.2.Ngun l hoat ng:

S dng b chuyn i ong vai tr va la b phat va la b thu song m.
B chuyn i co th t trn nh cua binh cha. Song m dang xung phat ra
t b chuyn i n b mt cht lu s bi phan xa tr lai va c b chuyn
i thu nhn bin thanh tin hiu in. Khoang thi gian t thi im phat
xung n thi im thu song phan xa s t l vi khoang cach t b chuyn i
n b mt cht lu. Nh vy, qua co th anh gia c mc cua cht lu
trong binh cha.
1.4.3. u im ca cam bin tim cn siu m:
Vung cam bin rng khoang cach phat hin vt th co th ln n vai m.
Co th dung xac inh cac vt th co mau sc va vt liu kho phn
bit.
28

K thut cm bin

Co th phat hin c vt th trong sut ( vt liu thuy tinh ).

Co th lam vic trong mt mi trng d va bi.
1.4.4. Nhc im ca cam bin tim cn siu m:
Cam bin siu m co gia thanh rt cao, khng kinh t.
Cam ng siu m phan ng tin hiu chm hn cac dang cam bin khac.
Tn s chuyn mach t 1 n 125 HZ.
1.4.5. Mt s ng dung ca cam bin tim cn siu m:

CM BIN SIU M
u ra analog: 4 20mA/ 0 10V
Ni connector ra (M12)
phn giai : 0.172 mm
Ngun vo: 10 30VDC

29

K thut cm bin

o mc cht lng trong bn

o chng ca vt

o cao ca 1 ng

o s lng giy b cun

1.5 CU HNH NG RA CA CM BIN TIM CN

Ng ra dang Transistor NPN v Transistor PNP:
Cam bin ba dy:
BN(1)
BK(4)

+24V DC
L

BU(3)

+24V DC

0V

BN(1)

BU(3)

PNP normally closed

BU(3)

BK(4)

open
0V

BN(1)
BK(4)

PNP normally
PNPclosed
normally

+24V DC

30
L

0V

NPN normally open

K thut cm bin

Cam bin bn dy

PNP co mt thng ong va

mt thng m

NPN co mt thng ong va mt

thng m

1.6 CCH KT NI CC CM BIN TIM CN VI NHAU

Kt ni 2 cam bin hai dy mc song song

+24V DC
BN(1)

BN(1)

BU(3)

BU(3)

UV

L
0V

31

K thut cm bin

Kt ni 2 cam bin 3 dy mc song song

+24V DC
BN(1)
BK(4)
BU(3)

BN(1)
BK(4)
BU(3)

L
0V

Kt ni 2 cam bin hai dy mc ni tip

+24V DC
BN(1)
BU(3)

BN(1)
BU(3)

V1
V2
L

0V

Kt ni 2 cam bin ba dy mc ni tip

+24V DC
BN(1)
BK(4)
BU(3)

BN(1)
BK(4)
BU(3)

V1

V2

L
0V

32

K thut cm bin

2. MT S LOI CM BIN XC NH V TR V
KHONG CCH KHC
2.1. Xac nh v tr v khoang cach dng bin tr.

Hinh . in th k in tr
Mc ich cua vic o va phat hin mc cht lu la xac inh mc hoc khi
lng cht lu co trong binh cha.
a. Cu trc v nguyn l hot ng: Gm mt in tr c inh Rn va mt
tip xuc im co th di chuyn gn vi chuyn ng cn o. Vi tri con chay t l vi
gia tri in tr tai u ra cua tip xuc im.
Dich chuyn thng

Hinh: Dang in th k in tr dich chuyn thng

Dich chuyn quay

Hinh: Dang in th k in tr dich chuyn quay

b. c tnh:

33

K thut cm bin

Hinh 6.6: S thay i cua in th k ph thuc vao vi tri con chay

Gia tri in tr t 1K n 100K, i khi ln n M.
phn giai : thng thng at c 10m.
Tui tho cua con chay : 106 ln vi dang xoay va 107 108 vi dang dich
chuyn.
tuyn tinh: u ng chay hoc cui ng chay, tuyn tinh kem
Yu cu con chay: con chay phai am bao tip xuc in tt, nghia la khng
gy nn sut in ng tip xuc, in tr tip xuc phai nho va n inh.

2. 2. Xac nh v tr, khoang cach bng cam bin in dung.

Nguyn l lam vic : thay i gia tri in dung di tac ng dich chuyn lam thay
i vi tri cua 2 ban cc.

in dung s ph thuc vao tit din, khoang cach 2 ban cc va in mi ga 2 ban

cc

C(x) khng tuyn tinh theo dich chuyn

nhay:

34

K thut cm bin

bin thin in dung bng vi bin thin cua s dich chuyn nhng ngc
chiu.

2.3. Xac nh v tr, khoang cach bng t cam.

XV tac ng lam phn ng 3 dich chuyn khe h khng khi thay i thay i t
tr cua li theo in cam va tng tr cua cam bin cng thay i theo.

Cam bin s dch chuyn dng h cam (t nghin cu).

Cu tao cua cam bin dung h cam tng t cam bin in cam ch khac mt
ch co thm mt cun dy o.
Khi chiu dai khe h khng khi (hinh a) hoc tit din khe khng khi thay i
(hinh b) hoc tn hao do dng in xoay thay i (hinh c) s lam cho t thng cua
mach t bin thin, keo theo sut in ng e trong cun thay i.

35

K thut cm bin

Sc in ng cam ng trong cun dy o W2:

36

K thut cm bin

3.THC HNH:
THC HNH CAM BIN TIM CN IN CAM V IN DUNG

S dng cam bin in cam va in dung trong mach iu khin

in khi nen:
A. Cng tac chun bi:
1. Nghin cu s mach:
a) Mach in s dng cng tc hanh trinh:

b) Mach in khi nen dung cam bin gii han hanh trinh cua piston:
1

+24V

A1

PB

K1
K1

2
Y
1

K2
A1

K1

K2

0V

2
5

37

K thut cm bin

Nguyn l hoat ng: Nhn nut nhn PB, cun dy cua van in t co in
lam piston A dui ra, cui hanh trinh thi tac ng ln A1 lam van in t mt
in nn nng van t phc hi lam cho piston A tht vao.
2. La chn thit b:
- B ngun 24V.
- B cng tc.
- B rle trung gian.
- Van in t 3/2.
- Xy lanh tac ng n.
- Cng tc hanh trinh.
- Cam bin in cam va in dung.
3.Vt t:
- ng dn khi.
- Dy in.
B. Trnh t thc hin:
1- La chn thit b, kim tra thit b:
Kim tra van in t, r le trung gian ( hoc phn in khi nen).
Kim tra cam bin in dung: cp ngun cho cam bin va cho cam bin
nhn bit kim loai, phi kim nu ngo ra cam bin c ni vi n, n sang la
cam bin tt.
Kim ra cam bin in cam cng tng t, nhng cam bin in cam ch
phat hin kim loai.
2- B tr thit b:
Lp thit bi phai chc chn, cac thit bi lp t gon p, cng tac hanh trinh
va cam bin mc sao cho hp l, u dy va sa cha cd dang.
3-.u mach in kh nn:
- Lp mach ng lc:
- Lp mach iu khin dung cng tc hanh trinh.
4. Kim tra mach:
5. Cp ngun cho mach vn hnh.
Sau khi mach in khi nen dung cng tc hanh trinh hoat ng tt, ta thay
cng tc hanh trinh bng cam bin gii han hanh trinh cua piston. T o so
sanh tac dng cua cng tc hanh trinh bng c va cam bin.
Sau khi mch s dng cm bin hot ng tt ta khng cho cm bin
nhn bit u piston m cho cm bin nhn bit cc vt liu khc nhau ( kim
loi , phi kim), cc kim loi khc nhau ( c t tnh hot khng c t tnh) v
cc vt c kch c khc nhau( ln nh, dy mng). t rt ra kt lun v kh
nng nhn bit ca cm bin tim cn in cm v in dung.

38